COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY TENAGA NASIONAL
MENB453: NUCLEAR POLICY, SECURITY AND
SAFEGUARDS
ASSIGNMENT 3
SECTION
: 01
LECTURER
: MADIHAH BINTI MUJAINI,CIK
SUBMISSION DATE: 18/1/2019
Name
Paaveentran a/l Subramaniam
Student ID.No
ME098515
NUCLEAR PROLIFERATIONS AMONG STATES
Nuclear proliferation can be described as a wide spread of nuclear weapons –applicable
nuclear technology and information to other nations which are not recognized as “Nuclear
weapon states “by the Treaty on the non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons , which also
known as the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT). Nuclear proliferation has been against
by many nations and without nuclear weapons, the governments of which fear that the
countries which have more nuclear weapons could cause the increase of possibility of nuclear
warfare.
Since there were much opposition to nuclear proliferations by many governments, they have
decided to put on efforts to prevent nuclear proliferations involved treaties, institutions.
Multilateral arrangements and technology controls which can be used to oppose nuclear
proliferations among states.
The first will be the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear weapons (NPT) who’s
objective to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation to prevent the abuse of nuclear energy and achieving nuclear disarmament. The
Treaty are known as the foundation of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime and pursuit
of nuclear disarmament. To achieve this goal of non-proliferation in between states parties,
the Treaty had established a safeguard system under the responsibility of the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The NPT has three main goals:

Preventing the spread of nuclear weapons

Promoting the peaceful uses of nuclear energy to the many applications in medicine,
agriculture, industry and other fields

Promoting the reduction of nuclear weapons and disarmament
Safeguards are used to verify compliance with the Treaty through inspections conducted by
the IAEA. The Treaty promotes cooperation in the field of peaceful nuclear technology and
equal access to this technology for all States parties, while safeguards prevent the diversion
of fissile material for weapons use. There are also additional protocol IAEA made to
strengthen the safeguard system, thus includes the proclamation of the IAEA’s authorities to
conduct special inspections and the use of new tools for the detection of clandestine nuclear
facilities.
Next, the establishment of
the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development,
production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological(Biological) and toxin weapons and on Their
Destruction” (BWC) have shown that the parties are required not to develop, produce,
stockpile or acquire biological weapons that have no peaceful or protective purpose. BWC
today have found ways to strengthen the treaty and help ensure full compliance by its parties,
for example:

Enact criminal legislation;

Establish a procedure for international investigations of suspicious disease outbreaks
or alleged incidents of BW use;

Develop standards for security of pathogenic microorganisms and safety standards;
and

Commit States Parties to support the World Health Organization's global disease
surveillance and response capabilities, as well as to provide rapid emergency medical
and investigative services, if requested, in the event of a serious outbreak of an
infectious disease.
In addition to that, they also have established The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)
which bans chemical weapons and ordered the destruction of existing chemical weapon
stockpiles. The CWC also prohibits the production or use of toxic chemicals for weapon
purposes.
In technology wise, the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) plays a role in control
the number of nuclear weapons. Missiles are considering being the most dangerous delivery
systems due to their fast time target, high in-flight survivability and cannot be recalled once
launched. MTCR aggressive enforcement in export controls have made it difficult for the
proliferators to obtain items for their programs.
The treaties and agreements that comprise the multilateral non-proliferation regime and the
initiatives they promote may seem far-removed from the day-to-day actions on exports and
commerce we all face. But each non-proliferation treaty or regime that has emerged creates
new tools in the fight against proliferation and provides concrete examples of steps we all can
take to make our own national efforts more effective.