QUT Digital Repository: http://eprints.qut.edu.au/ Ho Lee, Sang and Hoon Han, Jung and Taik Leem, Yoon and Yigitcanlar, Tan (2008) Towards ubiquitous city : concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea. In: Yigitcanlar, Tan and Velibeyoglu, Koray and Baum, Scott, (eds.) Knowledge-Based Urban Development : Planning and Applications in the Information Era. IGI Global, Information Science Reference, Hershey, Pa., pp. 148-169. © Copyright (c) 2008 by IGI Global. 9 Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea Sang Ho Lee, Jung Hoon Han, Yoon Taik Leem and Tan Yigitcanlar INTRODUCTION Information and communication technologies (ICTs) had occupied their position on knowledge management and are now evolving towards the era of self-intelligence (Klosterman, 2001). In the 21st century ICTs for urban development and planning are imperative to improve the quality of life and place. This includes the management of traffic, waste, electricity, sewerage and water quality, monitoring fire and crime, conserving renewable resources, and coordinating urban policies and programs for urban planners, civil engineers, and government officers and administrators. The handling of tasks in the field of urban management often requires complex, interdisciplinary knowledge as well as profound technical information. Most of the information has been compiled during the last few years in the form of manuals, reports, databases, and programs. However frequently, the existence of these information and services are either not known or they are not readily available to the people who need them. To provide urban administrators and the public with comprehensive information and services, various ICTs are being developed. In early 1990s Mark Weiser (1993) proposed Ubiquitous Computing project at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre in the US. He provides a vision of a built environment which digital networks link individual residents not only to other people but also to goods and services whenever and wherever they need (Mitchell, 1999). Since then the Republic of Korea (ROK) has been continuously developed national strategies for knowledge based urban development (KBUD) through the agenda of Cyber Korea, E-Korea and U-Korea. Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar Among abovementioned agendas particularly the U-Korea agenda aims the convergence of ICTs and urban space for a prosperous urban and economic development. U-Korea strategies create a series of U-cities based on ubiquitous computing and ICTs by a means of providing ubiquitous city (U-city) infrastructure and services in urban space. The goals of U-city development is not only boosting the national economy but also creating value in knowledge based communities. It provides opportunity for both the central and local governments collaborate to U-city project, optimize information utilization, and minimize regional disparities. This chapter introduces the Korean-led U-city concept, planning, design schemes and management policies and discusses the implications of U-city concept in planning for KBUD. BACKGROUND: CONCEPTS AND KEY ISSUES The U-city concept The aim of U-city is to create a built environment where any citizen can get any services anywhere and anytime through any ICT devices. Tremendous speeding in ICT development has brought the conventional city in terms of intelligence, innovation and evolution to E-city and then to U-city. The intelligent services such as home banking, telecommuting, teleconferencing, telemedicine, intelligent transportation system (ITS), remote sensing, monitoring, and control of urban infrastructure are always available in U-city. It is crucial to provide high speed, convenient and accessible information and services in anytime and anywhere. Ucity concept also helps realize U-democracy to encourage citizens to participate in policy decision-making, negotiation and voting. This aims to make citizens live in comfortable, convenient, secure and healthy environments using ubiquitous technologies. U-city refers to the environmentally friendly and sustainable smart (or knowledge) city which makes the ubiquitous computing available to amongst the urban elements such as people, building, infrastructure and open space. The U-city is quite different from the well-known virtual city. While the virtual city that reproduces those urban elements visualized within the virtual space, U-city is created by the computer chips or sensors inserted to those urban elements. It is a basic unit of U-city that the sensors and sensor networks to continually communicate with wired or wireless computer devices embedded in people, building, infrastructure and any feature of urban space. This allows ubiquitously communicating person to person, person to object and object to objects where computers or devices are invisible to users. Effectiveness in urban planning and management can be improved by using real time data acquisition and information monitoring via those embedded computers in every part of cities (Figure 1). 2 Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea Figure 1. Difference between virtual city and U-city (Lee, 2005) Technologies of U-cities A range of implications of ICT have been adopted in the various areas of U-city such as social science, geography, planning and architecture. In particular, such possibilities have been assessed, which include introduction of e-governance (Pratchett, 1999; Yigitcanlar, 2003), implications of e-commerce (Evans, 2002), investment in transportation infrastructure (Mikelbank, 2004), and telecommunication and city planning (Graham, 1999). Studies in the same genre also take either the application of ICT as a tool of public policy measures or the development of ICT policy to urban planning (Cohen & Nijkamp, 2002; Cohen-Blankshtain et al., 2004). These implications can be also applied to U-city but it became only possible by a means of high capacity digital networks to enable the delivery of a large volume of information whenever and wherever people need it. In other words U-city can be differentiated by the types and levels of ICTs. The 13 key technologies used in U-city include: Broadband Convergence Network (BcN) is the integrated next generation wired/wireless network for the convergence of voice, data, internet, telecommunications and broadcasting. BcN is expected to provide the backbone for ubiquitous computing services, and is designed to provide internet access at speeds of 50Mbps to 100Mbps, about 50 times faster than current conventional services, with nationwide coverage. High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and Wireless Broadband (WiBro) are the wireless internet technologies, which enable users to enjoy contents usually seen on a PC on their cellular phone as well. The feature of HSDPA and WiBro is a screen telephone service which supports video conferencing with a mobile device. HSDPA and Wibro can transmit fast, easily and reasonably high quality large-sized multimedia such as moving images and MP3 files. 3 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar Ubiquitous Sensor Network (USN) is the ubiquitous environment for communication among the small embedded devices with sensing capabilities. Small enough to guarantee the pervasiveness in U-city, sensor devices associate creating networks that provide valuable information to be exploited for a great variety of sensor applications. USN should be numerous, casually accessible; often invisible computing devices; frequently mobile or embedded in the environment; connected to an increasingly ubiquitous network infrastructure; and composed of a wired core and wireless edges to get information through any devices anytime anywhere. Fiber to the Premise (FTTP) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery in which an optical fiber is run directly onto the customers' premises. Fiber to the premises can be further categorized according to where the optical fiber ends. Fiber to the Home (FTTH) is a form of fiber optic communication delivery in which the optical signal reaches the end user's living or office space at the speed of 100Mbps to 1Gbps. Fiber to the Building (FTTB) (also called as Fiber to the Basement) is a form of fiber optic communication delivery in which the optical signal reaches the premises but stops short of the end user's living or office space (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_premises, U-city Law, 2007). Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is sensing technology to automatically identify animal, people, or objects using radio waves from small sensor devices, which are composed of RFID tags or transponders and RFID readers. All RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio frequency (RF) signal and perhaps other specialized functions. The second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID). The RFID tags can automatically be read from 1.8 meter to 27 meters away. Internet Protocol (IPv6) is a network layer protocol for packet-switched internet-works. It is designated as the successor of IPv4, the current version of the Internet Protocol, for general use on the internet. The main improvement brought by IPv6 is the increase in the number of addresses available for networked devices. IPv4 supports 232 (about 4.3 billion) addresses, which is inadequate for giving even one address to every living person, let alone supporting embedded and portable devices. IPv6, however, supports 2128 (about 340 billion) addresses, or approximately 5×1028 addresses for each of the roughly 6.5 billion living people today (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6). Context Awareness Computing technology is used for to acquire and utilize information about the context of a device to provide services that are appropriate to the particular people, place, time, events, and so on. For example, a cellular phone will always vibrate and never beep in a concert, if the system can know the location of the cellular phone and the concert schedule (Moran & Dourish, 2001). Augmented Reality (AR) is a field of computer research which deals with the combination of real world and computer generated data. At present, most AR research is concerned with the use of live video imagery which is digitally processed and ‘augmented’ by the addition of computer generated graphics. Advanced research includes the use of motion tracking data, fiducial marker 4 Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea recognition using machine vision, and the construction of controlled environments containing any number of sensors and actuators (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality). System-on-a-Chip (SoC) is an idea of integrating all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single integrated circuit. It may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and often radio-frequency functions all on one chip. A typical application is in the area of embedded systems. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographicallyreferenced information. In a more generic sense, GIS is a tool that allows users to create interactive queries (user created searches), analyze the spatial information, edit data, maps, and present the results of all these operations. GIS technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, asset management, environmental impact assessment, urban planning, cartography, criminology, history, sales, marketing, and route planning. For example, a GIS might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency response times in the event of a natural disaster, a GIS might be used to find wetlands that need protection from pollution, or a GIS can be used by a company to find new potential customers similar to the ones they already have. Global Positioning System (GPS) is currently the only fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Developed by the United States Department of Defense. Utilizing a constellation of at least 24 medium Earth orbit satellites that transmit precise radio signals, the system enables a GPS receiver to determine its location, speed and direction. GPS has become a widely used aid to navigation worldwide, and a useful tool for map-making, land surveying, commerce, and scientific uses. GPS also provides a precise time reference used in many applications including scientific study of earthquakes, and synchronization of telecommunications networks. Telematics is the science of sending, receiving and storing information via telecommunication devices. More commonly, telematics have been applied specifically to the use of GPS technology integrated with computers and mobile communications technology. Transport telematics applications are contributing to safer, cleaner and more efficient transport by helping travelers, freight distributors and transport operators avoid delays, congestion and unnecessary trips; diverting traffic from overcrowded roads to alternative modes including rail, sea and inland waterways; reducing accidents; increasing productivity; gaining extra capacity from existing infrastructure; encouraging integrated transport reducing energy use; and reducing environmental pollution. It could provide potential savings of time and energy for individual drivers, reduction of congestion for the city, and impact on long-term land use. Middleware in Simulation Technology is a computer software that connects software components or applications. It is used most often to support complex, distributed applications. It includes web servers, application servers, content management systems, and similar tools that support application development and delivery. In Simulation, ‘middleware’ is a term generally used in the context of the High Level Architecture (HLA) that applies to many distributed 5 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar simulations. It is a layer of software that lies between the application code and the Run-Time Infrastructure (RTI), hence `middle' in its title. Middleware generally consists of a library of functions, and enables a number of applications (simulations or federates in HLA terminology) to page these functions from the common library rather than recreate them for each application. These ubiquitous technologies are vital to achieve the goal of U-city and to provide a range of urban services. The following section demonstrates how these ubiquitous technologies could be used for to improve the quality of urban services. Services of U-cities The ‘ubiquitous’ in U-city provides services for people so they can enjoy access to highspeed networks and advanced communication services ranging from U-life to U-business and U-play to U-government. U-city services begin with the digitalization of the activities in family life, business, economy and public administration. This large volume of digital data is processed and utilized by advanced ICTs and it significantly challenges in the speeding of the process. The ‘Smart city’ that includes smart home, smart transport, smart Medicare and smart education is an integral part of U-city services. Table 1 provides a summary of the U-city services and its possible effectiveness. A range of new U-city services would be provided for the various situations and needs of cities and their citizens. Some of these services are listed and explained below: U-life: By benefiting from U-life citizens may access services like home networking, which links, monitors, and controls household appliances. They can do the remote meter reading and inspection, home banking and shopping. Citizens can check their roof-garden environment by using Zigbee-based sustainable ecosystem, which consists of swarms of sensors for climate, environmental physical measures, soil humidity and the like (Pietsch, 2006). Uhealthcare and U-education will provide a range of additional services at home. Telematics, a coined term derived from telecommunication and informatics, refers to services that comprehensively provide traffic information, e-mail, internet access and multimedia entertainment as well as emergency rescue information to automobile drivers on a real-time basis (Lee, 2005; Lee & Leem, 2006). U-business: Firms can get benefit and save the cost through U-business services, which include U-office, Multimedia conferencing, information management, and virtual market. At U-office, businessman can go online for conferencing with the enterprises in distant regions or foreign countries (Lee, 2005; Lee & Leem, 2006). They can send pictures and documents to their guests through messenger by WiBro terminal. Firms can also purchase best deal materials from the virtual market. U-government: Many types of pollutants could be removed with the help of sensors that detect pollution in the air, soil and water. Surveillance cameras ensure the safety of people at parks or other public areas. Ubiquitous 6 Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea instruments smoothly run the city's transportation system by accurately forecasting arrival and departure time of buses or trains, to minimize traffic congestions (Lee, 2005; Lee & Leem, 2006). Location based service are being used to provide protection for mental handicaps and walking guide service for blinds. Ubiquitous sensor networks are to be placed at school zones to protect children. U-Agriculture is to be used on livestock, where sensors on the livestock could detect Avian Influenza before its spread and massive destruction. Location-based services (LBS): LBS are offered by cellular phone networks as a way to send custom advertising and other information to cell-phone subscribers based on their current location. The cell-phone service provider gets the location from a GPS chip built into the phone, or using radiolocation and trilateration based on the signal-strength of the closest cell-phone towers. One example of LBS might be to allow the subscriber to find the nearest business of a certain type, such as a Turkish restaurant. The ability of the restaurant to send an invitation to by-passers, even though this might be regarded as unsolicited commercial email or spamming. This can be especially useful when dialing an emergency telephone number (119 in Korea, 911 in North America, 112 in Europe or 000 in Australia) so that the operator can dispatch emergency services such as emergency medical services, police or fire-fighters to the correct location. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): ITS play particularly vital roles in ensuring mobility for all and enabling business to meet orders in increasingly competitive markets. It could provide potential savings of time and energy for manufacturers and individual drivers, reduction of congestion for the city, and impact on long-term sustainable land use. Smart and Intelligent Building: Most intelligent buildings sense or manage several variables, or manage more than one building system, extracting greater performance than several disconnected building systems could achieve. Some form of network, or integrated information system seems to be required for a building to be called ‘intelligent’. Teleport and Intelligent Building: In a seaport, ships bring in and take away raw material and manufacturing goods. Similar to a seaport in a teleport, it is electronic information that comes into the port; it is modified in some way and then sent on to another destination. The principal components of the teleport would include a central facility offering diverse telecommunications across a variety of mediums, a land development opportunity, and a distribution network to link telecommunications users in the area. It could potentially provide ICT services efficiently to the users 7 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar Table 1. Example Ubiquitous City Services (Lee & Leem, 2006) Service Area System - U-home Culture and - U-library Lifestyle - U-museum - U-learning Education - U-education - U-campus U-life Services - U-waste Environment management - U-health - U-remote health Health and Welfare examination - Ageing care system - Smart home - U-business Business - U-commerce - U-management - U-payroll - U-banking Finance - Intelligent payment system Employment U-business Services - U-job data search system - U-logistics, Utrading - Smart shipping Transport - Intelligent traffic system - Smart vehicle - Intelligent road - Smart building Construction/SOC - U-office - U-apartment - Food line tracking Agriculture and system - Livestock recode Food keeping Administration U-government Emergency Services Security - U-government - Emergency control by GIS, GPS and RFID - U-defense - U-police, Mobile investigation with crime data - Prisoner management 8 Effectiveness • • High quality of life Diversified cultural amenities • • • • • Minimizing private education cost Providing life education opportunity Creative and self-learning education Alleviating environmental degradation Better living amenity • • • • Dietary requirement Regular exercise Healthcare for ageing society Remote control and treatment • • • Productive industry New ICT products New business and services • Transparency in banking and finance • Increase of labor force participation • Adequate human resource management • • • • Reduce trading cost Effective stock management Prevent traffic accident Incentive to automobile industry • • Central climate control Damage control in fire and accidents • • • Health and safety Improve livestock management Livestock disease control • services • • Improvement of the quality of public Customer oriented 24/7 service • Centralized control in national emergency • • • • Increasing military force Deceasing military cost Minimizing red-tapes Online access to criminal data Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea PLANNING STRATEGIES OF U-CITIES Urban planners ultimately focus on developing ubiquitous computing environments so people, objects, buildings, urban infrastructures, and places in cities could simultaneously communicate with each other. This communication helps in accessing crucial information and also improves the quality of life. The major objectives of a U-city planning comprises: forecasting futuristic society; inducing U-city services to meet society and citizens’ needs; building the physical mobile/built infrastructure and environment for ubiquitous computing; planning the U-city spatial structure and land use; and managing the U-city and its planning process (Figure 2). Figure 2. Planning of a U-city (Derived from Arcosanti’s Hyper Building and Urban Task Force, 1999) Forecasting futuristic society and extracting U-city services It is important to adequately foresee the image of a city and the characteristics of its society so that planners may target U-city services that citizens would need. Because the goal of creating U-city varies by the urban problems and visions that cities face, it is very important for cities to select the kind of U-city services to be introduced, considering its budget, technological availability and citizens’ needs. Figure 3 illustrates several key services of a U-city. 9 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar Multi-media conference Personal information management, etc. u-Business Smart Smart office office u-Life Smart Culture Mobile/home shopping, Wearable computer, Convergence between broadcasting and communication , etc. Satellite network u-Life Smart home High-speed network Broadcasting Ubiquitous network Network BcN Remote checking meter, Edutainment, Home banking, etc. u-Life Cabled network Mobile network u-Life Smart Smart Transport Real time traffic information collection and distribution, Telematics, Auto navigation, etc. u-Government Smart Edu /health Remote education and medical examination, Virtual theme park, interactive cinema, On-line multiplatform game, etc. Cyber government, Disaster forecasting and prevention, Smart weapons, etc. Figure 3. U-city services Constructing U-city infrastructure and environment How to converge ICTs and physical urban environment is an important planning question of a U-city. Mobile ubiquitous computing environment (MUCE) such as wearable computers or cellular phones, as well as built ubiquitous computing environment (BUCE) including embedded urban infrastructure and place are planned in U-city (Figure 4). Previous technology stakeholders proceeded to develop MUCE without considering the physical urban planning, it was not as successful as it was hoped to be. Therefore, BUCE is a current hot agenda for U-city in ROK. Narrowly BUCE plan focuses on developing the U-city convergence technologies between ICTs and urban infrastructures. More broadly U-city urban structure making and urban land use planning should be considered in the process of constructing BUCE as a U-city environment, with planning and designing the digital wall as urban screen, the ubiquitous digital street, and the ubiquitous open space/park. Innovative changes in urban form and land use pattern should be considered with the BUCE planning and design. 10 Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea restoration worker Main Control Centre Water Supply Management System work order sink node manhole Recognition leaking point RFID tag quantity meter RFID tag/sensor node Detection water supply pipe Figure 4. Mobile/built ubiquitous computing environment Designing compact and decentralized concentration as U-city spatial structure Compact and decentralized urban form is an ideal urban structure for a U-city. It has clear urban districts, distinct neighborhoods, and open space like farms and woodland, which coupled with the trends of environmentally sound and sustainable development (ESSD). The concepts of compactness and concentration originates from ubiquitous computing, while the term of decentralized comes from the concept of ubiquitous computing and ESSD which make the cities achieve a strong agglomeration economy, self sustainability, and amenity without proximity to each other. Also the concept of U-city accessibility changes from distance only to the time and telecommunication quality. The central places theory determining the number, size and distribution of towns by distance is no longer valid, and U-city at the same time accelerates both compact and decentralized concentrations of places. The three or four urban hierarchical systems such as central business district, districts, neighborhood, and local are likely to be substituted for one or two urban hierarchical systems, or horizontal network systems which have poly-centric cities. The compact and well-connected decentralized concentration networked U-city is expected to diminish urban sprawl, car use, land demand, and open space loss, which constitutes the major problems of contemporary cities. 11 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar Figure 5. Decentralized concentration urban form (Derived from Congress for the New Urbanism, 1999; Urban Task Force, 1999) Mixed land use and programmable land use planning U-city services provide an ease for residents to spend majority of their free time in relaxing, working, and enjoying entertainment at home instead of going out for conventionally dealing with these services. The main attractions of the city living is proximity to work, shops and basic social, educational and leisure amenities. In this context, mixed land uses in the same neighborhood, street, urban block, or even a building is essential for U-cities. Increased mixed land uses of a U-city decreases the trip distance, energy consumption, and land requirement unlike a conventional city. U-city technologies creates programmable spaces which are built as flexible and modular spaces that could be changed into various uses when needed. For instance the wall of a building can be converted into a digital advertising wall, or a digital masterpiece-pictured wall via ubiquitous media technologies. Finally programmable land use planning would make use of land and building effectively to satisfy the new demand of them without additional supply. Therefore increased possibilities of the mixed land use and the programmable space causes the decrease in trip distance, and energy and land consumption. U-city management planning With the construction of MUCE and BUCE, U-city management planning needs to be seriously taken into account. U-city management is the U-city software system to control U-city hardware infrastructures, MUCE and BUCE. It could be implemented through the virtual space such as monitoring system, experiment system, and U-city management centre. Monitoring system encourage citizens to be secure and convenient. U-city could solve the urban problems via experiment system through the public participation. U-city control centre is a facility that collects, analyses, distributes, integrates and controls data 12 Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea from U-city through the ubiquitous sensor network for carrying the U-city management effectively. New planning method for data, democracy, market oriented urban planning and management Urban planning and management of U-cities focuses on physical, socio-cultural, economic and technological aspects of the city and society (Lee, 1999). The market oriented urban development of U-cities is realized by designing new U-city planning and management methods, which are experimental urban planning (EUP) methods mainly based on KBUD principles (Yigitcanlar, 2007) and combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. EUP is the method that draws social agreement between the public officials who establish and practice urban planning and the stakeholders and interested parties concerning a certain project through the experiment on the virtual space with the help of U-city technologies. Real Estate Bond Exchange (REBE) system (Lee, 2001), Real Estate Bond Exchange between Group (REBE-G) system (Lee, 2002), and Policy Experiment simulation system, PESS (Lee, 2004) are among the EUP examples, which are the interactive, iterative and web based cyber housing market implementations for the U-city planning and management system. IMPLICATIONS OF U-CITY TO KBUD IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA ROK has continuously developed national strategies for KBUD through different stages of Cyber Korea, E-Korea and U-Korea. Most of the people were able to own and use a personal computer in Cyber Korea in the late 1990s, and with the rapid ICTs E-Korea aimed to widespread the internet use and build a high-speed internet network and virtual city as an urban information system. Another emphasis for Cyber Korea and E-Korea was on providing training for everyone to ensure the necessary ICTs skills and capabilities. Subsequently U-Korea focused on the integration of ICTs and physical city to aim at the convergence of virtual city and real city. Wired ICTs were used in Cyber Korea and EKorea strategies, but wireless ICTs added to U-Korea strategy for building urban infrastructure. U-Korea is thriving to make convergence of ICTs and knowledge urban space rather than to develop ICT itself in Cyber Korea and E-Korea. Figure 6 illustrates the evolution of ICT development with the national information and technology strategies. 13 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar National information development Informational Society u-Korea maturity Anything : Communication between PC-Human-Objects (Overcoming Computer Networking Limits) u-Korea Start-up Anywhere : Wireless & Mobile Internet (Overcoming Geographical Limits) e-Korea Anytime : Internet Connection between PCs (Overcoming Connection & Capacity Limits) Cyber Korea Anyone : Wide Spread of PC (Overcoming Limits of Terminal Possession ) IT development Figure 6. Korean strategies for the information and KBUD (Ha, 2003) Under the latest U-Korea strategy, Korean government is trying to build a U-city by integrating KBUD. The U-city development project is an integral part of the national strategy towards U-Korea. As a national urban development project U-city emphasizes KBUD by strengthening the role of ICTs in urban planning and management. ICT itself has a limit to make a large value addition but U-city as a planning package of ICTs and KBUD has a significant effect on the ICT and building industries such as building construction, telecommunication services, infrastructure planning, ICT education, ICT equipments, software and contents. These activities could boost the regional economy and create value in KBUD. Therefore the Korean government supports U-city as a model city which integrates ICTs and KBUD. The central government in ROK has directly involved in the planning of U-city in order to maximize information utilities and to minimize a level of regional disparities. Decentralized de-concentration policy has been adopted where a growth pole strategy (GPS) is needed. The selected departments of the central government have been relocated to local areas and key public institutions in the Seoul Metropolitan Area are moved to outer regions. Inline with GPS, KBUD is proposed with a regional innovation development strategy (RIDS). This strategy has been adopted in order to transform developing areas to knowledge based urban clusters by building regional innovation system for knowledge based industries. This innovation system induces the revitalization of underdeveloped regions. The Korean government has played a significant role in making various policies for Ucity as a case of KBUD to create a knowledge spill-over effect. For instance the Ministry 14 Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea of Information and Communication (MIC) prepared an IT839 strategy including eight new services, three key network infrastructures and nine promising engines for regional knowledge growth. Local authorities have been laying out comprehensive U-city plans for solving existing urban problems and strengthening their knowledge based industries and services. For instance Seoul metropolitan city has been pushing Sangam Digital Media City project to make a research and development hub for the high-tech knowledge industry since 1998 (Townsend, 2005). More recently the city of Seoul has applied a Utour portal system that provides information on restaurants, retails, accommodations and the hot spots in the city, to attract 12 million or more tourists to Seoul by 2010. Visitors will be able to get access to the services by using their cellular phones. Incheon city also plans to introduce an intelligent transportation system, home networking, tele-medicine, disaster prevention/monitoring and pollution controlling system by 2020. Providing an advanced ubiquitous computing environment is a part of Inchon’s U-city plans, New Songdo U-City as a Y-generation city scheduled for completion in 2014. New Songdo will locate U-city control centre and provide Uservices to the citizens, which includes TOPAZ for on-call taxis and emergency/rescue services for patients, MelON mobile music portal service, GXG three-dimensional mobile game, Cyworld online social network, Moneta mobile credit-card service and satellite digital multimedia broadcasting. The Busan city government also has U-city plans to upgrade Busan into an innovative city by 2010 providing ubiquitous environment around the port area. The plan focuses on providing convention/exhibition centers and integrated transportation services. On the other hand Daejeon city is keen to build the fastest network infrastructures and digital wall for broadcasting commercial advertisements. When it is completed the residents in Daejeon city will get an electronic identification to access various ubiquitous services. While Busan and Daejoen city pay a particular attention to establishing U-city infrastructure, Jeju city focuses on tourism development using the U-services including utraffic, u-museum, u-park and u-coupon services. U-traffic based on RFID technologies allows residents or tourists to access traffic information anytime and anywhere. Umuseum will be built at the Jeju stones and cultural park in Northern Jeju. The ubiquitous technologies used in the museum include an anti-theft system which traces visitors’ moves and whereabouts within the museum and u-coupon system which electronically collects admission fees. There are many other urban planning and development schemes used in various towns, cities and regions in ROK. Ubiquitous computing is a powerful planning tool as it is very flexible for planning strategies and objectives. It is an interesting phenomenon that ICTs significantly impact on the typology of Korean cities and towns. Like other knowledge based and environmentally friendly developments in the developed countries the urban planning in ROK relies on ICTs to overcome the unprecedented urban management problems and to enhance the quality of life. The typology of Korean cities and regions based on the ICT application can be summarized as: a knowledge-based industrial complex with embedded software technologies in North Gyeongsang Province, a research and knowledge hub in Chungcheong Province, a manufacturing hub for optical 15 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar fiber communications in South Jeolla Province and an industrial park for computer network based logistics in South Gyeongsang Province, and finally Gangwon Province developed as the heart of the Korea’s biotechnology industry. These developments are often accompanied by the U-city project. Public and private partnerships are a key to deliver what the city proposed. In particular KBUD is proposed by the Korea National Housing Corporation (KNHC) and the Korea Telecom (KT), the nation’s largest internet access provider. A futuristic knowledge based U-city, Unjeong city, is under development in the northwest of Seoul. Unjeong is based on KBUD and will accommodate 46,256 households for the population of 124,898 in the area of 939 hectare from 2003 to 2009. In order to achieve the goals of KBUD Unjeong city is planned to build a highly integrated and networked human settlement as a self-contained city. With the ICTs and the U-city planning principles, KBUD was suggested for (Yim, 2006): Using as a test-bed for the latest ICTs which can allow all the citizen to access the internet anywhere and anytime; Provision of healthy and safe residential environment using ICTs; Convenience with various home-network services; Living together with the disable, the elderly and the poor supported by various ICT systems and U-services all over the city; Foundation for ICT industries which can promote regional economy growth; and Comprehensive urban management system by Urban Integrated Network Centre. Table 2 below illustrates the details in ICTs applied to the Unjung urban planning. Various ICT systems are used in the segment of the city plan with wired or wireless technologies. There are several knowledge based facilities and services shown in the table and these are heavily relied on the wired system except the community information centers where GIS is mainly used. 16 Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea Table 2. ICTs used in the U-city of Unjung (Yim, 2006). Area Wired Office ○ Residence (Public Housings) ○ Commerce ○ Knowledge Facilities ○ Systems IBS (Intelligent Building System) - Intranet, building automation, office automation, security - Home office, remote A/V conferences, mobile work - Home-network services: remote controlling, remote inspection, security/rescue systems, digital TVs, car entry, home offices (optional), elderly care (optional); - Latest-technology community facilities (remote inspection, multimedia rooms) e-commerce, RFID-inventory management High-tech information system (using Avatars, etc.), virtual 3D exhibitions, U-Experience Hall, U-Game Hall, remote visit systems Multimedia data, digital library Remote diagnosis/treatment system, eprescriptions, patient information sharing, customized treatment Remote education, remote counseling (elementary/junior-high/high schools), U-Test Bed (colleges, universities) Underground management (GIS), energy management system, system for detecting environmental pollution/disasters Telematics/ITS: - route guidance, automatic accident handling, automatic fee payment, parking guidance, etc. BIS System/Devices, mobility assistance for the handicapped IT kiosks, water quality management system ○ ○ IT kiosks, CCTV’s, IT billboards ○ ○ IT product exhibition and trial systems; IT kiosks With appropriate size and equipment, remote monitoring function, and remote automatic control function for integrated management of disasters, environment, transportation, energy, and rescue systems. Plan for the development and administration of H/W and infrastructure in consideration of the required functions Museum/ Gallery ○ Library ○ Hospital ○ School ○ Community Information Centers Wireless ○ Roads ○ ○ Bus Stop ○ ○ Transportation Outdoor Environment Park Open Space (Squares, etc.) IT Street Integrated City Network ○ Remarks FTTx Latest 1. Fiber-optic cables will be distributed throughout the city. Wireless installations in each building are recommended. 2. Focusing on the development and provision of the infrastructure, systems, ad information services, designs of some specific devices may also be required (devices for public housings, home-gateway, telematics devices, IT kiosks, etc.). 3. The residence means public housing (9,600 households). Regarding to the ICTs used in Unjung city, city officials suggested some important measures for the U-city development, which include (Yim, 2006): 17 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar All stages of the development process from a planning stage to a construction completion and maintenance stages must be linked to each other; The concept of the proposed urban development strategy should be considered with the characteristics of the U-city as well as the target population demography; Types and functions of each urban infrastructure must be assessed and provided in accordance to the proposed concept for the U-city development; and Applications of ICTs should be complied with the concept for the city development and other characteristics of the city. For the development of a successful U-city model from conceptual framework to everyday life, KNHC and KT will jointly invest 90 million US dollars to build the latest wired/wireless infrastructure such as WLAN, WiBro, WCDMA, FTTH and BcN in Unjeong by 2009. As a result of this the residents of Unjeong will be able to access information ‘whichever, whenever and wherever’. Integrating the existing media and internet services using the wired/wireless infrastructure Unjeong aims to: Build ICT infrastructure (wired/wireless telecommunication network) so that inhabitants may access information, “whichever, whenever and wherever”; Integrate the existing media and internet services using the BcN; Construct intra-urban digital networking for a highly integrated and networked new city in which multiple infrastructures and services of garbage, sewerage, business, fire and security deliver centrally to individuals; Provide a Y-generation ICTs such as WLAN, WiBro and WCDMA for the wireless telecommunication future; Extend ICT infrastructure to the neighboring towns and cities (snowball effect); and Create a knowledge spill-over effect by sharing ICT infrastructure. Apart from the ICTs and its application the U-city management policies should be clearly addressed. Unjeong U-city planning focuses on two major urban management issues. First, it aims to provide an efficient planning delivery system in terms of planning law, regulation and cost in order to minimize the complexity of the existing new towns. Second, the effectiveness of urban management policy is emphasized as to policy adequacy, synergic application and residential satisfactory. It is necessary to set up a specific management policy to 94 U-services planned in the area of transport, water, fire, security, amenity, smart card, management and ICT portal. Key management policies used in Unjeong aim to: Use ICTs to monitor the entire service networks in the area of environmental protection, water supply, and sewerage and sewage treatment; 18 Towards ubiquitous city: concept, planning, and experiences in the Republic of Korea Provide an early warning system from the meteorology service, earthquake data collection service, and alarming and video monitoring services; Improve public heath service using homecare service, emergency calling service for elderly and disability; and Expanding the Smart card service not only to public transport but also other public utilities such as schools, post office, hospitals and community centers. As an additional U-cities experience in new cities, Multifunctional Administrative City and nine Innovative Cities driven by public sector as well as five Enterprise Cities by firms are under the way of planning the new U-cities. The Multifunctional Administrative City is so called the little capital to be made in the Yongi-Kongju area in South Chungchong Province, where the government will move two-thirds of government ministries out of Seoul as early as 2012. Government is pushing forward Innovative Cities for the relocation of the public institutions in Seoul Metropolitan Area to nine provincial regions. Besides Innovative Cities, Enterprise Cities are also on the horizon, focusing on eco-tourism and knowledge-intensive industry, these knowledge-based cities are being built by private sector in the underdeveloped regions. CONCLUSION Ever fast development of ICTs remains the question to planners and civil engineers how we effectively use those technologies in urban development, design and planning. In this chapter authors tried to demonstrate the great potential and benefits of the latest ubiquitous computing technologies for KBUD. U-city is the conglomeration of knowledge based society, where even inanimate object communicate with persons or objects and make a decision with intelligence. Ubiquitous computing environment helps in KBUD in which planners forecast futuristic society, provide mobile/built infrastructure, and design the U-city spatial structure. The authors suggest that U-city urban form in ROK should be the decentralized concentration network with compact, mixed, and programmable land uses. ROK is looking forward into building U-city as a leverage for the national economy and also for creating future urban growth engines. Korea-led U-city concept, planning and design schemes and management policies are newly developed and controversial to conventional urban and regional planning and its methodological perspectives. One of the most important concepts in U-city is the experimental urban planning approach, which is the combination of ICTs and ubiquitous computing. Public participation in planning decision is fuelled by the fast data acquisition, monitoring and experimental computer simulation. The integrated u-city network management center plays a core role in collecting, inter-correlating, analyzing and distributing urban information. Due to the fast growing U-city technologies, there is a strong possibility to improve the current conditions of urban management in ROK. Enhanced database management 19 Lee, Han, Leem and Yigitcanlar systems make real time data update possible, which means that planners can overcome heavy dependence on existing data. The improvement of U-city technologies encourages planners to use web applications, which provide good opportunity to communicate with people in distance, to see timely results according to instant input, to get many people involved in the planning process, and to get fast feedback in the cyberspace. While conventional urban planning spent lots of time and money to experiment a new policy, ICT development makes planners experiment a new policy with ease and low cost. Using virtual space, planners let people and market know possible updated information and encourage them to participate in a decision making process of urban planning. Therefore U-city technologies are capable of upgrading the conventional urban planning methods such as qualitative and quantitative methods, and provide a scientific and transparent urban planning and management through real time data acquisition, monitoring, analysis, and lastly would likely to boost public/market participation more than ever before. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Advancing ICT technologies, globalization of the culture and the rapidly emerging knowledge economy are generating a tough global completion for investment and talent particularly for creative urban regions. 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