International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 725–734, Article ID: IJMET_10_01_074
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=01
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
Scopus Indexed
COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE AND
EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF MAHUA
AND JATROPHA METHYL ESTER WITH
BIOADDITIVE IN VCR ENGINE
S. Sivaganesan*, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Vels Institute of Science Technology and Advanced Studies,
Chennai, TN, India
ABSTRACT
The search for alternative fuels in last few decades is intensive due to the rapid
depletion of petroleum fuels and their ever increasing costs. There is a great need to
reduce the consumption of conventional fuels in both developed and developing countries.
The consumption and demand of the petroleum based fuels is increasing every year due
to the increased industrialization and innovation in the world. The aim of the present
experimental work is to evaluate the impact of various compression ratio using blends of
diesel fuel with 20% concentration of Methyl Ester of Jatropha biodiesel blended with bio
additive and the blends of diesel fuel with 20% concentration of methyl ester of mahua
biodiesel blended with bio additive as an alternate fuel. The experiment is carried out
with three different compression ratios in DI diesel engine. Biodiesel is extracted from
Jatropha oil and mahua oil, 20% (B20) concentration with 3ml bio additive is found to
be the best blend ratio from the earlier experimental study. 3ml of biodiesel B20MEOJBA
and 3ml of B20MEOMBA is tested with compression ratio of 17.5. The purpose of the
experimental study is to obtain better efficiency, minimum specific fuel consumption, and
lower smoke and lesser emission. This is done by increasing cetane number using
combustion additives of 3ml bio additive blends with biodiesel when compared with the
baseline diesel.
Keywords: Methyl Ester of Jatropha, methyl ester of mahua, Bio Additive, Various
Compression Ratio, Performance, Emission.
Cite this Article: S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi,
Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl
Ester with Bioadditive in Vcr Engine, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Technology, 10(01), 2019, pp.725–734
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&Type=01
1. INTRODUCTION
The energy is the primary source for social growth and economic development. The growth of
industries which contributes for the development of country’s economy [1] depends on the role of
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S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi
energy resources, which has a direct impact. The diesel engines are widely used as prime movers
in the field of power generation in most of the countries for the purpose of agriculture and
transportation [2]. The twin crisis that world presently encounter is the depletion of fossil fuel and
degradation of environment, resulted in restriction, in the usage of conventional fuels. During the
last few decades the research of alternate fuels is intensified during the last few decades due to
depletion of fossil fuel [3].
From living organisms or from metabolic by-products (organic or food waste products) the
biofuels are produced. They contain 80 percent of renewable materials which is actually derived
from the photosynthesis process and can referred to solar energy sources. Biofuel is consumed as
supply of fuel is as aged as the diesel engine. Rudolph Diesel, who invented the diesel engine,
conducted various experiments to identify the renewable energy from a wide range of fuels which
take account of numerous Biofuels. At the World’s Fair in 1900, Rudolph Diesel is honored with
Grand Prix, the Fair’s highest honor for demonstrating the effectiveness of high competence
diesel engine employing peanut oil. In 1912, Diesel predicted and expressed, “the application of
biofuel as alternative fuels for engines which seems to be insignificant today, but alternate fuels
dominate in the future years. He also added that in the future, alternate fuels are as vital as the
petroleum, coal and tar products of our time”. In spite of Rudolph’s confidence, the utilization of
biodiesel as a feasible petroleum choice has frequently been inspected.
The consumable oils, for example, soyabean, rice bran oil and mustarded oils are the main
source for global biodiesel production. While, our country depends on eatable oil making,
subsequently beating of non-consumable oil is fast approach for biodiesel generation [4]. With the
vast usage of land and plant based non-consumable oil being accessible in our nation. For
instance, karanja, jatropha, mahua, sal, neem and rubber are only few investigations done to
employ esters of these non-edible oils as replacement for diesel [5].
In India, the remote rural and forest communities using Jatropha oil (i.e. without refining) as
biodiesel in diesel engine and generators for several decades. The earlier experimentation with
methyl ester of Jatropha has been carried out for finding the best blend (B20) and 3ml bioadditive
[6, 7]
. To investigate the usage of biodiesel and bio additive blended in order to minimize the
emissions of all regulated pollutants from diesel engine is the main objective of the study. The
experiment is further analyzed with the influence of various compression ratios on engine for bio
fuels. Also Investigates the stability of Jatropha and mahua biodiesel and their blends with
themselves and diesel [8], and this study found that Jatropha blend of JB20%, mahua blend of
MB30% satisfies the norms of EN-590 and BIS in the point of oxidation stability. Other way of
improving oxidation stability of Jatropha biodiesel is blending with mahua biodiesel in the ratio
of 50:50 by volume basis mixture which satisfies the EN14214 and IS-15607 norms [9, 10]. It also
founds that for the storage period of 8 fortnights the change of properties of Jatropha biodiesel of
B20% and mahua biodiesel of B30% are suitable by following the norms [11].
2. EFFECT OF ADDITIVES AND COMPRESSION RATIO IN DIESEL
ENGINE
The experiment is carried out under various characteristics in two fold biodiesel of Thumba
biodiesel on a mono cylinder VCR diesel engine. It has borne diameter of 87.50mm, imperial
power of 3.5kw at 1500rpm, firmness ratios 12 to 18, stroke length 110mm. VCR diesel engine
is water cooled engine. Biodiesel unifies B10% (combination of Diesel 90% by quantity,
biodiesel 10% by volume) and B20% (mishmash of Diesel 80% by quantity, biodiesel 20% by
quantity) gives better BTE and lower BSFC than other biodiesel blends. The blends of B10% and
B20% have lower emission than other blends similar to diesel. The study shows that unified
thumba oil is noticed to be capable and suitable fuel for firmness and detonation of engines. At
CR 18 BTE and BSFC of Thumba B10, B20 and BP of Thumba B40 confirmed better recital.
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Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl Ester with
Bioadditive in Vcr Engine
CO, HC, CO2 of B100 of Thumba biodiesel which showed less emission percentage/ppm, for
NOx emission B10 and B20 of Thumba, biodiesel showed less emission of ppm. Kriya
bioadditive were added with diesel at different ratio of 1ml, 1.5ml, 2ml, 2.5ml and 3ml as used
as fuel in direct injection water cooled diesel engine of compression ratio 17.5:1 and concluded
that for all the ratio of bioadditive with diesel, the heat release rate were decreased than diesel
alone as fuel. The emissions of NOx and smoke were decreased due to lower heat release rate
caused by addition of kriya bioadditive[12]. Investigated the organic based manganese as additive
for decreasing the freezing point of biodiesel and also proposed that diesel fuel cetane number
was 46.22 without any additive and the cetane number was increased to 48.24 with additive of
optimum dosage added. In addition organic based additives decrease the viscosity and flash point
of fuel, reduced the flash point upto 3oC using Mn as additive. In this study taken that increasing
cetane number will decrease the emissions drastically [13]. Inferred combustion, performance and
emission characteristics of diesel with bio mileager considered as bio additive (at 1ml, 1.5ml,
2.0ml, 2.5ml, 3.0ml). For 3ml of bio mileager blends smoke density were reduced considerably
than diesel and all other bio additive blends. For bio mileager blends NOx, HC, CO emissions
were decreased and brake thermal efficiency increased than diesel alone as fuel. Lowest specific
fuel consumption was found to be for 1.5 ml of bio additive blends [14]. Collected the disposed
(used) oil from restaurant and converted into methyl ester by following the transesterification
process, then this biodiesel is mixed with diesel at different proportions of blend 10, 20, 30 and
50% respectively and operated the engine using this prepared biodiesel by varying compression
ratio of 14, 16 and 18. Concluded that increasing compression ratio of engine, bsfc and HC (52%),
CO (37.5%) decreased an average basis and brake thermal efficiency (27.48% for B20%), oxides
of nitrogen increased (36.84%) and CO2 (14.28%) increased. He revealed that increasing blend
ratio, brake specific fuel consumption also increased. In his work blend 20% of biodiesel with
diesel gives higher thermal efficiency [15].
The effects of different blends of Annona Methyl Ester in VCR engine are examined in this
study. The performance, emission and combustion parameters are measured in all compression
ratios. Three different compression ratios are taken 16.5, 18.5 and 19.5. The experimental
analysis is conducted in various combinations of additive blends with compression ratio. The
Annona Methyl Ester of 20% is better in performance and combustion. [Overall performance is
high in compression ratio with lower blends devoid of any alteration of the engine] [9].
The test is conducted in [uneven firmness ratio] engine (VCR) with methyl ester of jatropha
oil (MEOJ) and diesel. The analysis is conducted with 14, 16, 18 and 20 compression ratio with
Jatropha blends. The performance parameters BTE, BSFC are measured in VCR engine. The
emission parameters CO, CO2, HC, NOx and smoke density is also noted. It is noticed that, if CR
is higher than performance of engine is increased apparently with less BSFC for biodiesel blends
fuel. The emissions are higher for CO and CO2. To attain higher CR, the smoke density is reduced
for hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Blended biodiesel is used to improve the combustion
parameters for higher compression ratio. So in order to obtain particular properties of fuel or to
change the performance and emissions of engine additives were added.
In the present work the combustion additives, smoke suppressants bio additive of bio mileager
is used as an additive with 20% of Methyl Ester of Jatropha and Mahua. In order to increase the
cetane number in biodiesel, an additive of 3ml is blended with B20MEOJ. Addition of additive
improves the performance with biodiesel in return less emission is evovled at different loads with
17.5 compression ratio.
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental work is carried out with three different compression ratios and varying loads
which are considered at a constant speed of 1500 rpm, four stroke, single cylinder, vertical, water
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S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi
cooled DI diesel engine. Specifications of engine are tabulated below in table 1. At 23ºBTDC,
diesel and biodiesel fuel are injected. By using Jatropha oil and mahua oil used in 20% (B20)
concentration with diesel, biodiesel is extracted separately. 3 ml of bio additive is added with
B20MEOM and B20MEOJ. The experimental work is conducted with the best compression ratio
17.5 from the earlier study [8, 12]. The smoke meter in HSU is used to take the reading of Smoke
density. Digas analyser from engine tail pipe is used to measure emissions hydrocarbon, carbon
monoxide and oxides of nitrogen. Engine load was applied by adjusting knob, in turn it is
connected to eddy current dynamometer.
Table 1. Details of Experimental Engine
Manufacturer
Kirlosker TV – I
Category
Vertical cylinder, DI diesel engine,
VCR engine
Number of cylinder
1
Bore X Stroke
87.5 mm X 110 mm
Compression ratio
17.5
Speed
1500 rpm
Rated brake power
5.2 kW
Cooling system
Water cooling
Injection timing
23°BDTC
The test is done to analyse the impact of the best compression ratio 17.5 and the influence of
bio additive with the jatropha methyl ester and the mahua methyl ester biodiesel in DI diesel
engine. The line diagram of the experimental setup is shown in figure 1. The performance
parameter BTE and SFC were measured in VCR engine. The emission parameter such as CO,
CO2, HC, NOx and smoke density is measured. By using AVL combustion analyzer, the cylinder
pressure and heat release rate is measured.
Table 2. Physical Properties in 3ml BFA
Test Property
3ml BFA
Density at 15° C kg/m3
827.1
Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C
2.53
Flash Point (PMCC) °C, (min)
48
Cetane number
60
Gross Calorific value k.cal/kg
41670.4
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Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl Ester with
Bioadditive in Vcr Engine
Figure 1. Line Sketch of Experimental Setup
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Performance Parameters
Specific fuel consumption (kg/kW-hr)
The effect of SFC for best blend and best compression ratio is depicted in figure 2. It is found
that SFC is similar trends for both diesel and all biodiesel with bio additive blends at maximum
load condition. This is due to improved physical properties of biodiesel with bio additive blend.
It is concluded that biodiesel with bio additive blend gives better results than other fuels.
0.95
Diesel CR17.5
B20MEOM CR17.5
B20MEOJ CR17.5
B20MEOMBA3ml CR17.5
B20MEOJBA3ml CR17.5
0.85
0.75
0.65
0.55
0.45
0.35
0.25
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Brake Power (kW)
Figure 2. Specific fuel consumption with Brake Power (Best blend & CR)
The difference in BTE with brake power for best biodiesel with bio additive blends with diesel
is depicted in figure 3. At maximum brake power B20MEOJBA3ml blend compression ratio 17.5
is observed optimal with thermal efficiency of 28.12%. This is due to the improved atomization,
fuel penetration and mixture formation.
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Brake Thermal Efficiency (%)
S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi
29
25
21
17
Diesel CR17.5
B20MEOM CR17.5
B20MEOJ CR17.5
B20MEOMBA3ml CR17.5
B20MEOJBA3ml CR17.5
13
9
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Brake Power (kW)
Figure 3. Brake thermal efficiency with Brake Power (Best blend & CR)
4.2. Emission Parameters
The difference in smoke density for B20MEOMBA3ml, B20MEOJBA3ml blends with diesel at
various brake power is shown in figure 4. It is seen that smoke increases with increase in load.
It is found the smoke densities are lower for B20MEOJBA3ml bio additive blend 57.1 HSU.
98
Smoke Density (HSU)
88
78
68
58
48
Diesel CR17.5
B20MEOM CR17.5
B20MEOJ CR17.5
B20MEOMBA3ml CR17.5
B20MEOJBA3ml CR17.5
38
28
18
8
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Brake Power (kW)
Figure 4. Smoke density with Brake Power (Best blend & CR)
It is observed from figure 5 that there is a higher NOx emission with bio diesel with bio
additive blends. It can be found that NOx emission is higher to 1779 ppm at maximum brake
power with B20MEOJBA3ml blend. This is due to higher oxygen concentration that leads to
increase in combustion temperature.
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Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl Ester with
Bioadditive in Vcr Engine
1950
Diesel CR17.5
B20MEOM CR17.5
B20MEOJ CR17.5
B20MEOMBA3ml CR17.5
B20MEOJBA3ml CR17.5
Oxides of Nitrogen (ppm)
1750
1550
1350
1150
950
750
550
350
150
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Brake Power (kW)
Figure 5. Oxides of Nitrogen with Brake Power (Best blend & CR)
The evaluation of HC using Diesel and bio diesel with bio additive blends of concern is
illustrated in figure 6. Both biodiesel with bio additive blends are closer in the HC emission when
compared to diesel. The bio additives reduce the surface tension and make the cohesive bonding
between the molecules stronger. This leads to better combustion when compared to diesel. The
B20MEOJBA3ml blend reduces HC by 29 ppm.
40
35
HC (ppm)
30
25
20
Diesel CR17.5
B20MEOM CR17.5
B20MEOJ CR17.5
B20MEOMBA3ml CR17.5
B20MEOJBA3ml CR17.5
15
10
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Brake Power (kW)
Figure 6. Hydro carbon with Brake Power (Best blend & CR)
Difference in CO with brake power is demonstrated below. The CO emission from the
B20MEOJBA3ml blend is less compared to diesel fuel. This is possible since the molecular
oxygen availability in bio additive. At full load condition CO emission increases probably due to
the dilution effect of exhaust gases and lean mixture. In case of B20MEOJBA3ml blend at
maximum load the CO is 0.07% and for diesel 0.13%.
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S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran, A. Parthiban and R. Pugazhenthi
Diesel CR17.5
B20MEOJ CR17.5
B20MEOJBA3ml CR17.5
0.15
B20MEOM CR17.5
B20MEOMBA3ml CR17.5
CO (%by volume)
0.13
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Brake Power (kW)
Figure 7. Carbon monoxide with Brake Power (Best blend & CR)
Based on the performance, combustion and emission parameters the results were summarized
for the various compression ratio (17.5, 16.5 and 15.5) of B20MEOMBA 3ml and B20MEOJBA
3ml. Among these two fuels, B20MEOJBA 3ml blend CR 17.5 is found to be the best blend.
5. INFERENCE
The optimum compression ratio was found and the results obtained using diesel, optimized
biodiesel blend (B20MEOM and B20MEOJ) and optimized bio additive blends (B20MEOMBA
3ml and B20MEOJBA 3ml) are compared which are based on the performance, emission and
combustion parameters. At full load, the specific fuel consumption for compression ratio 17.5 in
B20MEOJBA 3ml is 0.3 kg/kW-hr. At full load, B20MEOJBA 3ml blend is observed with
thermal efficiency of 28.12%, diesel is 28.18%. Smoke density and HC emissions are lower for
B20MEOJBA 3ml blend at 17.5 compression ratio. NOx emission is reduced to 846 ppm for
diesel and 905 ppm for B20MEOJBA 3ml at full load with 15.5 compression ratio. The CO
emission from the B20MEOJBA 3ml blend is lower while compared to diesel fuel at 17.5
compression ratio. At utmost condition, the highest peak cylinder force is found to be 72.55 bar
at 1 degree crank angle with diesel, 73.55 bar at 1 degree crank angle with B20MEOJBA 3ml at
compression ratio 17.5. At full load condition heat release rate is 57.75 J/deg for diesel, and 58.37
J/deg for B20MEOJBA 3ml at compression ratio 17.5. From the experimental results it is
observed that better results are obtained for 17.5 compression ratio using B20MEOJBA 3ml
blend.
6. CONCLUSIONS
From the experimental work of the Jatropha and the mahua biodiesel with bio additive blended
fuel operated in the variable compression ratio engine at compression ratio 17.5 the following
inferences are made,
1. Brake thermal efficiency, HC and CO emission for diesel with 20% methyl ester of
Jatropha blended with 3 ml smoke suppressant bio mileage additive blends approaches
approximately diesel behavior than all other biodiesel and bio additive blends.
2. NOx emission obtained for B20MEOJ was minimum than the B20MEOJBA2ml and
all other fuels used.
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Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Mahua and Jatropha Methyl Ester with
Bioadditive in Vcr Engine
3. Addition of bio mileager with the biodiesel reduces the consumption of specific fuel
than diesel. Particularly lower specific fuel consumption is seen in the
B20MEOJBA3ml than all other fuel.
4. Even though Smoke density drastically decreases with the bio mileage addition in
biodiesel, it was increased the NOx with the addition of the bio mileager with
biodiesel. Lower smoke density is obtained for B20MEOJBA3ml than all other blends
and diesel.
5. In overall wherever the NOx emission is not a major concern and need decrements in
smoke, HC, CO and increment of thermal efficiency, suggested to use bio mileager.
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