2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis
Venezuela has been experiencing a presidential crisis since
10 January 2019. The incumbent President Nicolás Maduro
2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis
Part of the crisis in Venezuela
was declared president in the 2018 election; however, the
results of that election were widely disputed. The dispute
came to a head in early 2019 when the National Assembly of
Venezuela stated that the results of the election were invalid
and declared Juan Guaidó as the acting president, citing
several clauses of the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution.
National protests were then organized by the opposition
against Maduro's election and his ruling coalition.
Juan Guaidó had begun motions as a transitional
government, calling for an open cabildo town hall-style
meeting on 11 January. Demonstrations and defections had
begun to take place as well. Internally, Maduro has received
Nicolás Maduro (left) Juan Guaidó (right)
the support of the pro-government Constituent Assembly,
while Guaidó is backed by the pro-opposition National
Assembly.
Date
10 January 2019 – ongoing (16 days)
Location Venezuela
Guaidó was briefly detained by Venezuelan security forces
on 13 January, with each side claiming the other party was
Caused
by
responsible; Maduro's supporters claimed the arrest was
Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro
staged while Guaidó called the arrest an attempt to stop the
National Assembly from assuming power. Venezuela began
Disputed results of the 2018 Venezuelan
presidential election
censoring some social media outlets beginning on 21
Methods Protests, support campaigns, foreign
diplomatic pressure
January.
Status
A few days after the National Assembly's declaration,
various
Venezuelan
groups,
foreign
nations,
and
international organizations made statements supporting
either side of the conflict. The Lima Group declared Maduro
illegitimate on 13 January. Afterward, the Organization of
American States (OAS) and the European Union expressed
support for the National Assembly alongside other Western
Ongoing
Block of Wikipedia in Venezuela
Guaidó takes oath on 23 January
Maduro severs relations with the United
States after its recognition of Guaidó
Parties to the civil conflict
Incumbent government
Transitional government
countries, while other nations have expressed support for
Maduro.
Large mass protests and violence erupted on 23 January and
drew further responses from a number of foreign
governments and leaders.
Constituent
Assembly
Supreme Tribunal of
Justice
Recognition of Maduro
presidency
Contents
Foreign states:
National Assembly
Supreme Tribunal
of Justice in exile
Recognition of Guaidó
presidency
Foreign states:
Supranational bodies:
Background
2018 presidential election
Calls for transitional government
Basis for challenge
Beginning of crisis
Inauguration of Maduro
Reports of defections
Military disavowals of Maduro
International recognition
Open cabildo
National Assembly declares Guaidó president
Support
Opposition
Lima Group
Detention of Guaidó
Guaidó defines himself as president
Guaidó claims presidency
23 January events
Maduro responds
Censorship
Public opinion
Reactions
United States
Other bodies
International protests
Media
Social media
Notes
References
Background
Organizations:
Organizations:
Military support:
Wagner Group[17]
Support National
Assembly
Foreign states:
Supranational bodies:
European Union[34]
Lead figures
Nicolás Maduro
Juan Guaidó
Jorge Arreaza
Diego Arria
Freddy Bernal
Omar Barboza
Diosdado Cabello
Julio Borges
Pedro Carreño
Henrique Capriles
Adán Chávez
Henri Falcón
Tareck El Aissami
Antonio Ledezma
Cilia Flores
Leopoldo López
Gustavo González
López
María Corina Machado
Aristóbulo Istúriz
Henry Ramos Allup
Elías Jaua
Juan Requesens
Carmen Meléndez
Rafaela Requesens
Maikel Moreno
Lorent Saleh
Vladimir Padrino López
Lilian Tintori
Néstor Reverol
Andrés Velásquez
Luisa Ortega Díaz
Delcy Rodríguez
Jorge Rodríguez
Since 2010, Venezuela has been suffering a socioeconomic
Tarek William Saab
crisis under Nicolás Maduro (and briefly under his
Iris Varela
predecessor Hugo Chávez), as rampant crime, hyperinflation
and shortages diminished the quality of life.[35][36][37][38][39][40] As a result of discontent with the government, for the first time
since 1999, the opposition was elected to hold the majority in the National Assembly following the 2015 parliamentary election.[41]
Following the 2015 National Assembly election, the lame duck National Assembly, consisting of Bolivarian officials, filled the
Supreme Tribunal of Justice, the highest court in Venezuela, with Maduro allies.[41][42] The tribunal quickly stripped three opposition
lawmakers of their National Assembly seats in early 2016, citing alleged "irregularities" in their elections, thereby preventing an
[41]
opposition supermajority which would have been able to challenge President Maduro.
The tribunal then approved several actions by Maduro and granted him more powers in 2017.[41] As protests mounted against
Maduro, he called for a constituent assembly that would draft a new constitution that would replace the 1999 Venezuela Constitution
of his predecessor, Hugo Chávez.[43] Many countries considered the election a bid by Maduro to stay in power indefinitely,[44] and
over 40 countries stated that they would not recognize the National Constituent Assembly.[45][46] The Democratic Unity Roundtable
—the opposition to the incumbent ruling party—also boycotted the election claiming that the Constituent Assembly was "a trick to
keep [the incumbent ruling party] in power."[47] Since the opposition did not participate in the election, the incumbent Great Patriotic
Pole, dominated by the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, won almost all seats in the assembly by default.[48][49][50] On 8 August
2017, the Constituent Assembly declared itself to be the government branch with supreme power in Venezuela, banning the
opposition-led National Assembly from performing actions that would interfere with the assembly while continuing to pass measures
[51]
in "support and solidarity" with President Maduro, ef
fectively stripping the National Assembly of all its powers.
2018 presidential election
In February 2018, Maduro called for presidential elections just four months before the date,[52] with Maduro being re-elected after
the major opposition parties were banned among other alleged various irregularities, which led many to believe that the elections
were invalid.[53][54][55] Paired with views of Maduro's leadership being an ineffective dictatorship,[56][57][58] politicians both
internally and internationally did not believe Maduro was legitimately elected.[59] In the months leading up to his inauguration on 10
January 2019, Maduro was encouraged to not continue as president by nations and bodies including the Lima Group (excluding
Mexico), the United States, and the OAS, with this pressure being increased as the new National Assembly of Venezuela was sworn
in on 5 January 2019.[60][61][62] The National Assembly was disavowed by Maduro in 2017[63] and is seen as "the only
[64]
democratically elected institution left in the country".
Calls for transitional government
In the months after the presidential election in May 2018 and shortly before Maduro's inauguration event, there were statements about
a transitional government being established in Venezuela.[65][66][67] CEO of Venezuela Al Día Manuel Corao argued that Maduro
was no longer the president and that "the tendencies in Venezuela represented in the National Assembly do not agree to designate a
transitional government that fills the vacuum of power and liberates Venezuelans from Communist evil".[65] Former Venezuelan
legislator Alexis Ortiz stated that "Castrochavism, ... rots in incompetence, corruption and surrender of national sovereignty. Faced
with its failure, we suggest that a transitional government should" work on reconciliation, establish general elections, receive
[66]
humanitarian assistance and to protect civil liberties, among other requests.
In a November 2018 report by the International Crisis Group, it is stated that "[n]eighboring countries and other foreign powers have
[67]
taken steps - including sanctions - to achieve some kind of negotiated transition, which is still the best way out of the crisis".
Basis for challenge
The Venezuelan opposition justifies its actions on the 1999 Venezuelan constitution, specifically Article 233 establishing that the
leader of National Assembly is to hold office in the absence of a legitimate President which Guaidó states is the case as a result of the
2018 Venezuelan presidential elections.[68] Second is that Article 333 calls for citizens to restore and enforce the constitution if it is
not followed. Further, he argues that both the national and international community must unite behind a transitional government that
will guarantee humanitarian aid, bring the restoration of V
enezuela's rule of law, and has the ability to hold democratic elections.[68]
Beginning of crisis
Inauguration of Maduro
Minutes after Maduro took the oath of office, the Organization of American States approved a resolution in a special session of its
Permanent Council in which Maduro was declared illegitimate as President of Venezuela, urging that new elections be
summoned.[69] Maduro's election was supported by Turkey, Russia, China, and the ALBA.[70][71] Small Caribbean nations reliant on
economic assistance from the Maduro government also supported his presidency
.[72]
Reports of defections
The first major signs of impending crisis showed when a Supreme Court Justice and Electoral Justice seen as close to Maduro
defected to the United States just a few days before 10 January inauguration. The justice, Christian Zerpa said that Maduro is
"incompetent" and "illegitimate".[60][61][73]
It was also reported at the time of the inauguration that United States intelligence
allegedly had learned that one of Maduro's close top officials and Minister of
Defense, Vladimir Padrino López, had requested for Maduro to step down,
threatening to resign if Maduro did not.[74] However, Padrino López would later
pledge loyalty to Maduro, stating he would give his life for him and the Bolivarian
revolution.[75] During a cadena nacional issued by Maduro on 15 January 2019,
Padrino López swore loyalty to Maduro, stating directly to him that members of the
National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela (FANB) "are willing to die to
defend that Constitution, those people, those institutions and you as supreme
magistrate, president of Venezuela ... We are not an imperialist, colonialist FANB,
Maduro at his second inauguration
on 10 January 2019
we are a liberating FANB".[75]
Maduro's government states that the actions taken against him are "the results of
imperialism perpetrated by the United States and allies" that put Venezuela "at the
centre of a world war".[76]
Military disavowals of Maduro
On 17 January, a group of Venezuelan ex-army and police officers in Peru
announced their support for Guaidó, saying that they do not recognize Maduro as
their president or leader.[77][78] Around this time it was also reported that though the
currently serving military swore allegiance to Maduro, many had spoken to exiled
Defense Minister Vladimir Padrino
López said the armed forces won't
recognize Juan Guaidó
and defected soldiers to express their will to not suppress any uprising that could
oust Maduro, secretly supporting Guaidó.[79] The National Assembly offered
amnesty for military defectors.[80]
Early on 21 January, at least 27 soldiers of the National Guard mutinied against Maduro in San José de Cotiza; they were stationed
near Miraflores Palace. It is reported that they kidnapped four security staff and stole weaponry from a post in Petare, and posted
videos on social media promising the military would fight against the government for the people of Venezuela. In the area, rioting
and arson began in the streets through the night; tear gas was used on civilian protestors. Several hours later, the fighting having
continued until daylight, they were all taken by authorities.[81][82] Five were injured[83] and one person died in the mutiny: a civilian
woman who was confused for a protester was killed by members of a colectivo, who also stole her phone.[84] The mutiny, termed a
"failed coup", has been compared by the BBC to the El Junquito raid from just over a year earlier (15 January 2018), which resulted
in the death of rebel leaderÓscar Pérez.[85]
International recognition
Multiple countries and supranational bodies joined the National Assembly in rejecting the legitimacy of Maduro retaining power,
with several cutting diplomatic ties to Venezuela and others calling for Maduro to step down or be removed.[61][62][74][76] Others,
such as ALBA, have supported Maduro and called on the opposition to accept his reelection.[70] Representatives from many of the
ALBA nations attended the swearing-in ceremony of Maduro for his second term on 10 January 2019,[86] and South African
[87]
President Cyril Ramaphosa congratulated Maduro following his inauguration.
Maduro responded to the accusations levied against him by denouncing them as "US imperialism" and compared the alleged foreign
interference to colonialism.[76] Maduro called Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro "a Hitler of the modern era", days after Brazil
[88]
recognized Juan Guaidó as the country's interim president.
On 15 January, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau called Maduro "an illegitimate dictator",[89] with Donald Trump's National
Security Adviser John Bolton and Brazilian President Bolsonaro also accusing him with the same term.[90][91] On 18 January,
[92]
Bolsonaro said that he would soon announce his plans for a solution regarding enezuela.
V
Open cabildo
Juan Guaidó, the newly appointed President of the National Assembly of Venezuela,
began motions to form a transitional governmentshortly after assuming his new role
in the National Assembly on 5 January 2019; stating that whether Maduro began his
new term on the 10th or not, the country would not have a legitimately elected
president.[93] On behalf of the National Assembly, he stated that the country had
fallen into a de facto dictatorship and had no leader,[94] declaring that the nation face
a state of emergency.[95] It was in this statement that he first called for "soldiers who
wear their uniforms with honor to step forward and enforce the Constitution [and
[95]
asking] citizens for confidence, strength and to accompany us on this path".
He then announced that he would
hold an open cabildo on 11
January.[96] This was hosted as a
rally in the streets of Caracas, and
here
the
announced
Juan Guaidó surrounded by
members of the opposition during an
open cabildo on 11 January 2019
assuming
National
that
the
Assembly
Guaidó
role
of
was
acting
president under the Constitution of
Venezuela, also announcing plans
to remove President Maduro.[97]
Agreement approved by the National
Assembly to declare the usurpation
of the presidency by Nicolás Maduro
on 15 January.
The open cabildo also had provisions to allow for leaders of other political parties,
trade unions, women, and the students of Venezuela to be given a voice. Other parties did not speak of their divide, but of what they
saw as a failed Bolivarian revolution that needed to end.[97]
Maduro's initial response to the cabildo was to call the opposition a group of "little boys", describing Guaidó as "immature". More
threateningly, the Minister for Prison Services,Iris Varela, said that she had already picked out a prison cell for Guaidó and asked him
[98]
to be quick naming his cabinet so she could prepare prisons for them as well.
National Assembly declares Guaidó president
Following Guaidó's speech, the National Assembly initially released a press statement saying that Guaidó had taken the role of acting
president. A later statement replaced this one and the position of Guaidó was clarified that "he is willing to assume command, but
said that this is only possible with the help of Venezuelans".[99] This motion was not considered a coup d'état by the opposition based
on the acknowledged "illegitimacy" of Maduro by many governments, and the constitutional processes that the National Assembly
were following.[100] Specifically, they invoked Articles 233, 333, and 350.[97] On this day, Guaidó received a letter from the
President of the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile, which is based in Panama, requesting him to become acting
president of Venezuela.[101]
Guaidó announced change, and nationwide protests to be held on 23 January
, inciting a slogan chant of¡Sí, se puede![100] This date is
the same day as the removal of Marcos Pérez Jiménez in 1958.[102] The National Assembly worked with the Venezuelan Liberation
Front to create a plan for the protests and marches, organizing a unified national force.[30] It was also revealed on 11 January that
plans involved offering incentives for the armed forces to disavow Maduro.[103]
The Organization of American States was the first to give official support to this action, stating that "[they] welcome the assumption
of Juan Guaidó as interim President of Venezuela in accordance with Article 233 of the Political Constitution. You have our support,
that of the international community and of the people of V
enezuela".[100] Later on that day, Brazil and Colombia gave their support to
Guaidó as acting president of Venezuela.[104]
Venezuelan political experts, like David Smilde from the Washington Office on Latin America, suggested that it would enrage
Maduro, who already called the National Assembly traitors for not attending his inauguration, and who might arrest or attack more of
its members. A friend of Guaidó, in response, said that they were aware of the risks but believed it needed to be done to allow
democracy to reappear in Venezuela.[100]
Support
Various countries and organizations began to reaffirm their
support for the National Assembly, seen as the "only
legitimate democratic body" in Venezuela. Businesses also
took the introduction of a potential new government as a
sign to stop discussions and negotiations with Maduro since
they were now able to access a government with
democratic backing. These organizations included the
Venezuela Creditors Committee, a fund bank that can give
loans to the ailing nation and which could not finalize an
agreement with Maduro in 2017,[105] and all of the other
businesses represented by the OFAC union. These include
Electricidad de Caracas, providing electrical power to the
capital and surrounding areas, and PDVSA, the nation's
largest oil and gas company, which is, in turn, the nation's
Nations recognizing presidential power
Venezuela
Recognize Guaidó
Support National Assembly
Recognize Maduro
largest industry.[26]
The Catholic Church in Venezuela, organized by the Episcopal Conference of Venezuela, released a statement by Monsignor Ovidio
Pérez Morales on 15 January 2019 saying "The Church in Venezuela, united to its Bishops in communion with the Pope, declare the
socialist-communist regime illegitimate and stand in solidarity with the Venezuelan people to rescue democracy, freedom and justice.
[27]
Trusting in God, they support the National Assembly".
On 15 January, United States PresidentDonald Trump was reported to be deliberating over whether to officially recognize Guaidó as
the President,[106] which he did on 23 January.[107][108][109] On 17 January two members of the US House of Representatives
introduced legislation (the Venezuela TPS Act of 2019) that, if passed, would give temporary protected status to all Venezuelans in
[110]
the country, preventing their deportation. It is a bipartisan bill introduced by a Democrat and a Republican.
President of the European Parliament Antonio Tajani declared Maduro illegitimate shortly after the inauguration ceremony and met
with opposition figures, with Tajani facing death threats following his actions.[111]
Opposition
However, other nations reaffirmed their support for the Nicolás Maduro government, including Latin American and world countries.
Non-regional supporting countries include China, Russia, Turkey and Syria.[112][113][114] Regional countries supporting Maduro
include Mexico, Nicaragua and Bolivia.[115][116][117][118] An Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman said in a statement that Iran
"supports Venezuela's [Maduro] government".[119]
El Salvador changed its mind several times. Initially supporting Maduro, on 24 January an official statement said they recognized
[120][121]
Guaidó; later that day another statement was released, reiterating their backing of Maduro.
Lima Group
On 11 and 12 January, several nations of the Lima Group began to release statements independent from the international body. These
documents all included their nations' agreement to not recognize Maduro and were focused on clarifying individual stances on noninterventionism regarding a separate territorial dispute between Venezuela and Guyana.[122][123][124] Despite this, the Maduro
government, via several vice presidential press releases, claimed that these countries had "rectified" themselves to support him as
president.[122][125] They had not, with the non-intervention statements seen as a
concession to prevent rash action by Maduro after he broadly threatened the
group.[122][124] The Venezuelan Foreign Minister, Jorge Arreaza, gave a different
statement to the vice presidential office, saying that Venezuela had received
diplomatic notices from some Lima Group countries about the original dispute.[122]
Panama restated the group's original ninth point, highlighting issues of International
Law.[122] Colombia's statement reiterated the group's resolution and pledged to
support "the restoration of democracy and constitutional order in Venezuela", as well
as saying that they do not have a position on the territorial dispute.[123] Arreaza
defied his government by refuting the claims that the Lima Group recognized
Maduro's government, as well as doubling Maduro's 48-hour demand period for
non-intervention for the remaining countries after it expired. He also promoted
peaceful diplomatic discussion with
neighboring countries.[126]
The group—except
for Mexico, which called for non-intervention in Venezuelan internal affairs[127] —
The now 14-country Lima Group
demands the release ofpolitical
prisoners and calls for free elections
continued to back the Guaidó government, with the Foreign Minister of Chile
pledging "unlimited support".[128]
Detention of Guaidó
On 13 January 2019, Guaidó was detained by the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN),[129] but was released 45 minutes
later.[130] The SEBIN agents who intercepted his car and took him into custody were subsequently fired from their
positions.[131][132][133] The Information Minister, Jorge Rodríguez, says that the agents did not have instructions and the arrest was
orchestrated by Guaidó as a "media stunt" to gain popularity; BBC News| correspondents say that it appeared to be a genuine ambush
and was used to send a message to those who oppose Maduro.[131] Luis Almagro, head of the OAS, condemned the arrest, which he
[134]
called a "kidnapping", whileMike Pompeo, US Secretary of State, also denounced it, referring to it as an "arbitrary detention".
Two journalists were also detained on-air while covering SEBIN's actions towards Guaidó: Beatriz Adrián of Caracol Televisión and
Osmary Hernández ofCNN.[135]
Guaidó defines himself as president
In a speech after his detention, Guaidó said that Rodríguez's admission that the intelligence agents acted independently showed how
the government had lost control of its security forces, also calling Miraflores (the presidential house and office) "desperate".[131][134]
[136]
In a later announcement on 13 January, Guaidó declared himself as acting president, his most direct claim to the position.
On 23 January, Guaidó was sworn in as Interim President.[137]
Guaidó claims presidency
23 January events
Prior to 23 January, there had been great anticipation of the day, with smaller
protests building in the nation in the preceding days. On the morning of 23 January,
[138] On that day,
Guaidó tweeted that "The world's eyes are on our homeland today".
millions of Venezuelans protested across the country in support of Guaidó,[139]
described as "a river of humanity",[140] with a few hundred attending a protest in
support of Maduro outside Miraflores.[141]
Guaidó being sworn in as Interim
President
The opposition protest march began its route at Avenida Francisco de Miranda, a
major street in Caracas,[142] which was planned for a 10:00 AM start but was
delayed for 30 minutes due to rain.[143] At one end was a stage, this part of the street
blocked off, where Guaidó spoke during the protest and declared himself
president,[144][145] swearing himself in.[146] It was reported that the National Guard
used tear gas on gathering crowds before the protest began to disperse them.[144]
Another area of the capital was blocked off at Plaza Venezuela, a large main square,
[138]
with armored vehicles and riot police on hand before protestors arrived.
Play media
23 January march in Caracas
It was reported on social media that by mid-day, two people were killed in protests
in San Cristóbal, Táchira,[147] and four in Barinas.[148] Photographic reports
published showed that the some protests grew violent, resulting in injuries to protesters and security alike.[149] By the end of the day,
at least 13 people were killed.[150] Michelle Bachelet of the United Nations expressed concern that so many people had been killed,
[151]
and requested a UN investigation into the security forces' use of violence.
Maduro responds
On 25 January 2019, Maduro held a press conference in the afternoon. During the event, he said Guaidó's actions were part of a "
well written script from Washington." to create a puppet government of the United States.[152] Maduro called for dialogue with
Guaidó, saying "If I have to go meet this boy ... at three in the morning I am going, ... if I have to go naked, I am going ... I believe in
the word ... That today, sooner rather than later, the way is open for a reasonable, sincere dialogue".[153] He also stated that he would
not leave the presidential office, explaining that he was elected in compliance with the Venezuelan constitution.[154]
Guaidó spoke publicly in Caracas at the same time as Maduro, asking for military support and warning that the people protesting
would never get tired.[155] During the speech, Guaidó also quickly replied to Maduro's call for dialogue, saying he would not initiate
diplomatic talks with Maduro.[156]
Later in the day, it was reported that earlier in the week, Russian mercenaries from Wagner Group flew to Venezuela in order to
defend Maduro's government.[157]
Censorship
Several sources reported that the internet access to Wikipedia (in all languages) was blocked in Venezuela.[158][159] The block was
reported after Guaidó's page on the Spanish Wikipedia was updated to add his claim of acting president and the edit war that
followed, with 37 edits and reverts in just over two hours.[160] The block mainly affects the users of CANTV, the national
telecommunications company and largest provider of the country.[161] Several media outlets have suggested that Wikipedia directly
or indirectly was taking sides with either group.[162][163][164]
Later on 21 January, the day of a National Guard mutiny in Cotiza, internet access to some social media like Twitter, Instagram, and
YouTube was reported to be blocked for CANTV users.[165] In the late evening of 22 January, it was reported that Twitter and
Instagram were completely blocked in the country
, possibly to suppress organization of the protests happening the next day
.[166]
During 23 January protests, widespread internet outages were reported with Wikipedia,[167] Google Search, Facebook, Instagram and
many other social media platforms being affected.[168]
Televisión Nacional de Chile is removed from Venezuela's cable and satellite television operators by the state-run National
Commission of Telecommunications on 24 January.[169]
Public opinion
A telephone survey of 1,000 registered voters in Venezuela by Venezuelan pollster Hercon resulted with 79.9% of respondents
agreeing with Maduro leaving the presidency. Regarding the National Assembly, 68.8% of respondents rated their work as being
positive while 15.6% rated their actions as negative. When asked if they agreed with the National Assembly swearing in Guaidó as
[170]
interim president, 68.6% agreed with Guaidó being interim president while 19.4% disagreed.
Surveys of 900 people between 19 and 20 January by Meganálisis showed that 81.4% of respondents hoped that Guaidó would be
[171]
sworn in on 23 January while 84.2% supported a transitional government to replace Maduro's government.
Reactions
United States
United States Vice President Mike Pence released a video supporting Guaidó and the
people of Venezuela on the morning of 23 January.[144][172] This is one of the
reasons why Maduro and his supporters criticized the United States in planing and
supporting a coop against his country. In a speech on that day, Venezuelan Foreign
Affairs Minister Jorge Arreaza said "nobody knows [who Guaidó is], but he's being
[173]
pushed to say that he is the new president by the U.S."
The United States was the first nation to recognize Guaidó as the legitimate
president after he was sworn in, with Donald Trump, Pence, and Marco Rubio
Mike Pence in his 23. Jan video,
saying Maduro is a dictator
sending their support and solidarity as well as the official recognition. After this
announcement, other countries followed suit, but Maduro also expelled all American diplomats from Venezuela, saying they must
leave within 72 hours; Guaidó said that they should stay
.[174][175][176][177]
Maduro called the US the "gringo empire", and said he would not continue relations with them. A US official said that if the
Venezuelan armed forces start massacring civilians, they would intervene.[178] The US also announced it would not close its
embassy, saying that they will only listen to Guaidó's government,[175] with Rubio saying on the following day that there would be
terrible consequences if any harm came to US diplomats in Venezuela,[179] and the US State department encouraging its personnel to
stay in the Valle Arriba area where their "fortress" embassy is located, though Diosdado Cabello threatened that Maduro could turn
off the electricity or gas to that neighborhood.[180] However, the US did recall some diplomats after the embassy closed on the night
of the 24th, for security reasons.[176] Also on 24 January, Rubio said that the US State department was discussing plans to expel all
Venezuelan diplomats, awaiting official appointments by Guaidó;[177] later, Maduro announced he would be removing all V
enezuelan
diplomats from the United States.[181] The U.S. had already affirmed that it would use its economic position to cut off sources of
Maduro's income, also requesting a United Nations meeting of the Security Council,[182] and promising $20 million to Guaidó's
opposition in humanitarian aid.[183] Later in the day, the US named a new Venezuelan envoy.[184]
Other bodies
On 23 January 2019, the European Union gave its first stance on Venezuela, issuing
a declaration stating that "the EU fully supports the National Assembly as the
democratically elected institution whose powers need to be restored and
respected",[185] though some of its member states, like the United Kingdom, later
said they supported Guaidó.[186]
Some national leaders that support Maduro voiced their solidarity with him during
protests, with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan saying "we stand by
you".[187]
International protests
Spanish Prime MinisterPedro
Sánchez speaks to Juan Guaidó
from Davos, 24 January 2019
A group of a few hundred Venezuelans and other supporters held an open cabildo in
place of a protest in Washington, D.C., the United States capital. They assembled by
the Simón Bolivar statue in the city to protest the Maduro government remaining in
power.[188]
The center of Madrid was also packed full of demonstrators, in what was the largest
ever foreign protest in Spain.[189] Venezuelans in Brazil also gathered to shout in the
streets of São Paulo for Maduro to leave power.[190] Though Mexico has been
relatively neutral on the issue, with new president Obrador supporting Maduro, there
Play media
Washington, D.C. cabildo abierto
were protests in Mexico City, too.[191]
Media
In their 24 January print edition, The Guardian called Guaidó's swearing-in a "regime change", with his image on the cover.[192] In
an update posted on their website on 24 January, they called the developments in Venezuela their "top story",[193] with it listed only
behind Brexit on 23 January.[194]
Social media
Despite the blocks in Venezuela, by midday local time, the Twitter hashtag "#23Ene" — shorthand for "23 de Enero", Spanish for 23
January — was trending worldwide.[195] Later in the day, 5 of the top 10 trends were protest-related: "Venezuela", "Juan Guaidó",
"#23Ene", "#GritemosConBrio", and "Guaido".[196] With protests continuing to the next day, "#24Ene" began trending, too.[197]
It was reported in the late evening that Instagram had removed the "Verified" label from Maduro's account, instead placing one on
Guaidó's account. The latter's description had also been updated to include the claim of "President of the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela".[198] The following day, Facebook followed the action in un-verifying Maduro, seen by many as an act signifying they do
not recognize him as President.[199]
Notes
a. Excluding Mexico.
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