CRIMINAL PROFILING Name Subject Date Danielle Sloan Psychopathology 11/29/11 HOMICIDE STATISTICS In 2008, the FBI recorded over 16,000 homicides in the US that year. There are an estimated 100 serial murderers who are believed to be active at any time. Each year, approximately 40% of reported homicides are not solved. There is a need for fast, effective methods for profiling possible offenders. Yonge & Jacquin (2010) HISTORY OF PROFILING Psychological profiling began informally in the late 1940s. Most serial crimes are sexually motivated. Authorities consulted mental health professions (MHPs). MHP's typical profile was usually written in psychological terms which was unhelpful to investigators. Ex: “Sex offender probably has low self-esteem, social introversion, and conflicts with members of the opposite sex.” Schlesinger (2009) THE MAD BOMBER MID 1950s, NEW YORK CITY Set bombs at various landmarks such as Grand Central Station, Radio City Music Hall, as well as theatres and libraries Planted at least 33 bombs, 22 exploded, injuring 15 people Planned offenses with a high degree of detail, went undetected for 16 years Schlesinger (2009) THE MAD BOMBER (cont'd) A profile written by Brussel was published in the New York Times on Christmas day, 1956. Excerpt: Look for a heavy man. Middle age. Foreign born. Roman Catholic. Single. Lives with a brother or sister. When you find him, changes are he'll be wearing a double-breasted suit. The police narrowed their investigation to George Metesky, a disgruntled former Con Edison employee. Schlesinger (2009) PROFILING BASICS (1) input: collecting crime scene information (2) decision process: arranging the input into meaningful patterns and analyzing victim and offender risk (3) crime assessment: reconstructing the crime and the offender motivation (4) criminal profile: developing these specific descriptions of the offender (5) investigation: using the profile as an aid or adjunct in investigation (6) apprehension: checking the accuracy and the description against new info that emerges in the investigation and changing the profile accordingly. Schlesinger (2009) PROFILING BASICS (cont'd) The profiler... ...assesses all of the crime scene and forensic evidence influencing autopsy reports, crime scene photos, and other forensic information. ...does not review the suspect list, which could unwittingly influence his opinion. ...focuses on several specific areas which are important in constructing a psychological profile of the unidentified offender... Schlesinger (2009) “Profiling equation” A ➔ C equation ● Inferences (indicated by the arrow) are derived from ● Actions in an offense (crime location, time, nature of the victim, etc.) about the ● Characteristics of the offender that will be useful to an investigation (Canter, 2011)) VICTIM RISK : the amount to risk (high, moderate, or low) a victim placed him/herself in to become a victim. ● High risk victims: they placed themselves in vulnerable situation, such as prostitution ● Low risk victims: their occupation and lifestyle Schlesinger (2009) VICTIM RISK (cont'd) Murdered five prostitutes Whitechapel, London circa 1888 Victims' throat were cut Abdominal mutilations Removal of organs TruTV VICTIM RISK (cont'd) “Jack the Ripper” Jack the Ripper was motivated, at least in part, by a tortured sexual pathology. Therefore, prostitutes were logical targets. They were easily accessible victims of opportunity who had the misfortune of crossing paths with Jack the Ripper. TruTV VICTIM RISK (cont'd) Dr. Bond's 1889 profile of “Jack the Ripper” Offenses were sexual in nature Rage against women Physically strong, cool, and daring Quiet and inoffensive in appearance, Middle-aged Body of Mary Kelly Neatly attired, probably wearing a cloak Loner, without a real occupation, eccentric, and Mentally unstable Suffered from satyriasis TruTV VICTIM RISK (cont'd) “Jack the Ripper” Profile by Gregg McCrary, former FBI agent and professor of forensic psychology White male living alone in the Whitechapel area 30 to 37 years of age Same socio-economic class as victims Withdrawn loner with menial job Likely went to same pubs as victims May have encountered victims beforehand Q: In the case of JonBenet Ramsey, did her in involvement in child beauty pageants elevate her victim risk? Other examples of high risk victims? TruTV OFFENDER RISK : the level of risk (high, moderate, or low) an offender placed himself in that might lead to his apprehension. ● High risk offender: For example, abducting a victim a broad daylight with many people around with a high likelihood of getting caught. ● Low risk victims: For example, an abduction where the chanced of apprehension are minimal, such as at night with no obvious witnesses. Schlesinger (2009) OFFENDER RISK (cont'd) Murdered 10 people Wichita, 1974-1991 Known for his three-part method of murder Community leader Taunted police with letters Low-risk offender: He would cut the phone lines, and then he would get into the house somehow, waiting for his victim to come home. TruTV OFFENDER RISK (cont'd) “BTK Killer” profile By Dr. Deborah Schurman-Kauflin Single, white male 28-30 Resided near Oteros or spent time there to form fantasy about Josephine Lived in a house, not apartment Over 6'1, tall and trim. Neat in appearance with short hair. Clothes darker by choice Quiet, modest, and conservative Psychopath Had a car, dark in color Comfortable with people much younger than him. TruTV ESCALATION Most individuals who commit crimes begin with less serious offenses and, over the years, their level of criminality increases. Ex: An offender may begin with voyeurism, progress to burglary, then assault, rape, and murder. Schlesinger (2009) TIME & LOCATION FACTORS Various time elements in criminal conduct are revealing of the unidentified offender's lifestyle or occupation. How long the offender spent with the victim provides additional insight into the crime and the criminal. The longer an offender spends with the victim, his risk of apprehension increases. Factors: Where the offender apprehended the victim How the offender got the victim to go with him Where the victim was killed Body disposition Was a vehicle used Schlesinger (2009) MODUS OPERANDI (M.O) : the method or technique of carrying out of the crime. The offender's M.O. can change over time. As an individual gains more experience, he often adapts his criminal technique to increase his efficiency. Since the offender's M.O. can change it is often not a useful method for linking (or connecting) a series of crimes to the same offender. Instead, examination of the offender's engagement in repetitive-ritualistic behavior at the crime sense is often more important in linking crimes to the same offender. Schlesinger (2009) SIGNATURE : a unique set of acts an offender engages in with each victim. Many serial offenders engage in repetitive-ritualistic behavior at the crime scene since the offense itself is insufficient in providing enough psychosexual gratification. Thus, an offender have a signature or calling card. Ex: Postmortem body positioning Mutilation Symbolic gestures Written statements left behind Schlesinger (2009) SIGNATURE (cont'd) Northern California – late 60s, early 70s Claimed 37 victims, but investigators agreed on 7, two of whom survive Went after couples at least three times Wrote letters to local newspapers and had a specific sign He would taunt the authorities from a superior perspective and to watch the police make fools of themselves TruTV SIGNATURE (cont'd) “Zodiac killer” profile Unsolved Low-risk offender: Attacks occurred at dusk or after dark, on weekends, often around holidays Changed M.O. – Different weapons and no apparent motive Four men and three women between the ages of 16 and 29 were targeted His letters included four cryptograms (or ciphers) Only one has been confirmed to have been decoded His signature was both clinical and literal. TruTV CRIME SCENE PATTERNS The crime scenes of violent sex offenders and sexual murderers can be divided into two general groups: ● Organized: Reflects a great deal if planning in which little evidence is left behind ● Disorganized: Reflects an impulsive, unplanned crime with a lot of evidence left. Individuals who leave high organized crime scenes seem to have distinctly different personality characteristics and behavioral patterns than those who leave notably disorganized crime scenes. Schlesinger (2009) PERSONALITY INFERENCES ORGANIZED CRIME: Organized crime scenes reflect a high level of control. Restraints are used and the body is disposed of in a thought-out manner, often transported to another location from where the murder took place. TRAITS OF AN ORGANIZED OFFENDER: ● socially competent and intelligence ● lives with a partner ● follows the crime in the media ● changes location after the offense ● psychopathic, narcissistic, or manipulative personalities ● charming, neat in appearance, physically attractive ● can talk with members of opposite sex Schlesinger (2009) PERSONALITY INFERENCES (cont'd) DISORGANIZED CRIME: Disorganized crime scenes reflect impulsivity and lack of planning. The victim is often known to the offender and bodies are left in plain sight. A weapon of opportunity is used. TRAITS OF AN DISORGANIZED OFFENDER: ● poor work history ● lives alone and near the crime scene ● has little interest in media coverage of case ● does not change lifestyle following case ● schizoid, schizotypal, borderline, schizophrenic ● physically unattractive ● little experience with members of opposite sex Schlesinger (2009) PERSONALITY INFERENCES (cont'd) Schlesinger (2009) PERSONALITY AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE ORGANIZED CRIME: Offenders who commit planned offenses typically have personality disorders that do not disorganize their thinking. They are manipulative and deceptive by psychopathological symptoms like hallucinations and delusions. DISORGANIZED CRIME: Offenders who commit unplanned, impulsive offenses have more obvious psychopathological disturbances. Their disorganized personalities can prohibit thoughtful planning. They may lack the control and defenses needed to contain their behavior. If their fantasies grow to the point of compulsion, they can act out in a thoughtless manner likely to get them caught. Schlesinger (2009) PERSONALITY AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE (cont'd) EXCEPTIONS TO THE GENERAL NOTION THAT SEVERE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY LEADS TO UNPLANNED CRIMES: Paranoid personality disorder and paranoid form of schizophrenia do not disorganize one's thoughts. Behavior of individuals with these types of disorders is organized, systematized, and thoughtful. Also, individuals with intact personalities can act impulsive when intoxicated. Note: Most crime scenes are neither highly organized or disorganized, but rather fall on a normal distribution with highly organized/disorganized as the extremes. Schlesinger (2009) IS PROFILING USEFUL? Schlesinger (2009): Some researchers argue that profiling is not scientific and relies too much on clinical experience instead of on empirical validation. Despite a lack of strong empirical validation, some studies have demonstrated its usefulness when done by those experienced in the process. INDUCTIVE VS. DEDUCTIVE PROFILING Both assume that the crime and crime scene reveal info about the offender. Profilers using the inductive approach examine research based on identified offenders of a particular type of crime. The profiler uses research on similar types of committed crime to determine possible characteristics of the offender. Profilers using the deductive approach incorporate each piece of evidence in a case to create the offender profile. They use education, experience, and logic to analyze the crime scene and create a unique offender profile for each crime. Yonge & Jacquin (2010) INDUCTIVE VS. DEDUCTIVE PROFILING (cont'd) The FBI's crime scene analysis and Canter's investigative psychology are inductive approaches, yet both incorporate deductive reasoning to a smaller degree. Yonge and Jacquin (2010) studied the effectiveness of the two primary approaches. It was hypothesized that trained participants would produce more accurate profiles than those not trained. It was also hypothesized that the FBI approach would produce the most accurate profiles. Yonge & Jacquin (2010) YONGE & JACQUIN (2010) METHOD: 213 undergrad psychology students Mean age: 19 years 64.3% female No prior profiling history Three groups: control, inductive & deductive Hour-long training session with multiple-choice quiz Participants were given a two-page summary of double sexual homicide and were asked to study the case and complete the Profiling Offender Characteristics Questionnaire. Yonge & Jaquin (2010) YONGE & JACQUIN (2010) RESULTS: Participants trained in the inductive approach produced profiles that were more accurate than the profiles of controls (p=.02). These participants were also more accurate that those in the other two groups in profiling the offender's physical characteristics (inductive vs. deductive p=0.001, inductive versus control p=0.001, deductive versus control p=0.48) Neither type of profiling training had greater profile accuracy for the offender's cognitive characteristics, offense behaviors, social history and habits, or adult convictions. Yonge & Jaquin (2010) YONGE & JACQUIN (2010) CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the inductive approach to profiling may be useful for teaching naïve profilers to profile the offender of a sexual homicide. Deductive profiling relies on the application of logic. And when forming logical deductions about the offender, profilers may have relied on stereotypes and faulty beliefs. This may be overcome by experience and real training. It is possible that the deductive approach cannot be taught in an hour-long session. Yonge & Jaquin (2010) CHALLENGES TO PROFILING RESEARCH Profiling equations – information from controlled conditions are not what people actually do in their daily lives. Difficulty in obtaining information about what actually happens in crimes. Police databases are notoriously inaccurate, patchy, and unreliable. (Canter, 2011) REFERENCES Canter, D. V. (2011). Resolving the offender "profiling equations" and the emergence of an investigative psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 5-10. Schlesinger, L. B. (2009). Psychological profiling: Investigative implications from crime scene analysis. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 37(1), 73-84. Yonge, K. C., & Jacquin, K. M. (2010). Criminal profile accuracy following training in inductive and deductive approaches. American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 28(3), 5-24. Criminal profile information by Gregg McCrary, former FBI agent and professor forensic pathology, for trutv.com http://www.malevole.com/mv/misc/killerquiz/