Щурина
Евгения Алексеевна
 Paragraph
 Essay
(+ errors, punctuation)
 Scientific article
 Conference paper
 Annotation
 Abstract
 Presentation (доклад на конференцию)
 Project proposal (+graphs)
 Self presentation
 Resume
 Job interview
 What
is a paragraph?
 What is the normal length of a paragraph?
 Is there a standard structure for paragraphs?
 How is a paragraph linked together?
A paragraph is a group of sentences that deal
with a single topic.
 The length of paragraphs varies significantly
according to text type, but should be no less
than four or five sentences.
 Normally (but not always) the first sentence
introduces the topic. Other sentences may give
definitions, examples, information, reasons,
restatements and summaries.
 The parts of the paragraph are linked together
by the phrases and conjunctions. They guide the
reader through the arguments presented.

The rate of home ownership varies widely
across the developed world. Germany, for
instance, has one of the lowest rates, at 42
per cent, while in Spain it is twice as high,
85 per cent. Both the USA and Britain have
similar rates of about 69 per cent. The
reasons for this variation appear to be more
cultural and historic than economic, since
high rates are found in both rich and poorer
countries. There appears to be no conclusive
link between national prosperity and the
number of homeowners.
1 Topic
sentence
2 Example 1
3 Example 2
4 Reason
5 Summary
1 Topic
sentence
The rate of home ownership varies widely
across the developed world.
2 Example 1
Germany, for instance, has one of the lowest
rates, at 42 per cent, while in Spain it is twice
as high, 85 per cent.
Both the USA and Britain have similar rates of
about 69 per cent.
The reasons for this variation appear to be
more cultural and historic than economic,
since high rates are found in both rich and
poorer countries.
3 Example 2
4 Reason
5 Summary
There appears to be no conclusive link
between national prosperity and the number
of homeowners.
Despite this, many countries encourage the
growth of home ownership. Ireland and
Spain, for example, allow mortgage payers
to offset payments against income tax. It is
widely believed that owning your own home
has social as well as economic benefits.
Compared to renters, homeowners are
thought to be more stable members of the
community who contribute more to local
affairs. In addition, neighbourhoods of
owner occupiers are considered to have less
crime and better schools. But above all,
ownership encourages saving and allows
families to build wealth.
Supporting point 1, Supporting point 2, Supporting point
3,Example, Reason, Topic.
Despite this, many countries encourage the
growth of home ownership.
Ireland and Spain, for example, allow
mortgage payers to offset payments against
income tax.
It is widely believed that owning your own
home has social as well as economic benefits.
Compared to renters, homeowners are
thought to be more stable members of the
community who contribute more to local
affairs.
In addition, neighbourhoods of owner
occupiers are considered to have less crime
and better schools.
But above all, ownership encourages saving
and allows families to
build wealth.
Topic
Despite this, many countries encourage the
growth of home ownership.
Example
Ireland and Spain, for example, allow
mortgage payers to offset payments against
income tax.
It is widely believed that owning your own
home has social as well as economic benefits.
Compared to renters, homeowners are
thought to be more stable members of the
community who contribute more to local
affairs.
Reason
Supporting
point 1
Supporting
point 2
Supporting
point 3
In addition, neighbourhoods of owner
occupiers are considered to have less crime
and better schools.
But above all, ownership encourages saving
and allows families to
build wealth.
 one
idea only - the controlling idea
 a topic sentence
 relevant factual details, examples,
explanations, definitions, or research data
 well linked
 logical sequence
 signposts or transitional words and phrases to
indicate change, comparison, or agreement
 Think
 Plan
 Draft
 Rethink
 Focus
 Revise
 Edit
 Proofread

Brainstorming: At this stage, students collect the information as
much as they can about a topic. Writing down all possible topics
is ideal at this stage of writing. Consequently, students can
arrange the topics as per the clarity and accumulated
information. After selecting a topic, students need to jot down
the information for analysis. Thus, they can get a right thesis
statement of their content.



Mind Mapping: This step is also known as clustering. By following
this mapping, students can get to know the relation between
ideas. Students should write the main idea at the center of a
page and write the other ideas or relevant ideas around it. They
can connect all the ideas by making lines. In this way, students
can get a better clarity about their topic. This step is useful to
distinguish the ideas together. As a result, students can assume
the structure of their content.

Free Writing: Free writing is a method to write about something without
taking a break. Through this method, students can write down all the
ideas without editing. Thus, they can concentrate on a topic. However,
this process helps the students or writers to generate different ideas.
Consequently, students can highlight the important points and narrow
down the topic.

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
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
5W Questions: Who, what, where, when and why are five 'w' questions
and students can follow these questions to analyze each topic in a better
way. Thus, they can explore the topics painstakingly. These ‘w’ questions
are also referred as journalists’ questions.
Who? - Here who assesses the main characters or pillars of the topic?
What? - What is the importance of this topic? What are the issues?
Where? - Where is the source of the issues?
When? - Here ‘when’ specifies the time or period of some occurrences.
Why? - Why did the issue arise? Here, ‘why’ finds the reason of the issues
in the topic.

Step 1: Decide the Topic of Your Paragraph

Step 2: Develop a Topic Sentence
Step 3: Demonstrate Your Point (Facts, details,
reasons, examples, information from the
readings or class discussions, paraphrases or
short quotations, statistics, polls, percentages,
data from research studies, personal experience,
stories, anecdotes, examples from your life)
 Step 4: Give Your Paragraph Meaning


Step 5: Conclude