ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
ACCA F9 Workbook
Lecture 1
Financial Strategy
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Shareholder Wealth - Illustration 1
Year
Share Price
Dividend Paid
2007
3.30
40c
2008
3.56
42c
2009
3.47
44c
2010
3.75
46c
2011
3.99
48c
There are 2 million shares in issue.
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Calculate the increase in shareholder wealth for each year:
II. Per share
III. As a percentage
IV. For the business as a whole
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Solution
Year
Share
Price
Share Price
Growth
2007
3.30
2008
3.56
(3.56 - 3.30) = 26c
2009
3.47
2010
2011
Div
Paid
Increase
in
S’holder
Wealth
As a
Percentage
Total
Shareholder
Return
42c
(26 + 42) =
68c
(68 / 330) =
20.6%
2m x 68c =
$1.36m
(3.47 - 3.56) = -9c
44c
(-9 + 44) =
35c
(35 / 356) =
9.8%
2m x 35c =
$0.70m
3.75
(3.75 - 3.47) = 28c
46c
(28 + 46) =
74c
(74 / 347) =
21.3%
2m x 74c =
$1.48m
3.99
(3.99 - 3.75) = 24c
48c
(24 + 48) =
72c
(72 / 375) =
19.2%
2m x 72c =
$1.44m
40c
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EPS - Illustration 2
2010
$‘000
2011
$‘000
PBIT
2000
2100
Interest
200
300
Tax
300
400
Profit After Tax
1500
1400
Preference Dividend
300
400
Dividend
800
900
Retained Earnings
400
100
Share Capital (50c)
5000
5000
Reserves
3000
3100
Share Price
$2.50
$2.80
Calculate the EPS for 2010 and 2011.
Solution
2010
2011
Profit After Tax
1500
1400
Preference Dividend
300
400
Earnings
1200
1000
10,000
10,000
12c
10c
No. Ordinary Shares (5000 / 0.50)
EPS (Earnings / No. Ordinary Shares)
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Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The 3 main areas of the business that Finance Managers plan are:
A. Investments, Financing & Profitability.
B. Dividend Policy, Financing & Investments.
C. Return on Capital, Investments, Profitability.
D. Earnings per share, Profitability, Maximising shareholder wealth.
Answer B
2. Examples of 3 external stakeholders are:
A. Shareholders, Customers & Managers.
B. Banks, Customers & Employees.
C. Suppliers, Government & Customers.
D. Unions, Suppliers & Investors.
Answer C
3. The Agency Relationship exists between:
A. Shareholders and Managers.
B. Auditors and Managers.
C. Shareholders and Stakeholders.
D. Stakeholders and Managers.
Answer A
4. The Agency problem exists because...
A. Managers may be interested in maximising their own earnings.
B. Shareholders have to rely on management to safeguard the assets of the business.
C. Managers may be interested in short term gains over long term stability.
D. All of the above.
Answer D
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5. In order to maximise the wealth of shareholders, Finance Managers need to increase
shareholder wealth. Shareholder wealth increases are made up of:
A. Profit for the year + Dividends Paid.
B. Earnings per share + Dividends Per Share.
C. Share Price + Dividends Paid.
D. Share Price movement + Dividends Paid.
Answer D
6. ABC Co. Paid out a dividend of 35c last year and 42c this year per share. Their share
price has increased from $4.33 to $5.24 in that time. What is the percentage shareholder
return in the current year.
A. 20.00%
B. 21.10%
C. 30.72%
D. 24.39%
Answer C
Increase in Share Price (4.33 to 5.24) = 91c
Dividend Paid this year
=!42c
Return Per Share! !
!
=!133c
As a % of previous year Share Price (133/433) = 30.72%
7. The following information relates to ABC Co.
Year
Share Price
Dividend Paid
1
$4.50
82c
2
$4.71
84c
3
$3.85
86c
Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Between Year 1 and Year 2 shareholder wealth decreased.
B. Between Year 2 and Year 3 shareholder wealth decreased.
C. There was no increase in shareholder wealth between Year 2 and Year 3.
D. None of the above.
Answer C
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8. In order for dividends to be paid a company must have made profits in the current year.
Is this statement TRUE or FALSE?
Answer FALSE
9. Miller and Modigliani stated in their theory that dividends were ..........................
Answer Irrelevant
10. If a company does not pay dividends then the result will be
A. More tax will be paid.
B. Less profit will be made.
C. More cash is available for investments.
D. More debt will be required.
Answer C
11. The ‘signaling effect’ refers to
A. A signal sent by managers to the auditors to inform them of the dividend.
B. A signal sent by Auditors to inform shareholders of the dividend.
C. The signal sent to the market by a company announcing their dividend for the year.
D. A warning announcement that a firm will make less profit than expected.
Answer C
12. The ‘Bird in the hand’ argument refers to the fact that
A. Investors prefer a dividend now rather than later as there is a risk that the company
could not pay a dividend at all.
B. Managers prefer not to pay a dividend as they can re-invest the cash saved into new
investments.
C. The government want the company to pay their tax on time.
D. The company has an ethical policy to look after any injured birds they might find.
Answer A
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13. Which of the following best explains the ‘Clientele Effect’?
A. The clients of the company want as cheap prices as possible.
B. The company should choose a dividend policy and stick to it to attract investors who
want that type of policy.
C. The company should have a vote every year to ask investors what their dividend policy
should be for the year.
D. The company should not pay a dividend.
Answer B
14. A company can reward investors through script dividends without paying out any cash.
Is the above statement TRUE or FALSE
Answer TRUE
15. A ‘script dividend’ is where a company:
A. Pays no dividend at all.
B. Pays a dividend every other year.
C. Pays a larger than average dividend.
D. Pays a dividend in shares rather than cash.
Answer D
16. A ‘share buy back scheme’ refers to a situation where a company buys back it’s own
shares from shareholders and then cancels those shares.
Is the above statement TRUE or FALSE?
Answer TRUE
17. A company may decide on a ‘Share-buy-back Scheme’ because
A. It doesn’t have enough cash to pay a dividend.
B. It has large cash reserves and wants to reward shareholders.
C. The government tells it that it has too many shares.
D. It wants to receive cash to pay off some of it’s debt.
Answer B
18. A company may decide not to pay a dividend for which of the following reasons
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A. It has retained losses rather than profits.
B. It has several new investments it would like to make.
C. It has low cash reserves.
D. All of the above.
Answer D
19. Investors would like to see a company pay a steadily rising dividend growing at a rate
in excess of inflation.
Is the above statement TRUE or FALSE?
Answer TRUE
20. Which of the following is an assumption of Miller and Modigliani’s dividend irrelevancy
theory?
A. A company pays a steadily rising dividend that grows every year.
B. Dividends and capital gains are taxed at the same rate.
C. Investors are irrational.
D. All share dealing transactions incur heavy costs.
Answer B
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Short Form Questions
1. What are the 3 things that financial managers need to plan?
Investments
Financing
Dividend Policy
2. What is Corporate Strategy?
Corporate strategy is the overall direction that a firm decides to take and covers
such areas as expansion into new markets, penetration of existing markets or
diversification into different business areas.
3. Describe the Agency Problem.
The managers of a firm act as the agents of the shareholders as they are the owners
of the company.
The managers are interested in maximising their short term interests through pay
and benefits, whereas the shareholders are interested in the long term stability and
success of their investment.
As such, the goals of management are not the same as those of the shareholders,
creating the agency problem.
4. What are the 3 main financial objectives of the financial manager?
Maximisation of shareholder wealth.
Maximisation of profit.
EPS growth.
5. How do you calculate the increase in shareholder wealth?
Share price growth + dividends paid (Learn this now if you didn’t know!).
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6. How do you calculate EPS?
(Profit after tax - Preference dividends) / Number of ordinary shares.
7. Outline 2 potential dividend payment strategies.
Any 2 of:
Pay a constant dividend.
Pay a constant proportion of earnings.
Pay an inflation linked dividend.
Pay whatever is left after making planned investments.
8. Why did Miller & Modigliani say that dividends were irrelevant?
M & M stated that whether the firm paid a dividend or chose to reinvest the money
into the business the shareholders would get the same return.
This is because if a dividend is paid the shareholders get their return in the form of
revenue. If the money is reinvested in the business this should lead to more profit
and thus an increased share price which increases shareholder wealth by the same
amount.
9. Outline the Clientele Effect.
A firm should choose a consistent dividend policy so that potential investors can
choose their investment based on their preference for a return in the form of
revenue or share price growth.
10. What is a script dividend?
A dividend paid in the form of more shares rather than cash.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
December 2010 Q4 Part (d)
June 2010 Q4 Part (c)
Now do it!
!
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Lecture 2
Performance
Measurement
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Performance Analysis Illustration
X1
X2
X3
Non Current Assets
500
700
1000
Current Assets
150
200
300
650
900
1300
Ordinary Shares ($1)
300
300
300
Reserves
100
280
430
Loan Notes
150
200
300
Payables
100
120
270
650
900
1300
Revenue
3000
3500
4200
COS
2000
2400
3200
Gross Profit
1000
1100
1000
Admin Costs
300
350
400
Distribution Costs
200
250
300
PBIT
500
500
300
Interest
100
150
220
Tax
120
90
50
Profit After Tax
280
260
30
Dividends
100
110
30
Retained Earnings
180
150
0
$3.30
$4.00
$2.20
Share Price
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Using the information on the previous page calculate and comment on the following
Ratios:
I. Return on Capital Employed
II. Return on Equity
III. Gross Margin
IV. Net Margin
V. Operating Margin
VI. Revenue Growth
VII. Gearing
VIII. Interest Cover
IX. Dividend Cover
X. Dividend Yield
XI. P/E Ratio
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Solution
ROCE
Equity + LT
Liabilities
Non Current Assets
+ Net Current
Assets
Total Assets Current Liabilities
X1
X2
X3
Shares
300
300
300
Reserves
100
280
430
LT Loan Notes
150
200
300
Capital Employed
550
780
1030
Non Current Assets
500
700
1000
Net Current Assets
(Current Assets Current Liabilities)
(150 - 100) = 50
(200 - 120) = 80
(300 - 270) = 30
Capital Employed
550
780
1030
Total Assets
650
900
1300
Current Liabilities
100
120
270
Capital Employed
550
780
1030
500
500
300
(500 / 550) =
90.91%
(500 / 780) =
64.10%
(300 / 1030) =
29.13%
PBIT
Return on Capital
Employed
PBIT / Capital
Employed
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Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)
X1
X2
X3
90.91%
64.10%
29.13%
In the first year the ROCE was 90.91%. At first glance this would appear to be a good return, however
without industry averages or prior period information we are unable to tell if this is the case.
In year X2 the ROCE is 64.10%. This is a fall of 29.5% from the previous year indicating that the business
in not able to make the same return on it’s assets that it has previously been able to do.
In the year X3 the ROCE is 29.13%. This is a fall of 54.55% indicating that there may be some serious
underlying problems which are affecting the ability of the business to generate the return on capital
previously generated.
ROE
X1
X2
X3
Profit After Tax
280
260
300
Ordinary Shares
300
300
300
Reserves
100
280
430
Total
400
580
730
(280 / 400) =
70%
(260 / 580) =
44.8%
(300 / 730) =
41%
Return on Equity (PAT / Ord Shares +
Reserves)
In the first year the ROE was 70%. At first glance this would appear to be a good return, however without
industry averages or prior period information we are unable to tell if this is the case.
In year X2 the ROE is 44.8%. This is a fall of 36% from the previous year indicating that the business in
not able to make the same return on the shareholders funds that it has previously been able to do.
In the year X3 the ROE is 41%. This is a fall of 8.4% indicating that the business may be having difficulty
generating the returns it was able to do previously.
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Margins
X1
X2
X3
Revenue
3000
3500
4200
Gross Profit
1000
1100
1000
PAT
280
260
30
PBIT
500
500
300
Gross Margin (Gross Profit / Revenue)
(1000 / 3000) =
33.33%
(1100 / 3500) =
31.42%
(1000 / 4200) =
23.89%
Net Margin (PAT / Revenue)
(280 / 3000) =
9.3%
(260 / 3500) =
7.4%
(30 / 4200) =
0.7%
Operating Margin (PBIT / Revenue)
(500 / 3000) =
16.66%
(500 / 3500) =
14.28%
(300 / 4200) =
7.1%
The Gross Margin is 33.33% in X1 and holds reasonably steady in X2 at 31.42%. However in X3 the
Gross Margin falls to 23.89% indicating that the business has either had to cut prices to sell the greater
volume it has, or the cost of it’s purchases have gone up.
The Net Margin is 9.3% in X1 but begins to fall in X2 with 7.4% achieved, before falling dramatically to
0.7% in X3. The main reason for this is the fall in Gross Profit as other costs have risen in line with
expectations given the increase in sales. However another point to note is that interest costs have risen
with the increase in long term loans. The extra interest costs have put pressure on the business.
The Operating Margin dropped slightly in X2 to 14.28% from 16.66% the previous year - a fall of almost
15%. In X3 the Operating Margin fell away to 7.1%, a decrease of over 50%. This is due to the decreasing
Gross Margin achieved as well as rises in the other expenses.
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Gearing
X1
X2
X3
150
200
300
Number of
Shares
300
300
300
Share Price
3.30
4
2.20
Market Value
(300 x 3.30) =
990
(300 x 4) =
1200
(300 x 2.20) =
660
(150 / 990) =
15%
(200 / 1200) =
16.66%
(300 / 660) =
45.45%
Debt
Equity
Gearing (Debt / Equity)
Gearing levels in year X1 are 15%. Without industry averages or prior year data we are unable to assess
this level although at first glance it does not seem excessive.
In year X2 gearing increases slightly to 16.66%, an increase of 11% from year X1. This is due to debt
levels increasing to 200 from 150, although this is offset by the increase in the share price from $3.30 to
$4.
In year X3 gearing increases dramatically to 45%, an increase of over 180%. This is due to debt levels
rising to 300 from 200 and the share price dropping to $2.20 due to the deteriorating results of the
business.
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Interest Cover
X1
X2
X3
PBIT
500
500
300
Interest
100
150
220
(500 / 100) = 5
times
(500 / 150) = 3.33
times
(300 / 220) = 1.36
times
Interest Cover (PBIT / Interest)
Interest coverage in year X1 is 5 times. Without industry averages or prior year data we are unable to
assess this level although at first glance it does not seem unreasonable.
In year X2 interest coverage falls to 3.33 times. This has occurred due to the interest charge increasing in
the period while PBIT has remained constant.
In year X3 interest coverage has decreased again to 1.36 times. This is caused by the PBIT achieved
decreasing to 300 combined with the increase in the interest charge to 220. The increase in interest is
caused by the increase in the long term debt of the company as shown by the gearing ratios calculated
above.
Dividend Cover
X1
X2
X3
PAT
280
260
30
Dividends
100
110
30
(280 / 100) = 2.8
times
(260 / 110) = 2.36
times
(30 / 30) = 1 time
Dividend Cover (PAT / Dividends)
Dividend coverage in year X1 is 2.8 times. Without industry averages or prior year data we are unable to
assess this level although at first glance it does not seem unreasonable.
In year X2 dividend coverage falls to 2.36 times. This would not concern investors as although coverage
has gone down slightly, the dividend paid this year is greater than last.
In year X3 dividend coverage has decreased to 1 time. This is caused by the decrease in profit achieved
by the company restricting the level of dividend payable. This will be of concern to investors and their
concern is reflected in the fall in the share price from $4 in year X2 to $2.20 in year X3.
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Dividend Yield
X1
X2
X3
Number of Shares (300 / 1)
300
300
300
Dividends
100
110
30
Dividends Per Share
(100 / 300) = 33c
(110 / 300) = 36c
(30 / 300) = 10c
Dividend Yield (Dividends Per Share /
Share Price)
(33 / 330) = 10%
(36 / 400) = 9%
(10 / 220) = 4.5%
The Dividend Yield is 10% in year X1. Whilst we do not have comparatives, this seems a reasonable
return.
In year X2 the Dividend Yield falls to 9%. This will not be overly concerning to investors as the increase in
share price over the year will have more than made up for the slightly lower yield.
In year X3 the Dividend Yield has fallen to 4.5% which is 50% lower than the previous year. This,
combined with the fall in share price and reduced profitability will be a major concern to investors.
P/E Ratio
X1
X2
X3
$3.30
$4
$2.20
Profit After Tax
280
260
30
No. Ordinary Shares
300
300
300
EPS
(280 / 300) = 93c
(260 / 300) = 86c
(30 / 300) = 10c
P/E Ratio (Share Price / EPS)
(330 / 93) = 3.54
(400 / 86) = 4.65
(220 / 10) = 22
Share Price
The P/E Ratio in year X1 is 3.54. We don not have industry comparatives or prior year information with
which to compare this.
In year X2 the P/E Ratio increases to 4.65. This indicates that the market expectations for this share have
risen since X1 and that investors are now willing to pay 4.65 times what the business earns in a year to
own the share.
In year X4 the P/E ratio has increased dramatically to 22. This is unusual as the earnings have decreased
to 12% of the previous year. The share price has fallen to reflect this, but not by as much as would be
expected. This may indicate that the market feels that the results in year X3 were perhaps a one-off and
that next years results will improve.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
1. In the ROCE calculation what are the 3 ways of calculating Capital Employed?
PBIT / Capital Employed
Equity + Long Term Liabilities.
Non Current Assets + Net Current Assets.
Total Assets - Current Liabilities.
2. What is the top line of the ROE calculation?
Profit after tax - Preference Dividends.
3. Why do we use PAT - Pref DIvs in the ROE calculation?
This is the distributable profits and thus the amount that the investors in the equity
of the firm will be interested in.
4. What should we compare the ratios we calculate with?
The same company in prior years.
Industry average.
5. What does gearing tell us?
The amount of financial risk that a firm is exposed to.
6. How do you calculate interest cover?
Profit before interest and tax / Interest
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7. How do you calculate EPS?
(Profit after tax - Preference dividends) / Number of ordinary shares
8. What does the P/E Ratio tell us?
The number if times the current earnings that the market is currently willing to pay
for the share.
If the P/E ratio is high it indicates that the market expects strong future earnings.
If the P/E ratio is low it indicates that the market expects weak future earnings.
9. How do you calculate dividend cover?
Profit after tax / dividends paid
10. What does dividend yield tell us?
The dividend paid as a proportion of the share price i.e. the amount of dividends
that the share has yielded to investors.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam question
below:
June 2009 Q4 (a)
Now do it!
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Lecture 3
Finance Sources
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Rights Issue - Illustration 1
XYZ Ltd. intends to raise capital via a rights issue.
The current share price is $8.
They are offering a 1 for 4 issue at a price of $6.
Calculate the Theoretical Ex-rights Price.
Solution
Number of Shares
Share Price
Total
4
$8
(4 x $8) = 32
1
$6
(1 x $6) = 6
5
38
We now have 5 shares in issue at total value of $38 so the THERP is (38 / 5) = $7.60
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Rights Issue - Illustration 2
ABC Ltd. has decided to raise capital via a rights issue.
The share price is currently $5.50 and ABC intends to raise $5m.
There are currently 6.25m shares in issue and ABC is offering a 1 for 5 rights issue.
Calculate the Theoretical Ex-Rights Price.
Solution
Amount of Capital to raise
$5m
No. of shares issued (6.25m / 5)
1.25m
Share issue price ($5m / 1.25m)
$4
Number of Shares
Share Price
Total
5
$5.50
(5 x 5.50) = 27.5
1
$4
(1 x 4) = 4
6
31.5
We now have 6 shares in issue at total value of $31.5 so the THERP is (31.5 / 6) =
$5.25
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Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is NOT something a company will consider when choosing a
source of finance?
A. The cost of the finance to the firm.
B. The number of employees in the firm.
C. Any security that will need to be used.
D. Current and future gearing levels.
Answer B
2. What is NOT a function of the stock market?
A. To enable companies to raise capital.
B. To enable individuals to sell shares in a company.
C. To facilitate transactions between buyers and sellers.
D. To increase the cost of equity of listed companies.
Answer D
3. Which of the following are advantages to a company of being listed on the stock
exchange?
1. It will lead to a better perception of the firm by potential investors.
2. It will be more difficult for the firm to raise capital.
3. Listing may well lower the cost of equity of the firm as investors will see it as a safer
investment and thus accept a lower return.
4. The company may be required to disclose more information about it’s operations.
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 2 and 4
D. 1 and 3
Answer D
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4. Which of the following are disadvantages to a company of being listed on the stock
exchange?
1. It is expensive to become listed.
2. There are ongoing costs of listing compliance.
3. Control by the current owners will be increased.
4. Listing may well lower the cost of equity of the firm as investors will see it as a safer
investment and thus accept a lower return.
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 4
C. 3 and 4
D. 1 and 4
Answer A
5. A company has 10m shares in issue at a share price of $7 and undertakes a rights issue
of 1 for 5 to raise $12m. What is the Theoretical ex-rights price?
A. $6.17
B. $6.83
C. $6.00
D. $6.44
Answer B
Amount of Capital to raise
$12m
No. of shares issued (10m / 5)
2m
Share issue price ($12m / 2m)
$6
Number of Shares
Share Price
Total
10m
$7
$70m
2m
$6
$12m
12m
$82m
We now have 12m shares in issue at total value of $82m so the THERP is ($82m / 12) =
$6.83
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6. Which of the following best describes an IPO?
A. All of the new Shares being issued to one large institutional investor.
B. An offering of new shares to all investors in the market to enable them to purchase
them if they wish.
C. Offering shares to current shareholders in the same proportion as they currently own
them.
D. An issue to current shareholders of shares instead of dividends.
Answer B
7. Which of the following are disadvantages of an IPO?
i) It can be very expensive.
ii) It may need to be underwritten to ensure the shares are taken up.
iii)The company will need to to deal with one large institutional investor only.
iv)The share price achieved for the issue may not be as high as expected.
A. i) iii) and iv) only
B. i) ii) and iv) only
C. All of the above
D. i) ii) and iii) only
Answer B
8. Which of the following best describes a placing as a means of issuing shares?
A. All of the new Shares being issued to one large institutional investor.
B. An offering of new shares to all investors in the market to enable them to purchase
them if they wish.
C. Offering shares to current shareholders in the same proportion as they currently own
them.
D. An issue to current shareholders of shares instead of dividends.
Answer A
9. Who demands covenants to be placed on debt?
A. Shareholders
B. Banks
C. The market
D. The government
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
10. Which of the following is NOT a function of the treasury department in a company?
A. To set and achieve the financial objectives of the firm.
B. To manage the liquidity of the firm.
C. To prepare the financial statements of the firm.
D. To manage any currency risk that the firm may be exposed to.
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What 5 things will a company consider when choosing a source of finance?
The cost of the finance to the firm.
The length of time the firm needs the finance for.
Any security that will need to be used.
Current and future gearing levels.
The availability of the finance to the firm.
2. What is the primary function of the stock market?
To enable firms to raise capital and investors to buy equity.
3. What are the advantages to the company of being listed?
It will lead to a better perception of the firm by potential investors.
It will be easier for the firm to raise capital.
It may well lower the cost of equity of the firm as investors will see it as a safer
investment and thus accept a lower return.
4. Are there any disadvantages of being listed?
It is expensive to become listed.
There are ongoing costs of listing compliance.
Control by the current owners will be diluted.
It opens the firm up to a lot of public scrutiny - not all of it fair and balanced.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
5. A company has 10m shares in issue at a share price of $7 and undertakes a rights issue
of 1 for 5 to raise $12m. What is the Theoretical ex-rights price?
Amount of Capital to raise
$12m
No. of shares issued (10m / 5)
2m
Share issue price ($12m / 2m)
$6
Number of Shares
Share Price
Total
10m
$7
$70m
2m
$6
$12m
12m
$82m
We now have 12m shares in issue at total value of $82m so the THERP is ($82m / 12) =
$6.83
6. What is an IPO?
An Initial Public Offering of shares to investors as a method of raising capital.
7. What are the disadvantages of an IPO?
It can be very expensive (Legal fees, listing fees, compliance costs, advertising
costs, corporate governance requirements, underwriting costs).
It may need to be underwritten to ensure the shares are taken up.
The share price achieved for the issue may not be as high as expected.
8. What is a placing?
A placing of a new issue of shares with institutional investors such as insurance
companies or pension funds.
9. Who demands covenants to be placed on debt?
The bank who offers the finance.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
10. What is the function of the treasury department in a company?
To set and achieve the financial objectives of the firm.
To manage the liquidity of the firm.
To determine the funding requirements of the firm.
To manage any currency risk that the firm may be exposed to.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam question
below:
June 2009 Q4 (b) & (c)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 4
Economic
Environment
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is not a target of government economic policy?
A. Full employment.
B. Price stability.
C. High, stable growth.
D. Low consumer prices.
Answer D
2. Which of the following are examples of cost-push inflation.
1. Wage increases.
2. Rising cost of commodities.
3. Sales tax decreases.
4. High demand in the economy
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 4
C. 3 and 4
D. 1 and 4
Answer A
3. Fiscal policy can be described as tax revenues raised by the government and spent on
services and subsidies for the public.
Is this statement
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
4. An increase in interest rates is likely to lead to which of the following:
1. Higher cost of borrowing for companies.
2. More consumer demand in the economy.
3. More sales for many companies.
4. Less consumer demand in the economy
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 4
C. 3 and 4
D. 1 and 4
Answer D
5. Which of the following might cause policy makers to decide to decrease interest rates?
1. Excessive consumer demand in the economy.
2. Reduced consumer demand in the economy.
3. Concerns that growth in the economy may be low.
4. Expectations that the economy will grow strongly.
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 3 and 4
D. 1 and 4
Answer B
6. Money markets could be best described as:
A. A market for newly printed notes and coins.
B. A market for the trade of foreign currency.
C. A market for the trade of commodities such as oil and wheat.
D. A market to enable banks to borrow and lend to each other.
Answer D
7. How can financial intermediaries help to make the market more efficient?
A. By buying commodities from sellers and trading them on the commodities exchange.
B. By providing insurance on transactions for buyers and sellers.
C. By providing finance to enable transactions to take place.
D. By selling foreign currency on the currencies exchange.
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What are the 4 targets of economic policy?
Full employment.
Price stability.
High, stable growth.
Balance of payments.
2. Name 2 examples of cost-push inflation.
Wage increases.
Rising cost of commodities.
Sales tax increases.
3. What is fiscal policy?
Tax revenues raised by government and spent on services and subsidies.
4. How is an increase in interest rates likely to effect the economy?
An increase in interest rates will increase the cost of financing to individuals and
companies in the economy. This will decrease demand for goods as consumers will
have less money to spend on goods because they are spending more money on the
increased cost of financing (mortgages, credit cards etc.).
5. When might policy makers decide to decrease interest rates?
When excessive consumer demand is causing inflation interest rates may be raised
to decrease demand.
6. What are the money markets?
Banks borrow and lend to each other in the money markets.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
7. How can financial intermediaries help to make the market more efficient?
Financial intermediaries enable the transaction between buyers and sellers by
providing finance to the buyers e.g. Banks & finance houses.
8. Name 5 types of securities?
Treasury bills.
Long term government bonds.
Corporate bonds.
Preference shares.
Ordinary shares.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam question
below:
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 5
Working Capital
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working Capital Illustration
Balance Sheet
$‘000
ASSETS
Non Current Assets
1000
Inventory
300
Receivables
200
Cash
300
1800
LIABILITIES
Ordinary Shares
800
Reserves
200
Long term Liabilities
700
Payables
100
Overdraft
1800
Income Statement
$‘000
Revenue
1000
COS
800
Gross Profit
200
Other Costs
100
Net Profit
100
Other Information:
All sales are made on credit.
Required:
Calculate the Cash Operating Cycle for Inter Ltd.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Solution
Item
Working
Days
Inventory Period
300/800 x 365
137
Collection Period
200/1000 x 365
73
100/800 x 365
46
Less:
Payables Period
164
Working Capital Illustration Part II
Show the journal entries and calculate the Revised Balance sheet if the operating cycle
changes to:
Item
Days
Inventory Period
200
Collection Period
100
Less:
Payables Period
30
270
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Solution
Item
New Days
Old Days
Old
Balance
Working
New
Balance
Movem’t
Inventory
200
137
300
300 x
200/137
438
138
Receivabl
es
100
73
200
200 x
100/73
274
74
30
46
100
100 x
30/46
65
-35
270
164
Less:
Payables
Entries
Dr Inventory
Dr
138
Cr Cash
Dr Receivables
138
74
Cr Cash
Dr Payables
Cr Cash
Cr
74
35
35
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Revised Balance Sheet
$‘000
Movement
$‘000
ASSETS
Non Current Assets
1000
1000
Inventory
300
138
438
Receivables
200
74
274
Cash
300
-247
53
1800
1765
Ordinary Shares
800
800
Reserves
200
200
Long term Liabilities
700
700
Payables
100
Overdraft
0
0
1800
1765
LIABILITIES
-35
65
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working Capital Illustration Part III
Show the journal entries and calculate the Revised Balance sheet if the operating cycle
changes to:
Item
Days
Inventory Period
90
Collection Period
30
Less:
Payables Period
60
60
Solution
Item
New Days
Old Days
Old
Balance
Working
New
Balance
Movem’t
Inventory
90
200
438
438 x
90/200
197
-241
Receivabl
es
30
100
274
274 x
30/100
82
-192
60
30
65
65 x 60/30
130
65
60
270
Less:
Payables
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Entries
Dr
Dr Cash
Cr
241
Cr Inventory
241
Dr Cash
192
Cr Receivables
192
Dr Cash
65
Cr Payables
65
498
498
Revised Balance Sheet
$‘000
Movement
$‘000
ASSETS
Non Current Assets
1000
1000
Inventory
438
-241
197
Receivables
274
-192
82
Cash
53
498
551
1765
1830
Ordinary Shares
800
800
Reserves
200
200
Long term Liabilities
700
700
Payables
65
Overdraft
0
0
1765
1830
LIABILITIES
65
130
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following are components of working capital within the financial
statements:
1. Non Current Assets.
2. Inventory.
3. Payables.
4. Intangible Assets.
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 3 and 4
D. 2 and 4
Answer B
2. Which of the following are indicators of overtrading.
i) Reliance on long term finance.
ii) Offering lax credit terms.
iii) Build up of inventory.
iv) Rapidly decreasing sales.
v) Deteriorating Current ratio.
A. i) iii) and iv) only
B. ii) iii) and v) only
C. All of the above
D. i) ii) and iii) only
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. The following information has been calculated for A Co:
Trade receivables collection period
Raw material inventory turnover period
Work in progress inventory turnover period
Trade payables payment period
Finished goods inventory turnover period
52 days
42 days
30 days
66 days
45 days
What is the length of the working capital cycle?
A
B
C
D
103 days
131 days
235 days
31 days
Answer A
4. If inventory days go up from 100 to 150 the company will need to invest more cash in
the business.
Is this statement:
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
Answer A
5. Which of the following statements concerning working capital management are correct?
1 The twin objectives of working capital management are profitability and liquidity
2 A conservative approach to working capital investment will increase profitability
3 Working capital management is a key factor in a company’s long-term success
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
6. Which of the following statements concerning working capital management are correct?
1 The twin objectives of working capital management are profitability and liquidity
2 A aggressive approach to working capital investment will increase profitability
3 Working capital management is not a key factor in a company’s long-term success
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer A
7. Which of the following statements concerning working capital management are correct?
1 The twin objectives of working capital management are profitability and liquidity
2 A moderate approach to working capital investment will increase profitability
3 An aggressive approach to working capital investment uses more long term finance than
short term.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer B
8. Which of the following statements concerning working capital management are correct?
1 A conservative approach to working capital investment employs uses long term finance
to finance some fluctuating current assets.
2 An aggressive approach to working capital investment will increase profitability
3 Working capital management has no effect on profitability of the company.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer A
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What are the components of working capital?
Current Assets (Inventory, Receivables, Cash)
Current Liabilities (Payables)
2. State 6 indicators of overtrading.
Reliance on short term finance.
Offering lax credit terms.
Build up of inventory.
Rapidly expanding sales.
Deteriorating Current ratio.
Deteriorating Quick Ratio.
3. What is the Quick Ratio and what does it tell us?
(Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities
4. How do we calculate the cash operating cycle?
Inventory Period + Receivables Period - Payables Period
5. If my inventory days go up from 100 to 150 will I need to invest more or less cash in the
business?
More cash as cash is being tied up in inventory.
6. What are permanent current assets?
The level of inventory, receivables and cash that are required to support the day to
day running of the business.
7. What are fluctuating current assets?
The levels of inventory, receivables and cash that are required to support seasonal
fluctuations in business operations.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
8. What is the matching principle?
Matching short term assets with short term finance and long term assets with long
term finance.
9. What are the advantages of an aggressive working capital financing policy?
It will lead to more profit as financing short term finance is cheaper.
It is more efficient.
10. What are the advantages of a conservative working capital financing policy?
There is less chance of the firm running out of cash i.e. less liquidity risk.
The firm is able to meet sales demand changes.
By offering more credit the firm may well increase sales.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam question
below:
June 2009 Q3 (a) & (b)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 6
Managing
Receivables
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Receivables - Illustration 1
Credit sales: 1200
3 month credit terms
Overdraft rate = 10%
New Policy
2% discount if paid in less than 10 days
2 month terms for everyone else.
20% will take the discount
Solution
Method = Compare the savings through reducing receivables by offering the
discount to the profit lost by doing so.
Working
Receivables Before
Receivables After
20% who take
discount
1200 x 3/12
300
(1200 x 10/365) x
20%
7
Everyone else (1200 x 2/12) x 80%
160
167
Saving = (Reduction in receivables x
Overdraft rate)
(300 - 167) x 10%
13
Lost Profit = Amount of Discount
(1200 x 20%) x 2%
4.8
The saving made is greater than the profit lost so the discount should be offered
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Receivables - Illustration 2
Receivables are currently $4,600,000. Sales are $37,400,000
A factor has offered to take over the administration of trade receivables on a non-recourse
basis for an annual fee of 3% of credit sales. The factor will maintain a trade receivables
collection period of 30 days and Gorwa Co will save $100,000 per year in administration
costs and $350,000 per year in bad debts. A condition of the factoring agreement is that
the factor would advance 80% of the face value of receivables at an annual interest rate of
7%. The current overdraft rate is 5%
Difference on Receivables
Current Receivables
Receivables Under Factor
4,600,000
37,400,000 x (30 / 365)
3,073,973
Difference
1,526,027
Benefits & Costs of Factor
Benefits of Using Factor
Reduced Overdraft Interest
1,526,027 x 0.05
76,301
Admin Cost Savings
100,000
Bad Debt Savings
350,000
Total Benefits
526,301
Costs Of Using Factor
Annual Fee
37,400,000 x 0.03
1,122,000
Extra Interest Cost
3,073,973 x 80% x (7% - 5%)
Total Costs
Total Benefits Less Total Costs
49,184
1,171,184
-644,883
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. How can a company assess the credit worthiness of their customers?
1. Get trade references from other suppliers or from banks.
2. Use a credit rating agency.
3. Offer initial high levels of credit.
4. Ask for a written promise to pay.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer A
2. Which of the following are benefits of a company offering a discount to customers for
early payment of invoices?
1. Better liquidity for the firm.
2. Less interest as less or no overdraft will be required.
3. Risk of more bad debt as customers take longer to pay.
4. Loss of customers who don’t take advantage of the discount.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer A
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. The management of XYZ Co has annual credit sales of $20 million and accounts
receivable of $4 million. Working capital is financed by an overdraft at 12% interest per
year. Assume 365 days in a year.
What is the annual finance cost saving if the management reduces the collection period to
60 days?
A $85,479
B $394,521
C $78,904
D $68,384
Answer A
4. Which of the following are disadvantages of debt factoring for a company?
1. It can be expensive.
2. It creates a bad impression with customers because the debt is collected by the factor.
3. It can increase the liquidity of the company.
4. It can lose the goodwill of customers.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer D
5. Which of the following statements relate to invoice discounting through a factor?
1. The company retains the risk of bad debt.
2. The factor collects the debt.
3. The factor advances a percentage of the invoice value to the company.
4. Invoice discounting can be used by any company.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. How can a company assess the credit worthiness of their customers?
Get trade references from other suppliers or from banks.
Use a credit rating agency.
Offer initial low levels of credit.
Maintain and review a file on the customer.
Maintain an internal credit rating system.
2. Outline 3 ways of maintaining good credit control.
Any 3 of:
Maintain an aged debtors listing.
Identify overdue accounts on a timely basis.
Send regular statements to customers.
Outline a clear policy to customers.
3. What are the benefits of offering a discount to customers?
Better liquidity for the firm.
Less interest as less or no overdraft will be required.
Less bad debt as customers pay early.
New customers as they take advantage of the discount.
4. How do you decide whether to offer a discount or not?
Assess the saving through early payment (Change in receivables x Overdraft
interest)
Compared to the cost of the discount.
5. What is debt factoring?
A factor (usually a bank) buys the debt of the company for a percentage of the
invoice amount. The factor will charge a fee for the service and will charge interest
on any amounts outstanding until the money is collected.
6. What are the disadvantages of factoring for a company?
It can be expensive.
It creates a bad impression with customers because the debt is collected by the
factor.
It can lose the goodwill of customers.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
7. What is invoice discounting?
A factor forwards the company money secured against the debt ledger of the
business but it is still collected by the business.
8. How can a company seek to ensure that foreign receivables are collected?
Agree early payment.
Bills of exchange.
Letters of credit.
References & credit checks.
Insurance.
Export factor.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam question
below:
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 7
Inventory
Management
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
EOQ - Illustration 1
Demand of 1200 units per month.
Cost of making an order of $12.
Cost of one unit $10.
Holding cost per year of 10% of the purchase price of the goods.
Calculate the EOQ & check that it is correct.
Solution
Working
Annual Demand
1200 x 12
14,400
Holding Cost
$10 x 10%
1
Ordering Cost
12
EOQ
√(2 x 12 x 14,400) / 1
588
12 x (14,400 / 588)
294
1 x (588 / 2)
294
Test
Ordering Costs (Cost Per order x
(Demand / EOQ))
Holding Costs (Cost Per Unit x (EOQ / 2))
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Buffer Stock - Illustration 2
Company orders when the level of stock reaches 50,000
It takes 4 weeks to receive new stock from the time of ordering.
The company uses 7,500 units on average per week.
Calculate the buffer stock.
Solution
Buffer Stock = Re-order level less usage in lead time
Re-order level
Lead Time
Usage per week
50,000 - (4 x 7,500)
50,000
4 weeks
7,500
20,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
EOQ With Buffer Stock - Illustration 3
Dec 07 Exam Question
The current policy is to order 100,000 units when the inventory level falls to 35,000 units.
Forecast demand to meet production requirements during the next year is 625,000 units.
The cost of placing and processing an order is €250, while the cost of holding a unit in
stores is €0·50 per unit per year. Both costs are expected to be constant during the next
year. Orders are received two weeks after being placed with the supplier. You should
assume a 50-week year and that demand is constant throughout the year.
Calculate EOQ with buffer stock
Solution
Working
Buffer Stock (Re-order level - (Lead time x
amount used per week))
35,000 - (2 weeks x
625,000/50)
10,000
√ (2 x 250 x 625,000 /
0.5)
25,000
Order Costs (Cost per order x No. Orders)
250 x
(625,000/25,000)
6,250
Holding Costs (Holding cost p/unit x Average
Stock)
0.5 x (25,000 / 2)
6,250
Holding Cost for Buffer (Holding cost p/unit x
Buffer Stock)
0.5 x 10,000
5,000
EOQ ignoring buffer stock
Total cost Calculations
Total Costs
17,500
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
EOQ with discounts - Illustration 4
Demand is 1000 units per month.
Purchase cost per unit £11.
Order cost £30
Holding cost 10% p.a. of stock value.
Required
Calculate the minimum total cost with a discount of 1% given on orders of 1500 and
over
Solution
EOQ with Discounts
1) Calculate EOQ in normal way (and the costs)
2) Calculate costs at the lower level of each discount above the EOQ
Working
EOQ
√ (2 x 30 x 12,000 / 1.1)
809
30 x (12,000 / 809)
445
Holding Costs (Holding cost p/unit x
Average Stock)
1.1 x (809/2)
445
Cost of Purchases
12,000 x 11
132,000
Total cost Calculations
Order Costs (Cost per order x No.
Orders)
Total Costs
132,890
If 1500 are ordered to take the
discount:
Total cost Calculations
Order Costs (Cost per order x No.
Orders)
Holding Costs (Holding cost p/unit x
Average Stock)
Cost of Purchases
30 x (12,000 / 1500)
240
(1.1 x 99%) x (1500/2)
817
12,000 x (11 x 99%)
130,608
Total Costs
131,665
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following types of cost we are seeking to minimise by using the Economic
Order Quantity?
A. Holding costs and inventory movement costs
B. Ordering costs and holding costs
C. Ordering costs and insurance costs
D. Holding costs and security costs
Answer B
2. If a company uses the Economic Order Quantity as the level at which to order, how will
they calculate total ordering costs for the year?
A. Cost per order x (Annual Demand / EOQ)
B. Annual Demand x (Cost per order /EOQ)
C. (EOQ / Cost per order) x Holding costs
D. Annual demand x EOQ
Answer A
3. ABC Co. sells widgets and expects annual demand of 3.4m units. The cost of making
an order is $49.71 and the cost of holding one unit for one year is $0.50.
What is the total ordering costs per year:
A. $5,687.34
B. $6,413.81
C. $6,500.54
D. $6,430.32
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. ABC Co. sells widgets and expects annual demand of 1.2m units. The cost of making
an order is $25.21 and the cost of holding one unit for one year is $0.50.
What is the total holding costs per year:
A. $2,850
B. $3,750
C. $2,450
D. $2,750
Answer D
4. Layla Co. sells 200m wigs in a year with each order taking 15 days to be delivered once
made. They make an order every time their stock levels reach 10m wigs.
What is the buffer stock level for Layla Co.
A. 1,780,822
B. 6,666,666
C. 9,333,333
D. 2,345,632
Answer A
5. Which of the following are drawbacks of a company using the Economic Order Quantity
method of stock management?
1. Assumes constant ordering costs.
2. Assumes constant demand.
3. Assumes known annual demand.
4. Assumes no buffer stock or lead time.
A
B
C
D
1, 2 and 4 only
1 and 3 only
All of the above
1, 2 and 3
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
6. Stavros Co’s current inventory policy is to order 60,000 units when the inventory level
falls to 55,000 units. Forecast demand to meet production requirements during the next
year is 800,000 units. The cost of placing and processing an order is $90, while the cost
of holding a unit in stores is $1 per unit per year. Both costs are expected to be constant
during the next year. Orders are received three weeks after being placed with the
supplier. You should assume a 50-week year and that demand is constant throughout
the year.
What is the total cost of ordering at the EOQ level?
A. $12,000
B. $6,000
C. $7,000
D. $19,000
Answer D
Solution
Working
Buffer Stock (Re-order level - (Lead time x
amount used per week))
15,000 - (3 weeks x
800,000/50)
7,000
EOQ ignoring buffer stock
√ (2 x 90 x 800,000 /
1)
12,000
90 x (800,000/12,000)
6,000
Holding Costs (Holding cost p/unit x Average
Stock)
1 x (12,000 / 2)
6,000
Holding Cost for Buffer (Holding cost p/unit x
Buffer Stock)
1 x 7,000
7,000
Total cost Calculations
Order Costs (Cost per order x No. Orders)
Total Costs
19,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What are the two types of cost we are seeking to minimise?
Ordering costs.
Holding costs.
2. How do we calculate total ordering costs for the year?
Cost per order x Number of orders (Annual Demand / EOQ)
3. How do we calculate total holding costs for the year?
Holding cost per unit x Average stock held (EOQ / 2)
4. How do we calculate the buffer stock?
Re-order level - usage in lead time
5. What are the problems with the EOQ method?
Assumes constant ordering costs.
Assumes constant demand.
Assumes known annual demand.
Assumes no bulk discounts.
Assumes no buffer stock or lead time.
6. What are the steps in calculating the total costs when there is a buffer stock?
Calculate the EOQ ignoring the buffer stock.
Calculate the buffer stock.
Add the holding cost for the buffer.
8. Why might we not use the EOQ when there are bulk discounts available?
The saving on the discount may mean that it is cost beneficial to order at that level.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
June 2009 Q3 (d)
December 2010 Q3 (a)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 8
Cash Management
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Baumol Cash Model - Illustration 1
A business expects to move 500,000 from it’s interest bearing account into cash over the
course of one year.
The interest rate is 7% and the cost of making a transfer is $250.
How much should the business transfer into cash each time it makes a transfer?
Solution
Working
Annual Disbursements
$500,000
Interest Rate
7%
Cost of making a transfer
Amount to transfer
$250
√(2 x 250 x 500,000) /
0.07
$59,761
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Baumol Cash Model - Illustration 2
Using the information in illustration 1 calculate the total cost to the business each year of
their cash management policy.
Solution
Working
Holding Cost (Ave Cash
Balance x Interest Rate)
($59761 / 2) x 0.07
2091
Trading Cost (Cost of Transfer x
No. Transfers)
$250 x (500,000 /
59,761)
2091
Total Cost
4182
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Baumol Cash Model - Illustration 3
Subsonic Speaker Systems (SSS) has annual transactions of $9 million.
The fixed cost of converting securities into cash is $264.50 per conversion.
The annual opportunity cost of funds is 9%.
What is the optimal deposit size?
Solution
Working
Annual Disbursements
$9,000,000
Interest Rate
9%
Cost of making a transfer
Amount to transfer
$264.50
√(2 x 264.5 x 9,000,000) /
0.09)
230,000
Working
Holding Cost (Ave Cash
Balance x Interest Rate)
(230,000 / 2) x 0.09
10,350
Trading Cost (Cost of Transfer x
No. Transfers)
$264.50 x (9,000,000 /
230,000)
10,350
Total Cost
20,700
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Miller-Orr Model - Illustration 4
If a company must maintain a minimum cash balance of £8,000, and the variance of its
daily cash flows is £4m (ie std deviation £2,000). The cost of buying/ selling securities is
£50 & the daily interest rate is 0.025 %.
Calculate the spread, the upper limit & the return point.
Solution
Working
Lower Limit
Given in Question
8,000
Spread
(3 x ((3/4 x 50 x
4,000,000) / 0.00025))1/3
25,303
Upper Limit (Lower Limit +
Spread)
8,000 + 25,303
33,303
Return Point (Lower Limit +
(1/3 x Spread)
8,000 + (1/3 x 25,303)
16,434
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following are the reasons for a company to hold cash?
1. Speculation
2. Persuasion
3. Transaction
4. Reaction
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer B
2. Revaile Co. has annual transactions of $30 million. The fixed cost of converting
securities into cash is $500 per conversion. The annual opportunity cost of funds is 6%.
What is the optimal deposit size?
A. $21,213
B. $42,426
C. $707,107
D. $42.43
Answer B
Working
Annual Disbursements
$30,000,000
Interest Rate
6%
Cost of making a transfer
Amount to transfer
$500
√(2 x 264.5 x 9,000,000) /
0.09)
707,107
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working
Holding Cost (Ave Cash
Balance x Interest Rate)
(707,107 / 2) x 0.06
21,213
Trading Cost (Cost of Transfer x
No. Transfers)
$500 x (30,000,000 /
707,107)
21,213
Total Cost
42,426
3. Which of the following are problems with the Baumol Model?
1. Assumes constant cash disbursements
2. Assumes that there are no cash receipts, just movements
3. Assumes a risk free interest rate
4. Assumes no safety buffer for cash
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer D
4. If a company must maintain a minimum cash balance of £20,000, and the variance of its
daily cash flows is £6.25m (ie std deviation £2,500). The cost of buying/ selling
securities is £80 & the daily interest rate is 0.035 %.
What is the upper-limit using the Miller-Orr model of cash management?
Working
Lower Limit
Given in Question
20,000
Spread
(3 x ((3/4 x 80 x
6,250,000) / 0.00035))1/3
25,303
Upper Limit (Lower Limit +
Spread)
8,000 + 25,303
33,303
Return Point (Lower Limit +
(1/3 x Spread)
8,000 + (1/3 x 25,303)
16,434
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What are the three reasons to hold cash?
Speculation
Precaution
Transaction
2. What does the Baumol Model tell us?
The optimum cash amount to transfer from interest bearing investments into cash
each time cash is transferred.
3. Why is there a cost of holding cash?
By holding cash you are not earning interest so the cost is the opportunity cost of
the interest you could have earned.
4. How do we calculate the total trading costs in the year?
The cost of moving cash x number of movements (Total cash moved per year /
amount moved each time)
5. How do we calculate the total holding costs in the year?
Average cash balance (C / 2) x Interest rate.
6. What are the problems with the Baumol Model?
Assumes constant cash disbursements
Assumes that there are no cash receipts - just movements from interest bearing
account to cash
Assumes no safety buffer for cash
7. Why does the Miller-Orr model tell us to buy securities with extra cash?
To earn interest on excess cash.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
8. How do we calculate the variance of cash flows?
Standard Deviation of cash flows squared.
9. If the interest rate is 8% what figure should be included in the Miller-Orr model for i?
0.00022 (0.08 / 365)
10. How do we calculate the upper limit?
Lower limit + spread.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
Pilot Paper Q3 (You now know enough to do this all)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 9
Investment
Appraisal I
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
ARR - Illustration 1
ABC Ltd are considering expanding their internet cafe business by buying a business
which will cost $275,000 to buy and a further $175,000 to refurbish.
They expect the following cash to come in:
Year Net Cash Profits (£)
1
45,000
2
75,000
3
80,000
4
50,000
5
50,000
6
60,000
The equipment will be depreciated to a zero resale value over the same period and,
after the sixth year, they can sell the business for $200,000
Calculate the ARR or ROCE of this investment
Solution
Total Profit over 6 years
45,000 + 75,000 + 80,000 + 50,000 +
50,000 + 60,000
360,000
Total Depreciation
Equipment of $175,000 fully
depreciated
175,000
Total Profits
185,000
Average Profits
$185,000 / 6 years
30,833
Average Investment (Capital
Investment + Residual Value) / 2
(450,000 + 200,000) / 2
325,000
ROCE (Ave. Profit / Ave
Investment)
30,833 / 325,000
9.5%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Relevant Cash Flow Criteria - Illustration 2
A business is considering investing in a new project. They have already spent $20,000 on
a feasibility study which suggests that the project will be profitable.
The headquarters of the company has spare floor space which will be allocated to the
project with $7,000 of the current monthly rent allocated to the project.
New equipment costing $2.5m will have to be bought and will be depreciated on a straight
line basis over 10 years.
A manager who earns $30,000 per year and currently runs a similar project will also
manage the new project taking up 25% of his time.
State whether each of the following items are relevant cash flows and explain your answer.
I.
The cost of the feasibility study.
II.
The rent charged to the project.
III. The new equipment.
IV. The depreciation on the new equipment.
V.
The Managers salary.
Item
Relevant
Cash Flow?
Explain
Feasibility Study
No
This is a sunk cost as it has already been paid.
Rent
No
The rent is not relevant as it must be paid whether
the project goes ahead or not. It is not incremental.
New Equipment
Yes
This is a relevant cash flow.
Depreciation
No
Depreciation is not a cash-flow but an accounting
entry.
Managers Salary
No
The managers salary must be paid whether the
project goes ahead or not so is not relevant.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Payback Period - Illustration 3
Initial Investment of $5.8m.
Annual Cash Flows of $400,000.
Calculate the Payback Period.
Solution
Payback Period (Initial Investment /
Annual Cash Flows)
$5.8m / $400,000
14.5 years
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Payback Period - Illustration 4
Initial Investment of $6.2m.
Cash Flows of:
Year 1: !
$1,200,000
Year 2:!
$2,200,000
Year 3:!
$2,500,000
Year 4:!
$1,700,000
Calculate the Payback Period.
Solution
Year
Cash Flows
Cumulative Cash Flows
1
1,200,000
1,200,000
2
2,200,000
3,400,000
3
2,500,000
5,900,000
4
1,700,000
7,600,000
Payback period is between 3 and 4 years
Additional amount required to return capital (6,200,000 - 5,900,000) = 300,000
Total cash flows in year 4 of 1,700,000 so it will take (300,000 / 1,700,000) x 12 = 2.11
months
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Discounted Cash-flows - Illustration 5
An investor wants a real return of 10%. Inflation is 5%
What is the MONEY/NOMINAL rate required?
Solution
Use Formula: 1+m = (1+r) x (1+inf)
We are looking for m, therefore:
1+m = (1+0.10) x (1+0.05)
1+m = 1.155
m = 0.155 = 15.5%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Discounted Cash-flows - Illustration 6
A company undertakes a project with the following cash-flows:
Year
Cash-Flows
1
5,000
2
7,000
3
8,000
4
10,000
5
11,000
6
9,000
The company has a cost of capital of 10%.
Calculate the present value of the cash flows for each of the six years and in total.
Solution
Year
Cash-Flows
Discount Rate
(From Tables)
Present Value
1
5,000
0.909
4,545
2
7,000
0.826
5,782
3
8,000
0.751
6,008
4
10,000
0.683
6,830
5
11,000
0.621
6,831
6
9,000
0.564
5,076
Total
35,072
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Discounted Cash-flows - Illustration 7
A company undertakes a project with the following cash-flows:
Year
Cash-Flows
1
5,000
2
5,000
3
5,000
4
5,000
5
5,000
6
5,000
The company has a cost of capital of 10%.
Calculate the present value of the total cash flows for the six years
Solution
Year
Cash-Flows
Discount Rate
(From Tables)
Present Value
1
5,000
0.909
4,545
2
5,000
0.826
4,130
3
5,000
0.751
3,755
4
5,000
0.683
3,415
5
5,000
0.621
3,105
6
5,000
0.564
2,820
Total
21,770
Years
Cash-flow
Discount Rate (Annuity
Tables)
Present Value
1-6
5,000
4.355
21,775
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Discounted Cash-flows - Illustration 8
A company expects to receive $100,000 per year forever.
Their cost of capital is 10%.
Calculate the present value of the perpetuity.
Solution
Annual Cash Flow
Cost of Capital (10%)
Perpetuity (Cash-Flow / Cost of Capital)
$100,000
0.10
100,000 / 0.10 = $1m
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. JoJo Ltd are considering investing in a new project which will cost an initial $375,000
and they expect the following cash to come in:
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
Net Cash Profits (£)
25,000
55,000
70,000
80,000
40,000
30,000
The investment will be depreciated to a scrap value of $175,000 over the period of the
project.
What is the Accounting Rate of Return (Return on Capital Employed) of the project?
A. 6%
B. 3%
C. 18%
D. 12%
Answer B
Total Profit over 6 years
Total Depreciation
25,000 + 55,000 + 70,000 + 80,000 +
40,000 + 30,000
300,000
(375,000 - 175,000)
200,000
Total Profits
Average Profits
Average Investment (Capital
Investment + Residual Value) / 2
ROCE (Ave. Profit / Ave
Investment)
100,000
$100,000 / 6 years
16,668
(375,000 + 175,000) / 2
550,000
16,668 / 550,000
3%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
2. Which of the following are weaknesses of the Accounting Rate of Return (Return on
Capital Employed)?
1. The calculation uses accounting profit rather than cash.
2. It disregards the timing of the inflows.
3. It does not consider the whole life of the project.
4. No discount rate is used to allow for inflation and risk.
A
B
C
D
1, 2 and 4
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3
Answer A
3. Aldios Co. intends to make an investment of $4.5m in a project lasting 5 years. The
project cashflows are forecast to be as follows:
Year
1
2
3
4
5
Net Cash Profits (£)
250,000
550,000
2,700,000
2,800,000
400,000
The investment will be depreciated to a scrap value of $1.5m over the period of the
project.
What is the Payback period of the investment?
A. 3 Years 4 months
B. 2 Years 6 months
C. 4 Years 2 months
D. 2 Years 4 months
Answer A
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Year
Cash Flows
Cumulative Cash Flows
1
250,000
250,000
2
550,000
800,000
3
2,700,000
3,500,000
4
3,000,000
6,500,000
Payback period is between 3 and 4 years
Additional amount required to return capital (4,500,000 - 3,500,000) = 1,000,000
Total cash flows in year 4 of 2,800,000 so it will take (1,000,000 / 3,000,000) x 12 = 4
months
4. Jpeg Co. uses a real discount rate of 8%. They are carrying out an investment appraisal
using an inflation rate of 5%.
What discount rate should be used to discount the cash flows for the project:
A. 8%
B. 5%
C. 13%
D. 11%
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What are the 6 steps in investment appraisal?
Identify investment opportunities.
Screen the proposals to see that they fit with the organisation.
Analyse and evaluate the proposals.
Approval by the board.
Implementation and monitoring.
Post completion review or audit.
2. Why carry out a post-completion audit?
To ensure that managers are more careful in future.
To evaluate management performance on the project.
To evaluate future projects.
3. What is the calculation for the ARR or ROCE?
Average accounting profit / Average investment
4. How do you calculate the average investment?
(Cost + Residual Value) / 2
5. What are the weaknesses of the ARR?
The gain is expressed as a percentage so does not take into account the size of the
investment.
Uses accounting profit rather than cash so can be manipulated.
Disregards the timing of cashflows.
No discount rate to allow for inflation and risk.
6. What are the 3 relevant criteria for cash-flows in investment appraisal?
Cash
Incremental (Caused by the project)
Future
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
7. What are the advantages of using the payback period method?
Simple.
Minimises risk as it focuses on getting the capital invested back.
Maximises liquidity, again as it focuses on getting the capital invested back.
Uses cash rather than accounting profit.
Good for conservative managers.
8. Why do we need to discount cash-flows?
To allow for risk and inflation.
9. If the real discount rate is 7% and inflation is running at 3% what is the nominal/money
discount rate?
1+m = (1+r) x (1+inf)
1+m = (1.07) x (1.03)
1+m = 1.10
m = 0.10
Money Discount Rate = 10%
10. If I am going to receive $8,000 per year for 6 years and my cost of capital (discount
rate) is 8% what is the present value of the total of these cash-flows?
$8,000 x 4.623 (from annuity tables) = $36,984
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
June 2009 Q2 (a)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 10
Investment
Appraisal II
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
WDA - Illustration 1
A business buys a piece of equipment for $100.
Capital allowances are available at 25% reducing balance.
The tax rate is 30%
After the 4 year project the equipment can be sold for $25.
Solution
Period
Balance
25% WDA
30% Tax
Saving
Period
1
100.00
25.00
7.50
2
2
75.00
18.75
5.63
3
3
56.25
14.06
4.22
4
4
42.19
17.19
5.16
5
Sale of Item
-25.00
Period
0
1
2
3
4
5
Tax
Saving
-
-
7.5
5.63
4.22
5.16
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working Capital - Illustration 2
A business requires the following working capital investment into a four year project:
Initial Investment:! !
30,000
Year 1!!
!
!
35,000
Year 2!!
!
!
45,000
Year 3!!
!
!
32,000
Show the working capital line in the NPV calculation.
Solution
Period
0
1
2
3
Total Invested
30,000
35,000
45,000
32,000
Movement to NPV
Calculation
-30,000
-5,000
-10,000
13,000
4
32,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
NPV - Illustration 3
A business is evaluating a project for which the following information is relevant:
I.
Sales will be $100,000 in the first year and are expected to increase by 5% per year.
II.
Costs will be $50,000 and are expected to increase by 7% per year.
III. Capital investment will be $200,000 and attracts tax allowable depreciation of the full
value of the investment over the 5 year length of the project.
IV. The tax rate is 30% and tax is payable in the following year.
V.
Working Capital invested will be 20% of projected sales for the following year.
VI. General inflation is expected to be 3% over the course of the project and the business
uses a real discount rate of 9%.
Calculate the NPV for the project.
Solution
Working 1 - WDAs
Initial Investment
WDAs
Tax Saving
Periods
200,000
(200,000 / 5) =
40,000
(40,000 x 30%) =
12,000
2-6
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 2 - Inflation
Period
1
2
3
4
5
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
100,000
Inflation
-
1.05
1.05 to
power of 2
1.05 to
power of 3
1.05 to
power of 4
Inflated
Sales
100,000
105,000
110,250
115,763
121,551
Costs
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000
Inflation
-
1.07
1.07 to
power of 2
1.07 to
power of 3
1.07 to
power of 4
Inflated
Costs
50,000
53,500
57,245
61,252
65,540
Sales
Working 3 - Discount Rate
Working
Real Discount Rate
In Question
9%
Inflation
In Question
3%
Nominal Discount Rate
1 + m = (1 + 0.09) x (1 +
0.03)
1 + m = 1.12
m = 0.12
12%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 4 - Working Capital
Period
0
Inflated Sales
1
2
3
4
5
100,000
105,000
110,250
115,763
121,551
Working Capital
Required (20%)
20,000
21,000
22,050
23,153
24,310
Movement
-20,000
-1,000
-1,050
-1,103
-1,158
24,310
NPV
Period
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Inflated Sales
(W2)
100,000 105,000
110,250
115,763
121,551
Inflated Costs
(W2)
-50,000 -53,500
-57,245
-61,252
-65,540
Profit
50,000
51,500
53,005
54,510
56,011
Tax at 30%
-15,000
-15,450
-15,902
-16,353
-16,803
Tax Saving
(W1)
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
12,000
Capital
Investment
-200,000
Working Capital
(W4)
-20,000
-1,000
-1,050
-1,103
-1,158
24,310
Total Cash
Flows
-220,000
49,000
47,450
48,452
49,451
75,968
-4,803
1
0.893
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567
0.507
-220,000
43,757
37,818
34,498
31,451
43,074
-2,435
Discount Rate
12% (W3)
Discounted
Cash Flows
NPV
-31,838
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Asfor Co. plans to undertake a project with an initial investment of $5m. The inflation
adjusted cash flows expected from the project are as follows:
Year
$
1
$1.2m
2
$1.8m
3
$2.1m
4
$2.2m
5
$2.5m
Asfor Co. uses a real discount rate of 6% and general inflation is expected to be 5% per
year for the duration of the project.
What is the NPV of the project ignoring tax:
A. $8,178
B. $8,108
C. $2,010
D. $7,010
Answer C
Discount Rate (1.06 x 1.05) = 11%
1
2
3
4
5
Cash
1,200
1,800
2,100
2,200
2,500
DR 11%
0.901
0.812
0.731
0.659
0.593
PV Cash
1,081
1,462
1,535
1,450
1,483
Total PV
7,010
Capital
5,000
NPV
2,010
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
2. Asfor Co. plans to undertake a project with an initial investment of $16m. The cash flows
(profit) before inflation expected from the project are as follows:
Year
$
1
$4.2m
2
$4.9m
3
$5.5m
4
$5.8m
5
$6.1m
Asfor Co. uses a real discount rate of 10% and general inflation is expected to be 3% per
year for the duration of the project.
The tax rate on profits is 30% payable the following year.
What is the NPV of the project:
A. $417
B. $2,048
C. -$298
D. $2,233
Answer B
Discount Rate (1.10 x 1.03) = 13%
1
2
3
4
5
Cash
4,200
4,900
5,500
5,800
6,100
Inflated
4,326
5,198
6,010
6,528
7,072
-1,298
-1,560
-1,803
-1,958
-2,121
Tax
6
Total
4,326
3,901
4,450
4,725
5,113
-2,121
DR 13%
0.885
0.885
0.885
0.885
0.885
0.885
PV Cash
3,829
3,452
3,939
4,182
4,525
-1,878
Total PV
Cash
18,048
Capital
16,000
NPV
2,048
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. Asfor Co. plans to undertake a project with an initial investment of $16m and a scrap
value of $3m at the end of the project. The cash flows after inflation expected from the
project are as follows:
Year
$
1
$4.2m
2
$4.9m
3
$5.5m
4
$5.8m
5
$6.1m
Asfor Co. uses a nominal discount rate of 10%. Inflation is expected to be 3% per year.
The tax rate on profits is 30% payable the following year. Tax allowable depreciation is
available at 25% reducing balance.
What is the NPV of the project:
A. $1,477
B. $6,945
C. $17,477
D. $3,340
Answer D
Period
Balance
25% WDA
30% Tax
Saving
Period
1
16,000
4,000
1,200
2
2
12,000
3,000
900
3
3
9,000
2,250
675
4
4
6,750
1,688
506
5
5
5,063
2,063
619
6
Sale of Item
3,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
0
1
2
3
4
5
4,200
4,900
5,500
5,800
6,100
Tax
-1,260
-1,470
-1,650
-1,740
-1,830
Tax
Saving on
WDAs
1,200
900
675
506
619
Cash
6
Capital
-16,000
Total
-16,000
4,200
4,840
4,930
4,825
7,866
-1,211
DR 10%
1.000
0.909
0.893
0.751
0.683
0.621
0.564
PV Cash
-16,000
3,818
4,322
3,702
3,295
4,885
-683
NPV
3,340
3,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
4. Asfor Co. plans to undertake a project with an initial investment of $10m. The cash flows
(profit) after inflation expected from the project are as follows:
Year
$
1
$4.2m
2
$4.9m
3
$5.5m
4
$5.8m
5
$6.1m
Asfor Co. uses a nominal discount rate of 10%.
The working capital requirement will initially be $1m rising by 5% each year before being
returned at the end of the project.
The tax rate on profits is 30% payable the following year.
What is the NPV of the project:
A. $4,605
B. $9.566
C. $4,097
D. $4,293
Answer D
Cash
1
2
3
4
5
4,200
4,900
5,500
5,800
6,100
-1,260
-1,470
-1,650
-1,740
Tax
6
-1,830
W.Capital
-1,000
-50
-53
-55
1,158
Total
3,200
3,590
3,978
4,095
5,518
-1,830
DR 10%
0.909
0.893
0.751
0.683
0.621
0.564
PV Cash
2,909
3,206
2,987
2,797
3,427
-1,032
Total PV
Cash
14,293
Capital
10,000
NPV
4,293
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
5. Asfor Co. plans to undertake a project with an initial investment of $6m and scrap value
of $1m. The sales price per unit in real terms is $30 with cost per unit of $15.
Year
Units
1
200,000
2
300,000
3
350,000
4
400,000
5
320,000
Asfor Co. uses a nominal discount rate of 10%.
The sales are expected to be subject to inflation of 5% with the costs subject to inflation of
3%.
The tax rate on profits is 30% payable the following year.
What is the NPV of the project:
A. $11,079
B. $5,912
C. $4,097
D. $8,111
Answer A
1
2
3
4
5
30
30
30
30
30
Inflation
1.05
1.052
1.053
1.054
1.055
Inflated
32
33
35
36
38
Cost Price
15
15
15
15
15
Inflation
1.03
1.032
1.033
1.034
1.035
Inflated
15
16
16
17
17
Profit Per Unit
16
17
18
20
21
Units (‘000)
200
300
350
400
320
Total Cash
3,210
5,148
6,418
7,833
6,688
Sales Price
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Cash
1
2
3
4
5
3,210
5,148
6,418
7,833
6,688
-963
-1,544
-1,925
-2,350
Tax
6
-2,006
Capital
-6,000
1,000
Total
-2,790
4,185
4,874
5,908
5,338
-2,006
DR 10%
0.909
0.893
0.751
0.683
0.621
0.564
PV Cash
-2,536
3,737
3,660
4,035
3,315
-1,132
NPV
11,079
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
6. Asfor Co. plans to undertake a project with an initial investment of $600,000 and scrap
value of $100,000. The sales and costs in real terms are forecast to be
Year
Sales
$
Costs
$
1
200,000
100,000
2
300,000
125,000
3
350,000
155,000
4
400,000
160,000
5
320,000
145,000
Asfor Co. uses a nominal discount rate of 10%.
The sales are expected to be subject to inflation of 5% with the costs subject to inflation of
3%.
The tax rate on profits is 30% payable the following year.
What is the NPV of the project to the nearest ‘000?
A. -$33,000
B. -$2,000
C. $72,000
D. $107,000
Answer D
1
2
3
4
5
Sales
200
300
350
400
320
Inflation
1.05
1.052
1.053
1.054
1.055
Inflated
210
331
405
486
408
Costs
100
125
155
160
145
Inflation
1.03
1.032
1.033
1.034
1.035
Inflated
103
133
169
180
168
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
1
2
3
4
5
Sales
210
331
405
486
408
Costs
-103
-133
-169
-180
-168
Profit
107
198
236
306
240
-32
-59
-71
-92
Tax
6
-72
Capital
-600
100
Total
-493
166
177
235
248
-72
DR 10%
0.909
0.893
0.751
0.683
0.621
0.564
PV Cash
-448
148
133
161
154
-41
NPV
107
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What are we comparing in NPV analysis?
The initial investment in the project is being compared to the forecast cash-flows
which are discounted to reflect the risk of the project and inflation.
2. Why do we need a period 0?
The initial investment is made now - in the current time period and as such is not
discounted as no inflation will have occurred.
3. Why do we assume that cash-flows occur at the end of each period?
The discount rates given to us in the discount table applys to a whole year i.e. the
discount rate for period one applies to cash flows that occur 1 year after the start of
the project.
If we did not assume that the cash we earn during year one occurred at the end of
that period then we would have to adjust the discount rate for the month in which
they occur (by using a fraction of the discount rate).
This would be time consuming and difficult.
4. If I have profits in period 2 of $4,000 and a tax rate of 30% how much tax will I pay and
when?
Tax to pay: 4,000 x 0.3 = $1,200
This will be paid in period 3 - one year later.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
5. If I receive 25% capital allowances and have a tax rate of 20% what will my tax saving
be in each year over a 5 year project if the capital investment is $7,500 with a residual
value of $1,500?
Period
Balance
25% WDA
30% Tax
Saving
Period
1
7500
1875
375
2
2
5625
1406
281
3
3
4219
1055
211
4
4
3164
791
158
5
5
2373
873
175
6
Sale of Item
-1500
6. What makes up working capital?
Inventory, Receivables, Payables.
7. How do we account for working capital in NPV analysis?
The initial working capital required is invested in period 0.
We then adjust the working capital for the increase or decrease required in each
period.
The closing balance of working capital is returned at the end of the project so that
the working capital line in the NPV calculation should add across to zero.
8. If my cash flows in my NPV analysis are inflated should I use the real or the nominal
discount rate?
The real rate. If the cash flows are inflated then the discount rate needs to be
adjusted for inflation also.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
June 2010 Q3 (a) & (b)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 11
Investment
Appraisal III
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
IRR - Illustration 1
ABC has evaluated a project and come to the following conclusions.
At a discount rate of 10% the NPV will be $100,000
At a discount rate of 15% the NPV will be -$75,000
What is the IRR?
Solution
!
!
!
!
IRR = !!
100,000
!
10 +! 100,000 - (75,000)
(15 - 10)
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following best describes the result of calculating the Internal Rate of Return
of a prospective project?
A. The forecast return on the project as a percentage of the capital invested.
B. The amount of time expected to be taken for the capital invested in the project to be
returned.
C. The amount of shareholder wealth expected to be created by the project.
D. The discount rate at which the NPV of the project is expected to be zero.
Answer D
2. If a project has cash inflows of $5,000 per year for 5 years and had an initial investment
of $17,000 what is the IRR?
A. 14.5%
B. 11.5%
C. 10.0%
D. 15.0%
Answer A
NPV at discount rate of 5%:
Present value of cash flows (5,000 x 4.329) = 21,645
Initial investment = 17,000
NPV = 4,645 (21,645 - 17,000)
NPV at discount rate of 15%:
Present value of cash flows (5,000 x 3.352) = 16,760
Initial investment = 17,000
NPV = -240 (16,760 - 17,000)
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Fill into IRR
5 + [(4,645 / (4,645 - -240)) (15 - 5)]
IRR = 14.5%
3. If a project has cash inflows of $6,000 per year for 5 years and had an initial investment
of $23,000 what is the IRR?
A. 11.05%
B. 10.07%
C. 12.07%
D. 9.23%
Answer B
NPV at discount rate of 5%:
Present value of cash flows (6,000 x 4.329) = 25,974
Initial investment = 23,000
NPV = 2,974 (25,974 - 23,000)
NPV at discount rate of 15%:
Present value of cash flows (6,000 x 3.352) = 20,112
Initial investment = 23,000
NPV = -2,888 (20,112 - 23,000)
Fill into IRR
5 + [(2,974 / (2,974 - -2,888)) (15 - 5)]
IRR = 14.5%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
4. Which of the following are advantages of using the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) as an
investment appraisal technique?
1. IRR gives an answer in the form of an understandable percentage.
2. IRR uses accounting profit to assess the project.
3. IRR covers the payback period of the project.
4. IRR focuses on the maximisation of shareholder wealth.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
Answer D
5. Which of the following are disadvantages of using the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) as
an investment appraisal technique?
1. It gives an absolute figure rather than a percentage as the result.
2. All of the figures are based on forecasts.
3. It is possible to get multiple IRRs depending on the timing of the cashflows.
4. IRR assumes that all returns are re-invested in the project which is not necessarily the
case.
A
B
C
D
1, 2 and 4
2, 3 and 4
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What are we trying to find with the Internal Rate of Return?
We are trying to find the discount rate at which the NPV of the project would equal
zero i.e. if we discounted the cash flows at that discount rate the project would have
neither a positive or negative NPV but an NPV of 0.
2. What is the formula for the IRR?
L + [(NPV L / (NPV L - NPV H)) (H - L)]
3. If a project has cash inflows of $5,000 per year for 5 years and had an initial investment
of $17,000 what is the IRR?
NPV at discount rate of 5%:
Present value of cash flows (5,000 x 4.329) = 21,645
Initial investment = 17,000
NPV = 4,645 (21,645 - 17,000)
NPV at discount rate of 15%:
Present value of cash flows (5,000 x 3.352) = 16,760
Initial investment = 17,000
NPV = -240 (16,760 - 17,000)
Fill into IRR
5 + [(4,645 / (4,645 - -240)) (15 - 5)]
IRR = 14.5%
4. What are the advantages of the IRR?
IRR gives an answer in the form of an understandable percentage.
IRR uses cash flows and not accounting profit.
IRR covers the whole life of the project.
IRR (like NPV) focuses on the maximisation of shareholder wealth.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
5. What are the disadvantages of the IRR?
The calculation is assumed to be complicated.
It gives a percentage rather than an absolute figure as the result.
All of the figures are based on forecasts.
It is possible to get multiple IRRs depending on the timing of the cashflows.
IRR assumes that all returns are re-invested in the project which is not necessarily
the case.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
June 2009 Q2 (b) & (c)
December 2010 Q1 (a) & (b)
December 2007 Q2 (a) & (b)
Pilot Paper Q4
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 12
Further Appraisal
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Expected Values - Illustration 1
A business is considering 2 different projects. The likely profit made from each project is
outlined below:
Project A
Project B
Projected Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
Projected Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
$10,000
10%
$10,000
15%
$15,000
30%
$15,000
25%
$20,000
40%
$20,000
30%
$23,000
20%
$23,000
30%
Calculate the expected value for each of the projects.
Solution
Project A
Project B
Project
ed
Profit
Percent
age
Likelyhood
Working
EV
Project
ed
Profit
Percent
age
Likelyhood
Working
EV
$10,000
0.1
(10,000 x
0.1)
$1,000
$10,000
0.15
(10,000 x
0.15)
$1,500
$15,000
0.3
(15,000 x
0.3)
$4,500
$15,000
0.25
(15,000 x
0.25
$3,750
$20,000
0.4
(20,000 x
0.4)
$8,000
$20,000
0.3
(20,000 x
0.3)
$6,000
$23,000
0.2
(23,000 x
0.2)
$4,600
$23,000
0.3
(23,000 x
0.3)
$6,900
EV
$18,100
1
1
EV $18,150
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Sensitivity Margin - Illustration 2
A business is considering a project which will cost them an initial 20,000
The sales expected for the 2 year duration are 20,000pa.
The variable costs are 2,000pa
Cost of capital 10%
Calculate the sensitivity margin of:
I.
The initial investment.
II.
The variable costs of the projects.
III. The sales of the project.
Solution
Working 1 - NPV of Project
Period
1
2
Cash-Flows
20,000
20,000
Variable Cost
-2,000
-2,000
-20,000
18,000
18,000
1
0.909
0.826
PV Cash Flows
-20,000
16,362
14,868
NPV
11,230
Capital Investment
Total Cash Flows
Discount Rate 10%
0
-20,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 2 - PV of each item
Period
0
1
2
Variable Costs
-2,000
-2,000
Discount Rate 10%
0.909
0.826
Total
-1,818
-1,652
Present Value of Variable Costs (1,818 + 1,652) = $3,470
Sales
20,000
20,000
Discount Rate 10%
0.909
0.826
Total
18,180
16,520
Present Value of Sales (18,180 + 16,520) = $34,700
Present Value of Initial Investment = $20,000
Sensitivity Margins
Item
Working
Sensitivity
Margin
Explanation
Initial
Investmen
t
NPV / PV Initial Investment
(11,230 / 20,000)
56%
The NPV is 56% of the initial
investment.
Variable
Costs
NPV / PV Variable Costs
(11,230 / 3470)
323%
The Variable costs would
need to rise by 323% to
create a negative NPV
Sales
NPV / PV Sales (11,230 /
34,700)
32%
Sales would need to drop by
32% before the NPV would
be negative.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lease V Buy - Illustration 3
Machine cost
$10,000
The Machine has a useful economic life of 5 years with no scrap value
Capital allowances available at 25% reducing balance
Finance choices
1) 5 year loan 14.28% pre tax cost
2) 5 year Finance Lease @ $2,200 pa in advance
If the machine is purchased then maintenance costs of $100 per year will be incurred.
The tax rate is 30%.
The leasing company will maintain the machine if it is leased.
Should the company lease or buy the machine.
Solution
Buy
Working 1 - Capital Allowances
Period
Balance
25% WDA
30% Tax
Saving
Period
1
10000.00
2500.00
750.00
2
2
7500.00
1875.00
562.50
3
3
5625.00
1406.25
421.88
4
4
4218.75
1054.69
316.41
5
5
3164.06
3,164.06
949.22
6
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 2 - Maintenance
Amount
Tax Saving
$100 per Year
(100 x 30%) = $30
Working 3 - Discount Rate
Pre-tax Borrowing Rate
14.28%
Tax Rate
30%
Post Tax Borrowing Rate
14.28 x (1 - 0.3) = 10%
Working 4 - NPV
Period
Capital
0
1
3
4
5
6
750
562
422
316
949
-100
-100
-100
-100
30
30
30
30
30
-10,000
WDA Tax Saving
(W1)
Maintenance
-100
Maintenance Tax
Saving (W2)
Total Cash Flows
2
-10,000
-100
680
492
352
246
979
1
0.909
0.826
0.751
0.683
0.621
0.564
PV Cash Flows
-10,000
-91
562
369
240
153
552
NPV
-8,214
Discount Rate 10%
(W3)
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lease
Period
Capital
0
1
2
3
4
-2200
-2200
-2200
-2200
-2200
660
660
Tax Saving on
Lease Payment
Total Cash Flows
5
6
660
660
660
-2200
-2200
-1540
-1540
-1540
660
660
1
0.909
0.826
0.751
0.683
0.621
0.564
PV Cash Flows
-2,200
-2000
-1272
-1157
-1052
410
372
NPV
-6,898
Discount Rate 10%
(W3)
Based on the above, the company should lease the machine.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Equivalent Annual Cost - Illustration 4
Machine Cost 30,000
Running costs
Year 1
10,000
Year 2
11,500
Residual Value (if sold after..)
Year 1
19,000
Year 2
16,000
Cost of capital = 10%
Is it better to replace the machine every year or to replace it every 2 years?
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Solution
NPV for replacement after one year
Period
0
Capital Investment
1
-30,000
Running Costs
-10,000
Residual Value
19,000
Cash Flows
-30,000
9,000
1
0.909
PV Cash Flows
-30,000
8,181
NPV
-21,819
Discount Rate 10%
Annuity Factor from tables
(1yr at 10%)
0.909
Equivalent Annual Cost (NPV / Annuity Factor) = (-21,819 / 0.909) = -$24,003
NPV for replacement after two years
Period
1
2
Running Costs
-10,000
-11,500
Residual Value
-
16,000
-30,000
-10,000
4,500
1
0.909
0.826
PV Cash Flows
-30,000
-9,090
3,717
NPV
-35,373
Capital Investment
Cash Flows
Discount Rate 10%
Annuity Factor from tables
(2yrs at 10%)
0
-30,000
1.736
Equivalent Annual Cost (NPV / Annuity Factor) = (-35,373 / 1.736) = -$20,376
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A business is considering 2 different projects. The likely profit made from each project is
outlined below:
Project 1
Project 2
Projected Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
Projected Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
$12,000
10%
$12,000
15%
$16,000
30%
$16,000
25%
$25,000
40%
$25,000
30%
$30,000
20%
$30,000
30%
Project 3
Project 4
Projected Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
Projected Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
$12,000
12%
$12,000
18%
$16,000
35%
$16,000
30%
$25,000
44%
$25,000
30%
$30,000
9%
$30,000
22%
Which of the projects should be chosen on the basis of the Expected Values?
A
B
C
D
Project 1
Project 2
Project 3
Project 4
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Project 1
Project 2
Projected
Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
Projected
Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
$12,000
10%
$1,200
$12,000
15%
$1,800
$16,000
30%
$4,800
$16,000
25%
$4,000
$25,000
40%
$10,000
$25,000
30%
$7,500
$30,000
20%
$6,000
$30,000
30%
$9,000
$22,000
Project 3
$22,300
Project 4
Projected
Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
Projected
Profit
Percentage
Likely-hood
$12,000
12%
$1,440
$12,000
18%
$2,160
$16,000
35%
$5,600
$16,000
30%
$4,800
$25,000
44%
$11,000
$25,000
30%
$7,500
$30,000
9%
$2,700
$30,000
22%
$6,600
$20,740
$21,060
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
2. A company is considering investing in a project with an expected life of four years. The
project has a positive net present value of $280,000 when cash flows are discounted at
12% per annum. The project’s estimated cash flows include net cash inflows of $320,000
for each of the four years. No tax is payable on projects of this type.
What is the sensitivity margin of the cash inflows of the project?
A 87.5%
B 21.9%
C 3.5%
D 28.8%
Answer D
Net Present Value of the project = $280,000
Present value of the annual cash inflow = $320,000 x 3.037 = $971,840
Sensitivity = $280,000/$971,840 = 28.8%
3. A five year investment project has a positive net present value of $320,000 when
discounted at the cost of capital of 10% per annum. The project includes annual net cash
inflows of $100,000 which occur at the end of each of the five years.
What is the sensitivity margin of the cash inflows of the project?
A 31.25%
B 118.5%
C 84.4%
D 18.5%
Answer C
Discounted value of cash inflow = $100k x 3.791 = $379.1k
Sensitivity = $320k / $379.1k = 84.4%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
4. Davos Co. intends to lease a machine on a 5 year operating lease for a payment of
$3,500 payable in advance. The tax rate is 30%. The pre-tax cost of borrowing is
15.71%.
What is the present value cost to the business of leasing the machine?
A. $9,440
B. $10,480
C. $10,864
D. $10,974
Answer C
Period
Capital
0
1
2
3
4
-3,500
-3,500
-3,500
-3,500
-3,500
1,050
1,050
Tax Saving on
Lease Payment
Total Cash Flows
5
6
1,050
1,050
1,050
-3,500
-3,500
-2,450
-2,450
-2,450
1,050
1,050
1
0.901
0.812
0.731
0.659
0.593
0.535
PV Cash Flows
-3,500
-3154
-1989
-1791
-1615
623
562
NPV
-10,864
Discount Rate 11%
15.71 x (1 - 0.3)
5. Davos Co. intends to buy a machine a payment of $2m. Tax allowable depreciation is
allowable over 5 years at 25% reducing balance. The tax rate is 30%. The pre-tax cost
of borrowing is 17.14%. Maintenance costs of $65,000 are payable each year.
What is the present value cost to the business of buying the machine?
A. -$1,786
B. -$1,615
C. -$1,849
D. -$2,172
Answer A
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Period
Balance
25% WDA
30% Tax
Saving
Period
1
2000
500
150
2
2
1500
375
113
3
3
1125
281
84
4
4
844
211
63
5
5
633
633
190
6
Period
Capital
0
1
3
4
5
6
150
113
84
63
190
-65
-65
-65
-65
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
19.5
-2,000
WDA Tax Saving
Maintenance
-65
Maintenance Tax
Saving
Total Cash Flows
2
-2,000
-65
104.5
67.5
38.5
17.5
209.5
1
0.893
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567
0.507
PV Cash Flows
-2,000
-58
83
48
24
10
106
NPV
-1,786
Discount Rate 12%
(17.14% x (1 - 0.3))
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
6. Kevlar Co. has a piece of machinery which cost $40,000 and is trying to decide how
often to replace it based on the Equivalent Annual Cost (EAQ). The following
information relates to the machine.
Machine Cost 40,000
Running costs
$12,000 per year
Residual Value (if sold after..)
Year 1
19,000
Year 2
16,000
Year 3!!
14,000
Year 4!!
14,000
Cost of capital = 12%
When is best to replace the machine based on the EAQ?
A. At the end of year 1
B. At the end of year 2
C. At the end of year 3
D. At the end of year 4
Answer D
Residual
Value
NPV
Cost
Annuity
Factor
EAC
19,000
x 0.893
16,976
33,740
0.893
37,783
20,820
16,000
x 0.797
12,752
48,068
1.690
28,443
12,000 x
2.402
28,824
14,000
x 0.712
9,968
58,856
2.402
24,503
12,000 x
3.102
37,224
14,000
x 0.636
6,996
70,228
3.102
22,640
Year
Cost
Costs
1
40,000
12,000 x
0.893
10,716
2
40,000
12,000 x
1.690
3
40,000
4
40,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What is the difference between risk and uncertainty?
Risk can be quantified whereas uncertainty cannot.
2. How can we deal with each of risk and uncertainty in investment appraisal?
Risk can be quantified using probabilities. This enables us to calculate an expected
value and use this in our investment appraisal.
3. What is an operating lease?
An operating lease is a leasing arrangement where a company does not take
ownership of the item being leased but pays a periodic amount to use it. It will
remain on the lessor’s balance sheet and they will be responsible for maintaining it.
4. Why might a company want to lease an item rather than buy it?
There may be tax benefits to leasing the item.
The lessor retains the risk of obsolescence and maintenance.
It can be used as a form of off-balance-sheet finance.
There is no requirement to take out a loan to finance the item.
5. What are the relevant costs of buying the item?
The cost of the item.
The residual value at the end of the useful life.
Written down allowances against tax.
Maintenance costs which will be incurred when the item is owned.
Tax allowance on the maintenance costs (or any other tax allowable cost in a
question).
6. What are the relevant costs of leasing the item?
The lease payments.
Tax allowance on the lease payments.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
7. If I have a pre-tax borrowing rate of 13% and the tax rate is 25% what is the post-tax
borrowing rate?
0.13 x (1-T)
0.13 x (1 - 0.25) = 0.975
Answer = 9.75%
8. What does the equivalent annual cost method tell us?
EAC tells us when best to replace assets as it shows us the cost per year to own
and operate them.
9. What is the equation for the EAC?
NPV / Annuity factor.
10. I have an item of plant costing $30,000 new and $5,000 to maintain each year. The
residual value after 3 years is $7,000 and after 4 years is $5,000. If I have a cost of
capital of 10% after how long should I replace the asset?
EAC for replacing after 3 years
Period
Capital Investment
0
1-3
-30,000
Running Costs
-5,000
Residual Value
Cash Flows
3
7,000
-30,000
-5,000
7,000
1
2.487
0.751
PV Cash Flows
-30,000
-12,435
5,257
NPV
-37,178
Discount Rate 10%
Annuity Factor from
tables (3yrs at 10%)
2.487
Equivalent Annual Cost (NPV / Annuity Factor) = (-37,187 / 2.487) = -$14,953
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
EAC for replacing after 4 years
Period
Capital Investment
0
1-4
-30,000
Running Costs
-5,000
Residual Value
Cash Flows
4
5,000
-30,000
-5,000
7,000
1
3.170
0.683
PV Cash Flows
-30,000
-15,850
4,781
NPV
-41,069
Discount Rate 10%
Annuity Factor from
tables (3yrs at 10%)
3.170
Equivalent Annual Cost (NPV / Annuity Factor) = (-41,069 / 3.170) = -$12,956
It is better to replace the plant every 4 years as the EAC is lower.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
December 2009 Q1 (a) & (b)
December 2007 Q2 (c)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 13
Further Appraisal II
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Profitability Index - Illustration 1
A business has identified the following projects. They have $200,000 to invest and the
projects are divisible.
Project
Investment
NPV
A
90,000
15,000
B
110,000
25,000
C
50,000
10,000
D
75,000
22,000
E
70,000
-8,000
Which projects should the business undertake?
Solution
Project
Investment
NPV
PI (NPV /
Investment)
Rank
A
90,000
15,000
17%
4%
B
110,000
25,000
23%
2%
C
50,000
10,000
20%
3%
D
75,000
22,000
29%
1%
E
70,000
-8,000
-
Investment
Project
Investment
All of D
75,000
All of B
110,000
30% of C (50,000 x 0.3)
15,000
Total Investment
200,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Investment Choices - Illustration 2
A business has identified the following projects. They have $200,000 to invest and the
projects are non-divisible.
Project
Investment
NPV
A
90,000
15,000
B
110,000
25,000
C
50,000
10,000
D
75,000
22,000
Which projects should the business undertake?
Solution
Project
Investment
NPV
Rank
A+B
90,000 + 110,000 = 200,000
15,000 + 25,000 = 40,000
2
A+C
90,000 + 50,000 = 140,000
15,000 + 10,000 = 25,000
6
A+D
90,000 + 75,000 = 165,000
15,000 + 22,000 = 37,000
3
B+C
110,000 + 50,000 = 160,000
25,000 + 10,000 = 35,000
4
B+D
110,000 + 75,000 = 185,000
25,000 + 22,000 = 47,000
1
C+D
50,000 + 75,000 = 125,000
10,000 + 22,000 = 32,000
5
The business should undertake projects B and D as these will yield the highest NPV.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Equivalent Annual Annuity - Illustration 3
!
!
!
!
NPV
Duration
Project 1
300
5 yrs
Project 2
200
3 yrs
Project 3
350
6 yrs
Calculate the EEA of each project given a cost of capital of 10%
Solution
Project
NPV
Annuity
Factor
Working (NPV /
Annuity Factor)
EAA
1
300
3.791
300 / 3.791
79.13
2
200
2.487
200 / 2.487
80.42
3
350
4.355
350 / 4.355
80.37
Project 3 has the highest EAA.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. An investment project requires an initial investment of $500,000 and has a residual
value of $130,000 at the end of five years. The net present value of the project is
$140,500 after discounting at the company’s cost of capital of 12% per annum.
The profitability index of the project is:
A
B
C
D
0.38
0.54
0.28
0.26
Answer C
The profitability index
= net present value of the investment / initial investment = $140,500 / $500,000
= 0.281
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
2. A company has a maximum of $80 million available for investment and seven
independent projects in which it could invest as follows:
Project
Investment
NPV
A
10
4.20
B
40
6.10
C
20
8.50
D
40
13.70
E
50
3.80
F
20
4.90
G
20
4.33
None of the projects can be carried out more than once. Each project is divisible therefore
investment in part of a project can be undertaken.
What is the maximum NPV that could be achieved from investing the $80m using the
Profitability Index?
A. $28.85
B. $31.3m
C. $45.53m
D. $26.4m
Answer A
Project
Investme
nt
NPV
PI
Rank
Cumulative
Inv.
Cumulative
NPV
C
20
8.50
0.43
1
20
8.5
A
10
4.20
0.42
2
30
12.7
D
40
13.70
0.34
3
70
26.4
F
20
4.90
0.25
4
80
28.85
G
20
4.33
0.22
5
-
-
B
40
6.10
0.15
6
-
-
E
50
3.80
0.08
7
-
-
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. Which of the following best describes ‘hard’ capital rationing?
A. A limited amount of capital is available to the company due to external factors such as
banks unwillingness to lend.
B. A limited amount of capital is available to the company due to internal factors such as
management unwillingness to take more risk.
C. Extra capital is available to the company due to external factors such as banks who are
keen to lend.
D. Extra capital is available to the company due to internal factors such as excess cash
from operations.
Answer A
4. Which of the following best describes ‘soft’ capital rationing?
A. A limited amount of capital is available to the company due to external factors such as
banks unwillingness to lend.
B. A limited amount of capital is available to the company due to internal factors such as
management unwillingness to take more risk.
C. Extra capital is available to the company due to external factors such as banks who are
keen to lend.
D. Extra capital is available to the company due to internal factors such as excess cash
from operations.
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What is the difference between divisible and non-divisible projects?
For divisible projects, the company can do a proportion of one project if they do not
have the capital to do it all.
Non divisible projects cannot be split i.e. they are all or nothing.
2. If the projects are divisible,which method should be used to decide which projects to
undertake?
Profitability index.
3. How do we calculate the Profitability Index?
NPV of project / Cost of investment.
4. If projects are non divisible how do we make a decision?
Trial and error.
5. What is the equivalent annual benefit?
The EAB tells us what the NPV of the project would be the equivalent to as an
annual amount.
6. What is capital rationing?
Capital rationing refers to the fact that companies do not have an unlimited amount
of capital available to invest.
7. What is hard capital rationing?
Hard capital rationing is externally imposed by factors outside of the organisation.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
8. What is soft capital rationing?
Soft capital rationing is imposed by factors internal to the organisation.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
December 2009 Q1 (c) & (d)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 14
Business Valuations
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Net Assets Valuation Method Illustration 1
Non Current Assets
550,000
Current Assets
170,000
Current Liabilities
-80,000
Share Capital
300,000
Reserves
200,000
10% Loan Notes
150,000
The Market Value of property in the Non Current Assets is $50,000 more than the book
value.
The Loan Notes are redeemable at a 5% premium.
What is the value of a 70% holding using the net assets valuation basis?
Solution
Non Current Assets
Working
$
550,000 + 50,000 (Property value)
600,000
Current Assets
170,000
Current Liabilities
-80,000
10% Loan Notes
150,000 x 105%
-157,500
532,500
Value of 70%
532,500 x 70%
372,750
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
DVM - Illustration 2
ABC pays a constant dividend of 45c. It has 3m ordinary shares.
The shareholders require a return of 15%.
What is the Value of the business?
Solution
Working
Constant Dividend
In Question
45c
Required Return (Cost of Equity or Ke)
In Question
15%
Share Price (Dividend / Ke)
45 / 0.15
300c
No. Ordinary Shares
In Question
3m
Value of the business
300c x 3m
$9m
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
DVM - Illustration 3
A business has Share Capital made up of 50c shares of $3 million
Dividend per share (just paid) 30c
Dividend paid four years ago 22c
Required Return = 12%
Calculate the Value of the business using the dividend valuation method.
Solution
Working 1 - Dividend Growth
Dividend Paid Now
30c
Dividend Paid 4 Years Ago
22c
(4√(30 / 22))
=1.08
=8%
Dividend Growth
Working 2 - Business Valuation
Dividend Paid
30c
Required Return (Ke)
12%
Dividend Growth
8%
Share Price (Dividend (1+g)) / (Ke - g)
No Ordinary Shares
Value of business
(30 x 1.08) / (0.12 - 0.08) = 810c
($3m / 0.5) = 6m
(6m x 810c) = $48.6m
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
P/E Ratio Method - Illustration 4
X1
X2
X3
$‘000
$‘000
$‘000
Revenue
3000
3500
4200
COS
2000
2400
3200
Gross Profit
1000
1100
1000
Admin Costs
300
350
400
Distribution Costs
200
250
300
PBIT
500
500
300
Interest
100
150
220
Tax
120
90
50
Profit After Tax
280
260
30
Dividends
100
110
30
Retained Earnings
180
150
0
Industry P/E Average
13
12
14
Calculate the Value of the Company for each of the 3 years using the P/E Ratio
method.
Solution
Year
Industry P/E Ratio
Total Earnings
Value of Company
1
13
280,000
(13 x 280,000) = $3.64m
2
12
260,000
(12 x 260,000) = $3.12m
3
14
30,000
(14 x 30,000) = $420,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
P/E Ratio Method - Illustration 5
X1
X2
X3
$‘000
$‘000
$‘000
Revenue
3200
3800
4800
COS
2000
2400
3200
Gross Profit
1200
1400
1600
Admin Costs
300
350
400
Distribution Costs
200
250
300
PBIT
700
800
900
Interest
100
150
220
Tax
120
90
50
Profit After Tax
480
560
630
Dividends
100
110
150
Retained Earnings
380
450
480
Industry P/E Average
17
15
18
Number of Shares
3m
3m
3m
Calculate the Earnings Per Share for each of the 3 years
Calculate the Value of the Company for each of the 3 years using the EPS you
calculate.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Solution
Year
Earnings
No. Shares
EPS (Earnings / No.
Ordinary Shares)
1
480,000
3m
16c
2
560,000
3m
18.66c
3
630,000
3m
21c
Year
Industry P/E
Ratio
EPS
Share Price
(EPS x P/E Ratio)
Value of Company
1
17
16c
$2.72
(2.72 x 3m) =
$8.16m
2
15
18.66c
$2.80
(2.80 x 3m) =
$8.4m
3
18
21c
$3.78
(3.78 x 3m) =
$11.34m
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Earnings Yield - Illustration 6
X1
X2
X3
$‘000
$‘000
$‘000
Revenue
3100
3700
4600
COS
2000
2400
3200
Gross Profit
1100
1300
1400
Admin Costs
300
350
400
Distribution Costs
200
250
300
PBIT
600
700
700
Interest
100
150
220
Tax
120
90
50
Profit After Tax
380
460
430
Dividends
100
110
150
Retained Earnings
280
350
280
Earnings Yield
0.15
0.18
0.17
Number of Shares
4m
4m
4m
Calculate the Earnings Per Share for each of the 3 years and the share price using the
earnings yield.
Solution
Year
Earnings
No.
Shares
EPS (Earnings /
No. Ordinary
Shares)
Earnings
Yield
Share Price
(EPS / Earnings
Yield)
1
380,000
4m
9.5c
0.15
63.33c
2
460,000
4m
11.5
0.18
63.88c
3
430,000
4m
10.75
0.17
63.23c
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Present Value of Future Cash Flows - Illustration 7
ABC Company earned $100,000 in cash inflows this year.
They expect this to increase in each of the next 5 years by 5% and after that to increase
by 2% forever.
The company uses a cost of capital of 10%.
Calculate the value of the company using the present value of future cash flows method.
Solution
Period
Cash Inflows
1
2
105,000 110,250
3
4
5
6
(127,628 x 1.02) /
115,763 121,551 127,628 (0.10 - 0.02)
= 1,627,257
Discount Rate
10%
0.909
0.826
0.751
0.683
0.621
0.621
PV Cash
Flows
95,445
91,067
86,938
83,019
79,257
1,010,527
Total
1,446,252
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1.
Non Current Assets
700,000
Current Assets
250,000
Current Liabilities
-100,000
Share Capital
500,000
Reserves
300,000
10% Loan Notes
200,000
The Market Value of property in the Non Current Assets is $100,000 more than the book
value.
The Loan Notes are redeemable at a 10% premium.
What is the value of a 80% holding using the net assets valuation basis?
A. $730,000
B. $664,000
C. $584,000
D. $444,000
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Solution
Non Current Assets
Working
$
700,000 + 100,000
800,000
Current Assets
250,000
Current Liabilities
-100,000
10% Loan Notes
200,000 x 1.1
-220,000
730,000
Value of 70%
730,000 x 80%
584,000
2. ABC Co. has Share Capital made up of 50c shares of $5 million. They have just
paid a dividend per share of 50c and paid a dividend per share four years ago of 35c.
The cost of capital is 14%.
Calculate the Value of the business using the dividend valuation method.
A. $343.6m
B. $389.3m
C. $109.3m
D. $54.65m
Answer C
Solution
Working 1 - Dividend Growth
Dividend Paid Now
50c
Dividend Paid 4 Years Ago
35c
Dividend Growth
(4√(50 / 35))
=1.09
=9%
Working 2 - Business Valuation
Dividend Paid
50c
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 2 - Business Valuation
Required Return (Ke)
14%
Dividend Growth
9%
Share Price (Dividend (1+g)) / (Ke - g)
(50 x 1.09) / (0.14 - 0.09) = 1093c
No Ordinary Shares
($5m / 0.5) = 10m
Value of business
(10m x 1093c) = $109.3m
3. SKV Co has paid the following dividends per share in recent years:
Year
2013
2012
2011
2010
Dividends
36.0
33.8
32.8
31.1
The dividend for 2013 has just been paid and SKV Co has a cost of equity of 12%.
Using the geometric average historical dividend growth rate and the dividend growth
model, what is the market price of SKV Co shares to the nearest cent on an ex
dividend basis?
A $4·67
B $5·14
C $5·40
D $6·97
Answer C
The geometric average dividend growth rate is (36·0/31·1)1/3 – 1 = 5%
The ex div share price = (36·0 x 1·05)/(0·12 – 0·05) = $5·40
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
4. The following information relates to Stovie Co.
$‘000
Revenue
3000
COS
2000
Gross Profit
1000
Op. Costs
500
Net Profit
500
Number of Shares
1m
Share Price
$5
Industry P/E Average
15
What is the the Value of the Company Using the P/E ratio calculation?
A. $5m
B. $7.5m
C. $8m
D. $5.5m
Answer B
Solution
Year
Industry P/E Ratio
Total Earnings
Value of Company
1
15
500,000
$7.5m
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
5. Archie Company expects to earn $100,000 in cash inflows this year.
They expect this to increase in each of the following 4 years by 8% and after that to
increase by 4% forever.
The company uses a cost of capital of 10%.
Calculate the value of the company to the nearest $‘000 using the present value of future
cash flows method.
A. $1,902,000
B. $2,795,000
C. $1,340,000
D. $3,675,000
Answer A
Solution
Period
1
2
3
4
5
Post Yr 5
Cash Inflows
100
108
117
126
136
136(1.04) /
(0.1 - 0.04)
= 2,357
Discount Rate
10%
0.909
0.826
0.751
0.683
0.621
0.621
PV Cash
Flows
91
89
88
86
84
1,464
Total
1,902
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
6. Archie Company expects to earn $500,000 in cash inflows this year.
They expect this to increase in each of the following 4 years by 7% and after that to
increase by 3% forever.
The company uses a cost of capital of 10%.
Calculate the value of the company to the nearest $‘000 using the present value of future
cash flows method.
A. $7,569,000
B. $9,638,000
C. $8,137,000
D. $11,790,000
Answer C
Solution
Period
1
2
3
4
5
Post Yr 5
Cash Inflows
500
535
572
613
655
655(1.03) /
(0.1 - 0.03)
= 9,638
Discount Rate
10%
0.909
0.826
0.751
0.683
0.621
0.621
PV Cash
Flows
455
442
430
418
407
5,985
Total
8,137
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. When is it appropriate to use the Net Assets Valuation method?
To value a property investment company.
As the minimum price in a takeover.
If asset stripping a company.
2. What are the downsides of using the Net Assets Valuation method?
It ignores intangibles that are not shown on the balance sheet.
It is not based on earnings which is usually the reason for buying a business.
It will often lead to an under-valuation.
3. A company pays a constant dividend of 50c and has a cost of capital of 13%. Calculate
the share price using DVM.
50 / 0.13 = $3.85
4. A company pays a dividend of 50c and paid a dividend of 40c 4 years ago. The
company has a cost of capital of 13%. Calculate the share price using DVM.
Growth = [4√(50 / 40)] -1 = 0.057 (5.7%)
Share Price = 50 (1+0.057) / (0.13 - 0.057) = $7.24
5. What are the downsides of using DVM?
It assumes constant growth in the dividends.
The future growth is estimated from historic data.
The model is very sensitive to changes in any of the variables.
6. Why do we use a proxy P/E Ratio when valuing a business with this method?
To base our valuation on what the business should be achieving based on the
industry it is in, rather that what it is achieving. If we buy the business we will intend
to improve it’s performance at least to the industry average.
7. When and how can we adjust the P/E Ratio used?
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
When we are valuing a risky company or an unlisted company we may adjust the P/
E ratio down by say 10% to reflect this.
8. The industry average P/E ratio for the fashion industry is 13. We are valuing an unlisted
fashion business who have an EPS of 22c and 12m shares in issue. What is the value
of the firm?
A fashion business is risky as fashion changes and it is also unlisted so let’s adjust
the P/E ratio down to 12 and say:
22c x 12m = Total earnings of $2.64m
$2.64 x 12 = $31.68
9. What are the downsides of using the P/E ratio method?
Using a proxy company may be inaccurate.
it is based on earnings which may be manipulated or include one-off items which
distort the resulting valuation.
The P/E ratio will be dependent on the view of the market which is not always
correct.
10. A business is expected to earn $250,000 this year that is expected to grow at 4%
forever. What is the value of the business using the present value of future cash flows
if their cost of capital is 14%?
We can use the growth formula in the DVM model to calculate this:
250,000 (1 + 0.04) / (0.14 - 0.04) = $2,600,000
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
December 2007 Q1 (a)
June 2008 Q2 (a) & (b)
December 2008 Q1
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 15
WACC I
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Cost of Equity using DVM - Illustration 1
ABC Company has just paid a dividend of 35c.
The current share price is $3.25.
Calculate the Cost of Equity (Ke) using DVM.
Solution
Dividend
35
Share Price
325
Cost of Equity (Dividend / Share Price)
(35 / 325) = 10.76%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Cost of Equity using DVM - Illustration 2
ABC Company has just paid a dividend of 35c.
The dividend paid has grown by 4% per year for the past 5 years.
The current share price is $3.25.
Calculate the Cost of Equity (Ke) using DVM.
Solution
Dividend
35
Share Price
325
Dividend Growth
4%
Cost of Equity
(Dividend (1+g) / Share Price) +g
((35 x 1.04) / 325) + 0.04 = 0.152
= 15.2%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Cost of Equity using CAPM - Illustration 3
Company A has a Beta of 1.2.
Government bonds are currently trading at 4%.
The average return than investors in the market can expect is 15%.
Calculate the Cost of Equity using CAPM.
Solution
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
4
Rm (Ave Return on the Market)
15
Beta
1.2
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
(4 + 1.2(15 - 4)) = 17.2%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Cost of Equity using CAPM - Illustration 4
Company A has a Beta of 1.2.
Company B has a Beta of 1.
Government bonds are currently trading at 5%.
The average return than investors in the market can expect is 12%.
Calculate the Cost of Equity using CAPM for each company.
Solution
Company A
Company B
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
5
5
Rm (Ave Return on the
Market)
12
12
Beta
1.2
1
(5 + 1.2(12 - 5)) = 13.4%
(5 + 1(12 - 5)) = 12%
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
Notice that when Beta is 1 (Company B) Ke is 12% which is the same as the average
return on the market.
Also notice that a higher Beta of 1.2 gives a higher Ke of 13.4% showing that a higher
Beta means higher risk.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Cost of Equity using CAPM Illustration 5
Company A has a Beta of 1.3.
Company B has a Beta of 1.2.
Government bonds are currently trading at 5%.
The average market risk premium is 6%.
Calculate the Cost of Equity using CAPM for each company.
Solution
Company A
Company B
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
5
5
Rm - Rf (Ave Market Risk
Premium)
6
6
1.3
1.2
(5 + 1.3(6) = 12.8%
(5 + 1.2(6)) = 12.2%
Beta
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
Remember to look out for the market risk PREMIUM as this is always (Rm - Rf) rather
than Rm (Average return on the market)
Again notice that a higher Beta leads to a higher Ke i.e. more risk.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Entrie Company has just paid a dividend of 75c. The dividend paid has grown by 3%
per year for the past 4 years. The current share price is $6.54
What is the cost of equity using the dividend growth model?
A. 12%
B. 15%
C. 7%
D. 11%
Answer B
Dividend
75
Share Price
654
Dividend Growth
3%
Cost of Equity
(Dividend (1+g) / Share Price) +g
((75 x 1.03) / 654) + 0.03 = 0.15
= 15%
2. Company Alpha has a Beta of 1.1.Government bonds are currently trading at 4%.
The average market risk premium is 7%.
What is the cost of equity using the capital assets pricing model?
A. 12.2%
B. 11.7%
C. 7.3%
D. 11.4%
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. Which of the following statements about ‘systematic risk’ are correct when referring
to the capital assets pricing model?
A. Systematic
B. Systematic
C. Systematic
D. Systematic
risk
risk
risk
risk
affects the overall market, not just a particular stock or industry.
is company or industry specific risk.
is risk that can be diversified away by investors.
is determined by the gearing of the company.
Answer A
4. Which of the following statements about ‘unsystematic risk’ are correct when
referring to the capital assets pricing model?
A. Systematic
B. Systematic
C. Systematic
D. Systematic
risk
risk
risk
risk
affects the overall market, not just a particular stock or industry.
is company or industry specific risk.
is risk that can be diversified away by investors.
is determined by the gearing of the company.
Answer B
5. Which of the following are assumptions made by the capital asset pricing model
(CAPM) are correct?
1. It assumes that investors can borrow at the risk free rate.
2. It assumes a capital market with high transaction costs.
3. It assumes that all investors are diversified.
4. It assumes that the risk free rate is 5%
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
6. Which of the following are downsides of the capital assets pricing model (CAPM) are
correct?
1. The
2. The
3. The
4. The
A
B
C
D
Beta used is calculated using historic data.
dividend growth is based on historic data.
assumptions it makes are not necessarily reflected in reality.
share price fluctuates on a daily basis.
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What is the weighted average cost of capital?
Each item of capital that a company has e.g. debt and equity has a cost.
The cost for debt will be the interest that the company has to pay and the cost for
equity will be the dividends paid.
There may be more equity than debt so to get the average cost of these capital
sources we need to weight the average based on the market value of each.
2. Set out the creditors hierarchy.
Type
Cost
1
Fixed Charge Creditors
Interest Paid
2
Floating Charge Creditors Interest Paid
3
Unsecured Creditors
Interest Paid
4
Preference Shareholders
Pref. Dividend
5
Ordinary Shareholders
Ord. Dividend
3. Why is debt cheaper to service than equity (2 reasons!)?
Debt holders take less risk as they are higher on the creditors hierarchy.
Interest payments on debt are tax deductible.
4. If a company has a dividend of 40c and a share price of $3.45 what is the cost of
equity?
40 / 345 = 11.59%
5. If the dividend in question 4 is growing at a rate of 5% what is the cost of equity?
[40 (1+0.05) / 345] + 0.05 = 17.17%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
6. What are the two types of risk mentioned in the CAPM lecture?
Systematic Risk & Unsystematic Risk.
7. Why can we ignore unsystematic risk?
Unsystematic risk can be diversified away by the diversification of investors
portfolios.
8. What type of risk is CAPM a measure of?
The systematic risk of a particular company.
9. What does Beta tell us?
How the shares of a company have historically fluctuated with the average of all the
shares in the market.
10. What are the assumptions of CAPM?
CAPM assumes that you can borrow at the risk free rate.
CAPM assumes a perfect capital market with no transaction costs.
CAPM assumes that all investors are diversified (so we can ignore unsystematic
risk).
11. A company has a Beta of 1.3. The market risk premium is 6% and government bonds
are trading at 4%. Calculate the cost of equity using CAPM.
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
Ke = 4 + 1.3(6)
Ke = 11.8
12. Is a company with a Beta of 1.2 a more risky or less risky investment than a company
with a Beta of 1.6?
The company with a Beta of 1.6 is more risky than the one with 1.2.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
13. How is Beta calculated?
Beta is calculated by plotting the historic data as to how that share price has
fluctuated in the past on a graph against the average share price in the market.
The past fluctuations are projected into the future.
14. What are the downsides of CAPM?
Beta is based on historic data.
CAPM is really supposed to be used for one period only and we may use it to
evaluate a 5 year project.
The assumptions it makes are not necessarily reflected in reality (see Q10)
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
You’re not Ready Yet - Do the next lecture!
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 16
WACC II
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Irredeemable Debt - Illustration 1
A company has issued 10% irredeemable debt.
The market value of the debt is $90.
The tax rate is 30%
Calculate the cost of debt (Kd).
Solution
Interest paid (Per $100 nominal)
$10
Tax Rate
30%
After tax interest (Amount Paid (1 - t))
Market Value of Debt (Per $100 nominal)
Cost of Debt (After tax interest / Market Value of Debt)
$10 x (1 - 0.30) = $7
$90
(7 / 90) = 7.7%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Redeemable Debt - Illustration 2
A Company has issued debt which is redeemable in 5 years time.
Interest is payable at 8%.
The current market value of the debt is $102.
Ignore taxation.
Calculate the Cost of Debt (Kd).
Solution
Perio
d
Item
$
DR 5%
PV
DR 15%
PV
1 -5
Interest
8
4.329
34.63
3.352
26.82
5
Capital
100
0.784
78.40
0.497
49.70
Market Value
-102
-102
11.03
-25.48
IRR Calculation: 5 + (11.03 / (11.03 - (25.48)) (15 - 5) = 8.02%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Redeemable Debt - Illustration 3
A Company has issued debt which is redeemable in 5 years time.
Interest is payable at 10%.
The current market value of the debt is $104.
Tax is payable at 30%.
Calculate the Cost of Debt (Kd).
Solution
Perio
d
Item
$
DR 5%
PV
DR 15%
PV
1 -5
Interest (10 x (1
- 0.3)
7
4.329
30.30
3.352
23.46
5
Capital
100
0.784
78.40
0.497
49.70
Market Value
-104
-104
4.70
-30.84
IRR Calculation: 5 + (4.7 / (4.7 - (30.84)) (15 - 5) = 6.32%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Convertible Debt - Illustration 4
A Company has issued debt which is convertible in 5 years time.
Interest is payable at 10%.
The current market value of the debt is $120.
On conversion, investors will have a choice of either:
I.
Cash at a 15% premium; or
II.
18 shares per loan note.
The current share price is $6 and it is expected to grow in value by 4% per year.
Tax is payable at 30%.
Calculate the Cost of Debt (Kd).
Solution
Working 1 - Cash or Convert?
Working
Cash (15% Premium)
100 x 1.15
$115
Shares
Current Value
Value in 5 years with 4%
growth
$6
6 x (1.04 to the power of 5)
Number of shares per $100
Conversion Value
$7.30
18
7.30 x 18
$131.40
The conversion value is higher than the cash so the investors will choose to convert.
Do an IRR the same as for redeemable but filling $131.40 into the capital repaid
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Cost of Debt
Perio
d
Item
$
DR 5%
PV
DR 15%
PV
1 -5
Interest (10 x (1 - 0.3)
7
4.329
30.30
3.352
23.46
5
Conversion Value
131.4
0.784
103.02
0.497
65.31
Market Value
-120
-120
13.32
-31.23
IRR Calculation: 5 + (13.32 / (13.32 - (31.23)) (15 - 5) = 8%
Preference Shares - Illustration 5
A company has issued 8% preference shares with a nominal value of $1.
The market value of the shares is 80c.
The tax rate is 30%.
Calculate the cost of the preference shares (Kd).
Solution
Interest Paid
8
Market Value of share
80
Cost (Kd) (Interest Paid / Market Value)
(8 / 80) = 10%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Bank Debt - Illustration 6
A company has a bank loan of $2m at an interest rate of 10%.
The tax rate is 30%.
Calculate the cost of debt (Kd).
Solution
Interest Rate before Tax
10
Tax Rate
30%
After Tax Cost of Debt (10 x (1 - 0.3))
7%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
WACC - Illustration 7
Company A is funded as follows:
Item
Capital Structure
Cost
Equity
85%
15%
Debt
15%
7%
Calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital.
Solution
Item
Capital Structure
Cost
Ave
Equity
85%
15
12.75
Debt
15%
7
1.05
WACC
13.8
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
WACC - Illustration 8
Company A is funded as follows:
Balance Sheet Extract
Ordinary Shares (50c)
3000
Loan Notes
2000
Bank Loan
1000
The cost to the company of each of the above items has been calculated as:
Ordinary Shares
13%
Loan Notes
8%
Bank Loan
5%
The Loan notes are currently trading at $94.
The current share price is $1.50
Calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital.
Solution
Working 1 - Calculate Cost of Capital for each item.
Given in the Question
Ordinary Shares
13%
Loan Notes
8%
Bank Loan
5%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 2 - Calculate the Market Value of Debt and Equity.
SFP
Market Value
Ordinary
Shares (50c)
3000
No. of shares (3000 / 0.50) = 6000
Share Price = $1.50
(6000 x $1.50) =
9000
Loan Notes
2000
Loan Notes nominal value (on
SFP) = 100
Market Value = 94
(2000 x (94 / 100)
= 1880
Bank Loan
1000
No market for this so use SFP
value
1000
Working 3 - Calculate the weighting of each item.
Item
Market Value
Weighting
Equity
9000
(9000 / 11,880) = 75.75%
Loan Notes
1880
(1880 / 11,880) = 15.82%
Bank Loan
1000
(1000 / 11,880) = 8.41%
11880
Working 4 - Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Item
Market
Value
Weighting
Cost
(W1)
Ave
Equity
9000
(9000 / 11,880)
13
(9000 / 11,880) x 13 =
9.85
Loan Notes
1880
(1880 / 11,880)
8
(1880 / 11,880) x 8 =
1.27
Bank Loan
1000
(1000 / 11,880)
5
(1000 / 11,880) x 5 =
0.42
WACC
11.54%
11880
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
WACC - Illustration 9
Company A is funded as follows:
Balance Sheet Extract
Ordinary Shares (50c)
2000
12% Loan Notes
1500
8% Preference Shares ($1)
500
Bank Loan
750
Details on these are as follows.
The company has an equity beta of 1.2. Government bonds are currently trading at 6%
and the average market risk premium is 7%.
The Loan notes are currently trading at $106 and are redeemable at par in 5 years time.
The preference shares are trading at 92c.
The bank loan has an interest rate of 10%.
The current share price is $1.25.
The tax rate is 30%.
Calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Solution
Working 1 - Calculate Cost of Capital for each item.
Cost of Equity using CAPM
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
6
(Rm - Rf)(Ave market risk premium)
7
Beta
1.2
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
(6 + 1.2(7)) = 14.4%
Cost of 12% Loan Notes
Perio
d
Item
$
DR 5%
PV
DR 15%
PV
1 -5
Interest (12 x (1
- 0.3)
8.4
4.329
36.36
3.352
28.16
5
Capital
100
0.784
78.40
0.497
49.70
Market Value
-106
-106
8.76
-28.14
IRR Calculation: 5 + (8.76 / (8.76 - (28.14)) (15 - 5) = 7.37%
Cost of Preference Shares
Interest Paid
8
Market Value of share
92
Cost (Kd) (Interest Paid / Market Value)
(8 / 92) = 8.7%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Cost of Bank Debt
Interest Rate before Tax
10
Tax Rate
30%
After Tax Cost of Debt (10 x (1 - 0.3))
7%
Working 2 - Calculate the Market Value of Debt and Equity.
SFP
Market Value
Ordinary
Shares (50c)
2000
No. of shares (2000 / 0.50) = 4000
Share Price = $1.25
12% Loan
Notes
1500
Loan Notes nominal value (on
SFP) = 100
Market Value = 106
8% Preference
Shares ($1)
500
Preference shares nominal value
(on SFP) = $1
Market Value = 92c
Bank Loan
750
No market for this so use SFP
figure
(4000 x $1.25) =
5000
(1500 x (106 /
100) = 1590
(500 x (92 / 1)) =
460
750
Working 3 - Calculate the weighting of each item.
Item
Market Value
Weighting
Equity
5000
(5000 / 7800)
Loan Notes
1590
(1590 / 7800)
Preference Shares
460
(460 / 7800)
Bank Loan
750
(750 / 7800)
7800
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 4 - Weighting & Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Item
Market
Value
Weighting
Cost
(W1)
Ave
Equity
5000
(5000 / 7800)
14.4
(5000 / 7800) x 14.4 =
9.23
Loan Notes
1590
(1590 / 7800)
7.37
(1590 / 7800) x 7.37 =
1.50
Preference
Shares
460
(460 / 7800)
8.7
(460 / 7800) x 8.7 =
0.51
Bank Loan
750
(750 / 7800)
7
(750 / 7800) x 7 = 0.67
WACC
11.91%
7800
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Avecas Co. has irredeemable debt in issue that interest at a rate of 12%. The market
value of the debt is $84 and the tax rate is 30%.
What is the cost of debt?
A. 14%
B. 12%
C. 10%
D. 11%
Answer C
Interest paid (Per $100 nominal)
$12
Tax Rate
30%
After tax interest (Amount Paid (1 - t))
Market Value of Debt (Per $100 nominal)
Cost of Debt (After tax interest / Market Value of Debt)
$12 x (1 - 0.30) = $8.40
$84
(8.4 / 84) = 10%
2. A company has 10% irredeemable debt in issue at a market value of $97. If the tax rate
is 30% what is the cost of the debt?
A. 7.2%
B. 9.7%
C. 6.5%
D. 8.2%
Answer A
10 (1-0.3) / 97 = 7.2%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. A Company has issued debt which is redeemable in 5 years time. Interest is payable at
12%. The current market value of the debt is $102. Tax is payable at 30%.
What is the cost of debt (kd) using linear extrapolation and discount rates of 5% and 15%
in the calculation?
A. 12.00%
B. 8.47%
C. 9.00%
D. 7.24%
Answer B
Perio
d
Item
$
DR 5%
PV
DR 15%
PV
1 -5
Interest (12 x (1
- 0.3)
8.4
4.329
36.36
3.352
28.16
5
Capital
100
0.784
78.40
0.497
49.70
Market Value
-102
-102
12.76
-24.14
IRR Calculation: 5 + (12.76 / (12.6 - (24.14)) (15 - 5) = 8.47%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
4. A company has 5 year 8% redeemable debt in issue at a market value of $103. The tax
rate is 25%.
What is the cost of debt (kd) using linear extrapolation and discount rates of 5% and 15%
in the calculation?
A. 6.26%
B. 5.95%
C. 7.19%
D. 5.4%
Answer D
Period
Item
$
DR 5%
PV
DR 15%
PV
1 -5
Interest (8 x (1 - 0.25))
6
4.329
25.97
3.352
20.11
5
Capital
100
0.784
78.40
0.497
49.70
Market Value
-103
-103
1.37
-33.19
IRR Calculation: 5 + (1.37 / (1.37 - (33.19) (15 - 5) = 5.4%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
5. Jeeves Company has issued debt which is convertible in 5 years time. Interest is
payable at 12% and the current market value of the debt is $108.
On conversion, investors will have a choice of either:
Cash at a 10% premium; or
14 shares per loan note.
The current share price is $7 and it is expected to grow in value by 3.5% per year.
Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Based on the information available, investors would be better off choosing to take the
cash option by $6.39.
B. Based on the information available, investors would be better off choosing to take the
conversion option by $6.39.
C. Based on the information available, investors would be indifferent between the cash and
conversion option.
D. Based on the information available, investors would be better of choosing to take the
cash option by $8.94.
Answer B
6. A company has 8% preference share in issue at a current value of 94c. The tax rate is
30%. What is the cost of the preference shares?
A. 8.5%
B. 6.0%
C. 8.0%
D. 5.6%
Answer A
8 / 94 = 8.5%
7. A company has a bank loan of $7m at a rate of 6%. The tax rate is 35%. What is the
cost of the bank debt?
A. 6.0%
B. 2.1%
C. 3.9%
D. 4.2%
Answer C
6 (1-T) = 6 (1 - 0.35) or 3.9%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
8. Company A is funded as follows:
Balance Sheet Extract
Ordinary Shares (50c)
2500
Loan Notes
1000
Bank Loan
500
The cost to the company of each of the above items has been calculated as:
Ordinary Shares
17%
Loan Notes
7%
Bank Loan
6%
The Loan notes are currently trading at $98.
The current share price is $3.50
What is the Weighted Average Cost of Capital?
A. 11.56%
B. 16.19%
C. 13.34%
D. 17.24%
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 1 - Calculate the Market Value of Debt and Equity.
SFP
Market Value
Ordinary
Shares (50c)
2500
No. of shares (2500 / 0.50) = 5000
Share Price = $3.50
(5000 x $3.50) =
17,500
Loan Notes
1000
Loan Notes nominal value (on
SFP) = 100
Market Value = 98
(1000 x (98 / 100)
= 980
Bank Loan
500
No market for this so use SFP
value
500
Working 2 - Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Item
Market
Value
Weighting
Cost
(W1)
Ave
17,500
(17,500 / 18,980)
17
(17,500 / 18,980) x 17
=15.67
Loan Notes
980
(980 / 18,980)
7
(980 / 18,980) x 7
= 0.36
Bank Loan
500
(500 / 18,980)
6
(500 / 18,980) x 6
= 0.16
WACC
16.19%
Equity
18980
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What is the nominal value of issued debt?
$100
2. What is convertible debt convertible into?
Shares.
3. What is the calculation for irredeemable debt?
Annual Interest (1-T) / Market Value of debt
4. A company has 10% irredeemable debt in issue at a market value of $97. If the tax rate
is 30% what is the cost of the debt?
10 (1-0.3) / 97 = 7.2%
5. A company has 5 year 8% redeemable debt in issue at a market value of $103. The tax
rate is 25%. What is the cost of the debt?
Period
Item
$
DR 5%
PV
DR 15%
PV
1 -5
Interest (8 x (1 - 0.25))
6
4.329
25.97
3.352
20.11
5
Capital
100
0.784
78.40
0.497
49.70
Market Value
-103
-103
1.37
-33.19
IRR Calculation: 5 + (1.37 / (1.37 - (33.19) (15 - 5) = 5.4%
6. A company has 10% convertible debt in issue at a market value of $111 that is
redeemable in 5 years at either cash or 5 shares per nominal. The current share price is
$18 and is expected to grow at 2%. The tax rate is 30%. What is the cost of debt?
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 1 - Cash or Convert?
Working
Cash
$100
Shares
Current Value
$18
Value in 5 years with 4%
growth
18 x (1.02 to the power of
5)
$19.87
Number of shares per $100
Conversion Value
5
19.87 x 5
$99.35
The conversion value is lower than the cash so the investors will choose not to convert.
Cost of Debt
Perio
d
Item
$
DR 5%
PV
DR 15%
PV
1 -5
Interest (10 x (1 - 0.3)
7
4.329
30.30
3.352
23.46
5
Conversion Value
100
0.784
78.40
0.497
49.70
Market Value
-111
-111
-2.30
-37.84
IRR Calculation: 5 + (2.3 / (2.3 - (37.84)) (15 - 5) = 5.57%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
7. A company has 8% preference share in issue at a current value of 94c. What is the cost
of the preference shares.
8 / 94 = 8.5%
8. A company has a bank loan of $7m at a rate of 6%. The tax rate is 35%. What is the
cost of the bank debt?
6 (1-T) = 6 (1 - 0.35) or 3.9%
9. The company has each of the types of debt in questions 4 to 6 on their balance sheet at
a book value of $10m for each of them except for the bank debt which is on the balance
sheet at $7m. If the company has a market value of $110m with a cost of equity of 14%
then what is the company’s weighted average cost of capital?
Working 1 - Calculate the Market Value of Debt and Equity.
SFP
Market Value
Ordinary
Shares
10m
Market Value given will be the
value of the shares
110m
Irredeemable
Debt
10m
10m x 97/100
9.7m
Redeemable
Debt
10m
10m x 103/100
10.3m
Convertible
Debt
10m
10m x 111/100
11.1m
8% Preference
Shares ($1)
10m
10m x 94/100
9.4m
Bank Loan
7m
No market for this so use SFP
figure
7m
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Item
Market
Value
Weighting
Cost
Ave
Ordinary
Shares
110
(110 / 157.5)
14
9.78
Irredeemable
Debt
9.7
(9.7 / 157.5)
7.2
0.44
Redeemable
Debt
10.3
(10.3 / 157.5)
5.4
0.35
Convertible
Debt
11.1
(11.1 / 157.5)
5.57
0.39
8% Preference
Shares ($1)
9.4
(9.4 / 157.5)
8.5
0.51
7
(7 / 157.5)
3.9
0.17
WACC
11.65
Bank Loan
157.5
10. What if the company has each of the types of debt in questions 4 to 6 on their balance
sheet at a book value of $8m for each of them except for the bank debt which is on the
balance sheet at $7m. If the company has a market value of $99m with a cost of equity
of 12% then what is the company’s weighted average cost of capital?
Working 1 - Calculate the Market Value of Debt and Equity.
SFP
Market Value
Ordinary
Shares
8m
Market Value given will be the
value of the shares
99m
Irredeemable
Debt
8m
8m x 97/100
7.76m
Redeemable
Debt
8m
8m x 103/100
8.24m
Convertible
Debt
8m
8m x 111/100
8.88m
8% Preference
Shares ($1)
8m
8m x 94/100
7.52m
Bank Loan
7m
No market for this so use SFP
figure
7m
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Item
Market
Value
Weighting
Cost
Ave
99
(99 / 138.4)
14
10.01
Irredeemable
Debt
7.76
(7.76 / 138.4)
7.2
0.40
Redeemable
Debt
8.24
(8.24 / 138.4)
5.4
0.32
Convertible
Debt
8.88
(8.88 / 138.4)
5.57
0.36
8% Preference
Shares ($1)
7.52
(7.52 / 138.4)
8.5
0.46
7
(7 / 138.4)
3.9
0.20
WACC
11.76
Ordinary
Shares
Bank Loan
138.4
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
December 2008 Q3 (a)
June 2010 Q2
June 2008 Q1
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 17
Capital Structure
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Capital Structure - Illustration 1
A company has total capital of $1,000 with debt making up $300 and equity making up
$700 of the total. The company’s cost of debt is 5% and cost of equity is 14%.
I.
II.
Calculate the company’s current WACC.
Calculate the WACC if the company substitutes $200 of equity for $200 of debt
causing their cost of equity to rise to 16%.
III. Calculate the WACC if the company substitutes $300 of equity for $300 of debt
causing their cost of equity to rise to 25%.
Solution
I.
Item
Market Value
Weighting
Cost
WACC
Debt
300
300 / 1000
5%
1.5
Equity
700
700 / 1000
14%
9.8
1000
11.3
II.
Item
Market Value
Weighting
Cost
WACC
Debt
500
500 / 1000
5%
2.5
Equity
500
500 / 1000
16%
8
1000
10.5
III.
Item
Market Value
Weighting
Cost
WACC
Debt
600
600 / 1000
5%
3
Equity
400
400 / 1000
25%
10
1000
13
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
Which of the following statements concerning capital structure theory is correct?
A. In the traditional view, there is a linear relationship between the cost of equity and
financial risk
B. Modigliani and Miller said that, in the absence of tax, the cost of equity would remain
constant
C. Pecking order theory indicates that preference shares are preferred to convertible debt
as a source of finance
D. Business risk is assumed to be constant
Answer D
2. Which of the following statements concerning capital structure theory is correct?
A. The traditional view of capital structure suggests that the company can minimise their
weighted average cost of capital
B. Modigliani and Miller said that, incorporating tax, the weighted average cost of capital
would remain constant
C. Pecking order theory indicates that preference shares are preferred to convertible debt
as a source of finance
D. Modigliani and Miller said that, incorporating tax, as gearing levels increase so the value
of the company will decrease
Answer A
3. Which of the following are assumptions that Modigliani and Miller made in their ‘no tax’
model?
1. No risk of bankruptcy no matter how much debt the company has.
2. High transaction charges.
3. The company is able to borrow at the risk free rate.
4. The company has no debt in it’s capital structure.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
4. What does the M&M model with tax suggest a company should do with their capital
structure?
A. As there is greater financial risk at high levels of gearing the company should have as
little debt as possible.
B. As the transaction costs will be high the company should retain their current capital
structure for as long as possible.
C. As taking on more debt reduces the weighted average cost of capital the company
should increase their gearing levels.
D. The company should find the optimum capital structure at which it can minimise its
weighted average cost of capital.
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What is capital structure?
How much debt and equity a company has.
2. What does the traditional view suggest you can do with the WACC?
Minimise it.
3. Why would you want to do this?
The WACC is a cost to the business - as with any cost the company will wish to
minimise it.
4. What other assumptions did M & M make in their ‘no tax’ model?
No risk of bankruptcy no matter how much debt the company has.
No transaction charges.
The company is able to borrow at the risk free rate.
5. What does the M&M model with tax suggest we should do with our capital structure?
As the interest on debt is tax deductible and thus debt is cheaper, M&M suggested
that a company should substitute Equity for Debt in order to take advantage of this
fact.
This will also have the effect of increasing the value of the business using the PV of
future cash-flows method as the WACC and thus the discount rate will be lower
leading to a higher valuation.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
Pilot Paper Q1 (b)
June 2009 Q1 (c)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 18
Financing &
Investment
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Project Specific Discount Rate - Illustration 1
Company A intends to undertake a project in an unrelated industry.
The following details are relevant:
Item
Company A
Proxy Company
Equity Beta (βe)
1.2
1.4
Value of Equity
1000
800
Value of Debt
400
500
The risk free rate is 4%.
The average return on the market is 12%.
Calculate a project specific discount rate.
Ignore Tax
Solution
Working 1 - Un-gear the proxy βe to get βa.
Proxy Equity Beta
1.4
Value of Equity of Proxy
800
Value of Debt of Proxy
500
βa = βe(Ve / (Ve + Vd))
1.4 (800 / (800 + 500)) = 0.86
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 2 - Re-gear βa with our capital structure
βa
0.86
Value of Equity of Company A
1000
Value of Debt of Company A
400
βe = βa (Ve + Vd ) / Ve)
0.86 ((1000 + 400) / 1000) = 1.20
Working 3 - Fill into CAPM
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
4
Rm (Ave return on the market)
12
Beta
1.2
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
(4 + 1.2(12 - 4)) = 13.6%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Project Specific Discount Rate - Illustration 2
Company A intends to undertake a project in an unrelated industry.
The following details are relevant:
Item
Company A
Proxy Company
Equity Beta (βe)
1.1
1.3
Value of Equity
1200
900
Value of Debt
500
450
The risk free rate is 4%.
The average return on the market is 12%.
The tax rate is 30%.
Calculate a project specific discount rate.
Solution
Working 1 - Un-gear the proxy βe to get βa.
Proxy Equity Beta
1.3
Value of Equity of Proxy
900
Value of Debt of Proxy
450
βa = βe(Ve / (Ve + (Vd x 1-t))
1.3 (900 / (900 + (450 x 0.7)) = 0.96
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 2 - Re-gear βa with our capital structure
βa
0.96
Value of Equity of Company A
1200
Value of Debt of Company A
500
βe = βa (Ve + (Vd x 1-t) / Ve)
0.96 ((1200 + (500 x 0.7)) / 1200) = 1.24
Working 3 - Fill into CAPM
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
4
Rm (Ave return on the market)
12
Beta
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
1.24
(4 + 1.24(12 - 4)) = 13.92%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
Company Alpha is financed with $1,000 of equity and $400 of debt and intends to
undertake a project in an unrelated industry. They have identified Horizon Co. as a
company in the new industry with $700 of equity and $300 of debt. Alpha Co. has a Beta
of 1.3 whereas Horizon Co. has a Beta of 1.2. The risk free rate is 4% and the average
return on the market is 12%. The tax rate is 30%.
Which of the following would be the project specific discount rate for Alpha Co. when
entering the new industry?
A. 12.34%
B. 10.25%
C. 11.12%
D. 13.42%
Answer D
Working 1 - Un-gear the proxy βe to get βa.
Proxy Equity Beta
1.2
Value of Equity of Proxy
700
Value of Debt of Proxy
300
βa = βe(Ve / (Ve + (Vd x 1-t))
1.2 (700 / (700 + (300 x 0.7)) = 0.92
Working 2 - Re-gear βa with our capital structure
βa
0.92
Value of Equity of Company A
1000
Value of Debt of Company A
400
βe = βa (Ve + (Vd x 1-t) / Ve)
0.92 ((1000 + (400 x 0.7)) / 1000) = 1.18
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 3 - Fill into CAPM
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
4
Rm (Ave return on the market)
12
Beta
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
1.18
(4 + 1.18(12 - 4)) = 13.42%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
2. Company Alpha is financed with 60% equity and 40% debt and intends to undertake a
project in an unrelated industry. They have identified Horizon Co. as a company in the new
industry with 75% equity and 25% debt. Alpha Co. has a Beta of 1.1 whereas Horizon Co.
has a Beta of 1.4. The risk free rate is 6% and the average return on the market is 14%.
The tax rate is 30%.
Which of the following would be the project specific discount rate for Alpha Co. when
entering the new industry?
A. 19.38%
B. 18.00%
C. 17.20%
D. 16.32%
Answer A
Working 1 - Un-gear the proxy βe to get βa.
Proxy Equity Beta
1.4
Value of Equity of Proxy
75
Value of Debt of Proxy
25
βa = βe(Ve / (Ve + (Vd x 1-t))
1.4 (75 / (75 + (25 x 0.7)) = 1.14
Working 2 - Re-gear βa with our capital structure
βa
1.14
Value of Equity of Company A
60
Value of Debt of Company A
40
βe = βa (Ve + (Vd x 1-t) / Ve)
1.14 ((60 + (40 x 0.7)) / 60) = 1.67
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 3 - Fill into CAPM
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
6
Rm (Ave return on the market)
14
Beta
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
1.67
(6 + 1.67(14 - 6)) = 19.38%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. Company Alpha is financed with debt/equity of 1/4 and intends to undertake a project in
an unrelated industry. They have identified Horizon Co. as a company in the new industry
with debt/equity 1/3. Alpha Co. has a Beta of 1.05 whereas Horizon Co. has a Beta of
1.24. The risk free rate is 6% and the average return on the market is 14%. The tax rate is
30%.
Which of the following would be the project specific discount rate for Alpha Co. when
entering the new industry?
A. 16.23%
B. 15.49%
C. 17.26%
D. 18.28%
Answer B
Working 1 - Un-gear the proxy βe to get βa.
Proxy Equity Beta
1.24
Value of Equity of Proxy
3
Value of Debt of Proxy
1
βa = βe(Ve / (Ve + (Vd x 1-t))
1.24 (3 / (3 + (1 x 0.7)) = 1.01
Working 2 - Re-gear βa with our capital structure
βa
1.01
Value of Equity of Company A
4
Value of Debt of Company A
1
βe = βa (Ve + (Vd x 1-t) / Ve)
1.01 ((4 + (1 x 0.7)) / 4) = 1.19
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Working 3 - Fill into CAPM
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
6
Rm (Ave return on the market)
14
Beta
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
1.19
(6 + 1.19(14 - 6)) = 19.38%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What are the two types of risk included in a company’s equity Beta?
Business risk & financial risk.
2. When do we use the WACC as a discount rate?
For a project in the same business area as the current business.
No change in capital structure i.e. no issue of debt or equity to finance the project.
The project is small in relation to the size of the company.
The project has the same risk profile as the company.
3. What is capital structure?
How much debt & equity a firm has.
4. What are the steps to calculate a project specific discount rate?
Select a ‘proxy’ company with the same business risk as the new project area.
Un-gear the equity beta of the proxy to remove it’s financial risk and get the ‘asset
beta’ which just includes the business risk of the new project area.
Re-gear the asset beta with our company’s financial risk to get a new ‘equity beta’
for that project.
Fill the new equity beta into CAPM.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
5. Our business has a Beta of 1.2, debt with a market value of 100 and equity with a
market value of 400. If the proxy has a Beta of 1.4, debt with a market value of 100 and
equity with a market value of 200 calculate a project specific discount rate. The risk free
rate is 4% and the average market risk premium is 7%. Ignore tax.
Working 1 - Un-gear the proxy βe to get βa.
Proxy Equity Beta
1.4
Value of Equity of Proxy
200
Value of Debt of Proxy
100
βa = βe(Ve / (Ve + (Vd x 1-t))
1.4 (200 / (200 + 100)) = 0.93
Working 2 - Re-gear βa with our capital structure
βa
0.93
Value of Equity of Company A
400
Value of Debt of Company A
100
βe = βa (Ve + (Vd x 1-t) / Ve)
0.93 ((400 + 100 / 400) = 1.163
Working 3 - Fill into CAPM
Rf (Risk Free Rate)
4
Rm (Ave return on the market)
12
Beta
Ke = Rf + β(Rm - Rf)
1.24
(4 + 1.24(12 - 4)) = 13.92%
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
6. What are the 3 types of market efficiency?
Weak form, semi-strong form and strong form.
7. Describe weak form market efficiency.
The share price reflects public data as well as historic data.
Investors cannot therefore ‘beat the market’ as the price responds only to new
information that investors do not have.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
December 2008 Q3 (c)
June 2010 Q3 (c) (iii)
December 2010 Q1 (c)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 19
More Debt
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
December 07 Exam Question (6 marks)
Phobis Co has in issue 9% bonds which are redeemable at their par value of $100 in five
years’ time.
Alternatively, each bond may be converted on that date into 20 ordinary shares of the
company. The current ordinary share price of Phobis Co is $4·45 and this is expected to
grow at a rate of 6·5% per year for the foreseeable future. Phobis Co has a cost of debt of
7% per year.
Required:
Calculate the following current values for each $100 convertible bond:
(i) market value;
(ii) floor value;
(iii) conversion premium.
Solution
i. Market Value
Working 1 - Cash or Convert?
Working
Cash
$100
Shares
Current Value
$4.45
Value in 5 years with 6.5%
growth
4.45 x (1.065 to the power
of 5)
$6.10
Number of shares per $100
Conversion Value
20
6.10 x 20
$122
Answer
Period
Item
$
DR 7%
PV
1-5
Interest
9
4.1
36.90
5
Conversion Value
122
0.713
86.99
123.89
II. Floor Value
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Period
Item
$
DR 7%
PV
1-5
Interest
9
4.1
36.90
5
Minimum Redemption
100
0.713
71.30
108.20
III. Conversion Premium
Current Conversion Value
Working
Amount
4.45 x 20
89
Expected Value in 5 years (W1)
123.89
Premium
34.89
Premium Per share
34.89 / 20
1.74
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Luke Co has 8% convertible loan notes in issue which are redeemable in five years’
time at their nominal value of $100 per loan note. Alternatively, each loan note could be
converted after five years into 70 equity shares with a nominal value of $1 each.
The equity shares of Luke Co are currently trading at $1·25 per share and this share price
is expected to grow by 4% per year. The before-tax cost of debt of Luke Co is 10% and the
after-tax cost of debt of Luke Co is 7%.
What is the current market value of each loan note to the nearest dollar?
A. $92
B. $96
C. $104
D. $109
Answer B
Working
Cash
$100
Shares
Current Value
$1.25
Value in 5 years with 6.5%
growth
1.25 x (1.04 to the power of 5)
Number of shares per $100
$1.52
70
Conversion Value
$106.40
Period
Item
$
DR 10%
PV
1-5
Interest
8
3.791
30.33
5
Conversion Value
106.4
0.621
66.07
96.40
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
2. A bond has a coupon rate of 8.5% per annum. The next interest payment will be made
in one year’s time. The bond will repay the par value of $100 when it matures in seven
years’ time. The before-tax cost of debt is 7% and the after-tax cost of debt is 5%.
What is the the expected current market price of the bond to the nearest dollar?
A. $98
B. $93
C. $108
D. $106
Answer C
Period
Item
$
DR 7%
PV
1-7
Interest
8.5
5.389
45.81
7
Redemption
100
0.623
62.30
108.11
3. A bond has a coupon rate of 6% per annum and will repay its face value of $100 on its
maturity in four years’ time. The yield to maturity on similar bonds is 4% per annum. The
annual interest has just been paid for the current year.
What is the the expected current market price of the bond to the nearest dollar?
A. $96
B. $92
C. $110
D. $107
Answer D
Period
Item
$
DR 4%
PV
1-4
Interest
6
3.546
21.28
4
Minimum Redemption
100
0.855
85.50
106.78
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
4. Angus Co has 8% convertible loan notes in issue which are redeemable in five years’
time at their nominal value of $100 per loan note. Alternatively, each loan note could be
converted after five years into 35 equity shares with a nominal value of $1 each. The tax
rate is 30%
The equity shares of Angus Co are currently trading at $2·25 per share and this share
price is expected to grow by 6% per year. The before-tax cost of debt of Luke Co is 10%
and the after-tax cost of debt of Luke Co is 7%.
What is the current market value of each loan note to the nearest dollar?
A. $87
B. $96
C. $98
D. $108
Answer C
Working 1 - Cash or Convert?
Working
Cash
$100
Shares
Current Value
$2.25
Value in 5 years with 6.5%
growth
2.25 x (1.06 to the power of 5)
$3.01
Number of shares per $100
35
Conversion Value
$105.35
Answer
Period
Item
$
DR 7%
PV
1-5
Interest (8 x 0.7)
5.6
4.1
22.96
5
Conversion Value
105.35
0.713
75.11
98.07
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
5. A $100 bond has a coupon rate of 8% per annum and is due to mature in four years
time. The next interest payment is due in one year’s time. Similar bonds have a yield to
maturity of 10%.
What is the the expected current market price of the bond to the nearest dollar?
A. $96
B. $94
C. $110
D. $100
Answer B
Period
Item
$
DR 10%
PV
1-4
Interest
8
3.170
25.36
4
Minimum Redemption
100
0.683
68.30
93.66
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. How is the market value of convertible debt calculated?
The present value of the interest and capital paid to debt holders, discounted at the
cost of debt.
2. What will the capital repaid figure in the IRR calculation be the higher of?
Cash or conversion value.
3. What is the floor value of convertible debt?
The minimum value that the debt should ever be.
4. How is the floor value calculated?
Discount the interest and the nominal capital to be repaid at the cost of the debt.
5. What is the conversion premium?
The difference between the expected conversion value and the current conversion
value.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 20
Currency Risk I
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Buy or Sell Currency - Illustration 1
You have an invoice to pay to a US business of $1250 and you are a UK business.
The rate offered by the bank is $:£ 1.2500 - 1.3500
How many £ will it take to pay the $125?
Solution
Bank sells low
We want to buy $ with our £ and the bank will sell them to
us at the low rate of 1.2500
For a receipt use the rate
on the right
We are making a payment so we use the rate on the left i.e.
1.2500
Cost of $ (Amount of $ /
FX Rate)
($1250 / 1.25) = £1,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Buy or Sell Currency - Illustration 2
You have issued an invoice to a US customer of $2000 and you are a UK business.
The rate offered by the bank is $:£ 1.4500 - 1.5500
How many £ will you receive for the $2000?
Solution
Bank sells low
We want to sell the $ we will receive. The bank will buy them
from us at the high rate of 1.5500
For a receipt use the
rate on the right
This is a receipt so use the rate on the right of 1.5500
Value of $ (Amount of
$ / FX Rate)
($2000 / 1.55) = £1,290
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Purchasing Power Parity Theory - Illustration 3
The current exchange rate is 2$ per £.
Inflation in the US is 6%.
Inflation in the UK is 8%.
What will the FX rate be in 1 years time?
Solution
Current Spot Rate
2
Inflation in Counter (US)
6%
Inflation in Base (UK)
8%
Forecast (Spot Rate Counter x (1 + Inf in Counter / 1
+ Inf in Base)
2 x ((1 + 0.06) / (1 + 0.08)) = 1.96
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Interest Rate Parity Theory - Illustration 4
The current exchange rate is 2$ per £.
The interest rate in the US is 3%.
The interest rate in the UK is 2%.
What will the FX rate be in 1 years time?
Solution
Current Spot Rate
2
Interest rate in Counter (US)
3%
Interest rate in Base (UK)
2%
Forecast (Spot Rate Counter x (1 + Int in Counter / 1
+ Int in Base)
2 x ((1 + 0.03) / (1 + 0.02)) = 2.02
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Forward Rate - Illustration 5
ABC Company has entered into a contract whereby they will receive $500,000 from a
US customer in 3 months.
ABC is a UK company.
A 3 month forward rate is available at $:£
1.6000 +/- 0.0500.
Calculate the amount of £ ABC would receive under the forward contract.
Solution
A rate quoted at $:£ 1.6000 +/- 0.0500 is the same as saying $:£ 1.5500 - 1.6500
Rate to use (For a receipt use the one on the
right)
Convert ($ amount / Forward rate)
1.6500
(500,000 / 1.6500) = £303,030
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Money Market Hedge - Illustration 6
A UK business needs to pay $350,000 to a US supplier in 3 months time.
Exchange rate now: $:£ 1.6500 - 1.7000
Deposit rates UK 4% annual US 6% annual
Borrowing rates UK 5% annual US 6.5% annual
How much £ will the transaction cost using a money market hedge?
Solution
Step 1 - How much Foreign Currency?
Amount of $ to pay
350,000
We will deposit the money in the US where it will earn interest so that in 3 months we
have $350,000.
Deposit Rate in US per year
6%
Deposit Rate for 3 months (Annual rate x
3/12)
6 x (3/12) = 1.5%
Amount to deposit (Total $ discounted at
1.5%)
350,000 x (100 / 101.5) = $344,827
We will deposit $344,827 in the US where it will earn interest of 1.5% over the 3 months
making it worth $350,000 when the payment becomes due.
We transfer the money now so that there is no more FX risk. The transfer is made at the
spot rate.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Step 2 - Convert using the Spot Rate
Amount to Transfer (Step 1)
$344,827
We transfer the money now so that there is no more FX risk. The transfer is made at the
spot rate.
Spot rate (We are making a payment)
Convert ($ Amount / Spot Rate)
1.6500
(344,827 / 1.6500) = £208,986
Step 3 - Borrow the Home Currency
Amount to Borrow (Step 2)
£208,986
We will have to pay interest on the amount we have borrowed for 3 months.
Borrowing Rate per year in UK
5%
Borrowing Rate for 3 months (Annual Rate
x 3/12)
(5 x 3/12) = 1.25%
Total Cost of transaction
Amount transferred to US
Interest on borrowings in UK (£ amount x 3
month UK borrowing rate)
Total Cost (Amount transferred + interest
incurred)
£208,986
(208,986 x 1.25%) = £2,612
(208,986 + 2,612) = £211,589
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Money Market Hedge Illustration 7
A UK business will receive $350,000 from a US supplier in 3 months time.
Exchange rate now: $:£ 1.6500 - 1.7000
Deposit rates UK 4% annual US 6% annual
Borrowing rates UK 5% annual US 6.5% annual
How much £ will the business receive using a money market hedge?
Solution
Step 1 - How much foreign currency?
Amount of $ to receive
350,000
We will borrow the money in the US now and transfer it home.
Borrowing Rate in US per year
Borrowing Rate for 3 months (Annual rate
x 3/12)
Amount to borrow (Total $ discounted at
1.625%)
6.5%
6.5 x (3/12) = 1.625%
350,000 x (100 / 101.625) = $344,403
We will borrow $344,403 in the US where it will earn interest of 1.625% over the 3
months making it worth $350,000 when the receipt becomes due.
We will pay off the loan in the US when we receive the $350,000 in 3 months.
We transfer the money now so that there is no more FX risk. The transfer is made at the
spot rate.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Step 2 - Convert into home currency using spot rate.
Amount to Transfer (Step 1)
$344,403
We transfer the money now so that there is no more FX risk. The transfer is made at the
spot rate.
Spot rate (We are receiving the foreign
currency)
Convert ($ Amount / Spot Rate)
1.7000
(344,403 / 1.7000) = £202,590
Step 3 - Place the money on deposit in the UK
Amount to Deposit (Step 2)
£202,590
We will receive interest on the money we deposit.
Deposit Rate per year in UK
4
Deposit Rate for 3 months (Annual Rate x
3/12)
(4 x 3/12) = 1%
Total Receipt
Amount transferred to UK
Interest on deposit in UK (£ Amount x 3
month UK borrowing rate)
Total Receipt (Amount transferred + interest
received)
£202,590
(202,590 x 1%) = £2,026
(202,590 + 2,026) = £204,616
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The home currency of ACB Co is the dollar ($) and it trades with a company in a foreign
country whose home currency is the Dinar. The following information is available:
Home Country
Spot Rate
Foreign Country
20.00 Dinar per $
Interest Rate
3% per year
7% per year
Inflation Rate
2% per year
5% per year
What is the six-month forward exchange rate?
A
B
C
D
20·39 Dinar per $
20·30 Dinar per $
20·59 Dinar per $
20·78 Dinar per $
Answer A
Using interest rate parity, six-month forward rate
= 20·00 x (1·07/1·03)0·5 = 20·39 Dinar per $
2. What is the impact of a fall in a country’s exchange rate?
1 Exports will be given a stimulus
2 The rate of domestic inflation will rise
A
B
C
D
1 only
2 only
Both1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. The date is 31 January 2014 and Avecas Co. has entered into a contract whereby they
will receive $300,000 from a US customer on 01 April 2014. Avecas Co. is a UK company.
The following forward rates are available:
2 Month Rate $:£ 1.6000 +/- 0.0500.
3 Month Rate $:£ 1.5000 +/- 0.0500.
6 Month Rate $:£ 1.4000 +/- 0.0500.
What amount in £ will Avecas Co. receive under the appropriate forward contract to the
nearest £.?
A. £181,818
B. £193,548
C. £206,897
D. £495,000
Answer A
4. Hilasys Co. is a UK business that needs to pay $250,000 to a US supplier in 3 months
time. The spot rate now is: $:£ 1.6500 - 1.7000. Deposit rates in the UK are 5% annual
and in the US are 7% annual. Borrowing rates in the UK are 3% annual and in the US are
4.5% annual.
What will the transaction cost Hilasys Co. to the nearest £ using a money market hedge?
A. £181,818
B. £245,700
C. £148,909
D. £150,026
Answer D
Amount of $ to pay
Deposit Rate in US per year
Deposit Rate for 3 months (Annual rate x 3/12)
Amount to deposit (Total $ discounted at 1.75%)
Convert at Spot Rate ($245,700 / 1.65)
Borrow at home (Annual rate x 3/12)
Total Cost (£148,909 x 1.0075)
250,000
7%
7 x (3/12) = 1.75%
250,000 x (100 / 101.75) = $245,700
£148,909
3 x (3/12) = 0.75%
£150,026
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
5. Varys Co is a UK business that will receive $500,000 from a US supplier in 3 months
time. The spot rate now is: $:£ 1.6500 - 1.7000. Deposit rates in the UK are 5% annual
and in the US are 6.5% annual. Borrowing rates in the UK are 3% annual and in the US
are 4% annual
How much to the nearest £ will the Varys receive using a money market hedge?
A. £256,732
B. £294,846
C. £291,206
D. £495,050
Answer B
Amount of $ to receive
Borrowing Rate in US per year
Borrowing Rate for 3 months (Annual rate x
3/12)
Amount to Borrow (Total $ discounted at 1%)
500,000
4%
4 x (3/12) = 1%
500,000 x (100 / 101) = $495,050
Convert at Spot Rate ($495,050 / 1.7)
£291,206
Deposit at home (Annual rate x 3/12)
5 x (3/12) = 1.25%
Total Cost (£291,206 x 1.0125)
£294,846
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. $/£ 1.35 - 1.45 which currency is the counter currency?
The dollar.
Remember this as the base is always on the right or that this is dollars (plural) to
the pound (singular).
2. UK company receiving $500. Spot rate is $/£ 1.35 - 1.45. How many £ will the company
receive?
500 / 1.45 = £344
For a receipt of foreign currency use the rate on the right.
3. UK inflation is 5%, US inflation is 2%. The spot rate is $/£ 1.35. What will the FX rate be
in one year’s time?
Future rate = spot rate x (1 + inf in the counter) / (1 + inf in the base)
Future rate = 1.35 x (1.02 / 1.05) = 1.31
4. What are the internal methods of hedging currency risk?
Invoicing in the home currency.
Leading - paying up front.
Lagging - paying when the rate is favourable.
Offsetting receipts & payments in a foreign bank account.
5. What are the disadvantages of a forward contract?
Contractual commitment that you cannot renege upon.
Can’t take advantage of favourable movements in the currency.
6. How many £ will a company receive if they take a forward contract at a rate of $/£ 1.55
+/- 0.05 for an amount of $400,000?
Rate to use: 1.55 + 0.05 = 1.6
$400,000 / 1.6 = £250,000
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
7. How does a money market hedge eliminate the foreign currency risk?
The transfer is made today at the spot rate so no more exposure to the risk.
8. A UK company is going to pay $400,000 to a US supplier in 3 months time. The UK
deposit rate is 4.5% and the borrowing rate is 5.5%. The US deposit rate is 5.5% and
the borrowing rate is 6.5%. The spot rate is $/£ 1.5 +/- 0.025. Calculate the cost of the
payment if the company uses a money market hedge?
Step 1 - How much Foreign Currency?
Amount of $ to pay
400,000
We will deposit the money in the US where it will earn interest so that in 3 months we
have $350,000.
Deposit Rate in US per year
5.5%
Deposit Rate for 3 months (Annual rate x
3/12)
5.5 x (3/12) = 1.375%
Amount to deposit (Total $ discounted at
1.375%)
400,000 x (100 / 101.375) = $394,575
We will deposit $394,575 in the US where it will earn interest of 1.375% over the 3
months making it worth $400,000 when the payment becomes due.
We transfer the money now so that there is no more FX risk. The transfer is made at the
spot rate.
Step 2 - Convert using the Spot Rate
Amount to Transfer (Step 1)
$394,575
We transfer the money now so that there is no more FX risk. The transfer is made at the
spot rate.
Spot rate (We are making a payment)
Convert ($ Amount / Spot Rate)
1.475
(394,575 / 1.475) = £267,508
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Step 3 - Borrow the Home Currency
Amount to Borrow (Step 2)
£267,508
We will have to pay interest on the amount we have borrowed for 3 months.
Borrowing Rate per year in UK
5.5%
Borrowing Rate for 3 months (Annual Rate
x 3/12)
(5.5 x 3/12) = 1.375%
Total Cost of transaction
Amount transferred to US
£267,508
Interest on borrowings in UK (£ amount x 3
month UK borrowing rate)
(267,508 x 1.375%) = £3,678
Total Cost (Amount transferred + interest
incurred)
(267,508 + 3,678) = £271,186
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
Pilot Paper Q2 (All except part (a))
December 2008 Q4 (a), (b) & (c)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 21
Currency Risk II
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. ‘There is a risk that the value of our foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities
will change when we prepare our accounts.’
To which risk does the above statement refer?
A
B
C
D
Translation risk
Economic risk
Transaction risk
Interest rate risk
Answer A
2. Which of the following are advantages of a using a futures contract to hedge foreign
exchange risk?
1. High transaction costs.
2. It can be traded and thus closed out at any time.
3. It is an effective hedge.
4. The company can take advantage of “upside risk”.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
Answer C
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
3. Which of the following are disadvantages of a using a futures contract to hedge foreign
exchange risk?
1. They can be arranged for standard contract sizes only
2. They are available for a a wide range of currencies
3. There is no upside risk if the currency movement is in your favour
4. There is a large premium to pay on the contract.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
Answer B
4. Which of the following are advantages of a using an option on a currency to hedge
foreign exchange risk?
1. High transaction costs.
2. It can be traded and thus closed out at any time.
3. It is an effective hedge.
4. The company can take advantage of “upside risk”.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
3 and 4 only
1 and 4 only
Answer C
5. Which of the following are disadvantages of a using an option on a currency to hedge
foreign exchange risk?
1. They can be arranged for standard contract sizes only
2. They are available for a a wide range of currencies
3. There is no upside risk if the currency movement is in your favour
4. There is a large premium to pay on the contract.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
Answer D
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What are the 3 types of FX risk?
Translation.
Transaction.
Economic.
2. Explain each of the 3.
Translation risk is the risk that losses will be incurred in translating foreign assets
or liabilities in the balance sheet at the year end.
Transaction risk is the risk that in the period between agreeing a transaction and
settling it fluctuations in currency rates lead to a loss.
Economic risk is long term transaction risk i.e. the risk that your operations in a
foreign currency make FX losses over the long term.
3. What is a futures contract?
A futures contract is a contract to buy or sell currency in the future. It is exchange
traded and can be closed out at any time for a profit or a loss. They operate on 3
monthly cycles and are for specific contract sizes of currency.
4. What are the advantages of a future?
Low transaction costs.
Can be traded and thus closed out at any time.
It is an effective hedge.
5. What are the disadvantages of a future?
They can be arranged for standard contract sizes only.
They are available for a limited range of currencies.
There is no upside risk if the currency movement is in your favour.
6. How do you undertake a future contract?
Call up the exchange.
Buy or sell the future depending on the risk you wish to hedge.
Pay the initial margin required.
Top up the margin daily if required.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Close out the transaction by trading in the opposite direction.
Receive your profit or pay the loss accrued.
7. What is an option?
An option is the right but not the obligation to buy or sell a currency at a certain
price in the future.
8. What is the main advantage of an option?
The user of an option can take advantage of upside risk if the currency movement is
favourable to them by choosing not to exercise the option.
9. Are there any downsides to an option?
The premium is expensive and has to be paid whether the option is exercised or
not.
Options are available for relatively few currencies.
10.What type of risk will an option hedge?
Transaction risk.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
Pilot Paper Q2 (a)
December 2008 Q4 (d)
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 22
Interest Rate Risk
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In relation to hedging interest rate risk, which of the following statements is correct?
A. The flexible nature of interest rate futures means that they can always be matched with
a specific interest rate exposure
B. Interest rate options carry an obligation to the holder to complete the contract at
maturity
C. Forward rate agreements are the interest rate equivalent of forward exchange contracts
D. Matching is where a balance is maintained between fixed rate and floating rate debt
Answer C
2. Which of the following are disadvantages of using an interest rate swap to hedge
interest rate risk?
1. There is a risk that one of the parties fails to pay their side of the swap.
2. It is a reversible agreement.
3. The decision to move into the swap may be the wrong decision as interest rates may
change unexpectedly.
4. The transactions costs can be very high.
A
B
C
D
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 4 only
Answer B
3. Which of the following statements are correct in reference to using an ‘over the counter’
interest rate option to manage interest rate risk?
A. It constitutes an contract with a bank to secure a specific interest rate no matter what
happens.
B. It is an agreement with a bank that ensures that the company can take advantage of
low rates, but secure against high rates.
C. It is an exchange traded contract that can be closed out at any time.
D. It enables the company to swap from a fixed interest rate to a floating rate or vice-versa.
Answer B
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
4. In relation to hedging interest rate risk, which of the following statements is correct?
A. The flexible nature of interest rate futures means that they can always be matched with
a specific interest rate exposure
B. Interest rate options carry an obligation to the holder to complete the contract at
maturity
C. Forward rate agreements are the interest rate equivalent of money market hedging of
foreign exchange risk
D. Smoothing is where a balance is maintained between fixed rate and floating rate debt
Answer D
5. Which of the following statements about the yield curve is correct?
1. In normal circumstances the curve is upward sloping.
2. Liquidity preference theory explains the yield curve on the basis that investors generally
prefer cash.
3. Expectations theory explains the yield curve as the market generally expects interest
rates to be lower in the future.
4. The yield curve can be used to predict interest rates.
A
B
C
D
1, 2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 4 only
Answer D
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Short Form Questions
1. What internal methods may a firm use to manage interest rate risk?
Smoothing.
Matching.
Netting.
2. What is an FRA?
A forward rate agreement. Effectively this is a forward interest rate agreed with a
bank.
3. Why might a firm use an interest rate option to manage interest rate risk?
It means that they can take advantage of low rates, but secure against high rates.
4. What is an Interest Rate Swap?
Sn arrangement organised through a bank whereby two parties swap interest rate
commitments.
5. What are the disadvantages of an interest rate swap?
There is a risk that one of the parties fails to pay their side of the swap.
It is a binding agreement.
The decision to move into the swap may be the wrong decision as interest rates
may change unexpectedly.
The transactions can be complex.
6. What does a Yield Curve plot?
Interest rates against the length of time or term of the debt.
7. In what way does a Yield Curve slope?
In normal circumstances the curve is upward sloping.
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
8. What are the three ways in which theorists have sought to explain the slope of the yield
curve?
Expectations theory states that if debt is to be held for longer terms it is more likely
that it won’t get paid back so higher interest rates are demanded to compensate so
as the term gets longer the interest rate rises = upward sloping curve.
Liquidity preference theory states that because investors prefer cash, if they are
going to tie capital up by lending it out for the longer term they will demand higher
interest rates to compensate = upward sloping curve.
Market segmentation theory suggests that different investors have different
requirements based on their own circumstances and that long term investors want
higher yields leading to the upward sloping curve.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
Now do it!
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Lecture 23
Islamic Finance
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Test Your Knowledge
If you can’t answer all of the questions below without
looking at the answer then you need to do some more
work on this area!
Multiple Choice
1. In relation to Islamic Finance, which of the following statements is correct?
A. It is possible under certain circumstances to charge interest on an Islamic Finance
product.
B. There is a lot of use of partnerships and joint ventures under Islamic Finance.
C. It is not possible for a financial product to be compatible with Sharia law.
D. Islamic Finance is only available to those of the muslim faith.
Answer B
Short Form Questions
1. What is the main principle behind islamic finance?
Money should not generate money i.e. no interest is allowed.
2. What should money only be generated by?
Labour.
3. What are the Islamic terms for ‘forbidden’ and ‘permitted’?
Forbidden - haraam.
Permitted - halaal.
4. How will a mortgage work under islamic financial principles?
The lender will own the property and the borrower will pay a rental amount and a
capital repayment amount until the asset is owned.
5. What is the islamic term for a bank loan?
ACCA F9 Financial Management Full Course Workbook Solutions!
Murabaha transaction.
6. How will lease finance (ijara) work under islamic finance?
Party A will let party B use the asset.
Rent will be paid from B to A.
A is responsible for the major maintenance of the asset.
B takes care of minor maintenance.
7. What must debt finance relate to under islamic finance principles?
An asset.
8. What is the islamic finance term for a joint venture?
Musharaka.
If you’ve successfully answered all of the above
questions then you’re ready to do the exam questions
below:
Now do it!