International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 10, Issue 01, January 2019, pp. 633–642, Article ID: IJMET_10_01_064
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=01
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
© IAEME Publication
Scopus Indexed
LOCAL COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT IN
IMPLEMENTATION OF VILLAGE FUND
PROGRAM IN DISTRICT NAUKENJERAI OF
MERAUKE REGENCY
Alexander Phuk Tjilen
Faculty of Social and Politic Science, Universitas Musamus, Merauke, Indonesia
Samel Watina Ririhena and Fenty Y. Manuhutu
Faculty of Economy and Business, Universitas Musamus, Merauke, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the process and barriers to local community
empowerment that occur in the implementation of village fund program in the
Naukenjerai District of Merauke Regency, by using a qualitative approach and
systematically analyzed to collect, and analyze data in order to get a clear picture by
conducting interviews with the District Inspectorate Merauke, District Government,
Village Government, Community Leaders and Religious Leaders. The research was
carried out in the Naukenjerai District of Merauke Regency, Papua Province. The results
showed that the process of community empowerment as a whole has not gone well except
women's empowerment, village development programs still have projects that are not
carried out in accordance with established regulations and priorities, monitoring and
evaluation have not run optimally due to the limited apparatus and assistants involved in
the project.
Keywords: Local Community Empowerment, Program Implementation, Village Fund
Program, Village Development Program, Evaluation.
Cite this Article: Alexander Phuk Tjilen, Samel Watina Ririhena and Fenty Y. Manuhutu,
Local Community Empowerment in Implementation of Village Fund Program in District
Naukenjerai of Merauke Regency, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Technology, 10(01), 2019, pp.633–642
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&Type=01
1. INTRODUCTION
In the Indonesian Government system, the Village has a strategic role in assisting the Regional
Government in the process of implementing governance and development. All of this was done
as a concrete step by the Regional Government to support the implementation of regional
autonomy in its territory. Indigenous Villages or Villages in Papua Province are better known as
Kampung, which are legal community units that have territorial boundaries which are authorized
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Alexander Phuk Tjilen, Samel Watina Ririhena and Fenty Y. Manuhutu
to regulate and manage the interests of the local community. The use of the word kampong is
better known in Papua Province following the implementation of Law Number 21 Year 2001
concerning Special Autonomy for the Papua Province.
The real poverty conditions in Indonesia based on BPS data (September, 2015) the poverty
rate in rural areas reached 14.09% while the urban poverty rate was 8.22%. Government strategy
to overcome national development imbalances by establishing Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning
Villages. Based on the Law, the authority of the Village has autonomous rights to regulate and
improve its own development to improve the welfare of the community. The regional autonomy
within the framework of the regional administrations in conceptions (Imron, 2011) are: delegation
authority, the distribution of income, the importance of discrimination, diversity in unity
(uniformity in unity). Local self-reliance, development of local capacity.
The various difficulties faced by the government in this equitable distribution (Satria, 2013)
regional expansion gives good implications for regional growth although it does not show
significant changes, which occur evenly in remote areas.
The Papua Province Government through the Kampung Community Empowerment Service
said, around Rp. 1.1 trillion of the total Rp. 4.3 trillion of 2017 Village Funds allocated to Papua
Province, must be returned to the Regional Treasury because they cannot be absorbed
(papua.go.id). Looking at the information from the provincial government, 25% of Village Funds
cannot be absorbed and returned to the state treasury, while the data from the Regional Office of
the Directorate General of Treasury released the realization of Village Funds for the 2017 budget
year in Papua Province, only five districts 100% channeled, namely District Merauke (179
Villages), Paniai Regency (216 Villages), Asmat Regency (221 Villages), Supiori District (38
Villages), and Lanny Jaya District (354 Villages). This raises the thought of the level of
accountability of the budget received from the budget.
The Village Fund for Merauke Regency for 2017 rose to Rp. 150 billion from the previous
Rp. 120 billion from 2016. With 179 villages in Merauke, on average each village gets around
Rp. 800 million, Merauke Regency is one of the autonomous regions in Papua Province that has
implemented the principles of regional autonomy by trying to optimize the village's potential for
the implementation of a clean government.
The use of the Village Fund budget allocated for Papua in the 2017 budget year has increased
to reach Rp 4.3 trillion, compared to the previous year which was only Rp.3.3 trillion for more
than five thousand villages, spread over 29 districts / cities in the Papua province
(papua.antaranews.com January 6, 2017) raises many problems, among others, the readiness of
the village head officials in Papua must be able to utilize the Village Fund (http://rri.co.id 29
January 2019) and errors in managing the legal consequences of Village Fund management often
entangled administrative and legal issues (www.republika.co.id, 29 october 2016)
Community empowerment has the consequence of providing an opportunity for the
community to participate in using Government funds for the benefit of the community directly,
this results in legal consequences for the participation of the community. The legal consequences
of the use of limit funds are the processes of participation and accountability in enabling local
people to impose sanctions on them if they fail in their projects (Brett, 2003). Thus the stages of
the empowerment process process must be considered so that the conditions of community
participation and the factors that influence it so that the community empowerment program can
be sustainable.
The purpose of this study was to find out the processes and obstacles to village community
empowerment that occurred in the implementation of the Village Fund Program in Naukenjerai
District, Merauke Regency, Papua Province.
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2. METHODOLOGY
The type of research used is qualitative research with a descriptive analysis approach, by
collecting, preparing, and analyzing data so that it gets a clear picture of the problem under study.
The research informants consisted of elements of the Regional Government, consisting of
Regional Inspectorates, District Heads and District Secretaries; The village government consists
of the village head and village governing body, village secretary, head of village affairs, and
community leaders and religious leaders. The technique of data collection uses library research
methods, in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation.
The primary data in this study are data obtained directly through interviews with a number of
informants in the Naukenjerai District. The interview material was all directed towards the
implementation of the village fund program and the process of empowerment and financial
supervision to support the Government in managing Village Funds. While secondary data is
related to data relating to documents that have to do with community participation to support the
Government in managing Village Funds.
The choice of location for this research is based on population conditions that almost all
residents of this district are local residents of the Kamun and Marind tribes, with community
livelihoods as gatherers, hunters and fish seekers, and many obstacles occur in the
implementation of the Village Fund Program in Naukenjerai District .
Naukenjerai District is directly adjacent to the State of PNG, the fiber has an area of 905.86
m2
with
a
population
of
13,878
people
(Meraukekab.
2016)
(https://meraukekab.bps.go.id/statictable/2016/03/29). Naukenjerai District consists of 5 villages
namely Onggaya Village; Kampung Tomer; Tomerau Village; Kuler Village; Kampung Kondo
with the boundaries of the Naukenjerai District as follows; north of Merauke District, east of
Papua New Guinea State, south of Merauke District, west bordering the Arafura Sea.
Other useful methods were provided (Betaubun et al., 2018a, 2018b; Fitriani et al., 2018;
Kotta et al., 2018; Kore et al., 2018; Lamalewa and Kore, 2018).
3. RESULTS
3.1. Implementation of the Village Fund Program
The village has the authority to run its own Government activities whose purpose is to accelerate
growth and development. To carry out this authority, the Village Government has sources of
revenue that are used to finance the activities it undertakes.
According to Government Regulation Number 43 of 2014 concerning the Implementation
Regulation of Law Number 6 Year 2014 concerning Villages, it is explained that the income of
the Village financial source consists of: Village Original Income (Village Wealth Results,
Community Self-Help Results, Collections, Mutual Cooperation) Division of Taxes and
Retributions; Central and Regency Regional Balancing Funds or Village Fund Allocation;
Financial grants from provincial and district governments; Grants and donations from binding
third parties.
The implementation of the Village Fund program refers to the Republic of Indonesia Minister
of Village, Underdeveloped Development and Transmigration Regulation Number 21 of 2015
concerning Priority for the Use of Village Funds in 2016. The priority is divided into two
programs, namely for the priority of Rural Development.
3.2. Village Development Program
In the elaboration of the Village development program aimed at improving the welfare of the
village community and the quality of human life and poverty alleviation, the priority of the use
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Alexander Phuk Tjilen, Samel Watina Ririhena and Fenty Y. Manuhutu
of the Village Fund is directed at the implementation of village development programs and
activities, including:
• construction, development, and maintenance of infrastructure or physical facilities
and infrastructure for livelihoods, including food security and settlements;
• development, development and maintenance of public health facilities and
infrastructure;
• development, development and maintenance of educational, social and cultural
facilities and infrastructure;
• economic development of the community, including the construction and
maintenance of facilities for production and distribution; and / or
• development and development of renewable energy infrastructure and environmental
conservation activities.
3.3. Village Community Empowerment Program
The priority of using the Village Fund for programs and activities in the field of Village
Community Empowerment is inseparable from community participation in the use of funds and
in the implementation of the work program. The use of Village allocation funds aims to increase
the capacity of residents or village communities in developing entrepreneurship, increasing
income, and expanding the economic scale of individual citizens or community groups and
villages, among others (Permendes 21 year 2015 article 8):
• increasing village economic investment through procurement, development or assistance of
production, capital and capacity building tools through training and apprenticeship;
• support for economic activities both developed by village institutions, or by other groups
and / or economic institutions of the Village community;
• capacity building assistance for village food security programs and activities;
• community organizing, facilitation and paralegal training and legal assistance for the village
community, including the establishment of a Village Community Empowerment Cadre (KPMD)
and capacity building for the Community Study Room;
• public health promotion and education and clean and healthy life movements, including
increasing the capacity to manage Posyandu, Poskesdes, Polindes and the availability or
functioning of medical / self-medication workers in the Village;
• support for village / forest and coastal forest / community beach management activities;
• capacity building of community groups for renewable energy and environmental
conservation; and / or
• other areas of economic empowerment activities that are in accordance with the analysis of
village needs and have been determined in the village meeting.
As aspired by the Rural Community development government and looking at the Government
program, it can be concluded that in creating a pro-Village Government, it must be focused on
all aspects, especially in participatory rural development.
Community empowerment means that the administration of government and development
implementers in the village is aimed at improving the standard of living and welfare of the
community through the implementation of policies, programs and activities that are in line with
the essence of the problem and priority of community needs (Soemantri, 2011: 3).
The development of the Village community is basically a community movement supported
by the Government to advance the village community. Therefore, the main approach used in the
development of the Village community is (Kartika, 2012) as follows: (a) a participatory approach
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that involves villagers in all development processes, starting from planning, implementing,
controlling and utilizing the results; (b) an independence approach that focuses on activities and
businesses based on local independence; (c) an integrated approach, namely directing
development activities across sectors and regions into a comprehensive and integrated
development process.
Rappaport (in Hamill and Stein, 2011), Empowerment is considered a collaborative process
in which people who are powerless about valuable resources are mobilized to improve access and
control over resources to solve personal and / or community problems.
3.4. Monitoring and Evaluation
Supervision is a series of activities and follow-up actions carried out to ensure that planned
development is carried out according to the objectives and targets set and ensures that funds are
used on target. Supervision is an activity to observe the development of the implementation of a
development plan, identify problems that arise as well as problems that will arise from the
existence of this program. All program actors are obliged to monitor their activities and ensure
that implementation has been achieved according to targets, plans and schedules. The actors of
the program were the District Government and the Village Government.
Supervision aims to "guarantee" that the objectives of the organization of external factors
include the relationship that exists between the project manager and the target that can influence
participation because the target will be voluntarily involved in a project, if the manager's response
is positive and benefits them. In addition, if supported by positive and appropriate activity
management services needed by the target, the target will not hesitate to participate in the project.
From this understanding supervision has more "forceful" authority over controlled objects, or
supervised objects. In controlling the authority to hold concrete actions it is contained in it, while
in the sense of supervision corrective action is a continuation process.
In Article 12 of Permendes 21 of 2015 stipulates that the District Government must carry out
the functions of fostering, monitoring, monitoring and evaluating the use of the Village Fund
since the planning, implementation, accountability and utilization processes.
The necessity of the District Government provides assistance and facilitation, through the
establishment of a special work unit to foster the implementation of the Village Law stipulated
by the Regent's Decree, the main task and function of the special district / city government unit
is to disseminate central and regional policies and regulations , guidance and control of the
implementation of the Village Law in general, and specifically related to the distribution and
accountability of Village Fund management and Village Fund Allocation, as well as handling
complaints and problems related to these matters. The funding of assistance, facilitation and
guidance, and management of the Special Work Unit is carried out in accordance with regional
budgeting mechanisms and sourced from the Regional Budget, the Special Work Unit can be
eliminated if the relevant district / city has SKPD with the task and function of fostering and
facilitating village policies and regulations.
Implementation of Guidance and Supervision, the Bupati conducts monitoring and evaluation
of the implementation of the use of Village Funds and can delegate tasks to the authorized
Regional Work Unit (SKPD). The Village Government and the Village Consultative Body carry
out the task of monitoring and evaluating the use of Village Funds, discussed in the Village
Conference, adjusted to the Village report format that applies, periodically carried out by SKPD
authorities and submitted to the Regent and Minister through a reporting system in accordance
with regulatory provisions legislation. In the supervision of the Village Fund program run by the
Village apparatus and the community involved in the activity guided by the Village Financial
System (SISKEUDES) where the technical guidance and workshops of the SISKEUDES
Application are in preparation for the implementation of SISKEUDES applications to Village
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Devices and Employees in Regency / City, Standard Meta Language (SML) has been submitted
for each district / city. But in its implementation there were constraints related to the ability of
the apparatus to reach the area, the availability of managerial capabilities from the village
officials, and the availability and capability of the Village Fund facilitators.
Monitoring of Village Fund Distribution is emphasized on the establishment of regent
regulations regarding the procedures for the distribution and stipulation of Village Funds for each
Village; distribution of Village Funds from RKUD to RKD; and a report on the realization of the
distribution and consolidation of the use of the Village Fund and an evaluation carried out on the
calculation of the details of the Village Funds of each Village by the district and the realization
of the use of the Village Fund.
4. DISCUSSION
4.1. Implementation of Village Community Development
The Government's desire to increase the potential in the regions is stated in the Republic of
Indonesia Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages stipulating that Villages consist of
customary Villages and Villages or referred to by other names, are legal community units that
have territorial limits authorized to regulate and manage Government affairs, interests of the local
community based on community initiatives, origin rights, and / or traditional rights that are
recognized and respected in the Government system of the Unitary State of the Republic of
Indonesia.
In accordance with the autonomy possessed by the Village, it can be understood that the
Village has the recognition of the rights of origin, customs and the pleasure of regulating
household affairs and Government as outlined in Law No. 23 of 2014 concerning the
Government. Regions and Government Regulation No. 6 of 2014 concerning Villages shows that
legally the format of decentralization and regional autonomy policies has touched on the lowest
level of Government, namely the village level
The implementation of the Physical Development Program activities in the utilization of the
Village Fund was carried out by the community independently and facilitated by the Village
Government, the implementation phase was carried out after the planning phase was completed
and there were funds for the location of development activities.
The implementation phase of the Village development through the use of the Village Fund
begins with the dissemination of meetings on village development, then the community attends
development planning activities and continues with the determination of groups as execution in
the implementation of development.
The implementation phase involving the community is aimed at making village development
continue to use community self-help so that the community knows and understands what the
Village Fund uses, and is expected to produce Village development output that is good and in
accordance with the needs of the Village and its community. In addition, community involvement
at this stage aims to increase awareness and encourage people to pay more attention to existing
development activities in the village.
The findings that community participation is still low because it is dominated by the village
head, staff, and / or people who are liked by the village head (favorism) which results in the use
of the Village Fund which is not optimal and not targeted, leaving the Village Fund not absorbed
and using which is not in accordance with the activity plan.
4.2. Empowering Village Communities
The village community empowerment model in the Village Fund program has similarities as in
Myanmar (2011) called the Local Development Funds policy (Robertson et.al. 2015) as a series
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of "peoplecentered" and "bottom-up" based development reforms which focus more on on
patterns of community empowerment.
The empowerment process has not been fully successful and is still running by a small group
in the village community, this is because the facilitators chosen to carry out the assistance do not
live with the community, and thus the community is still carrying out activities in their own way.
The development of the Village Fund Project cannot be separated from the PNPM Mandiri
Project which has been implemented since 2007 which also involves (Caeyers, 2015) women in
participating in the project are more aware of the PNPM RESPEK project than similar women
who did not participate into the project. They are also likely to be applied to PNPM Mandiri /
RESPEK and have participated in village meetings where PNPM Mandiri / RESPEK activities
were discussed and presented.
The results of the study (Pakasi, 2012) which explain the empowerment of Papuan women
are gender based at both regional and national levels, at least it can minimize women's issues,
especially in the areas of governance and development. However, the traditional structure
discrimination against women still occurs, this condition has changed for Merauke district. In
addition, Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi and Valentine M. Moghadam (2006: 5) stated that. The political
pressure for reform, countries are dealing with economic changes that are creating an impetus for
women to become more active outside the home. As the region's cost of living rises rapidly,
families are increasingly forced to depend on the additional income that female family members
can provide.
The activeness of women in the community and government has so far experienced many
improvements. There are several female figures who have shown that women in the regions have
been able to contribute to the improvement of development through their participation in politics
and government. Based on the results of interviews, it was also known that in 2017 the
participation of women in the election of village heads in 5 villages in the Naukenjerau District
was successfully selected by 2 women to become Village Heads to be installed in 2018.
Based on the results of research, in the fields of education, health and welfare, women have
a large share, women are the key to efforts to create involvement in the village development
process. For educational activities, for example, women focus more on providing education to
children and women themselves, as stated in the results of interviews that mothers and women in
villages focus their education on their children.
4.3. Supervision and Monitoring
Villagers are generally actively involved in supervision, such as being a new culture in Indonesia
where people are more active in giving criticism or input to the Government than participating in
physical work in the field. Rural communities generally participate in monitoring the
performance and results of work and enjoying the results of development together.
Applying to the provision that the SKPD oversees the Village Fund program for Merauke
Regency has difficulties, considering 179 villages in Merauke Regency, so that the number of
apparatus appointed to oversee activities is insufficient. For this reason, it is in accordance with
the Ministry of Trade Article 12 Permendes 21 of 2015 that the Bupati appoints and forms a
decree (SK) that appoints each district as the person in charge of overseeing their villages,
although only 11 people in Naukenjerai District do not the authorities live in the Naukenjerai
District, most of them live in the city of Merauke so the ability to carry out monitoring is very
limited.
The results of observations in the field are often not well saved because in the District or
Village there is no supporting bank available, thus the money from the disbursement is directly
saved by the Village Head, not by the treasurer, which is with this type of money storage often
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used for personal gain, and with the education of the Village Head when, weak administrative
capabilities and accountability are limited to notes.
The results of the research findings that by not being used by SISKEUDES, the reports made
manually, and causing misuse of the budget are deliberately written with the wrong addition. The
Anggran proposed was also made repeatedly, the cost of transporting goods from the city of the
regency to the village is often manipulated by purchasing goods that should have been done once
but diverted on a separate date so that the transportation costs become expensive because they
are recorded twice or more.
4.4. The Evaluation Phase of the Use of Development Results
The benefits of the development results felt by the community are in the form of benefits from
infrastructure development, namely in the form of roads in the village environment, educational
support buildings, health and multi-purpose buildings. The assessment of the results of
development aims to see how far the objectives of the village community can be achieved, in this
case the development of the village.
The results showed that village development from several projects was not carried out in
accordance with the planned time and the work monopoly was carried out only by the village
head, so that community participation in the implementation, evaluation and utilization stages
was still low, as seen from village infrastructure not maintained, and the implementation of
development activities carried out by the government were lacking in attention so as to reduce
the enthusiasm of the community.
5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results of the analysis conducted, it was shown that in the development program,
the level of village community participation was still low, this was indicated by the absence of
the Village Fund that had not yet been absorbed and the use that was not in accordance with the
planned activity In addition, the monitoring and evaluation and evaluation processes have not
been implemented properly so that the output of the Village Fund Program, which aims to
empower rural communities, has not significantly impacted on improving community welfare.
The empowerment process has not gone well because people still carry out activities in their
own way, but women's participation in empowerment has experienced a significant increase.
Furthermore, the results showed that the assistance process from the apparatus and community
participation at the implementation, evaluation and utilization stages was still low, as seen from
the low enthusiasm of the community and damaged infrastructure.
At the planning stage, it is recommended that the Village Government, in order to find out
influential community leaders in the local Village, make an official invitation to the community
through these figures, the Village Government should hold a program proposal meeting before
holding a program design meeting.
At the stage of implementing various ways that can be done, namely by building interaction
with the community, actively participating in the implementation of the program and
accommodating input from the community.
In the supervision phase the Village Government should provide an official forum to
accommodate the aspirations of the community and actively communicate with the community
regarding the results of the supervision carried out.
In the evaluation the Village Government needs to be more transparent in the use of funds in
development and actively report on the results of work / programs to the community.
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The implementation of Permendes 21 of 2015 by the Regional Government, has not been
optimal in terms of optimal supervision in terms of financial supervision, assistance processes
and suitability of targeted priority projects.
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