SBI4U Exam Review Biochemistry & Cell Metabolism 1. State three properties of each of the major categories of Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids. 2. Explain how you can identify whether a molecule is polar or non-polar, based on its structure or composition. 3. What is a functional group? Give an example for each of the biomolecule categories. 4. What properties of the cell membrane can be explained by considering the properties of phospholipids? 5. State Oparin’s Theory, and describe the experiment Stanley Miller conducted to test it. 6. What do each of the following have to do with the origins of biomolecules? a. tidal pools & clay adsorption b. oceanic volcanic vents c. a reducing atmosphere d. random molecular collisions 10. Differentiate between each of the following pairs of terms: a. active site vs allosteric site b. competitive vs allosteric inhibition c. activator vs inhibitor 11. Of the three major metabolic processes that happen in a eukaryotic cell, which are aerobic and which are anaerobic? Explain. 12. How do the electron transport chain & ATP Synthase help boost the energy yield from cellular metabolism? Molecular Genetics 13. Make a two-column chart to compare DNA and RNA, in both structure and function. 14. What is the relationship between each of these terms? GENE GENOME LOCI CHROMOSOME 15. The diagrams below each refer to a famous DNA experiment. Identify & explain each. EXPT. 1 7. Identify the structures in this diagram of a cell membrane. Explain the function of each. EXPT. 2 8. How do the mitochondrion & chloroplast help explain the origin of eukaryotic cells? 9. What is meant by the term activation energy? How do enzymes affect activation energy? Why is this important to living cells? SBI4U Exam Review 16. What is the role of each of the following proteins & enzymes in DNA replication: HELICASE GYRASE SSBs PRIMASE DNA POLYMERASE LIGASE RNAse H 17. If a segment of a gene has the following sequence: … AAA CGC GGT TTG ACC TCA … a. Transcribe the mRNA b. Translate the polypeptide 18. Using the same sequence as in the previous question, what type of mutations have occurred in each of these? Show the complete mRNA and polypeptide for each, and identify the mutation. a. … AAA CGC GGT TTG ACT CAC … b. … AAA CGC GGG TTG ACC TCA … c. … AAC GCG GTT TGA CCT CAC … d. … AAA CGC GGT ATT GAC CTC A … Homeostasis 19. Describe the difference, in both chemical composition and in action, of steroid hormones and peptide hormones. 20. What is meant by the term, “hormone hierarchy”? Use an example to explain. 21. Identify each of the endocrine glands labelled in the diagram below, and state one hormone produced by each gland: 22. What are advantages and disadvantages of poikilothermy and homeothermy? 23. Explain how each of the following will affect your fluid balance. Refer to at least one hormone in each explanation you give: a. eating salty potato chips b. blood loss due to an injury c. drinking a litre of water 24. If you eat a full breakfast at 7:30 a.m., what would you expect to see in each of these situations? (high, low, rising, falling ?) Time: Blood Glucose Blood Insulin Blood Glucagon 8:30 9:30 10: 30 11:30 25. How do calcitonin and parathyroid hormone illustrate the concept of antagonistic pairing? 26. State four different types of cells you would find in our nervous system, and describe each in terms of structure and function. 27. Where in the spinal cord do parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons originate? How are these neurons different in function? 28. Explain how addiction illustrates the concept of positive feedback. How do neurotransmitters reinforce an addiction? 29. Identify each of the following structures: