POPULATIONS,
COMMUNITIES,
ECOSYSTEMS, AND
BIOMES
BIOSPHERE
The biosphere is the area on Earth where
life exists
This can be high on a mountain
This can be deep in the oceans
This can be inside a cavern
WHY STUDY ECOLOGY?
It is important to study ecology because:
We depend on things like water, air, and food,
and we need to take care of these resources
We also link money to some of these resources,
like food and water
We all need to be concerned about ecology and
how we manage resources
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
The living parts of a habitat are called
biotic factors.
The nonliving parts of the habitat are
called abiotic factors.
LIVING THINGS AND
THE ENVIRONMENT
Organisms obtain food, water, shelter, and
other things it needs to live, grow, and
reproduce from its environment.
An environment that provides these things
for an organism is it’s habitat.
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
Draw the following table in your notebook:
Biotic
Abiotic
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS
Fungi
Water
Berries
Sun
Plants
Worm
Prairie Dog
Oxygen
Hawk
Temperature
Soil
Bacteria
DO NOW
Look at your abiotic/biotic list from
yesterday. Which abiotic factors are most
important for the survival of the biotic
factors? WHY?
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
All the members of one species living in a
particular area is a population.
All of the different populations that live in
an area and interact make up a
community.
A community plus all of the abiotic factors
in that habitat make an ecosystem.
POPULATIONS
not populations
COMMUNITIES
ECOSYSTEM
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
The study of how living things interact with
each other and with their environment is
called ecology.
STUDYING POPULATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
Determining Population Size
Direct observation (count the organisms)
Indirect observation (look for signs of
organisms)
Sampling (count the organisms in a small
area and make an estimate)
Mark and Recapture Studies (capture,
mark, and release organisms, then
recapture and look for marks)
ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS
ENERGY FLOW IN
ECOSYSTEMS
SECTION 22.1
Each of the
organisms in an
ecosystem fills the
role of producer,
consumer, or
decomposer.
ENERGY FLOW IN
ECOSYSTEMS
Producers
An organism that can make its own food is
a producer. They are the source of all the
food in an ecosystem.
Consumer
An organism that obtains energy by
feeding on other organisms is a consumer.
Consumers can be carnivores, herbivores,
or omnivores.
TYPES OF CONSUMERS
There are different types of consumers based
on what they eat:
CARNIVORES
CONSUMERS
Eat meat ONLY
HERBIVORES
CONSUMERS
Eat plants ONLY
OMNIVORE
CONSUMERS
Eat both plants and meat
Decomposer
An organism that breaks down waste and
dead organisms and returns the raw
materials to the environment is a
decomposer.
Detritivore
Use the detritus that was broken down by
the decomposers
STUDYING POPULATIONS
DETERMINING POPULATION SIZE
STUDYING POPULATIONS
SECTION 21.2
Changes in Population Size
Populations can change in size when new members join the population,
or when members leave the population.
CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE
Births and Deaths
The birth rate is the number of births in a population in a certain
amount of time.
The death rate is the number of deaths in a population in a certain
amount of time.
If birth rate > death rate, population size
increases.
If death rate > birth rate, population size
decreases.
CHANGES IN POPULATION SIZE
Immigration and Emigration
Immigration means moving into a population
Emigration means leaving a population.
POPULATION DENSITY
•Population density is the number of individuals
in an area of a specific size.
LIMITING FACTORS
A limiting factor is an environmental condition that causes a
population to decrease.
1.
Food and Water
2.
Space
3.
Weather
•
The largest population that an area can support is called
carrying capacity.
Populations and carrying capacity
MARK AND RECAPTURE
COUNTING TURTLES LAB
Mark and Recapture
MARK AND RECAPTURE
Total Number Captured (second sample)
Number Recaptured with Marks
Total Population (X)
=
Total Number Marked (first sample)
=
Total Population (X)
The proportion of the number you capture with marks to
the total number you capture should be the same as the
proportion of the number you originally marked to the
entire population (unknown).
DO
NOW
Write your name on your turtle lab and put it in the class folder. (along with
any other work you owe me)
Take a worksheet from the do now basket and a hand lens and a ruler from the
blue cart.
The quicker you get this done, the quicker we go outside.
DETERMINING POPULATIONS SIZE – SAMPLING
Area of the room ______
DEMONSTRATION
_____cm
_____cm
_____cm
____cm
Area of the lens ______
DETERMINING
Sketch this in your frost valley notebook:
POPULATION SIZE
Determining the Population of Dandelion Stems in a Field
Sample
Area:
______
Area of Field : ______
Sample 1 ________
Sample 2 ________
Sample 3 ________
Sample 4 ________
Sample 5 ________
Sample Average____________
DO NOW
Take an article from the do now basket.
Do not write on it. Silently read it at your seat.
When you are done reading return it to the basket.
DECIDE: what do you think is best?
Direct action (hunting and trapping)
Indirect Action (barriers, predators and birth control)
Do Nothing (let nature take its course)
CARRYING CAPACITY
ANIMAL OVERPOPULATION: HOW CAN PEOPLE HELP?
DDT
Bioaccumulation:
increase in concentration
of a pollutant from the
environment to the first
organism in a food chain.
(how a pollutant enters a
food chain)
Biomagnification:
increase in concentration
of a pollutant from one link
in a food chain to another.
(how a pollutant becomes
present in higher
concentration at the top of
food chain)
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
LIVING THINGS
INTERACTIONS AMONG
LIVING THINGS
SECTION 21.3
Through natural selection every organism has a variety of
adaptations that are suited to it’s specific living conditions.
The role of an organism in it’s habitat is called its niche. (what it eats,
how it gets the food, what eats it, how and when it reproduces,
physical conditions it needs to survive)
3 INTERACTIONS AMONG
LIVING THINGS
SECTION 21.3
1. Competition
Competition is the struggle between organisms to survive
as they attempt to use the same limited resources.
What resources can we think of?
3 INTERACTIONS AMONG
LIVING THINGS
SECTION 21.3
How do animals
cope with
predation?
3 INTERACTIONS AMONG
LIVING THINGS
SECTION 21.3
Commensalism
One organism benefits
while the other is not
harmed.
3. Symbiosis
Mutualism
Both organisms
benefit.
Parasitism
One organism
benefits and the
other is harmed.
FOOD CHAINS AND WEBS
FOOD CHAINS AND
FOOD WEBS
A food chain is a series of events in which one organism eats another
and obtains energy.
A food web consists of the many overlapping food chains in a
particular ecosystem.
WHAT IS A FOOD WEB/CHAIN?
•A food chain shows how energy flows through an
ecosystem.
•The arrows always go from the food to whatever eats it
•A food web is a combination of several food chains put
together into one picture
•This is because ecosystems are complex, and animals eat
many different types of food and are eaten by many
different types of predators
ENERGY PYRAMID
An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one
feeding level to another in the food web.
The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid. As
you move up the pyramid, each level has less energy available than
the level below.
PRACTICE
Complete your worksheet on food chains/webs
CHANGES IN COMMUNITIES
CHANGES IN
COMMUNITIES
SECTION 21.4
The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time
is called succession.
CHANGES IN
COMMUNITIES
SECTION 21.4
Primary Succession is the series of changes that occur in
an area where no soil or organisms exist.
The first species to populate an area are called the
pioneer species.
Where?????
CHANGES IN
COMMUNITIES
SECTION 21.4
Secondary Succession occurs in a place where an
ecosystem currently exists.
CHANGES IN
COMMUNITIES
SECTION 21.4
Lichens are compound creatures, formed from the
symbiotic relationship between a algae and a
fungus.
They grow on rocks, tree trunks and branches.
CHANGES IN
COMMUNITIES
SECTION 21.4
When lichens die they create a weak acid that
eats away at the rock, creating a soil where
mosses can grow and in time larger bushes.
Lichen are pioneer plants in succession.
PRIMARY OR SECONDARY
SUCCESSION?
state whether the examples are primary or secondary succession
and HOW YOU KNOW:
CYCLES OF MATTER
CYCLES OF MATTER
SECTION 22.2
The Water Cycle
The processes of evaporation, condensation and precipitation make
up the water cycle.
THE WATER CYCLE
CYCLES OF MATTER
SECTION 22.2
The Carbon and Oxygen Cycle
The carbon and oxygen cycle traces the way producers, consumers,
and decomposers each play a role in the linked recycling of carbon
and oxygen in ecosystems.
THE CARBON AND
OXYGEN CYCLE
CYCLES OF MATTER
SECTION 22.2
The Nitrogen Cycle
In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living
things, and back into the air.
THE NITROGEN CYCLE
FRESHWATER
ECOSYSTEMS
Freshwater ecosystems include streams, rivers ponds and lakes.
STREAMS AND RIVERS
Water currents flow strongest in streams which flow and join together
forming larger, but slower moving rivers.
PONDS AND LAKES
Ponds are smaller bodies of still water where light can often reach
the bottom.
Lakes are generally larger than ponds and the water temperature
varies between the top and the bottom depending on the season.
FRESHWATER
ECOSYSTEMS
ORGANISMS ADAPTATIONS
FRESHWATER
ECOSYSTEMS
ORGANISMS ADAPTATIONS
ADAPTATIONS:
After reading about the organisms found in freshwater ecosystems
explain what types of organisms are found in each environment, and
what adaptations make them well suited for that environment.
IS THIS IN MY FVN?
Table of Contents
Food Web
Abiotic vs. Biotic Nature
walk list.
Succession Scenarios
Hula Hoop Lab data table
Population of Lynx and
Hares homework (two pages)
Lab 65 parts 1 and 2 (find
evidence of interactions)
Toothpick Predator lab data
table.
3 Cycle Pictures
3 complete cycle fill in the
blanks
Freshwater Ecosystem Boxes
Forest and Stream Boxes
20 Questions – 1/per page
(pgs 40-60)
Scavenger – a consumer that eats dead organisms
Primary consumer – the first consumer in a food chain (eats a producer)
Secondary Consumer – the second consumer in a food chain (eats a primary
consumer)
Climax community – a fully established (developed) ecosystem after
succession.
DO NOW
Take a survivor Biomes form the do now basket.
Get a netbook and log in.
BIOMES
A biome is a group of land ecosystems with similar climates and
organisms.
It is mostly the climate (temperature and precipitation) that determines
its biome.
(That is because the types of organisms that can live in an
area depends a lot on the climate.)
BIOMES
There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists
study:
1. Tundra
BIOMES
There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists study:
2. Rainforest
Temperate Rainforest
Tropical Rainforest
BIOMES
There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists
study:
3. Deciduous Forest
BIOMES
There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists
study:
4.Taiga (boreal forest)
BIOMES
There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists
study:
5. Grassland (savannah)
BIOMES
There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists
study:
6. Desert
BIOMES
There are 7 major biomes that most ecologists
study:
7. Aquatic Biome
Marine
Freshwater
SURVIVOR- BIOMES!
Tundra _________________________________
Rainforest ______________________________
Deciduous Forest _________________________
Taiga___________________________________
Grasslands ______________________________
Desert _________________________________
Aquatic ________________________________
DO NOW
Log into a netbook (one person per biome group).
Take a sheet from the do now basket. Use the terms on the back to fill
in two different word sets on the bingo boards.