It might be said By: Moustafa Al Hafedh (7B2) What’s the Matter? What is the Particle theory? Everything you see on Earth is made of matter. The scientific definition of matter is anything that has weight and takes up space. The particle theory states that any substance, whether being in the state of a solid, liquid or gas is made up of microscopic particles called atoms. They are so tiny that it is invisible with the naked eye. Particles move at a constant pace and can be classified into different states of matter by their arrangement and movement. They vary from the amount of energy they have with their relationship to other particles, depending on the temperature. The more the temperature increases, the more energy they have. This causes the particles to move about a lot and faster. If the temperature decreases, the less energy they have. This causes slower movement of the particles, which results in their atoms to join together, forming molecules. Particle Behaviour and Arrangement: State of Arrangement of Matter Particles Behaviour of Particles Solid ◦The particles in a solid arranges in a regular pattern and do not change. ◦They are packed together very firmly, and their neighbours are extremely close. ◦Forces between each adjacent particle form bonds that hold all of the particles in a solid. ◦They do not break out of position. ◦The behaviour in the particles can’t move around very much, but rather move in a slight motion. ◦They vibrate on the spot because of their low energy, which is the cause to their slow movement. ◦If you increase the temperature of a solid, the energy intensifies. ◦The particles begin to become loose to one other, which changes its state to a liquid. Liquid ◦The particle arrangement in a liquid are fairly close together, so they have enough space to move around. ◦Compared to solids, the particles in a liquid are more distanced. ◦The forces are not that strong as a solid, but are firmer than a gas. ◦The molecule doesn’t have a definite pattern of their arrangement. ◦The behaviour in liquids move around more, making them have the ability to flow. ◦The spaces between each particle causes them to move in all direction, however, the movement is limited. ◦They are some attractions to each other, but don’t have move apart that much. ◦The energy is faster than a solid but is slower than a gas. ◦As liquids heat more, they change their state into gas. How my model depicts the arrangement and behaviour of particles in each state ◦Gluing the particle (foam balls) to become like a cube to represent the extreme closeness of each neighbouring particle. ◦Painted the solid particles in a specific colour (gold) to stand out its different arrangement of the state they’re in. ◦Placed the particles on to the base to show its fixed form. ◦Gluing the particles each with little space in between; less than the amount of gap of a gas. This is to show how the neighbouring particles would be displayed. ◦Painted the liquid particles in a specific colour (silver) to stand out its different arrangement of the state they’re in. ◦Placed the particles majority on one side of the walls (bottom half) to show the constant flow in the area inside a container. ◦Glued each particle in random directions as they move in all directions. Gas ◦The gas particles have a ◦The particles move around ◦Glued the particles with lots lot of spaces in between them. ◦Gases are easily diminished because of their distant gap. ◦They have no bonds holding their particles ◦Forces of their particles are very weak that it cannot hold its form. ◦Its arrangement is the weakest form out of the three states of matter. very quickly. ◦Gas particles move randomly in straight lines until they hit something. ◦They roam everywhere, making them able to collide over each other ◦They can also hit the walls of the container they are in. of space in between to show the arrangement of their particles. ◦Painted the gas particles in a specific colour (copper) to stand out its different arrangement of the state they’re in. ◦Placed the particles and made them spread out to show the behaviour to other neighbouring particles. Diagrams of the Particles in Each State of Matter: Properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases: State of Properties of the state of matter Matter Solid ◦Solids have a definite shape, size and volume. ◦They are incompressible. How the particle theory explains these properties ◦The particles are held together by strong forces, making them firmly bonded. ◦The particles are so close to each other, there is no space for them to move. Liquid ◦Liquids have a definite size and volume, but don’t have a fixed shape. ◦They flow to take the shape of the container. ◦Liquids are not compressible. ◦Bonds in the particles have weaker forces than a solid, so they can move a lot but are still bonded. ◦The form of their arrangement is not together in one piece, which allows the particles in liquids to slide over one another. ◦The particles in a liquid cannot be pushed closer to each other because they are so closely packed that there is almost no space between them. Gas ◦Gases have a definite volume (in container), but no fixed shape or size. ◦Gases invisible and colourless. ◦Gases are compressible (able to be squashed). ◦Gases fill out their space in a container. ◦There are no bonds in the particles, so they can’t hold onto each other. ◦Particles in a gas are spread rapidly apart that you cannot see the gas. ◦They have so much energy that there is lots of free space between them. This space allows them to roam everywhere, hitting over each other. ◦There is so much freedom for them to move, so fast that they can even hit the walls of the container. State of Properties when energy is Matter added or removed Solid ◦Adding energy will change its properties to expand, causing expansion. ◦ Removing energy will change its properties back to its origin, causing contraction. Liquid ◦Adding energy will change its properties to expand more quickly. ◦Removing energy will change its properties to minimize its space back into a liquid. Gas ◦ Adding energy will develop to having electrical energy, making it destabilize the properties of a gas to spread further away. ◦Removing energy will do the opposite. How the particle theory explains expansion and contraction ◦Heat can cause the particles in a solid to vibrate faster, making them spread further apart and causing the solid to expand. ◦Cooling slows down vibrations and the opposite happens. ◦Heat can cause the particles in a liquid to move over each other quicker making them spread apart and causing the liquids to expand. ◦Cooling slows down this movement and the opposite happens. ◦Heating causes the particles in a gas to move faster, making them spread further apart and causing the gas to expand. ◦Cooling slows down this movement and the opposite happens. Diagrams of the Changes of State: The Importance of Models: ◦ Why are models used in science? Models are used in science to simplify their explanation so that it is more understandable. It could be a theory or a demonstration to their research. In some cases, models can be physically constructed to make tests of how something works or occurs. They use analogies to visualize a complicating report to an easy piece of information about the topic. Models can also be ‘thought’ models. Thought models are designed to place imagery in large or small objects by making it the most suitable size to see the whole aspect of their demonstration. ◦ What are some of the advantages of using models in science? Some of the advantages of using models in science is to help show the idea and make predictions of how something works or occurs. They also support the observation of the imagery of the appearance that particles would be pictured. Models show a better understanding to the audience by visualizing concepts that are unable for us to see in real life. This is caused from the quality of correct research information that would back up scientific discoveries and evidences. ◦What could be some of the limitations of models? The limitations of models may not be precise because of the inaccuracy that would change the representation, which could include different size proportions and might be in a different shape. Some people may distort their models by making it too simple, which can cause lack of important details. Also, the report of the model might deceive viewers because it does not have much scientific proofs. ◦ How accurate is my model? My model is mostly accurate because I glued the position of each particle in each amount of space correctly to differentiate the arrangement and behaviour of each state of matter. I used unrelated colours so that it stands out to see which particle model explains a solid, liquid or gas. Gold for solids, silver for liquids, and copper for bronze. To show the particles in a precise matter, I placed the solid particles on the base to show its fixed shape and how it doesn’t change its properties. For liquid and gas particles, I placed them mostly on the sides to show the flow of liquids and the floating of gases. ◦What are some ways to improve on the accuracy of my model? To improve on the accuracy of my model, I could have placed the particles in a container to show how the particles arranges and behaves when it takes up space. I could have also placed some information for each state of matter to give an overall perspective and to inform readers about the particle theory. This way, if I was to summarize the main points in the report to my model, this would have been a comprehensive model. Reference List: INTERNETParticle Theory – home, https://www.le.ac.uk/se/centres/sci/selfstudy/particle01.html Particle Theory - changes of state, https://www.le.ac.uk/se/centres/sci/selfstudy/particle02.html -GCSE Physics (Single Science) - Kinetic particle theory and state changes - Revision 1,2,3 https://www.bbc.com/education/guides/zgr2pv4/revision, BBC Bitesize. Simple Particle Theory: Lesson for Kids | Study.com, https://study.com/academy/lesson/simple-particle-theory-lesson-for-kids.html Particle Theory - Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases, Solids, Liquids, Gases, http://science.jrank.org/kids/pages/118/Particle-Theory.html Chemistry-Particle theory, http://www.dynamicscience.com.au/tester/solutions1/chemistry/particletheory. htm VIDEOSCrash Course Kids (2015). What's Matter? - Crash Course Kids #3.1. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELchwUIlWa8 [Accessed 28 Apr. 2018]. Crash Course Kids (2015). Part(icles) of Your World: Crash Course Kids #3.2. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npv74D2MO6Q [Accessed 28 Apr. 2018]. BOOKSPearson Science Custom 7 - New South Wales (Students Book). (2012). 1st ed. Melbourne: Malcolm Parsons, Ross Laman, Alicia Brown, pp.56, 57, 64,65,66,67. Science Book – Why do Scientists Use Models? (06/04/2018). New South Wales: Moustafa Al Hafedh, pp 44,51. POSTERSee how the particles move as the temperature rises. (2018). [image] Available at: http://science.jrank.org/kids/pages/118/Particle-Theory.html [Accessed 28 Apr. 2018].
