HUAWEI
NE40E-X1/NE40E-X2
ServiceRouter
V600R006C00
Product Description
Issue
01
Date
2012-11-10
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Universal
Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2012. All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior
written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Trademarks and Permissions
and other Huawei trademarks are trademarks of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this document are the property of their respective
holders.
Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the contract made between Huawei and
the customer. All or part of the products, services and features described in this document may not be
within the purchase scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, all statements,
information, and recommendations in this document are provided "AS IS" without warranties, guarantees or
representations of any kind, either express or implied.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the
preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and
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Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Address:
Huawei Industrial Base
Bantian, Longgang
Shenzhen 518129
People's Republic of China
Website:
http://www.huawei.com
Email:
support@huawei.com
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Product Description
About This Document
About This Document
Purpose
This document describes the product positioning and features, product architecture, link
features, service features, application scenarios, operation and maintenance, and technical
specifications of the NE40E device.
This document provides an overall description of the NE40E device, which helps intended
readers get a general understanding of all the product features.
Related Versions
The following table lists the product versions related to this document.
Product Name
Version
HUAWEI NE40E-X1 &
NE40E-X2 Universal Service
Router
V600R006C00
U2000
V100R008C00
Intended Audience
This document is intended for:

Network planning engineers

Hardware installation engineers

Commissioning engineers

Data configuration engineers

On-site maintenance engineers

Network monitoring engineers

System maintenance engineers
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Product Description
About This Document
Symbol Conventions
The symbols that may be found in this document are defined as follows.
Symbol
Description
Indicates a hazard with a high level of risk, which if not
avoided, will result in death or serious injury.
Indicates a hazard with a medium or low level of risk,
which if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate
injury.
Indicates a potentially hazardous situation, which if not
avoided, could result in equipment damage, data loss,
performance degradation, or unexpected results.
Indicates a tip that may help you solve a problem or save
time.
Provides additional information to emphasize or
supplement important points of the main text.
Change History
Updates between document issues are cumulative. Therefore, the latest document issue
contains all updates made in previous issues.
Changes in Issue 01 (2012-11-10)
The first commercial release.
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HUAWEI NE40E-X1/NE40E-X2 Universal
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Contents
Contents
About This Document .................................................................................................................... ii
1 New Hardware and Features in the V600R006C00 ................................................................. 1
2 Positioning...................................................................................................................................... 2
3 Product Architecture ..................................................................................................................... 3
3.1 Physical Architecture........................................................................................................................................ 3
3.2 Logical Architecture ......................................................................................................................................... 4
3.3 Software Architecture ....................................................................................................................................... 5
3.4 Data Forwarding Process ................................................................................................................................. 7
4 Technical Specifications .............................................................................................................. 9
5 FPIC................................................................................................................................................ 11
6 Link Features ................................................................................................................................ 14
6.1 Ethernet Link Features ................................................................................................................................... 14
6.2 POS Link Features ......................................................................................................................................... 15
6.3 CPOS Link Features ....................................................................................................................................... 15
6.4 ATM Link Features ........................................................................................................................................ 16
6.5 CE1/CT1/E3/CT3 Link Features .................................................................................................................... 17
7 Service Features ........................................................................................................................... 18
7.1 Ethernet Features ............................................................................................................................................ 18
7.1.1 Layer 2 Ethernet Features ..................................................................................................................... 18
7.1.2 Layer 3 Ethernet Features ..................................................................................................................... 19
7.1.3 QinQ Features ....................................................................................................................................... 19
7.1.4 Flexible Access to VPNs ....................................................................................................................... 20
7.1.5 RRPP Link Features .............................................................................................................................. 20
7.1.6 RSTP/MSTP Features ........................................................................................................................... 20
7.1.7 BPDU Tunneling Features .................................................................................................................... 21
7.2 IP Features ...................................................................................................................................................... 21
7.2.1 IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stack ............................................................................................................................ 21
7.2.2 IPv4 Features ........................................................................................................................................ 21
7.2.3 IPv6 Features ........................................................................................................................................ 22
7.2.4 IPv4/IPv6 Transition Technology.......................................................................................................... 22
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Contents
7.3 Routing Protocol ............................................................................................................................................ 22
7.3.1 Unicast Routing .................................................................................................................................... 22
7.3.2 Multicast Routing.................................................................................................................................. 24
7.4 MPLS ............................................................................................................................................................. 25
7.5 VPN Features ................................................................................................................................................. 29
7.5.1 Tunnel Policy ........................................................................................................................................ 29
7.5.2 VPN Tunnel .......................................................................................................................................... 29
7.5.3 MPLS L2VPN ....................................................................................................................................... 29
7.5.4 BGP/MPLS L3VPN .............................................................................................................................. 31
7.6 QoS................................................................................................................................................................. 32
7.7 Load Balancing .............................................................................................................................................. 36
7.8 Traffic Statistics.............................................................................................................................................. 37
7.9 IP RAN Features ............................................................................................................................................ 38
7.10 Network Reliability ...................................................................................................................................... 39
7.11 Clock ............................................................................................................................................................ 44
8 Security Features ......................................................................................................................... 47
9 Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction ..................................................................... 52
10 Applicable Environment ......................................................................................................... 54
10.1 Metro Ethernet Solution ............................................................................................................................... 54
10.2 Dual-Stack User Access and Transition Solutions........................................................................................ 58
11 Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................................... 60
11.1 System Configuration Modes ....................................................................................................................... 60
11.2 System Management and Maintenance ........................................................................................................ 61
11.3 Device Running Status Monitoring .............................................................................................................. 61
11.4 HGMP .......................................................................................................................................................... 62
11.5 System Service and Status Tracking ............................................................................................................. 63
11.6 System Test and Diagnosis ........................................................................................................................... 63
11.7 NQA ............................................................................................................................................................. 63
11.8 In-Service Debugging................................................................................................................................... 64
11.9 Upgrade Features .......................................................................................................................................... 64
11.10 License ....................................................................................................................................................... 65
11.11 Other Operation and Maintenance Features ............................................................................................... 65
12 NMS ............................................................................................................................................. 66
A Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................. 68
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Product Description
1
Issue 01 (2012-11-10)
1 New Hardware and Features in the V600R006C00
New Hardware and Features in the
V600R006C00
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2 Positioning
2
Positioning
Huawei NE40E-X1&NE40E-X2 (hereinafter referred to as the NE40E-X1&NE40E-X2) are a
high-end network product used to access, converge, and transmit carrier-class Ethernet
services on Fixed-Mobile Convergence (FMC) Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs).
The NE40E-X1&NE40E-X2 operate on the Versatile Routing Platform (VRP) operating
system developed by Huawei and adopts the hardware-based forwarding and non-blocking
data switching technology. The NE40E-X1&NE40E-X2 feature carrier-class reliability,
line-speed forwarding capability, perfect Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism, service
processing capability, and good expansibility.
The NE40E-X1&NE40E-X2 provide strong capabilities in network access, Layer 2 switching,
and transmission of Ethernet over Multi-Protocol Label Switching (EoMPLS) services. The
NE40E-X1&NE40E-X2 also support rich IP services and provides broadband access, triple
play, IP leased line, and Virtual Private Network (VPN) services. The NE40E-X1&NE40E-X2
can also work in conjunction with the CX200/300, NE80E, NE40E, ME60, and MA5200G
developed by Huawei to set up a hierarchical metro Ethernet that provides rich services for
customers.
NE40E-X2
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3 Product Architecture
3
Product Architecture
About This Chapter
3.1 Physical Architecture
3.2 Logical Architecture
3.3 Software Architecture
3.4 Data Forwarding Process
3.1 Physical Architecture
The physical architecture includes the following systems:

Power distribution system

Functional host system

Heat dissipation system

Network management system
All systems except the network management system (NMS) are located in an integrated
cabinet. The power distribution system consists of power modules working in n+n backup
mode.
The following describes only the functional host system.
The functional host system is composed of the system backplane, MPUs, NPUs, and PICs.
The functional host system processes data. In addition, it monitors and manages the entire
system, including the power distribution system, heat dissipation system, and NMS through
NMS interfaces. Figure 3-1 shows the functional host system of the NE40E.
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3 Product Architecture
Figure 3-1 Functional host system
-48 V
-48 V
PSU
(Power Support
Unit)
PSU
(Power Support
Unit)
Control Bus
Control Bus
Monitor Bus
Monitor Bus
Control Bus
Control Bus
Monitor Bus
Monitor Bus
NPU
2*10G
NPU
Backplane
Control Bus
2*10G
Control Bus
Monitor Bus
Data Bus
Monitor Bus
Control Bus
Control Bus
Monitor Bus
Data Bus
Monitor Bus
Data Bus
FAN
MPU
(Master)
MPU
(Slave)
GE/Console/
Bits/USB
GE/Console/
Bits/USB
PIC 0-7
GE/FE/E1
(Physical
etc
Interface Card)
The NE40E-X1 has only one NPU and four PICs.
3.2 Logical Architecture
The logical architecture of the NE40E consists of the following planes:

Data plane

Control and management plane

Monitoring plane
Figure 3-2 shows the logical architecture.
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3 Product Architecture
Figure 3-2 Logical architecture
MPU
MPU
Monitoring
plane
System
monitoring unit
System
monitoring unit
Control and
management
plane
System
monitoring unit
System
monitoring unit
Management
unit
Management
unit
PICs
management unit
Forwarding
unit
Data plane
NPUI
Forwarding
unit
Data channel
PIC * N
NPUI

The data plane is responsible for high speed processing and non-blocking switching of
data packets. It encapsulates or decapsulates packets, forwards IPv4/IPv6/MPLS packets,
performs QoS as well as scheduling and internal high-speed switching, and collects
statistics.

The control and management plane completes all control and management functions for
the system and is the core of the entire system. Control and management units process
protocols and signals, and maintain, manage, report on, and control system status.

The monitoring plane monitors the ambient environment to ensure secure and stable
operation of the system. It detects voltage levels, controls system power-on and-off,
monitors temperature, and controls fan modules. When a unit fails, the monitoring plane
isolates the faulty unit promptly so that other parts of the system can continue to run
normally.
3.3 Software Architecture
Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4 show the software architecture of the NE40E
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Figure 3-3 Software architecture of NE40E-X1
FAN
Monitoring
Power
Monitoring
RPS
Master
SNMP
RPS
Slave
IPC
NPU
PIC
PIC
PIC
PIC
Figure 3-4 Software architecture of NE40E-X2
Power
Monitoring
RPS
Master
SNMP
FAN
Monitoring
RPS
Slave
IPC
NPU
NPU
PIC
PIC
PIC
PIC
PIC
PIC
PIC
PIC
Software of the NE40E consists of the Routing Process System (RPS), power monitoring
system, fan monitoring system.
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3 Product Architecture
The RPS, which includes IPOS software, VRP software, and product-adaptation software, is
the control and management module that runs on the MPU. The RPS on the active MPU and
the one on the standby MPU back up each other. RPSs support IPv4/IPv6, MPLS, LDP, and
routing protocols, calculate routes, establish LSPs and multicast distribution trees, generate
unicast, multicast, and MPLS forwarding tables, and they deliver information concerning all
the preceding mentioned to the LPU.
The FSU implements the functions of the link layer and some functions of the IP protocol
stack on interfaces.
The EFU performs hardware-based IPv4/IPv6 forwarding, multicast forwarding, MPLS
forwarding, and has a statistics functions.
3.4 Data Forwarding Process
Figure 3-5 Data forwarding process
PIC
Datagram
Datagram
Processing on the incoming
interface
Processing on the outgoing
interface
Downstream traffic
classification
Upstream traffic classification
PFE
IPv4 unicast Searching the
IPv4 multicast routing table to
MPLS
forward packets
IPv6
MAC
QoS in the
upstream
IPv4 unicast
IPv4 multicast
MPLS
IPv6
Packet
encapsulation
and forwarding
in the
downstream
Queue
scheduling
Congestion
management
QoS in the
downstream
Congestion
management
Queue
scheduling
Multicast replication
TM
Packet fragmentation
Packet reassembly
Micro cell
Micro cell
SFU
As shown in Figure 3-5, the Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE) adopts a Network Processor
(NP) or an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) to implement high-speed packet
routing. External memory types include Static Random Access Memory (SRAM), Dynamic
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3 Product Architecture
Random Access Memory (DRAM), and Net Search Engine (NSE). The SRAM stores
forwarding entries; the DRAM stores packets; the NSE performs searching routing table.
Data forwarding processes can be divided into upstream and downstream processes based on
the direction of the data flow.

Upstream process: The Physical Interface Card (PIC) encapsulates packets to frames and
then sends them to the PFE. On the PFE of the inbound interface, the system
decapsulates the frames and identifies the packet types. It then classifies traffic according
to the QoS configurations on the inbound interface. After traffic classification, the
system searches the Forwarding Information Base (FIB) for the outbound interfaces and
next hops of packets to be forwarded. To forward an IPv4 unicast packet, for instance,
the system searches the FIB for the outbound interface and next hop according to the
destination IP address of the packet. Finally, the system sends the packets containing
information about outbound interfaces and next hops to the traffic management (TM)
module.

Downstream process: Information about packet types that have been identified in the
upstream process and about the outbound interfaces is encapsulated through the link
layer protocol and the packets are stored in corresponding queues for transmission. If an
IPv4 packet whose outbound interface is an Ethernet interface, the system needs to
obtain the MAC address of the next hop. Outgoing traffic is then classified according to
the QoS configurations on the outbound interfaces. Finally, the system encapsulates the
packets with new Layer 2 headers on the outbound interfaces and sends them to the PIC.
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4 Technical Specifications
4
Technical Specifications
Physical Specifications
Table 4-1 Physical Specifications
Item
X2
X1
Dimensions (width x
depth x height)
442 mm x 220 mm x 222 mm
(5 U height)
442 mm x 220 mm x 132 mm
( 17.40 in. x 8.66 in. x 5.20
in. )
Installation
Mounted in an N63B cabinet, a standard 19-inch cabinet, or a
23-inch North American open rack
Weight (in full
configuration)
22 kg
14 kg ( 30.87 lb )
Typical power
650 W
350 W
Heat dissipation
2109 BTU/hour
1136 BTU/hour
DC input
voltage
Rated
voltage
-48 V
Maximum
voltage
range
-38 V to -72 V
Rated
voltage
220 V
Maximum
voltage
range
90 V to 275 V (recommend)
Long-term
5°C to +50°C ( 23°F to 122°F )
Short-term
-20°C to +60°C ( -4°F to 140°F ) (Short-term refers to a period of
not more than 96 consecutive hours and a total of not more than
15 days in 1 year.)
Remarks
Temperature change rate limit: 30°C/hour ( 86°F/hour )
AC input
voltage
Ambient
temperat
ure
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175 V to 275 V
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4 Technical Specifications
Item
X2
Storage temperature
-40°C to +70°C ( -40°F to 158°F )
Relative
ambient
humidity
Long-term
5% to 85% RH, non-condensing
Short-term
5% to 95% RH, non-condensing
Relative storage
humidity
0% to 95% RH, non-condensing
Altitude for permanent
work
Lower than 3000 m ( 9842.4 ft )
Storage altitude
Lower than 5000 m (16404 ft )
X1
System Configuration
Table 4-2 System Configuration
Item
X2
X1
SDRAM
2 GB
2 GB
CF card
1 GB
1 GB
USB interface
USB2.0 Host
USB2.0 Host
Forwarding capacity
40 Gbit/s
20 Gbit/s
Packets forwarding rate
60 Mpps
30 Mpps
Backplane bandwidth
450 Gpbs
285 Gpbs
Interface capacity
Non-line-rate: 75.2 Gbit/s
Non-line-rate: 52 Gbit/s
Line-rate: 40Gbit/s
Line-rate: 20Gbit/s
Number of subcard
slots
8
4
Number of MPU slots
2
2
Number of NPU slots
2
1
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5 FPIC
5
FPIC
The NE40E-X2 has eight slots for subcards. Subcards are hot swappable and support
automatic configuration recovery.
The NE40E-X1 has four slots for subcards. Subcards are hot swappable and support
automatic configuration recovery.
Table 5-1 Subcards supported by the NE40E-X2 and NE40E-X1
Interface Name
Description
Remarks
8-Port 100/1000Base-X-SFP
High-speed Interface Card
(HIC)
Supports the
synchronization Ethernet
feature and multiple types of
optical modules.
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 5, 6, 9,
and 10 on the NE40E-X2,
and the slots 2, 3, 4 and 5 on
the NE40E-X1.

Supports the GE optical
module to provide GE
optical interfaces.

Supports the FE optical
module to provide FE
optical interfaces.

Supports the SFP
electrical module to
provide the features of
100 M/1000 M
auto-sensing electrical
interfaces.

Supports the mixed use
of the preceding
modules.
Supports hot swapping.
8-Port 100/1000Base-X-SFP
High-speed Interface Card
A (HIC, Supporting 1588v2)
Supports synchronization
Ethernet feature and
multiple types of optical
modules, and complies with
the 1588v2 standard.

Issue 01 (2012-11-10)
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 5, 6, 9,
and 10 on the NE40E-X2,
and the slots 2, 3, 4 and 5 on
the NE40E-X1.
Supports the GE optical
module to provide GE
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Interface Name
5 FPIC
Description
Remarks
optical interfaces.

Supports the FE optical
module to provide FE
optical interfaces.

Supports the SFP
electrical module to
provide 100 M/1000 M
auto-sensing electrical
interfaces. (In this case,
the synchronization
Ethernet feature is not
supported.)

Supports the mixed use
of the preceding
modules.
Supports hot swapping.
4-Port 100/1000Base-X-SFP
High-speed Interface
Card(HIC)
Supports the
synchronization Ethernet
feature and multiple types of
optical modules.

Supports the GE optical
module to provide GE
optical interfaces.

Supports the FE optical
module to provide FE
optical interfaces.

Supports the SFP
electrical module to
provide the features of
100 M/1000 M
auto-sensing electrical
interfaces.

Supports the mixed use
of the preceding
modules.
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 5, 6, 9,
and 10 on the NE40E-X2,
and the slots 2, 3, 4 and 5 on
the NE40E-X1.
Supports hot swapping.
4-Port OC-3c/STM-1c
POS-SFP Flexible Interface
Card(FIC)
Supports hot swapping.
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 3, 4, 5,
6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 on the
NE40E-X2, and in the slots
2, 3, 4 and 5 on the
NE40E-X1.
8-Port 100Base-X-RJ45
Flexible Interface
Card(FIC,Supporting
1588v2)
Supports hot swapping.
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 3, 4, 5,
6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 on the
NE40E-X2, and in the slots
2, 3, 4 and 5 on the
NE40E-X1.
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5 FPIC
Interface Name
Description
Remarks
8-Port 100Base-X-SFP
Flexible Interface Card
(FIC, Supporting 1588v2)
Supports hot swapping.
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 3, 4, 5,
6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 on the
NE40E-X2, and in the slots
2, 3, 4 and 5 on the
NE40E-X1.
Auxiliary Flexible Interface
Card with 4-Port
100Base-RJ45(FIC,
Supporting 1588v2)
Supports on-site ambient
monitoring, including the
monitoring of burglarproof
switches and smoke sensors.
Only one subcard of this
type can used on a device.
Supports hot swapping.
1-Port Channelized
OC3c/STM1c POS-SFP
Flexible Interface Card
(FIC)
Supports hot swapping, the
clock synchronization
feature, and three protocols:
Circuit Emulation Service
(CES), Inverse Multiplexing
for ATM (IMA), and
Multi-link Point-to-Point
Protocol (ML-PPP).
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 3, 4, 5,
6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 on the
NE40E-X2, and in the slots
2, 3, 4 and 5 on the
NE40E-X1.
16-Port E1 Flexible
Interface Card(FIC,120ohm)
Supports hot swapping.
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 3, 4, 5,
6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 on the
NE40E-X2, and in the slots
2, 3, 4 and 5 on the
NE40E-X1.
16-Port E1 Flexible
Interface Card(FIC,75ohm)
Supports hot swapping.
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 3, 4, 5,
6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 on the
NE40E-X2, and in the slots
2, 3, 4 and 5 on the
NE40E-X1.
4-Port OC-3c/STM-1c
ATM-SFP Flexible Interface
Card (FIC)
Supports hot swapping.
Subcards of this type can be
inserted in the slots 3, 4, 5,
6, 9, 10, 11, and 12 on the
NE40E-X2, and in the slots
2, 3, 4 and 5 on the
NE40E-X1.
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HUAWEI NE40E-X1/NE40E-X2 Universal
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6 Link Features
6
Link Features
About This Chapter
6.1 Ethernet Link Features
6.2 POS Link Features
6.3 CPOS Link Features
6.4 ATM Link Features
6.5 CE1/CT1/E3/CT3 Link Features
6.1 Ethernet Link Features
The NE40E provides the following features on Ethernet interfaces:

Flow control and auto negotiation of rates

Bundling of interfaces of different rates

Binding of interfaces on different boards into one Eth-Trunk

Eth-Trunk member interfaces in active/standby mode

The NE40E can perform active/standby switchover automatically on Eth-Trunk member
interfaces when the link status of interfaces changes.

Addition or deletion of member interfaces to or from an Eth-Trunk interface
The NE40E can sense the Up or Down status of member interfaces, thus dynamically
changing the bandwidth of the Eth-Trunk.

Layer 2 and Layer 3 Eth-Trunk interfaces

E-Trunk, that is, Eth-Trunk interface whose member interfaces reside on different
devices

Association between Eth-Trunk links and BFD

LACP defined in 802.3ad
The Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) maintains link status according to
interface status. LACP adjusts or disables link aggregation in the case of aggregation
changes.

Ethernet clock synchronization

1588v2 clock
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VLAN sub-interfaces

Interface loopback, including local loopback and remote loopback
6 Link Features
6.2 POS Link Features
The NE40E provides the following POS features:

SDH/SONET encapsulation

Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) on POS interfaces
PPP supports the following protocols:
−
Link Control Protocol (LCP)
−
Internet Protocol Control Protocol (IPCP)
−
Multi-Protocol Label Switching Control Protocol (MPLSCP)
−
Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)
−
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP)

High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) on POS interfaces

IP-Trunk
The NE40E supports the following IP bundling modes:
−
Inter-board IP bundling
−
Inter-chassis IP bundling
−
IP bundling of channels of different rates
−
Dynamic creating and removing of IP-Trunk interfaces
−
Bundling of a physical channel into an IP-Trunk by using commands on physical
interfaces

Interface loopback, including local loopback and remote loopback

Configuration of the MTUs for IPv4, IPv6, and MPLS packets
POS interfaces support SDH alarms at the section layer, line layer, and path layer.
The troubleshooting procedure for POS interfaces is as follows:

A POS interface prompts a fault and then notifies the control software on the board of the
fault.

The control software of the board confirms the fault, updates the interface status, and
then notifies the MPU of the interface status.

The MPU instructs the routing protocol to perform route convergence.
To ensure fast route convergence and network stability, the SPF timer and LSP timer need to
be configured on the POS interface to function together with route convergence.
6.3 CPOS Link Features
The NE40E provides the following CPOS features:

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The E1 interface channalized from a CPOS interface, in compliance with SAToP, can
transparently transmit unstructured TDM services through PWs on an MPLS network.
The E1 interface channalized from a CPOS interface, in compliance with CESoPSN, can
transparently transmit structured TDM services through PWs on an MPLS network.

ML-PPP/PPP/HDLC/ATM/TDM/ATM IMA
The NE40E provides CPOS interfaces at 155 Mbit/s. At the link layer, CPOS interfaces
support the following protocols:

−
Frame Relay
−
ML-PPP
−
TDM
−
ATM IMA
Interface loopback, including local loopback and remote loopback
6.4 ATM Link Features
The NE40E provides the following ATM features:

SDH/SONET encapsulation
ATM interfaces on the NE40E support SONET/SDH encapsulation and the
SONET/SDH overhead configuration and physical layer alarms.

Permanent Virtual Path (PVP) or PVC
PVPs or PVCs can be created on ATM interfaces:

−
VP/VC-based traffic shaping
−
User-to-Network Interface (UNI) signaling
−
Multiprotocol Encapsulation over ATM Adaptation Layer 5 in RFC 1483
−
Classical IP and ARP over ATM in RFC 1577
−
F4 or F5 End to End Loopback OAM
−
AAL5
−
Nonreal-time Variable Bit Rate (nrt_VBR)
−
Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR)
−
Real-time Variable Bit Rate (rt_VBR)
−
Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
IPoA
The NE40E supports the following modes in setting up the mapping between a PVC and
the IP address of the peer device:
−
Static mapping
−
Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (InARP)

ATM sub-interfaces

ATM OAM
The NE40E supports F4 and F5 OAM. OAM functions in detecting the status of PVPs or
PVCs.

1483B
1483B supported by the NE40E is applicable to IPoEoA. IPoEoA indicates that Ethernet
packets are carried over AAL5 and IP packets are carried over the Ethernet. This
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6 Link Features
implements Layer 2 forwarding of IPoEoA packets between the Ethernet and PVC. By
converging the ATM backbone network and the IP network, IPoEoA supports various
Ethernet and IP services.

ATM cell relay
The NE40E supports PVC-based or PVP-based ATM cell relay and AAL5 SDU relay.
The NE40E supports the following ATM cell relay modes:
−
Interface-based ATM cell relay
−
1-to-1 VCC cell relay
−
N-to-1 VCC cell relay
−
1-to-1 VPC cell relay
−
N-to-1 VPC cell relay
−
ATM AAL5-SDU VCC transport

Interface loopback, including local loopback and remote loopback

Configuration of the MTUs for IPv4 and MPLS packets

Line clocks

Scrambling and descrambling of transmitted data

Configuration of the shutdown and undo shutdown commands on ATM interfaces

Configuration of the shutdown and undo shutdown commands on PVCs/PVPs

Configuration of the shutdown and undo shutdown commands on sub-interfaces

AAL5 SNAP encapsulation

Cell relay and IWF on different sub-interfaces of the same ATM interface
6.5 CE1/CT1/E3/CT3 Link Features
The NE40E provides CE1/CT1/E3/CT3 interfaces.
Serial interfaces can be channelized from CE1/CT1/E3/CT3 interfaces. CE1/CT1/E3/CT3
interfaces and their serial interfaces support the following functions:

PPP

HDLC

CRTP/ECRTP

Interface loopback, including local loopback and remote loopback

Configuration of the MTUs for IPv4 and MPLS packets
CE1/CT1 interfaces and their serial interfaces support the following link protocols:

ATM

TDM

ATM IMA
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7
Service Features
About This Chapter
7.1 Ethernet Features
7.2 IP Features
7.3 Routing Protocol
7.4 MPLS
7.5 VPN Features
7.6 QoS
7.7 Load Balancing
7.8 Traffic Statistics
7.9 IP RAN Features
7.10 Network Reliability
7.11 Clock
7.1 Ethernet Features
7.1.1 Layer 2 Ethernet Features
On the NE40E, Ethernet interfaces can work in switched mode at Layer 2 and support VLAN,
VPLS, and QoS services. Functioning as UNIs, Layer 2 Ethernet interfaces support MPLS
VPN services.
The NE40E provides the following Layer 2 Ethernet features:

Default VLAN

VLAN trunk

VLANIF interfaces

VLAN aggregation

Inter-VLAN port isolation
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Ethernet sub-interfaces

VLAN aggregated sub-interfaces

Port number-based VLAN division

VLAN mapping

VLAN stacking

MAC address limit

Unknown unicast/multicast/broadcast suppression

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)/Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP)

Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)

RRPP with switching time less than 50 ms
7 Service Features
7.1.2 Layer 3 Ethernet Features
The NE40E provides the following Layer 3 Ethernet features:

IPv4

IPv6

MPLS

Multicast

VLAN sub-interfaces

QoS

Ethernet sub-interfaces

VLAN aggregation sub-interfaces
7.1.3 QinQ Features
The NE40E provides abundant QinQ features to satisfy different networking requirements.
The QinQ features are as follows:

Identification of double VLAN tags (inner VLAN tag and outer VLAN tag)

Change of the outer VLAN ID

Removal of double VLAN tags and then addition of new double VLAN tags

QinQ mapping for the outer VLAN tag

QinQ interface supporting 802.1ag

Change of the EtherType value and 802.1p priority in the outer VLAN tag; copy of the
802.1p priority in the inner VLAN tag to the outer VLAN tag of double-tagged packets

Traffic classification based on the 802.1p priorities in the outer VLAN tags of packets

Rate limit on interfaces based on the 802.1p priorities in both inner and outer VLAN tags

Interface-based QinQ
Interface-based QinQ is applicable to the following scenarios:
−
Access to a VPLS network to transparently transmit VLAN packets
−
Access to an L2VPN or PWE3 to transparently transmit VLAN packets

VLAN-based QinQ

802.1ag

QinQ termination
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
EType in the outer tag of QinQ packets used for interoperation with devices of other
vendors

Multicast QinQ

QinQ-based VLAN swapping

VLAN stacking can be applied in the following scenarios:
−
Access to VPLS
−
Access to VLL or PWE3

Translation sub-interface supporting 1to1, 1to2, 2to1, 2to2 VLAN tag translation

Sub-interface for QinQ VLAN tag termination supporting VLAN tag swapping

Sub-interface for dot1q VLAN tag termination, sub-interface for QinQ VLAN tag
termination, QinQ stacking sub-interface, and translation sub-interface supporting the
block action

ACLs based on double VLAN tags and 802.1p precedence

Sub-interfaces for QinQ VLAN tag termination accessing a VPLS network in
symmetrical mode supporting HQoS

Sub-interface for QinQ VLAN tag termination and sub-interface for dot1q VLAN tag
termination supporting IPv6 routing protocols

Sub-interface for QinQ VLAN tag termination and sub-interface for dot1q VLAN tag
termination supporting BFDv6

Dynamic QinQ triggered by ND/DHCPv6 in IPv6 scenarios

Sub-interface for QinQ VLAN tag termination and sub-interface for dot1q VLAN tag
termination supporting VRRPv6

Sub-interface for QinQ VLAN tag termination IPv4 URPF

Sub-interface for QinQ VLAN tag termination IPv6 URPF
7.1.4 Flexible Access to VPNs
In traditional access identification, user information or service information is identified
through a single tag or double tags. For example, the inner tag indicates user information
and the outer tag indicates service information. Different interfaces are configured with
different double tags to access different VPNs. In some scenarios, the access device does not
support QinQ or a single tag is used for multiple services. In this case, the access device may
add service access information to the 802.1p or DSCP field. Then, the NE40E connected to
the access device needs to use the 802.1p or DSCP value to identify access users. This helps
configure the accesses to different VPNs and set up different QoS scheduling policies.
7.1.5 RRPP Link Features
The Rapid Ring Protection Protocol (RRPP) supports the following functions:

Polling mechanism

Link status change notification

Mechanism of checking the channel status of the sub-ring protocol packets on the major
ring
7.1.6 RSTP/MSTP Features
The NE40E supports the following:

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7 Service Features
MSTP
MSTP provides BPDU protection to defend against such attacks. After the BPDU protection
is enabled, the switch shuts down the edge port that receives BPDUs. At the same time, the
switch informs the NMS of the situation. The edge port can be enabled by the network
administrator.
NE40E can restrict the sending of Layer 2 and Layer 3 protocol packets such as RSTP and
DHCP through CP-CAR. This avoids influencing device performance.
7.1.7 BPDU Tunneling Features
The NE40E supports BPDU tunneling in the following modes:

Port-based BPDU tunneling

VLAN-based BPDU tunneling

QinQ-based BPDU tunneling

VLL-based transparent transmission of BPDUs

VPLS-based transparent transmission of BPDUs
7.2 IP Features
7.2.1 IPv4/IPv6 Dual Stack
The IPv4/IPv6 dual stack can be easily implemented and can smoothly interoperate with other
protocols. Figure 7-1 shows the structure of the IPv4/IPv6 dual stack.
Figure 7-1 IPv4/IPv6 dual stack
IPv4/IPv6 Application
TCP
UDP
IPv4
IPv6
Link Layer
7.2.2 IPv4 Features
The NE40E supports the following IPv4 features:

TCP/IP protocol suite, including ICMP, IP, TCP, UDP, socket (TCP/UDP/Raw IP), and
ARP

Static DNS and specified DNS server

FTP server/client and TFTP client
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DHCP relay agent and DHCP server

Suppression of DHCP flooding

Ping, tracert, and NQA
7 Service Features
NQA can detect the status of ICMP, TCP, UDP, DHCP, FTP, HTTP, and SNMP services
and test the response time of the services. The system supports NQA in UDP jitter and
ICMP jitter tests by sending and receiving packets on LPUs. The minimum interval at
which packets are transmitted can be 10 ms. Each LPU supports up to 100 concurrent
jitter tests. The entire system supports up to 1000 concurrent jitter tests.

IP policy-based routing (PBR) and flow-based next hop to which packets are forwarded

IP PBR-based load balancing

Load balancing in unequal cost multiple path (UCMP) mode

Configuration of secondary IP addresses for all physical and logical interfaces
Each interface can be configured with a maximum of 255 secondary IP addresses with
31-bit masks.
7.2.3 IPv6 Features
The NE40E supports the following IPv6 features:

IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (ND)

Path MTU Discovery (PMTU)

TCP6, ping IPv6, tracert IPv6, and socket IPv6

Static IPv6 DNS and specified IPv6 DNS server

TFTP IPv6 client

IPv6 PBR

Telnet and SSH
7.2.4 IPv4/IPv6 Transition Technology
The NE40E provides the following IPv4/IPv6 transition technologies:

IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel
The NE40E adopts the following IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel modes:

−
IPv6 manual tunnel
−
IPv6 over IPv4 GRE tunnel
−
IPv4 over IPv6 automatic tunnel
−
6 to 4 tunnel
6PE and 6vPE
7.3 Routing Protocol
7.3.1 Unicast Routing
The NE40E supports the following unicast routing features:

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
IPv6 routing protocols, including Routing Information Protocol Next Generation (RIPng),
OSPFv3, IS-ISv6, and BGP4+

Static routes that are manually configured by the administrator to simplify network
configurations and improve network performance

Large-capacity routing table to effectively support the operation of a MAN.

Selection of the optimal route through the perfect routing policy

Import of routing information of other protocols

Use of routing policies in advertising and receiving routes and filtering of routes through
route attributes

Support for load balancing and configuring the maximum number of equal-cost routes
32-channel load balancing of IPv6 routes

Password authentication and MD5 authentication to improve network security

Restart of protocol processes through command lines

RIP-1 (classful routing protocol) and RIP-2 (classless routing protocol)

Advertisement of a default route from a RIP-enabled device to its peers and setting of the
metric of this route

RIP-triggered updates

Disabling a specified interface from sending or receiving OSPF or RIP packets

Association between OSPF and BGP

Association between OSPF and LDP

Fast OSPF convergence, which can be implemented in the following manners:
−
Adjusting the interval at which LSAs are sent
−
Enabling OSPF GR
−
Configuring BFD for OSPF

OSPF I-SPF and IS-IS I-SPF (I-SPF re-calculates only the affected routes of a shortest
path tree (SPT) rather the entire SPT)

OSPF PRC

OSPF calculation of link costs based on the reference bandwidth
Link costs can be manually configured or automatically calculated by the system based
on the reference bandwidth by using the following formula:
Link cost = Reference bandwidth/Interface bandwidth
The integer of the calculated result is the link cost. If the calculated result is smaller than
1, the cost is 1. The link cost can be changed by changing the reference bandwidth. By
default, the reference bandwidth of the NE40E is 100 Mbit/s. The value can be changed
to one in the range of 1 to 2147483648 in Mbit/s by running commands.

Two-level IS-IS in a routing domain

Association between IS-IS and LDP

IS-IS GR, OSPF GR and BGP GR, which ensure high reliability with Non-Stop
Forwarding (NSF)

BGP indirect next hop and dynamic update peer-groups

Policy-based route selection by BGP when there are multiple routes to the same
destination

BGP route reflector (RR), which addresses the problem of high costs of full-mesh
requirement when there are many IBGP peers

Sending of BGP Update packets that carry no private AS number
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
IPv6 indirect next hop

Route dampening, which suppresses unstable routes (unstable routes are neither added to
the BGP routing table nor advertised to other BGP peers)

Routing protocol

BGP fast convergence
The NE40E adopts a new route convergence mechanism and algorithm, which speeds up
convergence of BGP routes. The features are as follows:
−
Indirect next hop
−
On-demand route iteration

BGP load balancing in multi-homing networking

Non-Stop Routing (NSR)
The NE40E supports the following NSR modes:
−
IS-IS NSR
−
BGP NSR
7.3.2 Multicast Routing
The NE40E provides the following multicast features:

Multicast protocols
Multicast protocols include the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) ( IGMPv1,
IGMPv2 and IGMPv3), Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode (PIM-DM),
Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM), Multicast Source Discovery
Protocol (MSDP), and Multi-protocol Border Gateway Protocol (MBGP).

Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)

PIM-SSM

Anycast RP

IPv6 multicast routing protocols

IPv6 multicast routing protocols include PIM-IPv6-DM, PIM-IPv6-SM, and
PIM-IPv6-SSM.

MLD
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) has the following versions:
−
MLDv1 defined in RFC 2710
MLDv1 supports Any-Source Multicast (ASM) directly and supports Source-Specific
Multicast (SSM) together with SSM mapping.
−
MLDv2 defined in RFC 3810
MLDv2 supports ASM and SSM directly.

Multicast static routes

Configuration of multicast protocols on physical interfaces such as Ethernet and POS
interfaces, and Trunk interfaces.

Filtering of routes based on the routing policy when the multicast routing module
receives, imports, or advertises multicast routes and filtering and forwarding of multicast
packets based on the routing policy when IP multicast packets are forwarded

Multicast VPN
The multicast domain (MD) scheme is used to implement integrated processing.

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
Query of PIM neighbors and number of control messages

Filtering of PIM neighbors, control of the forwarding boundary, and control of the BSR
service and management boundary

Filtering and suppression of PIM Register messages

MSDP authentication

IGMP packet rate limiting and IGMP proxy

Prompt leave of IGMP and MLD group members and the use of group-policies to restrict
the setup of forwarding entries

Configuration of ACLs, including source address-based packet filtering, control of
multicast group number, setup of multicast forwarding entries, and Switch-MDT
switching, to ensure multicast security

Multicast group-based, multicast source-based, multicast source/group-based,
stable-preferred, and balance-preferred load splitting

IGMP snooping
The NE40E supports IGMP snooping on Layer 2 interfaces, Layer 3 interfaces, QinQ
interfaces, STP topologies, RRPP rings, and VPLS PWs.

Multicast flow control
The NE40E discards or broadcasts unknown multicast packets in the VLAN to which the
receiving interface belongs. Unknown multicast packets are packets that have no
corresponding forwarding entries in the multicast forwarding table.
In addition, the NE40E restricts the maximum percentage of multicast flows on Ethernet
interfaces to control multicast traffic.

VSI-based IGMP CPCAR

Distributed multicast

Maximum delay of less than 4 ms for multicast fast join and fast leave

Multicast VLAN
The NE40E supports multicast VLAN and VLAN-based 1+1 protection of multicast
traffic.

Multicast VPN
For details, see section "7.5 VPN Features".

Multicast CAC
The NE40E supports multicast Call Admission Control (CAC). When multicast CAC
rules are configured, the number of multicast groups and bandwidth are restricted for
IGMP snooping on interfaces or the entire system.
7.4 MPLS
The NE40E supports MPLS features, and static and dynamic LSPs. Static LSPs require that
the administrator configure the Label Switch Routers (LSRs) along the LSPs and set up LSPs
manually. Dynamic LSPs are set up dynamically in accordance with the routing information
through the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) and RSVP-TE.
The delay for MPLS packets can be controlled in the following aspects:

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In the case of traffic congestion, the NE40E ensures preferential forwarding and low
delay for traffic with high priority through mechanisms such as QoS, HQoS, MPLS TE,
and DS-TE.
MPLS is supported on all interfaces of the NE40E.
Basic MPLS Functions
The NE40E supports the following MPLS functions:

Basic MPLS functions, service forwarding, and LDP
MPLS distributes labels, sets up LSPs, and transfers parameters used for setting up LSPs.

A maximum of four MPLS labels

LDP
−
Downstream Unsolicited (DU) and Downstream on Demand (DoD) label
advertisement modes
−
Independent and ordered label distribution control modes
−
Liberal and conservative label retention modes
−
Loop detection mechanism by using the maximum number of hops and path vector
−
Basic discovery mechanism and extended discovery mechanism of LDP sessions

MPLS ping and tracert and detection of the availability of an LSP through the exchange
of MPLS Echo Request packets and MPLS Echo Reply packets

LSP bandwidth alarm function and LSP-based traffic statistics function that is used to
calculate bandwidth usage

Configuration of 32-channel or 64-channel load balancing (on the ingress and transit
nodes) that is controlled by the PAF file, with 64-channel load balancing applicable to IP
forwarding, IP packet forwarding over LDP LSPs (including L3VPN), and packet
forwarding on P nodes

Management functions such as the LSP loop detection mechanism

MPLS QoS, mapping from the ToS field in IP packets to the EXP field in MPLS packets,
and MPLS uniform, pipe, and short pipe modes

Static configuration of LSPs and label forwarding based on traffic classification

MPLS trap function

Modification of MPLS MTUs

MPLS LDP over GRE

Association between LDP and IGP, which shortens traffic loss to the minimum through
the synchronization between the LDP status and IGP status in case of network faults

NE40E functioning as a Label Edge Router (LER) or an LSR
An LER is an edge device on an MPLS network that connects the MPLS network to
other networks. The LER classifies services, distributes labels, encapsulates or removes
multi-layer labels. When functioning as an egress, the NE40E supports PHP. That is, the
NE40E allocates an explicit null label or an implicit null label to the penultimate hop.
An LSR is a core router on an MPLS network. The LSR switches and distributes labels.

Establishment of LSPs between NE40Es of different IS-IS levels and between the
NE40E and non-Huawei devices through LDP

MPLS supported by the NE40E complies with the following standards:
−
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RFC 3031
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RFC 3032
−
RFC 3034
−
RFC 3035
−
RFC 3036
−
RFC 3037
7 Service Features
The NE40E supports CR-LDP and RSVP-TE and can interoperate with non-Huawei
devices through CR-LDP or RSVP-TE.
MPLS TE
The MPLS TE technology combines the MPLS technology with traffic engineering. It can
reserve resources by setting up LSP tunnels for a specified path in an attempt to avoid
network congestion and balance network traffic.
In the case of resource scarcity, MPLS TE allows the preemption of bandwidth resources of
LSPs with low priorities. This meets the demands of important services or the LSPs with large
bandwidth. When an LSP fails or a node is congested, MPLS TE can ensure smooth network
communication through the backup path and the fast reroute (FRR) function. Through
automatic re-optimization and bandwidth adjustment, MPLS TE improves the self-adaptation
capability of tunnels and properly allocates network resources.
The process of updating the network topology through the TEDB is as follows: When a link
goes Down, the CSPF failed link timer is enabled. If the IGP route is deleted or the link is
changed within the timeout period of the CSPF failed link timer, CSPF deletes the timer and
then updates the TEDB. If the IGP route is not deleted or the link is not changed after the
timeout period of the CSPF failed link timer expires, the link is considered Up.
MPLS TE provides the following functions:

Processing of static LSPs
MPLS can create and delete static LSPs, which require bandwidth but are manually
configured.

Processing of Constrained Route-Label Switched Path (CR-LSP) of various types and
route calculation through the CSPF algorithm
CR-LSPs are classified into the following types:

RSVP-TE
RSVP authentication complies with RFC 3097.

Auto routing
Auto routing works in either of the following modes:

−
IGP shortcut: An LSP is not advertised to neighboring routers. Therefore, other
routers cannot use the LSP.
−
Forwarding adjacency: An LSP is advertised to neighboring routers. Therefore, other
routers can use the LSP.
Fast reroute (FRR)
The switchover through FRR is within 50 ms, which minimizes the data loss when
network faults occur.

Auto FRR
Auto FRR is an extension to MPLS TE FRR. You can create a bypass tunnel that meets
the requirement on the LSP by configuring the attributes of the bypass tunnel, global
auto FRR, and auto FRR on the interface of the primary tunnel. With the change of the
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primary tunnel, the previous bypass tunnel is deleted automatically. Then, a new bypass
tunnel that meets the requirement is set up.

Backup CR-LSP
The NE40E supports the following backup modes:
−
Hot backup
A backup CR-LSP is established immediately after the primary CR-LSP is
established. When the primary CR-LSP fails, MPLS TE switches traffic immediately
to the backup CR-LSP.
−
Ordinary backup
A backup CR-LSP is set up when the primary CR-LSP fails.

LDP over TE
In existing networks, not all devices support MPLS TE. It is possible that only the
devices at the network core support TE and the devices at the network edge use LDP.
The application of LDP over TE is therefore put forward. With LDP over TE, the TE
tunnel is considered as a hop of the entire LDP LSP. Through forwarding adjacency, one
MPLE TE tunnel can be considered as a virtual link and advertised to an IGP network.

Make-before-break
Make-before-break is a technology for ensuring highly reliable CR-LSP switchover. The
original path is not deleted until a new path has been created. Before a new CR-LSP is
created, the original CR-LSP is not deleted. After a new CR-LSP has been created, the
traffic is switched to the new CR-LSP first, and then the original CR-LSP is deleted. This
ensures non-stop traffic forwarding.

DS-TE
DS-TE implemented on the NE40E supports the Non-IETF mode and the IETF mode.
−
The Non-IETF (non-standard) mode supports two CTs (CT0 and CT1), eight
priorities (0-7), and two bandwidth constraint models (RDM and MAM).
The CT here refers to the class type of a corresponding service flow. The priority here
refers to the LSP preemption priority.
−
The IETF (standard) mode supports eight CTs (CT0 through CT7), eight priorities
(0-7), and three bandwidth constraint models (RDM, MAM, and Extended).
DS-TE supports TE FRR, hot standby, protection switchover, and CT-based traffic
statistics collection.
MPLS OAM
MPLS OAM functions are as follows:

MPLS OAM detection
MPLS OAM sends CV/FFD and BDI packets along an LSP to be detected and its reverse
LSP to detect its connectivity.

OAM auto protocol

Protection switching
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7.5 VPN Features
7.5.1 Tunnel Policy
Tunnel policies are used to select tunnels according to destination IP addresses. Tunnels are
selected according to tunnel policies as required. If no tunnel policy is created, the tunnel
management module searches for a tunnel according to the default tunnel policy.
The NE40E supports the following tunnel policies:

Tunnel policy in select-sequence mode
In this mode, you need to specify the sequence in which the tunnel types are selected and
the number of tunnels carrying out load balancing. If a tunnel listed earlier is Up, it is
selected regardless of whether other services have selected it. The tunnels listed later are
not selected except in case of load balancing or when the preceding tunnels are all Down.

VPN tunnel binding
VPN tunnel binding means that the peer end of the VPN on the PE of the VPN backbone
network is associated with a certain MPLS TE tunnel. The data from the VPN to the peer
PE is transmitted through the dedicated TE tunnel. The bound TE tunnel carries only
specified VPN services. This ensures QoS of the specified VPN services.
7.5.2 VPN Tunnel
The NE40E supports the following types of VPN tunnels:

LSPs

TE tunnels
7.5.3 MPLS L2VPN
The NE40E provides L2VPN services over an MPLS network where the ISP can provide
L2VPNs over different media.
VLL
The NE40E supports the following VLL functions:

Martini VLL
The Martini mode supports double labels. The inner label adopts extended LDP for
signaling in compliance with RFC 4096.
The type of VC FEC is 128. VC encapsulation types include 0x0004 Ethernet Tagged
Mode, 0x0005 Ethernet, and 0x000B IP Layer2 Transport.

Kompella VLL
VC encapsulation types of Kompella VLL include ATM-1to1-VCC, ATM-1to1-VPC,
ATM-AAL5-SDU, ATM-nto1-VCC, ATM-nto1-VPC, ATM-trans-cell, Ethernet, PPP,
VLAN, and IP-interworking.
Kompella VLL supports the local inter-board switching of packets in 802.1Q mode.
Kompella VLL supports inter-AS VPN.

CCC VLL
CCC VLL supports the local inter-board switching of packets in 802.1Q mode

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SVC VLL
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VLL heterogeneous interworking
VLL heterogeneous IP-interworking is used when the link types of CEs on both ends of
an L2VPN link are different. In MPLS L2VPN heterogeneous IP-interworking, after
receiving a frame from a CE, a PE decapsulates the link-layer packet and transmits the IP
packet across an MPLS network. The IP packet is transparently transmitted to the peer
PE. The peer PE re-encapsulates IP packet according to its link layer protocol and
transmits the packet to the connected CE. The link-layer control packet sent by the CE is
processed by the PE and is not transmitted through the MPLS network. All non-IP
packets such as MPLS and IPX packets are discarded.

Transparent transmission of certain types of link layer protocol packets
Interfaces can be configured to transparently transmit certain types of link layer protocol
packets, such as BPDUs, STP packets, LLDP packets, UDLD packets, CDP packets, and
HGMP packets.


Inter-AS VLL
−
SVC VLL, Martini VLL, and Kompella VLL can implement inter-AS L2VPN Option
A (VRF-to-VRF).
−
Option B requires the switching of both inner and outer labels on the ASBR, and is
therefore not suitable for the VLL.
−
Option C is the best solution.
VLL over TE ECMP
VPLS
In a VPLS network, PEs can be all connected to each other and enabled with split horizon to
prevent Layer 2 loops.
The implementations of VPLS control plane through BGP and LDP are called Kompella
VPLS and Martini VPLS respectively.

Kompella VPLS
Kompella VPLS has good scalability. With Kompella VPLS, BGP is adopted for
signaling, and VPN targets are configured to implement automatic discovery of VPLS
members. Therefore, the addition or deletion of PEs requires few additional operations.

Martini VPLS
Martini VPLS has poor scalability. With Martini VPLS, LDP is adopted for signaling,
and the peers of a PE need to be manually specified. PEs in a VPLS network are all
connected to each other. Therefore, adding a new PE requires configurations on all the
other associated PEs to be modified.A pseudo wire (PW) is actually a point-to-point link.
This means that using LDP to create, maintain, and delete the PW is more effective.
The NE40E supports the following VPLS functions:

Access to the VPLS network in QinQ mode

HVPLS

IGMP snooping for VPLS

One MAC address space for each VSI

VPLS learns MAC addresses in the following modes:
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Unqualified mode: In this mode, a VSI can contain multiple VLANs sharing a MAC
address space and a broadcast domain. When learning MAC addresses, VPLS also
needs to learn VLAN IDs.
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Qualified mode: In this mode, a VSI has only one VLAN, which has an independent
MAC address space and a broadcast domain. When learning MAC addresses, VPLS
does not need to learn VLAN IDs.

VPLS/HVPLS equal-cost load balancing

Fast switching of multicast traffic

mVPLS

STP over PW

STP over VPLS

Transparent transmission of certain types of link layer protocol packets
Interfaces can be configured to transparently transmit certain types of link layer protocol
packets, such as BPDUs, STP packets, LLDP packets, UDLD packets, CDP packets, and
HGMP packets.

Ethernet loop detection

PBB over VPLS

PBB VPLS interworking
The NE40E supports MP2MP PBB over VPLS to implement intercommunication
between VPLS and PBB networks.
PWE3
The NE40E supports the following PWE3 functions:

Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification PING (VCCV-PING)
The NE40E supports the manual LDP PW connectivity detection on the UPE, including
the connectivity of static PWs, dynamic PWs, SS-PWs, and MS-PWs.
VCCV Ping over a static MS-PW

PW template
The NE40E supports the binding between a PW and a PW template, and the reset of
PWs.
The NE40E supports heterogeneous interworking.
Currently, the NE40E supports the transparent transmission of the following packets
through PWE3: ATM AAL5 SDU VCC transport, Ethernet, ATM n-to-one VCC cell
transport, IP Layer 2 transport, and ATM one-to-one VCC cell mode.

PW redundancy

The NE40E supports the circuit emulation service (CES) by using Pseudo-Wire
Emulation Edge to Edge (PWE3).
The CES is classified into the Structure-aware TDM Circuit Emulation Service over
Packet Switched Network (CESoPSN) and Structure-Agnostic TDM over Packet (SAToP)
service.
7.5.4 BGP/MPLS L3VPN
The NE40E supports MPLS/BGP L3VPN, providing an end-to-end VPN solution for carriers.
Carriers can provide VPN services for users as a new value-added service. The NE40E
supports the following BGP/MPLS L3VPN functions:

Access of a CE to an L3VPN through Layer 3 interfaces such as Ethernet, POS, and
VLANIF interfaces

Static routes, BGP, RIP, OSPF, or IS-IS running between a CE and a PE
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Carrier's carrier

Inter-AS VPN
7 Service Features
The NE40E supports the following inter-AS VPN solutions described in RFC 2547bis:
−
VPN instance to VPN instance, also called Inter-Provider Backbones Option A
In Option A, sub-interfaces connecting the Autonomous System Boundary Routers
(ASBRs) manage VPN routes.
−
EBGP redistribution of labeled VPN-IPv4 routes, also called Inter-Provider
Backbones Option B
In Option B, ASBRs advertise labeled VPN-IPv4 routes to each other through
MP-EBGP.
−
Multihop EBGP redistribution of labeled VPN-IPv4 routes, also called Inter-Provider
Backbones Option C
In Option C, PEs advertise labeled VPN-IPv4 routes to each other through Multihop
MP-EBGP.

Multicast VPN

IPv6 VPN
The NE40E supports the following IPv6 VPN networking solutions:
−
Intranet VPN
−
Extranet VPN
−
Hub&Spoke
−
Inter-AS or multi-AS backbones VPN
−
Carriers' carrier

HoVPN

Resource reservation VPN (RRVPN)

Multi-role host
7.6 QoS
On the NE40E, you can collect traffic statistics on the packets on which QoS is performed and
view the statistics result through corresponding display commands.
The NE40E supports the following QoS functions:
Diff-Serv Model
Multiple service flows can be aggregated into a Behavior Aggregate (BA) and then processed
based on the same Per-Hop Behavior (PHB). This simplifies the processing and storage of
services.
On the Diff-Serv core network, packet-specific QoS is provided. Therefore, signaling
processing is not required.
Simple Traffic Classification
Currently, the NE40E supports simple traffic classification not only on physical interfaces and
sub-interfaces but also on logical interfaces such as member interfaces of VLANIF and trunk
interfaces.
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Complex Traffic Classification
The NE40E performs complex traffic classification based on the following information:

Layer 2 and Layer 3 information of packets

Source MAC address, destination MAC address, link layer protocol number, and 802.1p
value (of tagged packets) in the Ethernet frame header; IP precedence, DSCP, or ToS
value, source IP address prefix, destination IP address prefix, protocol number,
fragmentation flag, TCP SYN flag, TCP/UDP source port number or port range, and
TCP/UDP destination port number or port rang of IPv4 packets

Information carried in IPv6 packets

In addition to physical interfaces, traffic classification can be performed on logical
interfaces, including sub-interfaces and trunk interfaces.
Traffic Policing
CAR is mainly used for rate limit. In the implementation of CAR, a token bucket is used to
measure the data flows that pass through the interfaces on a router so that only the packets
assigned with tokens can go through the router in the specified time period. In this manner,
the rates of both incoming and outgoing traffic are controlled. In addition, the rate of certain
types of data flows can be controlled based on the information such as the IP address, port
number, and priority. Rate limit is not performed on the data flows that do not meet the
specified conditions, and such data flows are forwarded at the original interface rate.
CAR is mainly implemented at the edge of a network to ensure that core devices on the
network process data properly. The NE40E supports CAR for both incoming and outgoing
traffic.
Queue Scheduling
The NE40E supports FIFO, PQ, and WFQ for queue scheduling on interfaces.
The NE40E maps packets of different priorities to different queues and adopts Round Robin
(RR) on each interface for queue scheduling.
Priority Queues (PQs) are classified into four types: top PQs, middle PQs, normal PQs, and
bottom PQs. They are ordered in descending order of priorities. When packets leave queues,
PQ allows the packets in the top PQ to go first. Packets in the top PQ are sent as long as there
are packets in this PQ. The NE40E sends packets in the middle PQ only when all packets in
the top PQ are sent. Similarly, the NE40E sends packets in the normal PQ only when all
packets in the middle PQ are sent; the NE40E sends packets in the bottom PQ only when all
packets in the normal PQ are sent. As a result, the packets in the PQ of a higher priority are
always sent preferentially, which ensures that packets of key services are processed
preferentially when the network is congested. Packets of common services are processed
when the network is idle. In this manner, the quality of key services is guaranteed, and the
network resources are fully utilized.
Weight Fair Queuing (hereinafter referred to as WFQ) is a complex queuing process, which
ensures that the services with the same priority are fairly treated and the services with
different priorities are weighted. The number of WFQ queues can be pre-set and is allowed to
range from 16 to 4096. WFQ weights services based on their requirements for the bandwidth
and delay. The weights are determined by the IP precedence in the IP packet headers. With
WFQ, the NE40E implements dynamic traffic classification based on quintuples or ToS
values. The packets with the same quintuple (source IP address, destination IP address, source
port number, destination port number, and protocol number) or ToS value belong to the same
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flow. Packets in one flow are placed in one queue through the Hash algorithm. When flows
enter queues, WFQ automatically places different flows into different queues based on the
Hash algorithm. When flows leave queues, WFQ allocates bandwidths to flows on the
outbound interface based on different IP precedence of the flows. The smaller the precedence
value of a flow, the smaller the bandwidth of the flow. In this manner, services of the same
precedence are treated fairly; services of different precedence are treated based on their
weights.
Congestion Avoidance
Congestion avoidance is a traffic control mechanism used to avoid network overload by
adjusting network traffic. With this mechanism, the NE40E can monitor the usage of network
resources (such as queues and buffers in the memory) and discard packets when the network
congestion intensifies.
Random Early Detection (RED) or Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) algorithms
are frequently used in congestion avoidance.
The RED algorithm sets the upper and lower limits for each queue and specifies the following
rules:

When the length of a queue is below the lower limit, no packet is discarded.

When the length of a queue exceeds the upper limit, all the incoming packets are
discarded.

When the length of a queue is between the lower and upper limits, the incoming packets
are discarded randomly. A random number is set for each received packet, and the
random number is compared with the drop probability of the current queue. The packet
is discarded when the random number is larger than the drop probability. The longer the
queue, the higher the drop probability. The drop probability, however, has an upper limit.
Unlike RED, the random number in WRED is based on the IP precedence of IP packets.
WRED keeps a lower drop probability for the packets that have a higher IP precedence.
RED and WRED employ the random packet drop policy to avoid global TCP synchronization.
The NE40E adopts WRED to implement congestion avoidance.
The NE40E supports congestion avoidance in both inbound and outbound directions of an
interface. The WRED template is applied in the outbound direction; the default scheduling
policy in the system is applied in the inbound direction. In addition, WRED can be applied to
the Multicast Tunnel interface (MTI) that is bound to the distributed multicast VPN on the
NE40E.
The NE40E supports congestion avoidance based on services. The NE40E reserves on each
interface eight service queues, that is, BE, AF1, AF2, AF3, AF4, EF, CS6, and CS7. The
NE40E colors packets with red, yellow, and green to identify the priorities of packets and
discard certain packets.
HQoS
The NE40E supports the following HQoS functions:

Provides five levels of scheduling modes to ensure diverse services.

Sets parameters such as the maximum queue length, WRED, low delay, SP/WRR, CBS,
PBS, and statistics function for each queue.

Sets parameters such as the CIR, PIR, number of queues, and algorithm for scheduling
queues for each user.
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
Provides the traffic statistics function. Users can learn the bandwidth usage of services
and properly distribute the bandwidth by analyzing traffic.

Supports HQoS in the VPLS, L3VPN, VLL, and TE scenarios.

Supports interface-based, VLAN-based, user-based, and service-based HQoS.
QPPB
QPPB is the abbreviation of QoS Policy Propagation Through the Border Gateway Protocol.
The receiver of BGP routes performs the following operations:

Sets QoS parameters such as IP precedence and traffic behavior for a BGP route based
on the attributes of the route.

Classifies traffic according to QoS parameters and sets the QoS policy for the classified
traffic.

Forwards packets according to the locally configured QoS policies to propagate QoS
policies through BGP.
The receiver of BGP routes can set QoS parameters (IP precedence and associated traffic
behavior) based on the following attributes:

ACL

AS path list in routing information

Community attribute list in routing information

Metrics in routing information

IP prefix list
QoS for Ethernet

Layer 2 simple traffic classification
The NE40E performs simple traffic classification according to the 802.1p field in VLAN
packets. On the ingress PE, the 802.1p priority in a Layer 2 packet is mapped to the
precedence defined by the upper layer protocol, such as the IP DSCP value or the MPLS
EXP value. In this manner, Diff-Serv is implemented for the packets on the backbone
network. On the egress PE, the precedence of the upper layer protocol is mapped back to
the 802.1p priority.

QinQ simple traffic classification
In the QinQ implementation, the 802.1p values in both inner and outer VLAN tags need
to be detected. The NE40E can detect the 802.1p value by the following means:
−
Ignores the 802.1p value in the inner VLAN tag and sets a new 802.1p value in the
outer VLAN tag.
−
Automatically converts the 802.1p value in the inner VLAN tag into the 802.1p value
in the outer VLAN tag.
−
Sets a new 802.1p value in the outer VLAN tag according to the 802.1p value in the
inner VLAN tag.
Based on the preceding methods and the mapping of the inner VLAN tag to the outer
VLAN tag, QinQ supports 802.1p re-marking in the following modes:
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−
Specifying a given value.
−
Adopting the 802.1p value in the inner VLAN tag.
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Mapping the 802.1p value in the inner VLAN tag to the 802.1p value in the outer
VLAN tag. The 802.1p values in multiple inner VLAN tags of different packets can
be mapped to the 802.1p value in one outer VLAN tag; whereas the 802.1p value in
one inner VLAN tag cannot be mapped to the 802.1p values in multiple outer VLAN
tags of different packets.
MPLS HQoS
MPLS QoS is a complete L2VPN/L3VPN QoS solution. It resorts to various QoS techniques
to meet the diversified and delicate QoS demands of VPN users. MPLS QoS provides relative
QoS on the MPLS Diff-Serv network and end-to-end QoS on the MPLE TE network. In
actual applications, the following QoS policies are supported.

QPPB applied to an L3VPN

MPLS Diff-Serv applied to an L2VPN/L3VPN

MPLS TE applied to an L2VPN/L3VPN

MPLS DS-TE applied to an L2VPN/L3VPN

VPN-based QoS applied to the network side of an L2VPN/L3VPN
7.7 Load Balancing
In a scenario where there are multiple equal-cost routes to the same destination, the NE40E
can balance traffic among these routes. The NE40E provides equal-cost load balancing and
unequal-cost load balancing, which can be selected as required. In equal-cost load balancing
mode, traffic is evenly load-balanced among different routes. In unequal-cost load balancing
mode, traffic is load-balanced among different routes based on the proportion of bandwidth of
each interface.
Equal-Cost Load Balancing
The NE40E can implement equal-cost load balancing on the traffic transmitted through the
member links of an IP-Trunk or an Eth-Trunk. When there are multiple equal-cost routes to
the same destination, the NE40E can evenly balance traffic among these routes.
Load balancing can be implemented in session-by-session mode.
Unequal-Cost Load Balancing
The NE40E supports the following unequal-cost load balancing modes:

Load balancing based on routes
When the costs of different direct routes are the same, you can configure a weight for
each route for load balancing.

Load balancing based on interfaces
For an IP-Trunk or an Eth-Trunk, you can configure a weight for each member link for
load balancing.

Load balancing based on link bandwidth for IGP
In this mode, unequal-cost session-by-session load balancing is performed on the
outbound interfaces of paths carrying out load balancing. The proportion of traffic
transmitted along each path is approximate to or equal to the proportion of bandwidth of
each link. This mode fully considers the link bandwidth. In this manner, the case that
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links with low bandwidth are overloaded whereas links with high bandwidth are idle
does not exist.
The NE40E can balance traffic between physical interfaces or between physical interfaces and
logical interfaces. In addition, the NE40E can detect the changes of logical interface
bandwidth due to manual configuration of new member links or the status changes of member
links. When the bandwidth of a logical interface changes, traffic is automatically
load-balanced based on the new bandwidth proportion.
7.8 Traffic Statistics
The NE40E collects the statistics on access services for various users with multiple statistic
functions. The traffic statistics functions are as follows:
The traffic statistics functions are as follows:

Helps carriers analyze the traffic model of the network.

Provides reference data for carriers to deploy and maintain Diff-Serv TE.

Supports traffic-based accounting for non-monthly rental users.
URPF Traffic Statistics
The NE40E collects statistics on the forwarded traffic based on URPF and the traffic
discarded during the URPF check.
ACL Traffic Statistics
The NE40E supports the ACL traffic statistics function. When the created ACLs are applied to
QoS and PBR, the NE40E can collect statistics based on ACLs after the ACL traffic statistics
function is enabled. The NE40E also provides commands to query the number of matched
packets and bytes.
CAR Traffic Statistics
The NE40E provides diverse QoS functions such as traffic classification, traffic policing
(CAR), and queue scheduling. For these specific functions, the NE40E provides the following
QoS traffic statistics functions:

In traffic classification, the system can collect statistics on the traffic that matches rules
and fails to match rules.

The traffic statistics function for traffic policing is implemented in the following
manners:
−
Collects the statistics on the total traffic that matches the CAR rule.
−
Collects the statistics on the traffic that is permitted or discarded by the CAR rule.
−
Supports the interface-based traffic statistics.
−
Supports interface-based CAR traffic statistics when the same traffic policy is applied
to different interfaces.
HQoS Traffic Statistics
The NE40E can collect the following HQoS traffic statistics:
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
Statistics on the number of forwarding packets, bytes, and discarded packets of a user
queue which includes eight flow queues of different priorities

Statistics on the number of forwarded packets, bytes, and discarded packets of a user
group queue

Statistics on the number of forwarded packets, bytes, and discarded packets of eight
queues of different priorities on an interface
Interface-Based Traffic Statistics
Traffic statistics can be collected on all interfaces, including physical interfaces,
sub-interfaces, loopback interfaces, null interfaces, logical channel interfaces, and virtual
Ethernet interfaces.
Statistics on IPv4 and IPv6 packets, including unicast packets, multicast packets, and
broadcast packets, can also be collected.
Statistics on all protocol packets that are supported can be collected, such as MPLS packets,
ARP packets, IGP packets, BGP packets, PIM packets, and DHCP packets.
The NE40E uses the 64-bit register to store the interface-based traffic statistics. For example,
the register can store the traffic statistics on a 10G interface for 58.5 years.
VPN Traffic Statistics
On a VPLS network, the NE40E, functioning as a PE, can collect statistics on incoming and
outgoing traffic of L2VPN users that are connected to the NE40E.
On an L3VPN, the NE40E, functioning as a PE, can collect statistics on incoming and
outgoing traffic of various types of access users. The access users include:

Users that access the network through interfaces including logical interfaces

Multi-role hosts

Users that access the network through the VPLS/VLL

When MPLS HQoS services are configured, the NE40E, functioning as an ingress PE,
can collect statistics on the traffic that is sent by the network side.
Traffic Statistics on TE Tunnels
The NE40E, functioning as a PE on an MPLS TE network, can collect statistics on incoming
and outgoing traffic of a tunnel. When a VPN is statically bound to a TE tunnel, the NE40E
can collect statistics on traffic of each RRVPN over the TE tunnel and the total traffic over the
TE tunnel.
Statistics can be collected on traffic of each CT on a DS-TE tunnel.
7.9 IP RAN Features
PNP
Plug-and-Play (PNP) enables new devices to be automatically identified by the NMS and be
commissioned remotely by using the NMS.
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On an IP RAN network deployed with a large number of devices, the device deployment costs,
especially the costs of on-site software commissioning, are high. This greatly harms the
growth of profits. To address this issue, Huawei puts forward the PNP solution.
The PNP feature effectively reduces the on-site software commissioning time, frees engineers
from working in bad outdoor environments, and greatly speeds up the project process and
improves project quality.
Y.1731
Y.1731 supports the following functions:

Single-ended frame loss statistics collection, two-ended frame loss statistics collection,
one-way frame delay, two-way frame delay and one-way jitter
MPLS TP OAM
MPLS TP OAM supports the following functions:

Basic connectivity detection

LoopBack (LB)

Link Trace (LT)

Remote Defect Indication (RDI)

AIS

Single-ended frame loss statistics collection and two-ended frame loss statistics
collection

One-way frame delay and two-way frame delay
7.10 Network Reliability
NSR
NE40Esupports the following techniques of Non-Stop Routing (NSR).

NSR OSPF

NSR LDP

NSR RSVP-TE

NSR PIM

NSR PPP

NSR ARP

NSR LACP

NSR for L2VPN

NSR for L3VPN

ISIS/ISIS6 NSR

BGP/BGP4+ NSR

Multicast (PIM/MSDP) NSR

NSR for IPv6
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APS
The NE40E supports the following Automatic Protection Switching (APS) functions:

1+1 unidirectional mode and 1:1 bidirectional mode

Manual switching of APS groups

Forcible switching of APS groups

Locking of traffic on the working link of an APS group

Interface-based APS

Intra-LPU or inter-LPU APS

Inter-device APS, that is, Enhanced APS (E-APS)

Addition of the working and protect interfaces of an APS group to a trunk so that all
services are configured on the trunk
FRR
The NE40E provides multiple fast reroute (FRR) features. You can deploy FRR as required to
improve network reliability.

IP FRR
FRR switching can be complete in 50 ms. In this manner, the data loss caused by
network failures is minimized to a great extend.
FRR supported by the NE40E enables the system to monitor and save the status of LPUs
and interfaces in real time and to check the status of interfaces during packet forwarding.
When faults occur on an interface, the system can rapidly switch the traffic to another
pre-set route, thus reducing time between failures and the packet loss ratio.

LDP FRR
LDP FRR switching can be complete in 50 ms.

TE FRR
TE FRR is an MPLS TE technology used to protect local networks. Only the interfaces
with a transmission rate of over 100 Mbit/s support TE FRR. TE FRR switching can be
complete within 50 ms. It can minimize data loss when network failures occur.
TE FRR protects traffic only temporarily. When the protected LSP becomes normal or a
new LSP is established, traffic is switched back to the original protected LSP or the
newly established LSP.
When a link or a node on the LSP fails, traffic is switched to the protection link and the
ingress node of the LSP attempts to establish a new LSP, if an LSP is configured with TE
FRR.
With different protected objects, TE FRR is classified into the following types:

−
Link protection
−
Node protection
Auto FRR
Auto FRR is an extension of MPLS TE FRR. It automatically creates a bypass tunnel
that meets the requirements for the LSP through the configuration of the attributes of the
bypass tunnel, global auto FRR attributes, and interface-based auto FRR attributes on the
interface of the primary tunnel. When the primary tunnel changes to another path, the
previous bypass tunnel is automatically deleted. Then, a bypass tunnel that meets the
requirements is set up.

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VLL FRR
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VLL FRR switching can be complete in 50 ms.

VPN FRR
VPN FRR switching can be complete in 50 ms.
Backup of Key Parts
The NE40E can be equipped with one MPU or two MPUs. The MPUs support hot backup. If
the device is configured with two MPUs, the master MPU works and the slave MPU is in the
standby state. The management network interface on the slave MPU cannot be accessed by
users, and the console and AUX interfaces cannot be configured with any command. The
slave MPU exchanges information (including heartbeat messages and backup data) with only
the master MPU.
The system supports two types of master/slave switchover of MPUs: failover and switchover.
The failover is triggered by serious faults in the master MPU or the reset of the master MPU.
The switchover is triggered by commands that are run on the console interface. You can also
forbid the master/slave switchover of the MPUs by using commands on the console interface.
The system generates alarms, records the faults in the log file, and reports the alarms to the
NMS. The cause of the master/slave switchover and the associated operations are recorded in
the system diagnosis information base for users to analyze.
The system provides two clock boards in master/slave backup mode. If the system detects that
the master clock board becomes faulty or is reset through a command, the system
automatically performs the master/slave switchover of clock boards. The master/slave
switchover of clock boards does not result in phase offsets or interrupt services.
The master/slave switchover time of each key part is less than 100 us.
High Reliability of LPUs
The NE40E supports backup of key service interfaces of the same type through protocols.

Supports VRRP on Ethernet interfaces. With extended VRRP, two interfaces located on a
same NE40E or two NE40Es can back up each other. This ensures high reliability of the
interfaces.

Supports backup of Eth-Trunk member interfaces, or backup of Eth-Trunk or IP-Trunk
member interfaces and non-member interfaces.

Supports the bundling of interfaces on different LPUs into a trunk.
You can access different LPUs through double links and bundle interfaces on different
LPUs into a trunk to ensure high reliability of services.
Inter-LPU bundling is implemented by high-performance hardware engines, thus
ensuring load balancing of packets among different links.
The Hash algorithm based on the combination of the source and destination IP addresses
load-balances traffic evenly on links.
Seamless switchover is implemented in the case of a link failure so that services are
forwarded without interruption.
Through extended protocols, the NE40E backs up key service interfaces. In this manner, core
routers can monitor and back up the running status of interfaces when they carry LAN, MAN,
or WAN services. Therefore, the routing table is not affected when the status of the backup
interface needs to be changed and services recover rapidly.
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Transmission Alarm Suppression
Transmission alarm suppression can efficiently filter and suppress alarm signals. This
prevents interfaces from frequently flapping. In addition, transmission alarm customization
enables the control over the impact brought by alarms on the interface status.
Transmission alarm customization and suppression implement the following functions:

Customizes alarms. This can specify the alarms that can cause the change of the interface
status.

Suppresses alarms. This can filter out the burr and prevent the network from frequently
flapping.
Dual-System Hot Backup
The NE40E supports the following dual-system hot backup functions:

1+1 or 1:1 hot backup of ARP traffic
Ethernet OAM Fault Management
Ethernet OAM fault management includes the following functions:

Ethernet in the First Mile OAM (EFM OAM)
Conforming to IEEE 802.3ah, the NE40E supports point-to-point Ethernet fault
management to detect faults in the last mile of the direct link on the user side of the
Ethernet. Currently, the NE40E supports OAM discovery, link monitoring, remote fault
notification, and remote loopback, as defined in IEEE 802.3ah.

Connectivity Fault Management OAM (CFM OAM)
The following describes end-to-end Ethernet fault management in two aspects.
−
Hierarchical MD
Each MD has a level that ranges from 0 to 7. The greater the value, the higher the
level. The 802.1ag packets from a low-level MD are discarded when entering a
high-level MD. The 802.1ag packets from a high-level MD can be transmitted
through a low-level MD.
−
End-to-end fault detection and location
The NE40E realizes end-to-end Ethernet fault management by conforming to IEEE
802.1ag or not.
The NE40E supports MAC ping and MAC trace by transmitting Loop Back (LB) and
Link Trace (LT) messages defined in IEEE 802.1ag to locate faults.
Fault detection and location not conforming to IEEE 802.1ag include general MAC
ping and general MAC trace.
Ethernet OAM Performance Management
Conforming to ITU-T Y.1731, the NE40E supports Ethernet OAM performance management
by inserting the timestamp into 802.1ag LB messages to measure the delay, jitter, and packet
loss ratio when the messages are transmitted. In this manner, the NE40E can detect the
end-to-end performance of traffic in a specified time period and on a specified network
segment. The NE40E can measure performance parameters at scheduled time and output
report containing the network management information.
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By using performance management tools, the ISP can monitor the network status in real time
through the NMS. The ISP then check whether the forwarding capacity of the network
complies with the Service Level Agreement (SLA) signed with users and locate faults. The
ISP does not need to carry out detection on the user side, which greatly decreases maintenance
costs.
VRRP
VRRP dynamically associates the virtual router with a physical router that carries services.
When the physical router fails, another router is elected to take over services. Failover is
transparent to users and thus the internal network and the external network can communicate
without interruption.
The NE40E supports the following VRRP functions:

mVRRP

VGMP

E-VRRP

VRRP For IPv6
GR
Graceful Restart (GR) is a key technology in implementing HA. It is designed based on NSF.
GR switchover and subsequent restart can be performed by the administrator or triggered by
faults. GR neither deletes the routing information from the routing table or the FIB nor resets
the board during the switchover when faults occur. This prevents the service interruption of
the entire system.
The NE40E supports system-level GR and protocol-level GR. Protocol-based GR includes:

BGP GR

OSPF GR

IS-IS GR

MPLS LDP GR

Martini VLL GR

Martini VPLS GR

L3VPN GR

RSVP GR

PIM GR
BFD
BFD is a detection mechanism used uniformly in an entire network. It is used to rapidly detect
and monitor the connectivity of links or IP routes in a network.
BFD sends detection packets at both ends of a bidirectional link to check the link status in
both directions. The defect detection is implemented at the millisecond level. The NE40E
supports single-hop BFD and multi-hop BFD.
BFD of the NE40E supports the following applications.

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The system uses BFD to detect and monitor the connectivity of links or IP routes in a
network. The rapid VRRP switchover is thus triggered.

BFD for FRR
−
BFD for LDP FRR.
−
LDP FRR switchover is triggered after BFD detects faults on protected interfaces.
−
BFD for IP FRR and BFD for VPN FRR.
−
IP FRR and VPN FRR are triggered after BFD detects faults and reports fault
information to the upper layer applications.

BFD for static routes

BFD for IS-IS
The NE40E supports detection on the IS-IS adjacency by using the BFD session that is
configured statically.
BFD detects the fault of the link between the adjacent IS-IS nodes and rapidly reports the
fault to IS-IS. Thus fast convergence of IS-IS routes is performed.

BFD for OSPF/BGP
The NE40E supports OSPF and BGP in dynamically setting up and deleting the BFD
session.

BFD for PIM
BFD detection on IP-Trunks and Eth-Trunks
On the NE40E, BFD can detect a trunk and the member links of the trunk independently.
That is, it can detect the connectivity of the trunk and that of an important member link
of the trunk.

BFD for LSP
BFD for LSP performs fast fault detection of the LSP, the TE tunnel, and the PW. In this
manner, BFD for LSP implements fast switchover of MPLS services such as VPN FRR,
TE FRR, and VLL FRR.

BFD for Dot1q sub-interface

BFD for mVSI

Multi-hop BFD

BFD For IPv6
BFD for OSPFv3, BFD for ISISv6, BFD for BGP4+, and BFDv6 for default IPv6

BFD for VPLS PW

BFD for VPLS/VLL PW

VPLS over LDP FRR/FW unicast
7.11 Clock
The NE40E supports the following clock features:

CES ACR

CES DCR

Ethernet clock synchronization

The Ethernet interfaces on the LPUF-10 and LPUF-21 of theNE40E provide Ethernet
clock synchronization so that the clock quality and stratum of the network can be
guaranteed.
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7 Service Features
1588v2
The 1588v2 feature:


−
Supports the input and output of the externally synchronized time.
−
Supports 10M/100M/1000M/10G Ethernet interfaces and auto sensing of
10M/100M/1000M Ethernet interfaces.
−
Supports Eth-Trunk.
−
Supports OC, BC, E2ETC, P2PTC, E2ETCOC, P2PTCOC and TCandBC.
−
Allows the NE40E to function as a GrandMaster.
−
Supports slave-only when functioning as an OC.
−
Supports the dynamic BMC algorithm.
−
Supports two delay measurement methods: Delay and PDelay
−
Supports one-step mode and two-step mode in which 1588v2 packets that are used by
1588v2 devices to perform time synchronization are timestamped..
−
Supports multicast MAC encapsulation (the VLAN and 802.1p priority are
configurable).
−
Supports multicast UDP encapsulation (the source IP address, VLAN, and DSCP
priority are configurable).
−
Supports unicast MAC encapsulation (the destination MAC, VLAN, and 802.1p
priority are configurable).
−
Supports unicast UDP encapsulation (the source IP address, destination IP address,
destination MAC, VLAN, and DSCP priority are configurable).
−
Uses the clock recovered through the Precision Time Protocol (PTP) as the clock
source and supports the algorithm for dynamic clock source selection (based on the
priority and clock stratum).
−
Implements clock recovery that complies with G.813.
−
Implements frequency recovery that meets the requirements of the SDH equipment
clock (SEC) in G.823.
1588 ACR
−
Supports frequency synchronization only.
−
Supports the change of selected clock sources.
−
Supports unicast UDP encapsulation (and the DSCP field).
−
Complies with Recommendation G.8261 in terms of service modeling and
networking and performs clock recovery with accuracy that is prescribed by G.823.
−
Supports 1588v2 header overlapping without affecting forwarding capabilities.
−
Supports switchover between master and slave MPUs/SRUs without affecting
services.
−
Supports hot swapping of LPUs and sub-cards.
Supports clock synchronization.
The NE40E supports clock synchronization on CPOS interfaces, E1 interface, and WAN
interfaces to ensure high clock quality and stratum on the network.

Network Time Protocol (NTP) clock
The NE40E supports the following working modes of NTP:
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Server/client mode
−
Peer mode
−
Broadcast mode
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Multicast mode
The NE40E supports two NTP security mechanisms:
−
Access authority
The NE40E provides four levels of access control. After receiving an NTP access
request packet, the NE40E matches it from the lowest access control level to the
highest access control level. The first successfully matched access control level takes
effect. The matching order is as follows:
peer: indicates the minimum access control. The remote end can send a time request
and a control query to the local end. The local clock can also be synchronized with
the clock of the remote server.
server: indicates that the remote end can send a time request and a control query to
the local end. The local clock, however, is not synchronized with the clock of the
remote server.
synchronization: indicates that the remote end can only send a time request to the
local end.
query: indicates the maximum access control. The remote end can only send a control
query to the local end.

Authentication
When configuring NTP authentication, note the following rules:
The NTP authentication must be configured on both the client and the server; otherwise,
the authentication does not take effect. If NTP authentication is enabled, keys must be
configured and declared reliable.
The server and the client must be configured with the same key.

Internal clock
The NE40E provides an internal clock and can extract clock information from LPUs.
The clock precision reaches 4.6 ppm, that is, 0.00002s.

Extended SSM
The NE40E supports the following functions:
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Sending and receiving of SSM information carrying Clock IDs
−
Clock ID configuration for a clock source
−
Clock source selection based on extended SSM
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8
Security Features
Security Authentication
The NE40E supports the following security authentication functions:

AAA

Plain text authentication and MD5 encrypted text authentication supported by routing
protocols that include RIPv2, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP

MD5 encrypted text authentication supported by LDP and RSVP

SNMPv3 encryption and authentication
URPF
The NE40E supports URPF for IPv4/IPv6 traffic.
MAC Address Limit
The NE40E supports the following MAC address limit functions:

Limit on the number of MAC addresses that can be learned

Limit on the speed of MAC address learning

Limit on interface-based MAC address learning

Limit on PW-based MAC address learning

Limit on VLAN+interface-based MAC address learning

Limit on interface+VSI-based MAC address learning

Limit on QinQ-based MAC address learning
MAC entries in a MAC address table are classified into three types:

Dynamic entries
Dynamic entries are learnt by interfaces and stored in hardware of LPUs. Dynamic
entries age. Dynamic entries will be lost in the case of the system reset, LPU hot swap,
or LPU reset.

Static entries
Static entries are configured by users and delivered to LPUs. Static entries do not age.
After static entries are configured and saved, they are not lost in the case of the system
reset, LPU hot swap, or LPU reset.
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8 Security Features
Blackhole entries
Blackhole entries are used to filter out the data frames that contain specific destination
MAC addresses. Blackhole entries are configured by users and delivered to LPUs.
Blackhole entries do not age. After blackhole entries are configured and saved, they will
not be lost in the case of the system reset, LPU hot swap, or LPU reset.
MAC Entry Deletion
The NE40E provides the following MAC entry deletion functions:

Interface+VSI-based MAC entry deletion

Interface+VLAN-based MAC entry deletion

Trunk-based MAC entry deletion

Outbound QinQ interface-based MAC entry deletion
Unknown Traffic Limit
With the unknown traffic limit, the NE40E implements the following operations on a VPLS or
Layer 2 network:

Manages user traffic.
Boards that are not LPUI-41s or LPUF-100s manage only the traffic of VSI and VLAN
users.

Allocates bandwidth to users.
In this manner, the network bandwidth is reasonably used and the network security is
guaranteed.
IGMP Snooping
The NE40E supports IGMP snooping on Layer 2 interfaces, Layer 3 interfaces, QinQ
interfaces, STP topologies, RRPP rings, and VPLS PWs.
DHCP Snooping
DHCP snooping is mainly used to prevent DHCP Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, bogus
DHCP server attacks, ARP middleman attacks, and IP/MAC spoofing attacks when DHCP is
enabled on the NE40E.
The working mode of DHCP snooping varies with the attack type, as shown in Table 8-1.
Table 8-1 Attack types and DHCP snooping working modes
Attack Type
DHCP Snooping Anti-Attack Working
Mode
DHCP exhaustion attack
MAC address limit
Bogus DHCP server attack
Trusted/untrusted
Middleman attack and IP/MAC spoofing
attack
DHCP snooping binding table
DoS attack by changing the value of the
Client Hardware Address (CHADDR)
Check on the CHADDR field in DHCP
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Attack Type
DHCP Snooping Anti-Attack Working
Mode
field
packets
Local Attack Defense
The NE40E provides a uniform local attack defense module to manage and maintain the
attack defense policies of the whole system, thus offering an all-around attack defense
solution that is operable and maintainable to users.
The NE40E supports the following attack defense functions:

Whitelist
A whitelist refers to a group of valid users or users with high priorities. By configuring
the whitelist, you can enable the system to protect existing services or user services with
high priorities.

Blacklist
A blacklist refers to a group of invalid users. You can define a blacklist through ACLs.
The users confirmed as attackers are added to the blacklist. Then, packets that match the
blacklist are discarded or sent to the CPU with a lower priority.

CPU Total CAR
Central Processing-Committed Access Rate (CP-CAR) is used to set the rate of sending
the classified packets to the CPU. You can set the average rate, the committed burst size
(CBS), and the priority for each type of packets.

User-defined flow
User-defined flows refer to that a user defines the ACL rule to defend against attacks.

Active link protection (ALP)
The NE40E protects the TCP-based application-layer data such as session data with the
whitelist function.

Uniform configuration of CAR parameters
The NE40E provides the following methods of configuring CAR parameters:

−
Same CAR parameters configured on different LPUs
−
Same configuration interface for users
−
Configuration of protocol-specific CAR parameters, making the user interface more
friendly
Smallest packet compensation
The NE40E can efficiently defend the network against the attacks of small packets with
the smallest packet compensation function. After receiving packets, the system checks
the lengths of packets before sending them to the CPU.

−
If the packet length is smaller than the preset minimum packet length, the system
calculates the sending rate with the pre-set minimum length.
−
If the packet length is greater than the pre-set minimum packet length, the system
calculates the sending rate with the actual packet length.
Association between the application layer and lower layers
Application layer association is implemented by associating the enabled and disabled
status of control protocols and the status of the forwarding engine on the lower layer.
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8 Security Features
Local URPF
If the route is a local route, the packets must pass URPF check before being sent to the
CPU.

Management and service plane protection
The function is to control protocol packets again at the control layer. Through three-level
policies (interface-level, board-based, and global), management and control plane
protection can flexibly specify the type of protocol packet that can be transmitted an
interface of a device.

Defense against TCP/IP packet attacks
The NE40E provides defense measures against attacks by sending the following types of
packets on TCP/IP networks:
−
Malformed packets
Null IGMP packets, packets with invalid TCP flag bits, LAND attack packets, IP
packets whose payloads are null, and smurf attack packets.
−
Fragmented packets
Packets with a huge number of fragments or packets that have a large offset value,
repetitive fragmented packets, tear Drop, syndrop, nesta, fawx, bonk, NewTear, Rose,
ping of death, and Jolt attacks

−
TCP SYN packet rate limited
−
UDP flood attack defense
Attack source tracing
When the NE40E is attacked, it obtains and stores suspicious packets, and then displays
the packets in a certain form through command lines or offline tools. This helps locate
the attack source easily.
When attacks occur, the system automatically removes the data encapsulated at upper
layers of the transmission layer and then caches the packets in memory. When there are a
certain number of packets in the cache, for example, 20000 packets on each LPU, the
earliest cached packets are overridden when more packets are cached.
GTSM
On the current network, attackers forge valid packets to attack routers, which overloads the
routers and consumes limited resources such as the CPU on the MPU. For example, an
attacker forges BGP protocol packets and continuously sends them to a router. After the LPU
of the router receives the packets, it finds that the packets are destined to itself and then sends
the packets directly to the BGP processing module on the MPU without checking the validity
of the packets. As a result, the system is abnormally busy processing these forged valid
packets and the CPU usage is high.
To guard against the preceding attacks, the NE40E provides the Generalized TTL Security
Mechanism (GTSM). The GTSM protects services above the IP layer by checking whether
the TTL value in the IP header is within a specified range. In actual applications, the GTSM is
mainly used to protect the TCP/IP-based control plane such as the routing protocol against
attacks of the CPU-utilization type such as CPU overload.
The NE40E supports BGP GTSM, BGP+ GTSM, OSPF GTSM, and LDP GTSM.
ARP Attack Defense
The NE40E supports the following ARP attack defense functions:
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8 Security Features

Interface-based ARP entry restriction

Timestamp suppression based on the destination IP address and source IP address of an
ARP packet

The destination address check for the ARP packet
The system checks whether the destination IP address of the ARP packet received on the
interface is correct. If the destination IP address is correct, the packet is sent to the CPU;
otherwise, the packet is discarded.

ARP bidirectional isolation

Filtration of invalid ARP packets
The NE40E filters out the following types of ARP packets:
−
Invalid ARP packets
Invalid ARP packets include ARP request packets with the destination MAC
addresses being unicast addresses, ARP request packets with the source MAC
addresses being non-unicast addresses, and ARP reply packets with the destination
MAC addresses being non-unicast addresses.
−
Gratuitous ARP packets
−
ARP request packets with valid MAC addresses
You can use commands to filter out one or more previously mentioned invalid packets.
Local Mirroring
In local mirroring, an LPU can be configured with a physical observing port, multiple logical
observing ports, and multiple mirrored ports.
Local mirroring can be inter-LPU mirroring, which means that the observing port and
mirrored port reside on different LPUs. Inbound and outbound traffic mirroring is supported
in inter-board port mirroring
Mirroring between different types of interfaces is supported.
SSHv2
The NE40E supports the STelnet client and server and the SFTP client and server. Both
support SSH 1.5 and SSH 2.0.
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9
9 Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction
Energy Conservation and Emission
Reduction
Regulation Compliance
The NE40E complies with the following energy conservation and emission reduction
regulations:

Directive 2002/95/EC on the Restriction of the Use of certain Hazardous Substances in
Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS)

Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization
and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)

Directive 2002/96/EC on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

ATIS-0600015.03.2009 Energy Efficiency for Telecommunications Equipment:
Methodology for Measurement and Reporting for Router and Ethernet Switch Products

Directive 2009/125/EC establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign
requirements for energy-related products (recast)
Energy Consumption Management
The NE40E provides the following power consumption management functions:

Power supply management

Device- and board-based power consumption query

Configuration and query of the energy conservation mode
Power Consumption Reduction Designs
The NE40E has the following power consumption reduction designs:

Allows fan modules to automatically adjust the fan speed based on environment
temperature.

Allows users to run commands to power off boards, except the active main control
board.

Allows users to run commands to power off unused subboards and interfaces on service
boards.

Supports dynamic energy conservation for unused modules.

Supports dynamic energy conservation based on service loads.
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9 Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction
Energy Conservation Suggestions
The energy conservation suggestions for the NE40E are as follows:

Separate hot and cold air ducts in equipment rooms, place the air intake vent of the
NE40E besides the cold air duct, and prevent hot air from entering the air intake vent.

Select the best suited AC power modules to prevent high power loss due to AC power
light load that means the load ratio is less than 30%.

Clean the dust-proof nets regularly and keep the air intake vents unblocked to reduce
power consumption and noise.

Cover unused slots with filler panels and cap unused interfaces with rubber plugs to
ensure efficient heat dissipation.

Power off unused boards and interfaces.

Set the NE40E to energy conservation mode.
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10 Applicable Environment
10
Applicable Environment
About This Chapter
10.1 Metro Ethernet Solution
10.2 Dual-Stack User Access and Transition Solutions
10.1 Metro Ethernet Solution
A metro Ethernet consists of the core layer, edge layer, convergence layer, and access layer.
The core layer is responsible for the high-speed forwarding of service data. The edge layer
and the convergence layer serve as the access point of various services. The services access
the network for forwarding through the BRAS, the centralized PE, or the convergence node,
based on the service type. The access layer is responsible for the user access, and the devices
at the access layer include a DSLAM, the converged switch, AG, and NodeB. Figure 10-1
shows the networking of the MAN.
Figure 10-1 MAN deployment
Access
Ethernet Aggregation
Edge
Core
I n t ernet
Distribution
node
Internet
BRAS
DSLAM
CMTS
Aggregafion
Node
P/PE
P/PE
VoD ES
SoftX
P/PE
Distribution
node
AccSwitch
Application
PE
VoD CS
The convergence layer device accesses and forwards the services through the IP or MPLS
technologies. Personal services are accessed to the convergence node through the DSLAM,
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and corporate services are converged at Layer 2 through a switch or are directly accessed to
the convergence node.

DSLAM: is short for the Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer that accesses the
personal services through the permanent virtual circuit (PVC). The DLSAM adds the
VLAN or QinQ tag based on the types of users and services, and is generally connected
to the aggregation node.

Switch: refers to the access switch that converges the Layer 2 corporate services to the
aggregation node.

Aggregation node: refers to the aggregation node connected to the distributed service
node (PE). The aggregation node distinguishes the VLAN or QinQ user services,
forwards Layer 3 services or VPN services, or transparently transmits services to the
BRAS or the centralized PE through the IP or MPLS technologies.

Distribution node: refers to the distribution node that converges the services in the metro
Ethernet. The distribution node terminates the IP or MPLS technologies and
transparently transmits the services to the BRAS or the centralized PE.

BRAS: refers to a device that processes PPPoE login services of individual users.

PE: refers to the centralized service node, which can also serve as the distribution node.
PE accesses the services that should be converged and processed, such as centralized
L3VPN services.

P/PE: refers to the core forwarding node or the edge node on the backbone network. P or
PE rapidly forwards the services or accesses the services to the backbone network.
The NE40E is applicable to the aggregation node and the distribution node to guarantee the
access of individual services and corporate services.
Individual Service Solution
The NE40E supports the following individual services:

HSI service: The DSLAM adds QinQ tags to distinguish user services. The outer VLAN
tag indicates the service type. The NE40E at the aggregation node transparently transmits
the services to the NE40E at the distribution node through VLL or VPLS. The
distribution node terminates the transmission and then transparently transmits the QinQ
data to the BRAS.

VoD/VoIP: The NE40E at the aggregation node terminates the VLAN or QinQ tag added
by the DSLAM, and forwards the services to Layer 3 network or accesses the services to
L3VPN for forwarding.

BTV: The NE40E at the aggregation node serves as the designated router (DR) of the
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM). The aggregation node receives the multicast data
distributed through the PIM protocol, and then sends the data to the DSLAM through
multicast VLAN. The user joins or withdraws a group through IGMP, and sends the hot
channels to DR.
Enterprise Service Solution
The NE40E supports the following enterprise services:

Corporate dedicated line: The corporate dedicated line is connected to the Layer 3
network through the NE40E at the aggregation node.

E-LINE: The PW, an end-to-end L2VPN tunnel, is set up between the NE40E at the
aggregation node and the peer end. The E-LINE services are transmitted to the peer end
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through different tunnels based on the VLAN or QinQ tag identified at the aggregation
node.

E-LAN: The NE40E at the aggregation node creates the VSI, and forwards the service
data to different VSIs for forwarding after the VLAN or QinQ tag is identified. The
service data can also be accessed to the E-LAN services through H-PVLS, during which
the VSI is created by the distribution node.

L3VPN: The services are accessed to the Virtual Route Forwarding (VRF) at the
aggregation node, or accessed to the centralized service node for VRF forwarding
through HoVPN.
IP RAN Solution
Services of the 2G RAN network, mainly a small number of voice services, are transmitted
over TDM links. Usually one to three E1 interfaces on a BTS are connected to a BSC. Some
mobile carriers do not have fixed network infrastructure, and have to lease E1 lines of
fixed-line networks, which costs a lot. Services between the BTSs and BSCs in the same city
can be transparently transmitted over TDM links in a Metro Ethernet (ME) network.
For a 2G RAN network, a Packet Switching Network (PSN) is constructed through NE40Es
between the BTSs and a BSC. The NE40E is connected to the BTSs in the downstream
through n x E1 links, and to the BSC in the upstream through n x E1 links or 155-Mbit/s
links.
Mobile providers worldwide have been constructing the Radio Access Network (RAN)
continuously. The 2G RAN network is based on TDM/SDH, and thus it has a lower utilization
of bandwidth, is hard to expand, and is inflexible to configure. Therefore, IP RAN is a trend.
UMTS R99/R4 defines ATM as the protocol used during the transmission of the services
between the Node B and RNC, with E1 IMA interfaces connecting the two ends. Figure 10-2
shows the networking diagram.
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Figure 10-2 2G/3G RAN solution
E1
TD
M*
N
CX600
CX600
E1 TDM
E1 TDM*N
BSC
MPLS over SDH/ME
N *E1(ATM IMA)
N *E1(ATM IMA)
Node B
N
AT
1(
*E
M
IM
A)
CX600
CX600
RNC
Transparent transmission
of ATM cells through PWE3
Transparent transmission
of TDM services
Node B
Deploying NE40E on a Metro Ethernet-based MPLS network can solve the problem of
bandwidth multiplexing. Node B is connected to the NE40E that supports E1 IMA interfaces.
After the NE40E terminates IMA, the high-speed ATM cell flow is transparently transmitted
through ATM PWE3 to the NE40E at the RNC side. Then, the NE40E at the RNC side divides
the high-speed ATM cell flow into n x E1 links, and sends multiple channels of low-speed
cells to the RNC. For the Node B and RNC, the NE40E and MPLS network are transparent.
That is, multiple E1 interfaces on the Node B and RNC are directly connected through the
TDM link.
1588v2 Clock Solution
As shown in Figure 10-3, the bearer network synchronizes its time through the GPS or
external time sources, and then provides the clock or time externally; the nodes support
multicast MAC encapsulation.
The nodes in the bearer network can trace a BITS clock. All the nodes on the network serve as
boundary clocks (BCs), and all the BCs support the peer delay mechanism to be adapted to
fast switchover of links. The nodes that do not support IEEE 1588 can be configured to
support GPS if these nodes are connected through POS or ATM links. BCs send clock signals
to the Node B that support IEEE 1588 through multicast MAC addresses. The Node B that
does not support IEEE 1588 synchronizes frequency through Ethernet clock synchronization
or through WAN interfaces.
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Figure 10-3 1588v2 clock solution
GPS
GPS
POS
BC
1588v2
BC
1588v2
GE
FE
GE
BC
BC
E1
E1
1588v2
Node B
with 1588v2
Node B
without 1588v2
FE
1588v2
Node B
without 1588v2
Node B
with 1588v2
10.2 Dual-Stack User Access and Transition Solutions
As the number of Internet users keeps increasing, and mobile broadband and the Internet of
Things rapidly develop, IPv4 address shortage has become an increasingly serious problem.
IPv6 provides enough addresses to allow the Internet to continue to expand, solving the
problem of IPv4 address shortage. Currently, a huge amount of IPv4 services has been
transmitted on the Internet, and therefore carriers still need to use IPv4 on the network. A
reasonable approach is to gradually introduce IPv6 without affecting existing IPv4 services
and build a pure IPv6 Internet with the growing popularity of IPv6. In this situation, transition
from IPv4 to IPv6 is required. During the transition, the following solutions are available:

In the first phase, IPv4 and IPv6 users use NAT64, DNS, and AAA technologies to
access IPv4 services over IPv4 networks.

In the second phase, IPv4, IPv6, and dual-stack users access IPv6 services over
dual-stack networks.

In the third phase, IPv4, IPv6, and dual-stack users use CGN transition technologies
(NAT444 and DS-Lite) to access IPv6 services over IPv6 networks.
The HUAWEI NetEngine80E/40E can provide dual-stack access and CGN transition
technology.
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CGN Transition Technology: Centralized Deployment
Figure 10-4 Application scenario of centralized deployment
In centralized deployment mode, a CGN device is deployed on an aggregation node (CR) to
provide the CGN function, which brings no or small changes to existing access nodes
(BRASs). Centralized deployment applies to the networks on which a small amount of
services are transmitted on CRs or a small number of BRASs are connected to CRs.
CGN Transition Technology: Distributed Deployment
Figure 10-5 Application scenario of distributed deployment
In distributed deployment mode, CGN cards are installed on access nodes (BRASs) to provide
the CGN function, which brings no changes to existing aggregation nodes (CRs). Distributed
deployment applies to the networks on which a large amount of services are transmitted on
CRs, a large number of BRASs are connected to CRs, or a large number of devices need to be
deployed or upgraded.
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11
11 Operation and Maintenance
Operation and Maintenance
About This Chapter
11.1 System Configuration Modes
11.2 System Management and Maintenance
11.3 Device Running Status Monitoring
11.4 HGMP
11.5 System Service and Status Tracking
11.6 System Test and Diagnosis
11.7 NQA
11.8 In-Service Debugging
11.9 Upgrade Features
11.10 License
11.11 Other Operation and Maintenance Features
11.1 System Configuration Modes
The NE40E supports two configuration modes: command line configuration and NMS
configuration.
You can configure the NE40E by using command lines through the following:

Console port

Auxiliary (AUX) port

Telnet
As a command interface, the console port can send command lines to the control plane.
As a debugging interface, the console port can receive debugging information from the
control plane and data plane, and deliver debugging commands and control commands.
The NMS configuration supports the configuring NE40E through the SNMP-based NMS.
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11.2 System Management and Maintenance
The NE40E provides powerful system management and maintenance functions:

Plug and play

Board detection, hot swap detection, Watchdog, board resetting, RUN indicator, system
debugging, fan and power supply control, master/slave switchover control, and version
inquiry

Local and remote software upgrade/data upload, and functions such as version rollback,
backup, saving, and clearing of version information

Supports inband and outband NMS interfaces.

Hierarchical user authority management, operation log management, command line
online help, and commands comments.

Three user authentication modes: local authentication, RADIUS authentication, and
HWTACACS authentication, which authenticate and authorize users through command
lines and SNMP.

Multi-user operation

Query on Layer 2 or Layer 3 interfaces

Hierarchical management, alarm classification, and alarm filtering

Interface and optical modules support the shutdown and undo shutdown commands
11.3 Device Running Status Monitoring
NE40E provides complete equipment status monitoring function through the information
center.
Syslog is a sub-function of the information center. Syslog is transported over UDP and it
outputs log information to the log host through port 514.
The information center receives and processes the following types of information:

Log information

Debugging information

Trap information
According to information severity or urgency, the information is classified into eight severity
levels. The lower the level, the higher the severity. The following table shows the detailed
information.
Lev
el
Seve
rity
Description
0
Emer
gency
A fatal exception occurs on the device. The system is unable to function
properly and must be restarted. For example, the device is restarted due to
program exceptions or memory usage errors are detected.
1
Alert
A serious exception occurs on the device, which requires immediate
actions. For example, the memory usage of the device reaches the upper
threshold.
2
Critic
A critical exception occurs on the device, which needs to be handled and
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Lev
el
11 Operation and Maintenance
Seve
rity
Description
al
analyzed. For example, the memory usage exceeds the alarm threshold; the
temperature exceeds the alarm threshold; and Bidirectional Forwarding
Detection (BFD) detects that a device is unreachable or detects error
messages generated by the local device.
3
Error
Improper operation is performed or abnormal process occurs on the device,
which does not affect subsequent services but requires attention and cause
analysis. For example, users enter incorrect commands or passwords; error
protocol packets are received by other devices.
4
Warn
ing
An abnormality that may cause the device to malfunction occurs on the
device, which requires attention. For example, a routing process is disabled
by the user; BFD detects packet loss; and error protocol packets are
detected.
5
Notic
e
A key operation is performed to keep the device running normally. For
example, the user runs the shutdown command on the interface, a neighbor
is discovered, and the protocol state machine changes status.
6
Infor
matio
nal
A routine operation is performed. For example, the user runs a display
command.
7
Debu
gging
A routine operation is performed, which requires no action.
The information center supports 10 channels, of which channels 0 through 5 each have a
default channel name. By default, the six channels correspond to six directions in which
information is output. The log information on the CF card is output to log files through
Channel 9 by default. This means that a total of seven default output directions are supported.
When multiple log hosts are configured, you can configure log information to be output to
different log hosts through one channel or multiple channels. For example, you can configure
some log information to be output to a log host through Channel 2 (loghost), and some log
information to a log host through Channel 6. In addition, you can change the name of Channel
6 to implement the desired channel management.
The NE40E stores all alarms in a log file, and provides the CF card to store the log file. How
long the alarms can be stored depends on the number of the alarms. Generally, the alarms can
be stored for months.
11.4 HGMP
The NE40E supports the Huawei Group Management Protocol (HGMP). HGMP is a cluster
management protocol developed by Huawei.
HGMP is used to group Layer 2 devices that are connected to the NE40E into a unified
management domain, that is, a cluster. HGMP supports automatic collection of network
topologies and provides integrated maintenance and management channels. In this manner, a
cluster uses only one IP address for external communications, simplifying device management
and saving IP addresses.
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11.5 System Service and Status Tracking
The NE40E provides the following functions for tracking system services and status:

Monitors the change of the state machine of routing protocols.

Monitors the change of the state machine of MPLS LDP.

Monitors the change of the state machine of a VPN.

Monitors the types of protocol packets sent by the forwarding engine to the control plane
and displays detailed information about packets by enabling debugging.

Detects and counts the statistics on malformed packets.

Supports HGMP.

Displays a notification when the processing of abnormality starts.

Collects the statistics on the resources used by each feature.
11.6 System Test and Diagnosis
The NE40E supports the debugging of running services, including online recording of key
events, packet processing, packet parsing, and status switching of services at specified time,
which serves as powerful support for device commissioning and networking. Debugging can
be enabled or disabled through the console interface for specific service (a specific routing
protocol) or specific interface (information about a routing protocol on a specific interface).
The NE40E provides the system-based trace function to detect and diagnose running software,
online recording of important events such as task switchover and interruption, queue reading
and writing, and system abnormality. If the system is restarted after a fault occurs, the NE40E
can read trace information that functions as a reference for fault location. Trace can be
enabled and disabled through commands on the console interface.
In addition, the NE40E supports real-time query about CPU usage of the MPU and LPU.
Debugging and trace information provided by the NE40E is classified into different levels.
Sensitive information with different levels can be output to different destinations as
configured. For example, information can be output to the console interface, Syslog server, or
SNMP agent to trigger traps.
11.7 NQA
The NE40E supports Network Quality Analysis (NQA).NQA measures the performance of
different protocols running on the network. In that case, carriers can collect the operation
index of networks in real time, such as:

Total delay of the HTTP

Delay in TCP connection

Delay in DNS resolution

File transmission speed

Delay in FTP connection

DNS resolution error rate.
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Taking control of these indexes, carriers can provide network services of different levels
and charge differently. NQA is also an effective tool for diagnosing and locating a
network fault.
NQA supports the following functions:

PWE3 traceroute

Multicast ping

Multicast traceroute

Traceroute function through DISMAN-TRACEROUTE-MIB

Ping/UDP/TCP/SNMP functions through DISMAN-PING-MIB

CE-ping (ping the host from a VPLS PW)

VPLS MAC ping and VPLS MAC trace

VPLS MAC purge and VPLS MAC populate

LSP ping, LSP tracerout, and MPLS jitter

Verification of DNS functions through DISMAN-NSLOOKUP-MIB

NMS management over all NQA functions through NQA-MIB

Transmission of consecutive 3000 simulated voice packets in one test

Minimum transmission intervals at 10 ms

NQA for multiple next hops in packet redirection
11.8 In-Service Debugging
The NE40E provides port mirroring to map specific traffic to a certain monitoring interface.
In this case, in-service debugging can be performed for the advanced maintenance engineers
to debug and analyze the operation status of the network.
11.9 Upgrade Features
In-Service Upgrade
The NE40E supports in-service software upgrade. At the same time, the NE40E provides
online patching for the system software. You can upgrade only the features that need to be
improved.
One-Command System Upgrade
The upgrade process of the NE40E is optimized. You can use one command to complete the
upgrading. Thus, you can save time. During the upgrading process, the progress is displayed.
After the upgrading is complete, you can view the results.
Software Version Rollback
During the upgrading process, if the system fails to start by using the new system software,
the system software in the last successful startup is adopted.
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The rollback function provided by the NE40E prevents the services from being affected by
the failure in system upgrade.
11.10 License
With the variation of the NE40E software functions and higher ratio of software cost
occupying the overall cost, the current service mode cannot satisfy the development
requirements of customers and carriers.

Common users need to reduce the purchase cost.

Upgrade and expansion users need to effectively control the capacity and functions.
To satisfy the requirements of different users, the NE40E needs to implement the flexible
authorization to service modules.
For the authorization control of service modules, the NE40E provides the License
authorization management platform . Through the License authorization mode:

Common users can purchase service modules as required and reduce the purchase cost.

Upgrade and expansion users can expand the capacity, and support and maintain the
functions by applying for a new License.
11.11 Other Operation and Maintenance Features
The NE40E supports the following configuration features in addition to the preceding
features:

Provides hierarchical commands to prevent unauthorized users from logging in to a
device.

Users can type in a question mark "?" to obtain online help.

Provides detailed debugging information to diagnose network faults.

Provides DosKey-like functions to run a history command.

Provides command line descriptors for partial match of keywords not conflicting with
keywords of other command lines. For example, you can enter "disp" for the display
command.
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12
NMS
SNMP
The NE40E supports device operation and management by the network management station
through SNMP.
The NE40E supports SNMPv1, SNMPv2c, and SNMPv3.

SNMPv1
SNMPv1 supports community name-based and MIB view-based access control.

SNMPv2c
SNMPv2c supports community name-based and MIB view-based access control.

SNMPv3
SNMPv3 inherits the basic functions of SNMPv2c, defines a management frame, and
introduces a User-based Security Model (USM) to provide a more secure access control
mechanism for users.
SNMPv3 supports user groups, user group-based access control, user-based access
control, and authentication and encryption mechanisms.
NMS
The NE40E adopts Huawei iManager U2000 network management system. The U2000
improves its management capability, scalability, and usability to construct a unified and
customer-oriented next-generation NMS.

Unified and Abundant NBIs
Unified NBIs enable the U2000 to manage transport equipment, access equipment, IP
equipment.
Abundant NBIs (XML, CORBA, SNMP, TLI, TEXT, and Customer OSS Test) address
the needs for OSS integration.

Unified Network Management
The U2000 manages transport equipment, access equipment, IP equipment in a unified
manner.
In addition, the U2000 manages end-to-end (E2E) services. The services include MSTP,
WDM, Microwave, PTN, ATN, CX, Router, and Switch services.
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The U2000 is also capable of managing third-party equipment by obtaining equipment
information directly through IP and SNMP protocols. Third-party equipment
management includes:

−
Topology management: Third-party NEs can be added to the U2000 and then
displayed in the topology view. The system also supports manually creating links and
automatically discovering IP links for these third-party NEs.
−
Resource management: Users can view manufacturer information, IP addresses, and
interfaces of third-party NEs.
−
Alarm management: Users can manage alarms in compliance with the IETF RFC
standards for third-party NEs.
−
Performance management: Users can perform routine and real-time performance
statistics collection for interfaces on third-party NEs.
−
Report management: The U2000 provides traffic reports for interfaces on third-party
NEs.
Multiple Operating Systems
The U2000 was developed based on Huawei's integrated management application
platform (iMAP). The U2000 supports Sun workstations, PC servers, Sybase databases,
SQL Server databases, Solaris, Windows, and SUSE Linux operating systems (OSs).

Leading Scalable NMS Architecture
By adopting the mature and widely-used client/server (C/S) architecture, the U2000
supports distributed and hierarchical database systems, service processing systems, and
client application systems. Modularized architecture is scalable so that the U2000 meets
the management requirements of complex and large-scale networks

Visualized Management
−
Service supervision
−
Visualized trails
−
Service deployment
−
Object relationship
−
Network-wide clock
LLDP
The Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP) is a Layer 2 protocol defined in IEEE 802.1ab.
LLDP specifies that the status information is stored on all interfaces and the device can send
its status to the neighbor stations. The interfaces can also send information about changes in
the status to the neighbor stations as required. The neighbor stations then store the received
information in the standard SNMP MIB. The NMS can search for Layer 2 information in the
MIB. As specified in the IEEE 802.1ab standard, the NMS can also discover unreasonable
Layer 2 configurations based on information provided by LLDP.
When LLDP runs on the devices, the NMS can obtain Layer 2 information about all the
devices to which it connects and detailed network topology information. This is helpful to the
rapid expansion of the network and acquirement of detailed network topologies and changes.
LLDP also helps discover unreasonable configurations on networks and reports the
configurations to the NMS. This removes incorrect configurations in time.
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A
A Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronyms and Abbreviations
A
AAA
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
AAL5
ATM Adaptation Layer 5
AC
Access Controller
ACL
Access Control List
AF
Assured Forwarding
ANSI
American National Standard Institute
AP
Access Point
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol
ASBR
Autonomous System Boundary Router
ASIC
Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUX
Auxiliary (port)
B
BE
Best-Effort
BGP
Border Gateway Protocol
BGP4
BGP Version 4
BoD
Bandwidth on Demand
C
CAR
Committed Access Rate
CBR
Constant Bit Rate
CE
Customer Edge
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A Acronyms and Abbreviations
CHAP
Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
COPS
Common Open Policy Service
CoS
Class of Service
CPU
Center Processing Unit
CR-LDP
Constrained Route - Label Distribution Protocol
D
DAA
Destination Address Accounting
DC
Direct Current
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DNS
Domain Name Server
DS
Differentiated Services
E
EACL
Enhanced Access Control List
EF
Expedited Forwarding
EMC
EElectroMagnetic Compatibility
F
FCC
Fast Channel Change
FE
Fast Ethernet
FEC
Forwarding Equivalence Class
FIB
Forward Information Base
FIFO
First In First Out
FR
Frame Relay
FTP
File Transfer Protocol
G
GE
Gigabit Ethernet
GRE
Generic Routing Encapsulation
GTS
Generic Traffic Shaping
H
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A Acronyms and Abbreviations
HA
High availablity
HDLC
High level Data Link Control
HTTP
Hyper Text Transport Protocol
I
iVSE
Integrated Value-added Service Engine
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol
IDC
Internet Data Center
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
IGMP
Internet Group Management Protocol
IGP
Interior Gateway Protocol
IP
Internet Protocol
IPoA
IP Over ATM
IPTN
IP Telephony Network
IPTV
Internet Protocol Television
IPv4
IP version 4
IPv6
IP version 6
IPX
Internet Packet Exchange
IS-IS
Intermedia System-Intermedia System;
ISP
Interim inter-switch Signaling Protocol
ITU
International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication
Standardization Sector
L
L2TP
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
LAN
Local Area Network
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display
LCP
Link Control Protocol
LDP
Label Distribution Protocol
LER
Label switching Edge Router
LPU
Line Processing Unit
LSP
Label Switched Path
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LSR
A Acronyms and Abbreviations
Label Switch Router
M
MAC
Media Access Control
MBGP
Multiprotocol Border Gateway Protocol
MD5
Message Digest 5
MIB
Management Information Base
MP
Multilink PPP
MPLS
Multi-protocol Label Switch;
MSDP
Multicast Source Discovery Protocol
MSTP
Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol
MTBF
Mean Time Between Failures
MTTR
Mean Time To Repair
MTU
Maximum Transmission Unit
N
NAT
Network Address Translation
NLS
Network Layer Signaling
NP
Network Processor
NTP
Network Time Protocol
NVRAM
Non-Volatile Random Access Memory
O
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First
P
PAP
Password Authentication Protocol
PBB
Provider Backbone Bridge
PE
Provider Edge
PFE
Packet Forwarding Engine
PIC
Parallel Interference Cancellation
PIM-DM
Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode
PIM-SM
Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode
POP
Point Of Presence
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A Acronyms and Abbreviations
POS
Packet Over SDH/SONET
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
PQ
Priority Queue
PT
Protocol Transfer
PVC
Permanent Virtual Channel
Q
QoE
Quality of Experience
QoS
Quality of Service
R
RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial in User Service
RAM
Random-Access Memory
RED
Random Early Detection
RFC
Requirement for Comments
RH
Relative Humidity
RIP
Routing Information Protocol
RMON
Remote Monitoring
ROM
Read Only Memory
RP
Rendezvous Point
RSVP
Resource Reservation Protocol
RSVP-TE
RSVP-Traffic Engineering
S
SAP
Service Advertising Protocol
SCSR
Self-Contained Standing Routing
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SDRAM
Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SFU
Switch Fabric Unit
SLA
Service Level Agreement
SNAP
SubNet Attachment Point
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol
SONET
Synchronous Optical Network
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A Acronyms and Abbreviations
SP
Strict Priority
SPI4
SDH Physical Interface
SSH
Secure Shell
STM-16
SDH Transport Module -16
SVC
Switching Virtual Connection
T
TCP
Transfer Control Protocol
TE
Traffic Engineering
TFTP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
TM
Traffic Manager
ToS
Type of Service
TP
Topology and Protection packet
U
UBR
Unspecified Bit Rate
UDP
User Datagram Protocol
UNI
User Network Interface
UTP
Unshielded Twisted Pair
V
VBR-NRT
Non-Real Time Variable Bit Rate
VBR-RT
Real Time Variable Bit Rate
VC
Virtual Circuit
VCI
Virtual Channel Identifier
VDC
Variable Dispersion Compensator
VLAN
Virtual Local Area Network
VLL
Virtual Leased Line
VPI
Virtual Path Identifier
VPLS
Virtual Private LAN Service
VPN
Virtual Private Network
VRP
Versatile Routing Platform
VRRP
Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
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A Acronyms and Abbreviations
W
WAN
Wide Area Network
WFQ
Weighted Fair Queuing
WRED
Weighted Random Early Detection
WRR
Weighted Round Robin
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