Petrucci • Harwood • Herring • Madura
GENERAL
CHEMISTRY
Ninth
Edition
Principles and Modern Applications
Chapter 1: Matter—Its Properties and
Measurement
Philip Dutton
University of Windsor, Canada
Prentice-Hall © 2007
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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Contents
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
1-7
The Scientific Method
Properties of Matter
Classification of Matter
Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) System
Density and Percent Composition:
Their Use in Problem Solving
Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
Significant Figures
 Focus On The Scientific
Method at Work: Polywater
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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1-1 The Scientific Method
• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
– Developer of Germ Theory
– Pasteurization
– Rabies Vaccination
• Called the greatest physician
of all time by some.
• He was a chemist by training
and profession.
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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Figure 1-1 The Scientific Method Illustrated
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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1-2 Properties of Matter
Matter:
Occupies space, has mass and inertia
Composition: Parts or components
ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O
Properties:
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Distinguishing features
physical and chemical properties
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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1-2 Classification of Matter
•
•
•
•
•
Matter is made of atoms.
114 elements.
About 90% available from natural sources
Compounds are comprised of two or more elements.
Molecules are the smallest units of compounds.
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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Separating Mixtures
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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Separating Mixtures
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General
Chemistry:Chapter
Chapter
General Chemistry:
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Decomposing Compounds
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General
Chemistry:Chapter
Chapter
General Chemistry:
1 1
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States of Matter
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General
Chemistry:Chapter
Chapter
General Chemistry:
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1-4 The Measurement of Matter
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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General
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Chapter
General Chemistry:
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Mass
• Mass is the quantity
of matter in an object.
• Weight is the force of
gravity on an object
Wm
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W=gm
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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Temperature
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General
Chemistry:Chapter
Chapter
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Volume
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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SI and non-SI Units Compared
1 Imperial qt
1.136 L
1 US qt
0.936 L
1 kg
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1 lb
1 in
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
1L
1 cm
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Units
S.I. Units
Other Common Units
Length
meter, m
Length
Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Mass
Kilogram, kg
Volume
Liter, L, 10-3 m3
Time
second, s
Energy
Calorie, cal, 4.184 J
Temperature Kelvin, K
Quantity
Pressure
Mole, 6.0221023 mol-1
1 Atm = 1.064  102 kPa
1 Atm = 760 mm Hg
Derived Quantities
Force
Newton, kg m s-2
Pressure
Pascal, kg m-1 s-2
Energy
Joule, kg m2 s-2
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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1-5 Density and Percent Composition
= m/V
m=V
V=m/
g/mL
Mass and volume are extensive properties
Density is an intensive property
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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Density in Conversion Pathways
What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25
inches on each side?
Have volume, need density
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= 22.48g/cm3
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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EXAMPLE 1-2
Relating Mass, Volume and Density
The stainless steel in the solid cylindrical rod pictured below has
a density of 7.75 g/cm3. If we want a 1.00 kg mass of this rod,
how long a section must we cut off?
Calculate the Volume needed
Calculate the Length
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1
m
= m
V=
d
d
V = h r2 h = V2
r
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
Prentice-Hall © 2007
EXAMPLE 1-2
Calculate the Volume needed
V=
m
d
= m
1
d
1 cm3
V = = (1.00kg)(1000g/kg)  7.75 g = 129 cm3
Calculate the Length
V = h r2
h=
V
r2
3
V
129
cm
h=
=
= 25.5 cm
2
2
(3.1415){(0.5)(1.000 in)(2.54 cm/in)}
r
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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Measuring Volume of an Irregular Object
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1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
• Systematic errors.
– Thermometer constantly 2°C too low.
• Random errors
– Limitation in reading a scale.
• Precision
– Reproducibility of a measurement.
• Accuracy
– How close to the real value.
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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Precision
Reproducibility  0.1 g
Precision
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 0.0001 g
low
high
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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1-7 Significant Figures
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Significant Figures
The calculators show the effect of the change in a low precision
number in a calculation
14.79  12.11  5.05
5.04
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5.05
General Chemistry: Chapter 1
5.06
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End of Chapter Questions
Instructors may provide lists of questions that
reinforce topics they feel are particularly pertinent in
the chapter. If no list is given students should attempt
questions from each section of the chapter.
Build from the easier questions where the topic is
identified, to the more difficult integrative examples
where the approach to the question must be identified.
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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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