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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FISH SILAGE AS ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF PAK CHOY (Brassica rapaL. subsp. chinensis)
Article in International Journal of Food Science & Technology · June 2015
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European International Journal of Science and Technology
Vol. 4 No. 5
June, 2015
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FISH SILAGE AS ORGANIC
FERTILIZER ON POST-HARVEST QUALITY OF PAK CHOY
(Brassica rapaL. subsp. chinensis)
Nurul Ulfah Karim1,3*, Mohd Farid Mohd Ali Lee1, Adzemi Mat Arshad2
1
School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu,
Terengganu, MALAYSIA
2
3
School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu,
Terengganu, MALAYSIA
Institute of Aquaculture Tropical, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu,
MALAYSIA
*Corresponding author: ulfah@umt.edu.my
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to determine the physiochemical of liquid fish silage (LFS); pH and macronutrient
content made by fish waste and to reveal the effectiveness of LFS toward the growth, yield, pigment content
and post-harvest quality of pakchoy. LFS treatments were prepared at five different concentrations; 1.0, 2.5,
5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%. Each treatments were compared with plant fertilized with commercial fertilizer (N-P-K
15:15:15) using recommended nutrient per hectare. After 14 days of fermentation, the pH values of LFS
were stable at 4.5. LFS contains 1.84% N, 0.50% P, 0.41% K, 0.36% Mg and 0.84% Ca. The results showed
that LFS at 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% produced similar plant growth, yield, pigment content and post-harvest
quality as plant fertilized by commercial fertilizer. In addition, this study recommend to use 5.0% LFS as it
more economical compared to 7.5 and 10.0%.
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INTRODUCTION
The demand for fish increased with increasing human populations. However, it has been estimated that for
each tons of fish eaten, an equal volume of fish material were discarded either as waste or as a low value byproduct (Anon, 2003). There are some potential for gaining more value from fish wastes. Fish rich in
valuable minerals, enzymes, pigments and flavors that are required by many industries including food,
agriculture, aquaculture and pharmaceuticals (Archer et al., 2001). Elsewhere, fish waste was converted into
fishmeal or utilized in the production of organic fertilizers and composts, which have significant benefits
over chemical-based products (Archer et al., 2001).
Fish fertilizer products such as fish hydrolysates, fish emulsion, fish soluble nutrient and fish silage
have widely being used in crops productions and was reported produced similar yields as conventional
fertilizer (Wyatt &McGourty, 1990). Silage production is considered the best method to address the problem
of environmental production due to processing waste and underutilized by-catch. Fish silage process has
been reported to be a feasible, simple and lower-cost alternative and no skilled personnel is needed
(Vidottiet al., 2003). Besides, the capital investment is significantly less compared to other fish fertilizer
product in market. Fish silage contain more valuables nutrient that is good for plant growth and soil
microbes. Pak choy belonging to family Brassicaceace is becoming increasingly popular with gardeners as
an alternative to cabbage (Royal Horticulture Society [RHS], 2010). The aim of this study is to evaluate the
productions of fish silage as one of the alternative ways in managing fish wastes and by-products by
converting these wastes into liquid organic fertilizer. The effectiveness of this product were compared to the
commercial fertilizer used on pakchoy cultivation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1
Experiment preparation
3.1.1 Liquid fish silage (LFS) preparation
Liquid fish silage (LFS) of tread finseabream, Nemipterusjaponicus from surimi processing waste
(non-edible parts) were prepared according to Fagbenro&Jauncey (1995). Four kilograms of emulsified fish
waste were mixed with 750 g of molasses and 250 g of Lactobacillus acidophilus starter culture (for lactic
acid anaerobic fermentation). The mixture were fermented until reached pH 4.5 and filtered thoroughly
1mm mesh screen.
3.1.2 Seeds sowing
Seeds of Brassica rapaL. subsp. Chinensis with uniform size were treated with fungicides and sown
in germination tray. Twelve days old seedlings were transplanted into 3000 cm2 plot and watered daily.
3.1.3 Fertilizer applications
The fertilizers were prepared by diluting concentrated LFS to five different concentrations; 1.0, 2.5,
5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% in 100 ml water. Fertilizers were applied at interval 5 days for 30 days. Seven treatments
were studies in this experiment for evaluating the efficacy of LFS (Table 1). All treatments were replicates 3
times.
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Table 1: Seven different treatments used to evaluate the efficacy of LFS
Treatment
Concentration (%)
1
Commercial (NPK 15:15:15)
2
Control (water)
3
1.0% LFS in 100 ml water
4
2.5% LFS in 100 ml water
5
5.0% LFS in 100 ml water
6
7.5% LFS in 100 ml water
7
10.0% LFS in 100 ml water
3.2. Physiochemical of liquid fish silage (LFS)
3.2.1 Determination of pH
The pH values of LFS were measured at interval of 7 days within 70 days of storage. pH values were
measured by immersing electrode in the supernatant solution of 1:2 volume.
3.2.2 Determination of macronutrient composition
Nitrogen content were determined using Kjeldahl method (KjeltecTM 2100, Denmark) according
method by AOAC (1990). The macro elements; phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium were
determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry [AAS] (AAnalyst™ 200, USA)according to method
by Peter et al., (2003).
Analysis on the growth parameter of pakchoy
Height of pakchoy was measured from plant base to the highest tip of leafat interval of 5 day within
day 30 of transplant. Numbers of leaves growing on plant were recorded every 5 days until the 30th day.
Areas of the leaf were analyzed using Image J software 1.74v (National Institute of Health, USA). For total
yield and mean fresh weight, pakchoy were weighed immediately once harvested to determine the total yield
production per plot and mean fresh weight.
3.3
Analysis on the pigment content of pakchoy
Chlorophylla and b were measured using UV spectroscopy (UV Mini 1240, US) according tomethod
by Arnon (1949). Leaf were cut into small pieces with the weight about 100±0.1 mg. Samples were
homogenate and 10 ml of 80 % acetone (acetone: water 80:20 v: v) were added. The homogenate were
filtered and the filtrate were collected in a testtube. Wavelength for chlorophyll a and b were set at 663 nm
and 645 nm on spectrophotometer.
3.4
Calculations:
Use Arnon's equation (below) to convert absorbance measurements to mg Chl g-1 leaf tissue.
Chlorophyll a (mg g-1) = [(12.7 × A663) - (2.6 × A645)] × acetone (ml)
Leaf tissue (mg)
-1
Chlorophyll b (mg g ) = [(22.9 × A645) - (4.68 × A663)] × acetone (ml)
Leaf tissue (mg)
Total Chlorophyll = Chlorophyll a + Chlorophyll b.
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Analysis on post-harvest quality of pakchoy
Hardness and crispness were analyzed using texture analyzer (TA.XT2, UK). The leaf colors of
pakchoy were measured using colorimeter (Konica Minolta CR-400, Japan).Fifth marketable leaf from each
plant was selected for analysis(Tshikalange& Van Averbeke, 2006). Measurement of L*, a* and b* value
were taken at the center of the 5th leaf.
3.5
3.6
Statistical analysis
All measurements were performed in triplicate per treatment and the values were express as the
mean ±standard deviation. The collected data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and hypothesis test
were analyzed using Tukey Test at significance level 0.05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1
Physiochemical of LFS
4.1.1 pH value of LFS
pH value of LFS were recorded at range between 4.40±0.00 and 6.53±0.06 during 70 days
fermentation and storage period (Table 2). The highest pH value was recorded at day 0 and the lowest were
recorded at day 21. In this study, pH decreased from 6.53±0.06 to 4.50±0.06 within 10 days of fermentation
after inoculation of LAB(Table 2).
Table 2 pH value of LFS during 70 days fermentation and storage
Condition
Days
pH
0
6.53±0.06a
Fermentation
7
4.63±0.06b
st
(1 fertilizer application)
14
4.50±0.00bc
21
4.40±0.00c
28
4.47±0.06c
35
4.43±0.06c
Storage
42
4.43±0.06c
49
4.43±0.06c
56
4.43±0.06c
63
4.47±0.06c
70
4.47±0.06c
Values are mean±stdev. n = 3. Superscripts a,b,c show the significant difference, (p<0.05).
4.1.2 Macronutrient composition
LFS have a low macronutrient but rich in trace minerals. In this study, LFS contain 1.84±0.38%
nitrogen (N), 0.50±0.09% phosphorus (P), 0.41±0.05% potassium (K), 0.36±0.02% magnesium (Mg) and
0.84±0.12% calcium (Ca) (Table 3). This were similar as reported by Blatt& Sanford (1990) which contain
1–3% of nitrogen, 0.4–2.6% phosphorus and less than 1% for potassium, calcium and magnesium.
Tatterson& Windsor (2006) stated the composition of fish silage were similar to the material from which it
prepared. According to Palaniet al., (2014) nitrogen, potassium and calcium content in Nemipterusjaponicus
are 2.91 % N, 0.26% K and 0.79% Ca, respectively.
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Table 3 Nutrient composition and percentage of LFS made from threadfin seabream waste
Macronutrient
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Composition (%)
1.84±0.38
0.50±0.09
0.41±0.05
0.36±0.02
0.84±0.12
Effect of LFS on growth of pakchoy
Plant treated at 10.0% LFS produced highest height; 27.24±1.49 cm while the lowest height are the
controls which is 14.78±0.90 cm after 30 days of cultivation (Table 4). The height of pakchoy treated at 5.0,
7.5 and 10.0% LFS were not significantly different (p>0.05) to plant received commercial fertilizer after 30
days cultivation. In the other hand, controls and plants treated at 1.0 and 2.5% LFS showed significantly
(p<0.05) shorter compared to plant received commercial fertilizer (Figure 1).Plant received commercial
fertilizer produced highest mean leaf number, which is 13.25±0.66 while the lowest mean leaf number
obtained in controls at 8.17±0.52 after 30 days cultivation (Table 5). No significant difference (p>0.05) in
mean leaf number were observed between plants received commercial fertilizer and plants received 5.0, 7.5
and 10.0% LFS(Table 5). Leaf areas were determined once plants were harvested after 30 days cultivation.
Among the treatments, plant received 5.0% LFS produced largest mean leaf area, which is 1174±39 cm2
while the smallest mean leaf area were obtained in controls at 251±32 cm2 (Figure 2). Pak choy received
2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% LFS produce similar leaf area (p>0.05) compared to plant received commercial
fertilizer. However, plants in controls and received 1.0% LFS produce smaller leaf area (p<0.05) compared
to plants received commercial fertilizer (Figure 2).
4.2
Mean plant height (cm)
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0
5
10
15
20
Cultivation (days)
25
30
Figure 1 Mean plant height of pakchoy during 30 days cultivation in different treatments. n = 3.
NPK; +Control;
1.0% LFS; 2.5% LFS;
5.0% LFS;
7.5% LFS;
10.0% LFS
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a
1400.00
ac
a
ac
Mean leaf area (cm²)
1200.00
1000.00
c
800.00
bc
600.00
400.00
b
200.00
0.00
NPK
Control
1.0%
LFS
2.5%
LFS
5.0%
LFS
7.5%
LFS
10.0%
LFS
Treatment
Figure 2 Mean leaf area of pakchoy after 30 days cultivation in different treatments. n = 3. Different
small letters on top of the bars indicate significant differences (p<0.05)
Yoshizawaet al., (1981) reported the application rate of 120 kg N ha-1 found to be optimal for
pakchoy growth. Tshikalange&Averbeke(2006) added that pakchoy growth tended to peak when nitrogen
were at the rate of 200 kg N ha-1 but decline when the application rate exceeded 200 kg N ha-1. Therefore,
low nitrogen application rate is where the nitrogen is less than 120 kg .ha-1, medium or recommended rate
nitrogen at range of 120 kg-200 kg ha-1. Meanwhile high application rate is when nitrogen content exceed
200 kg. ha-1. In this studies, pakchoy treated at medium and high application rate of LFS produced similar
growth as plant fertilized with commercial fertilizer because its provide suitable nutrient requirement (Table
6). Rachman&Suwars (1990) reported that application of nitrogen increases leaf dimensions (length and
width of leaf) that are may leads to yield rise. Castelliet al., (1990) added that increasing the amount of
nitrogen increases the number of leaves, plant height, stem diameter and wet leaf weight. Meanwhile, Lizhilinet al., (1997) stated that plant height is increased significantly due to nitrogen application.
Plants treated with 7.5% LFS produced highest total yield; 1587 g with mean fresh weight
132.21±21.16 g. While the lowest yield obtained in controls; 129 g with mean fresh weight 10.73±1.34 g
(Table 7). No significant different (p>0.05) of mean weight between pakchoy treated with 5.0, 7.5 and
10.0% compared to pakchoy treated with commercial fertilizer. They are capable to produce between 10-12
times yields than the controls (Table 7). Treatment of 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% provide suitable nutrient
requirement for the growth of pakchoy. Blatt (1991) stated that the applications of same nitrogen rate of fish
silage produce a comparable yield to broccoli, cauliflower and cabbage cultivation to chemical fertilizer in
most seasons. Irshad&Javed (2006) added high yield were obtained for mung bean and okra cultivation
when using fish as fertilizer compared to Nitrogen-Phosphorous-Potassium (NPK) and urea fertilizer.
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Table 4 Mean height of pakchoy during 30 days cultivation in different treatments
Treatments
Plant height (cm)
Day 0
Day 5
Day 10
Day 15
Day 20
Commercial
8.71±0.32a
13.65±0.40abc
18.33±0.75a
21.92±1.02a
4.88±0.25a
(NPK)
Control (water)
5.54±0.82 a
9.45±0.85a
12.33±0.87b
14.16±0.63b
14.22±0.55b
a
a
bc
b
1.0% LFS
5.38±0.62
9.07±0.88
12.74±0.61
15.43±0.82
18.39±0.70c
2.5% LFS
5.62±0.06 a
9.94±0.12a
14.98±0.50a
18.79±0.73a
21.87±0.40a
5.0% LFS
5.17±0.54 a
9.32±0.42a
14.28±1.15ac
19.17±0.64a
23.67±0.56a
7.5% LFS
6.01±0.31 a
9.98±0.55a
14.40±0.60ac
19.33±1.13a
23.17±0.72a
a
a
abc
a
10.0% LFS
5.85±0.40
10.11±0.23
13.97±0.21
19.00±0.38
22.07±1.91a
Values are mean±stdev. n = 3. Different superscripts a,b,c in same column indicated significant difference (p<0.05).
Day 25
Day 30
24.17±0.94ad
25.75±1.60a
14.76±0.96b
19.92±0.69c
22.66±0.68d
26.31±0.78a
24.88±1.00ad
25.44±0.99a
14.78±0.90b
19.62±0.68c
22.13±0.82c
27.06±0.72a
27.05±0.91a
27.24±1.49a
Day 25
Day 30
11.92±0.38a
13.25±0.66a
7.42±0.38b
9.00±0.43cd
10.17±0.14d
10.33±0.58d
10.17±0.38d
10.33±0.29d
8.17±0.52b
9.75±0.66c
11.08±0.38cd
11.92±0.38ad
11.83±0.63ad
11.78±0.48ad
Table 5 Mean leaf number of pakchoy during 30 days cultivation in different treatments
Treatments
Leaf number
Day 0
Day 5
Day 10
Day 15
Day 20
Commercial
2.08±0.14a
3.58±0.52a
5.33±0.29a
7.33±0.52a
9.33±0.72a
(NPK)
Control (water)
2.00±0.00a
3.67±0.14a
4.92±0.14a
5.75±0.25b
6.50±0.43b
1.0% LFS
2.00±0.00a
3.75±0.00a
4.92±0.14a
6.33±0.29bc
7.58±0.14bc
2.5% LFS
2.08±0.14a
4.00±0.00a
5.42±0.29a
7.25±0.25ac
8.83±0.52ac
a
a
a
a
5.0% LFS
2.08±0.14
3.75±0.25
5.42±0.38
7.50±0.25
9.33±0.14a
7.5% LFS
2.08±0.14a
4.08±0.14a
5.58±0.14a
7.58±0.38a
8.92±0.63a
10.0% LFS
2.00±0.00a
3.89±0.19a
5.25±0.43a
7.33±0.38a
9.06±0.34a
Values are mean±stdev. n = 3. Different superscripts a,b,c in same column indicated significant difference (p<0.05).
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Table 6 Volume of concentrated LFS used during 30 days pakchoy cultivation and their N-P-K
contents that were sorted based on their nitrogen contents.
Total
Total
Total
Total
Amount
of
potassium
phosphorus
concentrated LFS nitrogen
nutrient
Treatments
applied/ plot applied/ plot
used per plot/12 applied/
applied/ha (kg)
(g)
(g)
plot (g)
plants (ml)
Control (water) Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
1.0% LFS
48
1.06
0.29
0.25
35 – 10 – 8
2.5% LFS
120
2.64
0.72
0.62
88 – 24 – 21
5.0% LFS
240
5.29
1.43
1.24
176 – 48 – 41
Commercial
6
6
6
200– 200 – 200
(NPK)
7.5% LFS
360
7.93
2.16
1.85
264 – 72 – 62
10.0% LFS
480
10.58
2.87
2.47
353 – 96 – 82
*Plot contain 3 replicates and each replicate contain 4 plants with planting area 250 cm2/plant or 3000
cm2/12 plants
**Total concentrated LFS is volume LFS used for 4 times fertilizer application (7 days interval) during 30
days cultivation
Table 7 Mean fresh weight and total fresh yield of harvested pakchoy after 30 days cultivation in
different treatments.
Treatments
Mean fresh weigh (g)
Total yield/plot (g)
a
Commercial (NPK)
112.67±3.02
1352
b
Control (water)
10.73±1.34
129
1.0% LFS
32.82±0.52b
394
c
784
2.5% LFS
65.33±5.51
a
1321
5.0% LFS
110.12±6.77
a
1587
7.5% LFS
132.21±21.16
10.0% LFS
112.58±7.18a
1351
Values are mean±stdev. n = 3. Different superscripts a,b,c indicated significant difference (p<0.05).
Effect of LFS on pigment content of pakchoy leaf
The highest chlorophyll a obtained in pakchoy treated with 10.0% LFS while lowest chlorophyll a
obtained in controls (Table 8). The highest values of chlorophyll b in plant were treated with controls,
meanwhile lowest value of chlorophyll b obtained in plant received 2.5% LFS (Table 8). The highest value
of total chlorophyll were recorded in plant received 10.0% LFS while, lowest value were obtained in
controls (Table 8). Dikshit&Paliwal, (1989) reported that application of high nitrogen directly increased the
chlorophyll content and leaf surface area. In this studies, high chlorophyll content were observed in plant
treated with high nitrogen treatment; 5.0, 7.5, 10.0% LFS and commercial. In the other hand, pakchoy in
controls, 1.0 and 2.5% LFS, plant produce lower chlorophyll content compared to others, but the values are
small and show no significant different between them (p>0.05).
4.3
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Table 8 Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll content in 100 mg fresh pakchoy 5th leaf in different
treatments
Treatments
Chla (mg)
Chlb (mg)
Total Chl (mg)
a
a
Commercial (NPK)
1.257±0.08
0.344±0.06
1.602
Control (water)
0.986±0.10a
0.466±0.16a
1.452
a
a
1.0% LFS
1.150±0.14
0.356±0.07
1.507
a
a
2.5% LFS
1.193±0.10
0.321±0.07
1.514
0.326±0.15a
1.600
5.0% LFS
1.274±0.16a
a
a
0.371±0.20
1.594
7.5% LFS
1.223±0.17
a
a
0.449±0.04
1.610
10.0% LFS
1.161±0.15
Values are mean±stdev. n = 3. Different superscripts a,b,c in same column indicated significant difference
(p<0.05)
Effect of LFS on post-harvest quality of pakchoy
Pak choytreated with7.5% LFS had the lowest value of both hardness and crispness at 0.48±0.01
forces kg-1 and 2.40±0.09 forces kg-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest value obtained in controls to give
amount of 1.44±0.20 forces kg-1 and 4.51±0.32 forces kg-1, respectively (Figure 3).The hardness and
crispness of pakchoy petiole that received 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% LFS were similar (p>0.05) compared to
petiole of pakchoy treated with commercial fertilizer (Figure 3). In the other hand, plant significantly
produced higher value of hardness and crispness (p<0.05) when treated in controls and 1.0% LFS compared
to others treatments
4.4
b
5.00
4.50
c
4.00
3.50
a
a
Force (kg)
3.00
a
a
a
2.50
2.00
b
1.50
1.00
c
a
a
a
a
5.0%
LFS
7.5%
LFS
0.50
a
0.00
NPK
Control
1.0%
LFS
2.5%
LFS
Treatment
Crispness
10.0%
LFS
Hardness
Figure 3 Hardness and crispness of 5ft petiole harvested pakchoy after 30 days cultivation in different
treatments. n = 3. Different small letters on top of the bars indicate significant differences between
parameter (p<0.05)
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For value of a* showed an increasing of greenness plant treated with commercial fertilizer (15.64±1.53) while plant treated with 1.0% LFS showed the lowest value of greenness (-13.71±0.65) (Table
9). For value of b*, plant received 1.0% LFS showed the most less of yellowness (15.89±1.03) compared to
plant treated with commercial fertilizer (18.64±2.37) (Table 9).Green color of leaf depends on concentration
chlorophyll present in leaf while the concentration of chlorophyll are affected by amount of nutrient
supplied to the plants especially nitrogen (Taiz&Zeiger, 2012). However, Table 8 showed no significant
different of pigments and thus a similar result were shown in colour of pakchoy(Table 9).
An observation found that plants treated with high nitrogen rate (NPK, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%) produced
darker leaf (low L* value) and more green color (low – a* value) compared to plant received lower nitrogen
rate (controls, 1.0 and 2.5%) (Table 9). Lincoln & Eduardo (2012) stated that deficiency of nitrogen leads to
loss green color in the leaves, decrease leaf area and intensity of photosynthesis.Comparison among all
treatments to commercial fertilizer on growth, yield, pigment and post-harvest quality of pakchoy were
showed in Table 10. Based on the results, it shows that treatment that received 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% LFS
produce similar growth, yield, pigment content and post-harvest quality compared to plant treated with
commercial fertilizer using recommended nutrient per hectare.
Table 9 Value of L*, a and b* in 5th harvested pakchoy leaf after 30 days cultivation in different
treatments
Treatments
L*
a*
b*
a
a
Commercial (NPK) 37.84±1.92
-15.64±1.53
18.24±2.77a
a
a
Control (water)
39.28±0.38
-13.89±0.85
15.93±1.43a
1.0% LFS
39.03±1.65a
-13.71±0.45a
15.89±1.03a
2.5% LFS
39.82±0.48a
-13.79±1.23a
16.87±1.40a
5.0% LFS
38.92±2.46a
-15.51±1.42a
18.64±2.37a
a
a
7.5% LFS
37.23±2.73
-14.47±2.33
17.80±3.60a
10.0% LFS
37.47±0.92a
-14.51±0.72a
17.30±1.54a
Values are mean±stdev. n = 3. Different superscripts a,b,c in same column indicated significant difference
(p<0.05)
Table 10 Comparison between all treatments used in this study with treatment fertilized with
commercial fertilizer on growth, yield, pigment and post-harvest quality of pakchoy
Plant growth
Yield
Post-harvest quality
Pigment
Treatments
Plant
Leaf
Leaf
Fresh
Leaf
Chl
Hardness
Crispness
Chla
Height
number
area
weight
color
b
Control
*
*
*
*
*
*
n.s
n.s
n.s
(water)
1.0% LFS
*
*
*
*
*
*
n.s
n.s
n.s
2.5% LFS
*
*
n.s
*
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
5.0% LFS
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
7.5% LFS
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
10.0% LFS
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
n.s
= no significant differences (p>0.05) with plant fertilized with commercial fertilizer
*
= significant differences (p<0.05) with plant fertilized with commercial fertilizer
172
European International Journal of Science and Technology
Vol. 4 No. 5
June, 2015
CONCLUSION
LFS has a great potential to be used as organic fertilizer for crops production. LFS at 5.0-10.0%
concentration is very effective for growing pakchoy as it would produce same yields and quality when treat
with commercial fertilizer.
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