National Management Degree College
(English for Professional Purposes)
Influence of Passenger Safety on the
Usage of Public Transportation among YU
Students
Submitted by Group
Influence of Passenger Safety on the Usage of Public Transportation among YU
Students
1. Lai Nay Chi
2. Ei Myat Mon
3. Phyo Kay Khine Aung
4. Sai On
5. Han Htike Soe
6. Yin Yin Shwe Yee
7. Ei Myat Noe Oo
8. Sabina
Students’ Declaration
We hereby declare that this report is based on our independent work except for
quotation and summaries which have duly acknowledged. We also declared that no
part of this work has been submitted for any degree or any other university.
Roll No.
IVEPP- 39
IVEPP- 39
IVEPP- 39
IVEPP- 39
IVEPP- 39
IVEPP- 39
IVEPP- 39
IVEPP- 39
Name
Date
Lai Nay Chi
Ei Myat Mon
Phyo Kay Khine Aung
Sai On
Han Htike Soe
Yin Yin Shwe Yee
Ei Myat Noe Oo
Sabina
31.08.2018
31.08.2018
31.08.2018
31.08.2018
31.08.2018
31.08.2018
31.08.2018
Signature
ABSTRACT
This report will look up the passenger safety of public transportation among YU student
based on students’ experiences.
Hypotheses Development
Null Hypothesis
“Child labor enforced by the economy” is our null hypothesis.
Alternate Hypothesis
“Child labor is not enforced by the economy” is our alternate hypothesis.
We calculated our sample size from www.surveymonkey.com. We used
Stratified Sampling Method to carry out this survey. A total of 320 students were
selected. According to our findings, the awareness of child labor among NMDC
students are excellent and they give us some important facts such as the reasons of
existing child labor, in what areas child labor is going into, and generate the possible
solutions to child labor.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………v
LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………..vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………vii
CHAPTER
(1)
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………1
1.1 Study Background…………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Research Questions and Objectives…………………………………………1
1.3 Scope of the Study…………………………………………………………….1
1.4 Limitations of the study………………………………………………………2
CHAPTER (2) LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………3
2.1 Abstract…………………………………………………………………….3
2.2 Social Issue: Exploiting Child Labor. A review of the literature………..3
2.3 Conclusion………………………………………………………….…….…….4
CHAPTER
(3)
RESEARCH
FRAMEWORKS
AND
HYPOTHESES
DEVELOPMENT…………….6
3.1Research Framework……………………………………………………6
3.2Hypotheses Development…………………………………6
3.2.1Research Problem…………………………………………………6
3.2.2Research Objectives …………………………6
3.2.3Research Questions………………………… 6
3.2.4Questionnaire…………………………7
CHAPTER (4) METHODOLOGY, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS…….9
4.1Methodology…………………………………………………9
4.2Analysis & Findings…………………………………………………9
CHAPTER (5) CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..16
5.1Conclusion…..16
5.2Recommendation…..17
REFERENCE….19
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1 Crosstabulation (awareness of child labor in NMDC & which field)……10
Table 4.2 Using child labor is legal or illegal? ………………………………….11
Table 4.3 Reason of using child labor in industry………………………………12
Table 4.4 Reason of working as child labor……………………………………..13
Table 4.5 Difficulties in basic education…………………………………………14
Table 4.6 Does free education help to reduce child labor………………………14
Table 4.7 Education seminars affect on disappear of child labor……………..14
Table 4.8 Due to birth control……………………………………………………15
Table 4.9 The way to reduce child labor…………………………………………15
LIST OF FIGURES
Pag
e
Figure 2.1 Work sectors……………………………………………………………5
Figure 3.1 Research Framework……………………………………………………6
Figure 4.1 Gender of respondents………………………………………………….9
Figure 4.2 Major of respondents……………………………………………………9
Figure 4.3 Using child labor is legal or illegal? …………………………………11
Figure 4.4 Reason of using child labor in industry………………………………12
Figure 4.5 Reason of working as child labor…………………………13
Figure 4.6 The way to reduce child labor…………………………………………15
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BBM – Bachelor of Business Management
EPP – English for Professional Purposes
BTHM – Bachelor of Tourism and Hospitality
JNL - Journalism
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Study background
In the case of public transportation, Myanmar offers a variety of transportation modes
(eg. Trains, Buses, Ferries, etc.). Big cities like Yangon or Mandalay, public buses take
regular routes along the main avenues for a fixed per-person rate, usually 200kyats.
Many people depend on this transport mode, especially students and people from the
low economic group. Using taxi in Yangon has a higher risk of safety and security
among people since there are many reports on kidnapping or sexual crimes. As reported
from the Yangon Metropolitan Police Office, there has been an increase crime rate of
69.57% over the past 3 years and people has been eager to use public transportation
especially university students due to its safety reasons. In this report, we will find out
the influence of passenger safety on the usage of transportation among YU students.
1.2 Research Questions and Objectives
This report takes on YU students to find out their perception concerning with safety
and security of public transportation. The purpose of this report is to find out the relation
of safety reasons and usage of public transportation.
1.3 Scope of the study
The problem with using taxis becomes worse with teenagers especially university
students who are experiencing sexual harassment on daily basic. In this report, we will
deal directly with YU students about customer preference on safety quality, perceived
safety quality, trust on public transportation and intention to use public transportation.
1.4 Limitations of the study
Being an academic research study, it is limited in terms of cost, time, knowledge and
findings. As we only include YU students in this study, this report cannot be generalized
elsewhere.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH FRAMEWORKS AND HYPOTHESES
DEVELOPMENT
3.1
Research Framework
Figure 3.1 Research Framework
3.2
Hypotheses Development
Null Hypothesis
H1O: Customer preference has no significant influence on perceived safety quality.
H2O: Perceived safety quality has no significant influence on customer trust on buses.
H3O: Customer trust on buses has no significant influence on intention to use public
transportation (bus).
Alternate Hypothesis
H1: Customer preference has significant influence on perceived safety quality
H2: Perceived safety quality has significant influence on customer trust on buses.
H3: Customer trust on buses has significant influence on intension to use public
transportation (bus).
3.2.1 Research Problem

“YU students’ opinion about safety concerning with public transportation”.
3.2.2 Research Objectives

To find out the relation of safety reasons and usage of public transportation
among YU students
3.2.3 Research Questions

Awareness of safety on public transportation by YU students

How reliable are public transportation for YU students to use?
3.2.4
Questionnaire
This survey will take about 5 minutes to complete. If you choose to participate
in this survey, please answer all questions as honestly as possible and return the
completed questionnaire promptly.
We would like to thank you for your kind cooperation in completing this
questionnaire. Your opinions and answer will be kept as confidential and used for this
research purpose only.
_____________________________________________________________________
Instructions: Please mark  in the box in front the answer of your choice or write in
the space provided.
1. Are you a Yangon university student?

Yes

No
2. Have you ever used public transportation?

Yes

No
3. I am …

Male

Female
4. My Age is …

17

18

19

20
5. How often do you use public transportation?

Daily

Several times a week

Weekly

Several times a month
Instructions: Please mark  within the level from (1) strongly disagree to (5) strongly
agree in the table below.
Strongly
Disagree
6. Customers’
Strongly
DisagreeModerate Agree
Agree
1
2
3
4
5
Taking the bus is safer than other ⃝
public transportation
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
Bus drivers obey the rules and drive⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
1
2
3
4
5
Bus stops are installed with standard ⃝
equipment
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
Buses
emergency⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
I have never been in an accident while⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
Preferences(CP)
carefully
Bus drivers pick up and drop off only⃝
at the bus stop
CCTV on buses make passengers feel⃝
secure
7. Perceived Safety Quality
(PSQ)
have
enough
equipment
taking the bus
I have never experienced sexual⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
1
2
3
4
5
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
1
2
3
4
5
I would like to take the bus on daily ⃝
basis
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
I would say positive things about ⃝
safety quality of buses
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
I would like to recommend my ⃝
friends and family to take bus
⃝
⃝
⃝
⃝
harassment on the bus
I have never been pickpocketed on the⃝
bus
8. Trust on Bus (TOB)
Bus companies update news daily
through
social
media
to
gain
passengers’ trust
Bus
companies
monitor
drivers’⃝
performance to build passengers’ trust
Buses are maintained regularly to gain⃝
passengers’ trust
9. Intension to use (ITU)
*********End of Questionnaire, Thank you for your cooperation**********
CHAPTER FOUR
METHODOLOGY, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1
Methodology
This was a YU based study. We calculated our sample size from
www.surveymonkey.com. In this study, to examine the three hypotheses, we use
quantitative approach through both online and offline survey .The data were collected
from 260 YU students who have experienced about taking the bus by using nonprobability convenience sampling and snowball technique. Data collected was entered
in computer for analysis using statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Out of
268 respondents, 260 is the range of validity in data collection. The pilot test result
shows that the Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of all variables are above 0.6, which
means the questionnaire is reliable and valid.
Gender
27%
AGE
28%
30%
73%
19%
Male
Female
17 yrs.
18 yrs.
23%
19 yrs.
N = 260 respondents
N = 260 respondents
Male = 71 respondents
17 = 73 respondents
Female = 189 respondents
18 = 59 respondents
20 yrs.
19 = 49 respondents
20 = 79 respondents
Figure 4.1 Gender of respondents
Figure 4.2 Age of respondents
USAGE FREQUENCY
Daily
Several times a month
Several times a week
Weekly
Figure 4.3 Usage frequency of public transportation
N = 260 respondents
Daily = 131 respondents
Several times a month = 11 respondents
Several times a week = 95 respondents
Weekly = 23 respondents
Pilot test
Cronbach’s alpha
Number of items
Customers’ Preferences
0.916
4
Perceived Safety Quality
0.939
5
Trust on Bus
0.864
3
Intention to use
0.842
3
Variable
Note: (N=32)
Table 4.1 Reliability result for pilot test
Regression result for Hypothesis H1
Variable
Standard Coefficient (β)
P-Value
VIF
Customers’ Preferences
0.606
0.000
1
R-Square
0.368
Adjusted R-Square
0.365
Note: Dependent variable: Perceived Safety Quality
Table 4.2 Regression result for Hypothesis H1
Table 4.2 shows the result of simple linear regression analysis between the
independent variable customer preferences (CP) and the dependent variable perceived
safety quality (PSQ) of hypothesis H1. In hypothesis H1, perceived safety quality is the
dependent variable which depends on the independent variable of customer preference
H1. The result shows that R2 value is 0.368 which implies that the independent variable
CP can explain the dependent variable PSQ for 36.8%. According to table, the P-value
is less than 0.05 which means there is significant influence between independent
variable CP and dependent variable PSQ, and accepts the alternate hypothesis H1.
Therefore, H1 is supported with the standardized coefficient Beta of 0.606 and which
means the independent variable has positive influence on the dependent variable. The
VIF value of independent variable (PSQ) is 1.
Regression result for Hypothesis H2
Variable
Standard Coefficient (β)
P-Value
VIF
Perceived Safety Quality
0.753
0.000
1
R-Square
0.567
Adjusted R-Square
0.566
Note: Dependent variable: Trust on Bus
Figure 4.3 Regression result for Hypothesis H2
Table 4.3 shows the result of simple linear regression analysis between
the independent variable perceived safety quality (PSQ) and the dependent variable
trust on buses (TOB) of hypothesis H2. In hypothesis H2, trust on buses
dependent
is the
variable which depends on the independent variable of perceived safety
quality H2. The result shows that R2 value is 0.567 which implies that the independent
variable PSQ can explain the dependent variable TOB for 56.7%. According to table,
the P-value is less than 0.05 which means there is significant influence between
independent variable PSQ and dependent variable TOB, and accepts the alternate
hypothesis H2. Therefore, H2 is supported with the standardized coefficient Beta of
0.753 and which means the independent variable has positive influence on the
dependent variable. The VIF value of independent variable (PSQ) is 1.
Regression result for Hypothesis H3
Variable
Standard Coefficient (β)
P-Value
VIF
Trust on Bus
0.801
0.000
1
R-Square
0.642
Adjusted R-Square
0.640
Note: Dependent variable: Intention to Use
Figure 4.4 Regression result for Hypothesis H3
Table 4.4 shows the result of simple linear regression analysis between the
independent variable trust on buses(TOB) and the dependent variable intention to
use(ITU) of hypothesis H3. In hypothesis H3, intention to use is the dependent variable
which depend on the independent variable of trust on buses (TOB) H3. The result shows
that R2 value is 0.642 which implies that the independent variable TOB can explain the
dependent variable UIT for 64.2%. According to table, the P-value is less than 0.05
which means there is significant influence between independent variable TOB and
dependent variable ITU, and accepts the alternate hypothesis H3. Therefore, H3 is
supported with the standardized coefficient Beta of which means the independent
variable has positive influence on the dependent variable. The VIF value of independent
variable (TOB) is 1.
CHAPTER (5)
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
This section will conclude our research objectives and the findings.
(i)
First of all, according to our findings, 305 (95.3%) out of 320 people summit
that they are aware of the child labor which can be concluded that child labor
is becoming a major social issue in our communities and needs immediate
effective solutions.u
(ii)
Secondly, 4.6% of 320 people summit that they are not aware of child labor
and also said they see children in certain workplaces such as restaurants and
as housemaid which means that this portion doesn’t have the sense of child
labor (exploiting children) and so, public education about child labor is
needing.
(iii)
After that, 21.3% of 320 people do not think child labor as a crime.
Therefore, we conclude that the awareness of child labor as a crime needs
to be raised and it is critical in reducing child labor rate.
(iv)
In the ways of reducing child labor, 43.4% of 320 people said establishing
Law of child labor and law enforcement is critical, whereas 43.1% suggest
that reducing poverty and developing a healthy economy will help reduce
the child labor.
(v)
As the reason of using child labor in the industry, 52.5% of 320 said the
employers are using child labor because of cheaper wages than an adult.
And the weakness of law enforcement leads this factor to worse.
(vi)
Here is the outcome that supports the idea of reducing poverty, 74.1% out
of 320 answered “To support family” as one of the reasons of working as
child labor. Children are forced to enter the workplace by poor, uneducated
parents who have no other alternatives.
* By these findings, we can see that government policies and efforts are crucial in
eliminating child labor.
(vii)
77.2% of 320 think lack of general health knowledge such as ‘Birth
Control’ is one of the causing factors of increasing child labor. Thus, general
health and other educational programs are highly recommended especially in
rural areas.
(viii)
When we ask the people in which field they see the child labor most,
88.8% responded as ‘Restaurants’, followed by ‘Housemaids’ with 8.1%. This
finding points out that ‘Restaurants’ are first to considered in reducing child
labor issue.
Conclusively, above findings say that the awareness of child labor among
NMDC students are excellent and they give us some important facts such as the
reasons of existing child labor, in what areas child labor is going into, and
generate the possible solutions to child labor.
5.2 Recommendation
This section will give some suggestions and recommendations over the thesis.
Some useful data and ideas can be extracted from this research. It points out the causes
of increasing child labor and provides some ideas of NMDC students about reducing
and eliminating child labor.
However, there are some weaknesses in this research. It is too general over the topic,
therefore this research is not yet ready for the solution-oriented purposes. But it covers
the research objectives.
In this research, conclusion (ii) has an ambiguous interpretation; it says 4.6% out of 320
people mentioned some workplace where they see the children while they have
summited that they are not aware of child labor. So, the conclusion says that these
people do not have the sense of child labor and need to be shared the knowledge of
child labor issue.
However, another way to look at this finding is, it is possible that the children they saw
working at certain workplaces are not being mistreated and exploiting as illegal child
labor.
Therefore, with some additional work and implementations to the questionnaire, the
research can be expanded to the national scale and provide more precise, useful,
systematic and reliable outcomes.
Reference
1. www.scribd.com
2. Child
Labor
Long
Report
https://www.scribd.com/document/16590344/research-report
3. Child Labor in Pakistan https://www.scribd.com/doc/20841639/ChildLabor-in-Pakistan-as-Presentation
4. Research report… https://www.scribd.com/document/16590344/researchreport
5. Child labor in Myanmar https://www.ilo.org
6. San Daw Chain Daily Newspaper
7. Sample size “www.surveymonkey.com”