Take Test: Quiz 1 – 2017W1-CNPS433-63B-The Personal and ...
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Take Test: Quiz 1
Take Test: Quiz 1
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QUESTION 1
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What happens to our personality as we go through adulthood?
a. It remains stable.
b. It changes in a highly consistent, age-related manner.
c. It depends on both the personality trait and the individual.
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QUESTION 2
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Ruthann is described by her friends as seeing things clearly and freshly, accepting of
herself as she is, deeply sympathetic, compassionate toward others, creative, and with a
strong sense of her need for privacy. How might Maslow have labeled Ruthann?
self-actualized
self-assured
self-absorbed
self-confident
QUESTION 3
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Some scholars espouse a stage model of adjustment to disability that is similar to the
stages of grief model proposed by Kubler-Ross. In what way is a stage model of
adjustment to disability different than Kubler-Ross’ stages of grief model?
a. People progress through the stages in a linear fashion
b. Anger is not a stage experienced in adjustment to disability
c. Adjustment to disability requires adjustment not just to physical loss, but also
adjustment to stigma and discrimination
d. Both a and c
QUESTION 4
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Although Alex’s biological mother used crack cocaine during her pregnancy, Alex was
adopted at birth into a loving home with parents who did the best that they could to give
her every opportunity possible. She ended up graduating from high school and is now
beginning a culinary program at a local community college. Alex’s scenario best
exemplifies:
normative history-graded influences
the multidisciplinary nature of development
plasticity
contextualism
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Biologically influenced changes in adulthood occur _______.
at varied ages but in a similar sequence
at varied ages and in varied sequences
at the same age and in the same sequence
at the same age in all adults
QUESTION 6
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In explaining adult development, psychologists must ______.
explain both changes with age and continuities
deal most centrally with individual differences in responses to life problems
focus primarily on explaining continuities with age
focus primarily on explaining changes with age
QUESTION 7
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Three groups of males take a timed reaction test. All the males in Group 1 are aged 20.
The males in Group 2 are all aged 40. The males in the last group (Group 3) are all aged
60. The statistic reported to describe the differences in reaction times between groups is
each group’s mean score. However, this mean score does NOT identify _______.
which group has the fastest reaction times
a trend for reaction times based on age
any individual’s reaction time
the group that would include the best candidates for a job requiring excellent
reaction times
QUESTION 8
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In Maslow’s theory of motives, which group of motives are said to be uniquely human?
physiological motives
being motives
homeostatic motives
deficiency motives
QUESTION 9
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Experiences linked to age and occurring with most adults are called _______.
cohorts
normative age-graded influences
age periods
tribalizations
QUESTION 10
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The stage of life characterized by a mix of adult and adolescent behaviours is known as:
Pre-adulthood
Post-adolescence
Adultescence
Emerging adulthood
QUESTION 11
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a potential shared, “age-graded” change in
adulthood?
a higher average number of years of education among current 25-year-olds than
among current 65-year-olds
an increase in the frequency of contact with siblings between middle age and old
age
a greater susceptibility to disease among current 65-year-olds than among current
30-year-olds
a loss of fitness (e.g., aerobic capacity) beginning in the 30s and 40s and continuing
into old age
QUESTION 12
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Culture is encapsulated in values, beliefs, and perceptions, and sets the boundaries of
acceptable _______________.
behavioural norms
QUESTION 13
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Sue and Sue (1990) point out that counsellors’ failure to take into account the worldview
of clients who are not members of mainstream Western culture results in:
Difficulty establishing client-counsellor relationships
Lower rates of participation in counselling by people from minority groups
Over half of minority clients dropping out after their first session
Poorer counselling outcomes after 3 sessions
QUESTION 14
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Early gender roles in partnerships, before children are born, are more ______ than they will
be when the partners are parenting.
traditional
male-oriented
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QUESTION 15
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Costa and McCrae’s findings confirm the assumption that older adults are _______.
socially withdrawn
rigid in their attitudes
self-centered
None of the above descriptors are consistent with their findings.
QUESTION 16
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The criteria for adulthood most frequently cited by American young people are:
Accepting responsibility for oneself, making decisions independently, financial
independence
Being eligible to vote, finishing education, financial self-sufficiency
Moving out of parents’ home, being financially independent, being over the age of 21
Finding a life partner, establishing a career, making one’s own decisions
QUESTION 17
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Soldz and Vaillant found that the higher a participant scored on ________, the more
money he made.
extraversion
openness
neuroticism
agreeableness
QUESTION 18
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The school of thought that explains gender roles as dispositional traits we are
predisposed to perform is known as _______.
evolutionary psychology
none of the above
learning schema theory
social role theory
QUESTION 19
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Analyses of marriage and cohabitation rates in the United States over the past several
decades suggest that among young people in their early 20s, ________.
marriage rates have risen, and cohabitation rates have declined
marriage rates have declined, and cohabitation rates have risen
marriage rates have remained about the same, and cohabitation rates have risen
marriage rates and cohabitation rates have both risen
QUESTION 20
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Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development states that personality development takes
place in ______________ that represents a conflict the individual must try to resolve.
distinct stages until adolescence
spurts that correspond to physical growth periods
regular cyclical periods of approximately 7 years throughout life
distinct stages over the life span
QUESTION 21
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There is a significant positive correlation between IQ scores and academic performance
(grades). Given this statistic, we can reasonably conclude that _______.
a. low IQ scores and low grades are related
b. high IQ scores are a predictor of good grades
c. high IQ scores are NOT the established cause of high grades
d. All of the above are reasonable conclusions.
QUESTION 22
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According to the theory about the impact of the social clock of adult life events, which of
the following individual patterns is associated with the most upheaval or disruption or
personal difficulty—at least for current cohorts?
having your parents both die when you are in your 20s
having a first child at age 30
receiving your last work promotion at age 40
retiring at age 65
QUESTION 23
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Research on gender roles around the world shows that _______.
gender roles are particularly evident in non-industrialized cultures
gender roles are particularly evident in industrialized cultures
only about half the cultures in the world have clear gender roles
every culture has some form of gender roles
QUESTION 24
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Costa and McCrae have demonstrated the validity of their 5-factor personality structure
across _______.
age
gender
cultural background
all of the above
QUESTION 25
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Which of the following scenarios best represents a cross-sectional research design?
A study examines individual political views across a life span. The researcher’s
hypothesis is that as individuals age, they become more conservative. The
researcher randomly selects a sample from various age cohorts, to examine their
political views on capital punishment, immigration, and federal spending.
A study examines the relationship of individual political views and the amount of
education they have completed. The researcher’s hypothesis is that there is a
positive relationship between education and liberal political views.
A study examines individual political views across a life span. The researcher’s
hypothesis is that as individual’s age, they become more conservative. The
researcher randomly selects a sample from selected high school population and
follows them for 50 years.
A study examines how individual political views change between 1981–1991 and
2001–2011.
QUESTION 26
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A woman’s youngest child starts first grade and she begins working part time. This is an
example of a change in a(an) _______.
age stratum
gender role
biological role
social role
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Which of the following best describes our current knowledge about the impact of
childlessness on adult life patterns?
Childless men and women are both more committed to their work than are men and
women with children and are also less likely to care for an aging parent.
Childless adults appear to be as happy as those with extended families.
Childlessness has little effect in early adulthood, but in old age childless adults are
significantly less happy.
Childless women are consistently less happy with their lives than are women with
children, but there are no differences for men.
QUESTION 28
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Which statement is not an element of Erikson’s Stage 7, his view of generativity?
excelling as a professional
bearing and rearing of children
serving as a mentor for younger colleagues
doing charitable work in society
QUESTION 29
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In a study by McAdams and his colleagues, men who were not fathers scored
significantly lower on ___________ than those who were fathers.
integrity
agreeableness
conscientiousness
generativity
QUESTION 30
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If a researcher begins a study of a group of 20-year-olds and then a few years later
continues the study on the same group, this would be an example of what type of
research design?
cross-sectional
time-sequential
cohort-sequential
longitudinal
QUESTION 31
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In traditional non-Western cultures, _______________ is explicitly designated as the event
that marks the transition from “boy to man and from girl to woman”.
Onset of puberty
Initiation ceremony
Reaching age of majority
Marriage
QUESTION 32
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A tendency to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions are _____;
short-lived patterns are known as _____; and _____ are groups of traits that occur
together.
factors; traits; states
traits; states; factors
factors; states; traits
states; traits; factores
QUESTION 33
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The term psychologists use to describe the typical collection of female stereotyped
qualities is _______.
agentic
emotional
instrumental
communal
QUESTION 34
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A researcher selects a sample of 65-year-olds and interviews and tests them every 2
years for 14 years. Over these years, some of the subjects die or drop out of the study
due to poor health. This phenomenon is referred to as _______.
terminal drop
longitudinal loss
selective attrition
selective bias
QUESTION 35
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Suppose a researcher, using a cross-sectional design, finds that the incidence of
depression is highest among young adults and lowest among the elderly. Which of the
following is a possible valid interpretation of this result?
It reflects a basic, shared biological change with age.
It reflects a shared, “age-graded” change resulting from common adult tasks and
family life cycles.
It reflects cohort differences; current young adults experience more stress than the
previous generation did.
any of the above
QUESTION 36
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Tyrone has a low self-esteem. When his friends asked him to do something together or go
someplace, he responds by saying that they are probably only asking to be polite or
because they feel bad for him. These comments make his friends uncomfortable and
eventually, they stop making an effort to get together. Tyrone is now sure that he is not a
person anyone would want to have as a friend. Which type of transaction does this
illustrate?
manipulative transaction
evocative transaction
proactive transaction
transformative transaction
QUESTION 37
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Smart (2011) points out that, although it is common, both in scholarly work and in
everyday conversation, to speak of “adjusting” or “adapting” to disability, these terms are
problematic because they pathologize disability, and suggest a one-time event or a linear
progression. She recommends, instead, that it is more useful to speak in terms of
__________ to disability.
response
QUESTION 38
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Research in the U.S. indicates that among couples where both husband and wife work
full time, the family role stage during which there is the LARGEST gap in the hours
devoted to housework by husbands and wives is _______.
when children are young
when children are teenagers
in the newlywed period
in the post-parental period
QUESTION 39
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Of all his six siblings, Bernard lived the longest. All his sisters and brothers died of
various illness at much younger ages than Bernard, who died at the age of 92.
Bernard was most likely high in the personality trait of:
agreeableness
conscientiousness
extraversion
openness
QUESTION 40
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Seventy-six-year-old Elizabeth, a white woman in the U.S., has been recently
widowed. She is thinking about her choices of living arrangements. What is her first
choice most likely to be?
to live with her son
to live alone
to live with her daughter
to move to a nursing home
QUESTION 41
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Which of the following pieces of data would be a good argument in favour of the
proposition that age-linked personality changes in adulthood are really the result of
role changes correlated with age?
Working women of whatever age are more independent and assertive than are
homemakers.
The decreases in autonomy and independence between midlife and old age is
accompanied by a loss of roles.
The majority of women studied have reported a major life transition at roughly
age 30.
There is strong consistency over time in traits such as extraversion.
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QUESTION 42
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Young adults in China engage in lower rates of _______________ than their
American counterparts.
risky behaviours
QUESTION 43
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Which of the following conclusions is the most accurate statement of current
data on gender roles at midlife?
There is reasonably strong evidence that men become more feminine, but
no clear evidence that women become more masculine after midlife.
Expansion of gender roles has been found only among European–
Americans.
There is evidence for an expansion of gender role boundaries at midlife.
There is clear evidence that women become more masculine, but little
indication that men become more feminine after midlife.
QUESTION 44
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Which new adult role is accompanied by a decrease in marital happiness and
satisfaction?
marriage
engagement
becoming parents
empty nest
QUESTION 45
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In the findings from meta-analyses on personality change, which of the
following personality dimensions showed change with age?
introversion/extraversion
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QUESTION 46
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Dion and Lucetta have just had their first child. According to Gutmann’s
principle of the parental imperative, what effect (if any) will this new arrival
have on Dion’s behavior?
He will spend more time focused on his work than he did before the
child’s birth.
He will spend more time interacting with his own parents.
He will spend more time at home than he did before the child’s birth.
It will have no effect.
QUESTION 47
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Which of the following groups would be described as a “cohort”?
all adults who exercise regularly
all unemployed adults
all adults born between 1970 and 1975
all adults presently with middle-class jobs
QUESTION 48
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Which of the following groups showed poorer health outcomes such as,
higher heart rates, blood pressure, and changes in immune function?
couples who used sarcasm and joking during heated discussions
couples who did not show emotion during discussions
couples in which the man spoke more than the woman during
discussions
couples who were high in conflict and hostility during discussion
QUESTION 49
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An adult is preoccupied with a need to “make his mark” on the world.
Which of Erikson’s dilemmas (stages) is this adult grappling with?
intimacy versus isolation
ego integrity versus despair
identity versus role confusion
generativity versus stagnation
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QUESTION 50
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Gender stereotypes refer to sets of shared beliefs about how men and
women should behave. This can be harmful when ________.
the origins of the roles are studied
they are used to judge men and women
males are considered equal to females
U.S. males and females are similar to other cultures
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