CHAPTER TWELVE:
PARENTS AT RISK
Parent-Child Relationships
FACTORS INFLUENCING FAMILY
FRAGILITY
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Poverty
Education
Single Parenting
Lack of knowledge
Lack of skills
Bad family of origin for the parents
Chronic illness
Mental illness
Substance abuse
Lack of social support
PARENTS WITH LOW INCOMES
• What is SES?
• ¼ of children raised in poverty
• Linked to Types of Resources
• Linked to Parenting/Parenting Traits
• Linked to Use of Corporal Punishment
LOW INCOME
• Poverty linked to Increased Negative
Effects; Rates Differ by Race
• Toxic Environments/Danger
– Crime, Drugs, Violence
• Inadequate Living/Daycare Conditions
• Less Financial and Social Capital to
Invest in Children
PARENTS WITH HIGH INCOMES
• Adjustment Problems
– Anxiety
– Depression
– Substance Use
– Emotional Problems
• Causes?
• Mediating Factors?
PARENTS WITH SERIOUS MENTAL
ILLNESS
• Types of problems studied:
Depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, antisocial
personality disorder, substance abuse
• Co-occurrence & co-morbidity of
problems
• Effects on childrearing
– Depends on type of problem, severity, chronicity
FAMILIES AFFECTED BY SUBSTANCE
USE AND ADDICTIVE DISORDERS
• The price of substance use and
addictive disorders is high, especially to
the family
• The affected individual experiences
health problems
• Economic costs
• Emotional
• Role modeling
DEFINITIONS
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Substance use disorder:
Tolerance:
Withdrawal:
Codependency:
CHILDREN AFFECTED BY PARENTS
WITH SUBSTANCE USE ISSUES
• Sometimes unaware of behaviors
• Often develop similar dependencies
– Lack good role models
• Of behavior
• Of relationships
• They are likely to lack good parental role
models
• secrecy
PARENTS IN VIOLENT INTIMATE
PARTNER RELATIONSHIPS
• Puts the children at heightened risk
 Higher Rates of Child Maltreatment Stress
– Anger
– Substance Abuse
– Psychological Problems
– Behavior Problems in Children
 Most likely to be the father or male
partner