Sherfield and Moody Cornerstones Topic: Learn Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 What is Learning? • A cognitive mental action • Can be conscious and/or unconscious • Can be formal or informal Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Historical Learning Theories • Socratic method (Socrates): – Learning by Asking questions • Dialectic method (Plato): – Learning by dialouge • Active learning (Lao-Tse): – Experience-based learning • Case study (Confucius): – Storytelling and discussion Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Historical Learning Theories (cont’d.) • Sensory learning (Locke): – Our five senses fill our “blank slate” • Learning styles (Rousseau): – Learning should follow our basic instincts, feelings • Behaviorism (Watson): – Learning through conditioned response • Holistic learning (Piaget): – Learning through experiencing a variety of stimuli • Mastery learning (Bloom): – Transforming information to new, complex ideas Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 The Learning Process • • • • • • Motivation to learn the material Understanding the material Internalize the material Apply the material Evaluate the material Use the material to grow and change Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 5 Three Ways to Determine How You Learn • What are your dominant intelligences? • What is your learning style? • What is your personality type? Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 6 Theory of Multiple Intelligences • • • • Professor Howard Gardner (1983) Eight intelligences everyone possesses Not equal to traditional I.Q. measurement Dominant intelligences are more welldeveloped • Other intelligences less-developed Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 7 Eight Areas of Intelligence • • • • • • • • Visual/spatial – “picture smart” Verbal/linguistic – “word smart” Musical/rhythmic – “music smart” Logical/mathematical – “number smart” Body/kinesthetic – “body smart” Interpersonal – “people smart” Intrapersonal – “self smart” Naturalistic – “environment smart” Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 8 Learning Styles Theory • How do you best process information? • Three styles: • Visual – “eye smart” • Auditory – “ear smart” • Tactile/kinestetic – “action smart” Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 9 Keeping it all Straight • Learning style = how you best process information • Learning strategy = how you choose to study • Dominant intelligence = well-developed aspect of intelligence • Personality type = your preferences and patterns Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 Personality Typing • Carl Jung (1921) and Isabell Briggs-Myers and Kathernine Briggs (1942) • Human behavior is not random and patterns are caused by individual motivation and energies • Four major categories of personality Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 How Do You Draw Your Energy? • Extroverts (E)– draw strength others and prefer to live in the outside world. Outgoing and love interaction and being the center of attention • Introverts (I) – draw strength from their inner world. Need alone time to energize. Often quiet and reflective. Make decisions by themselves and are private Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 How Do You Best Learn Information? • Sensers (S) – gather information through five senses. Like concrete facts and details. Have common sense. Focused on “what is” • Intuitives (N) – not as detail-oriented. Rely on gut feelings. Innovative and see possibilities. Focused on “what could be” Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 13 How Do You Make Decisions? • Thinkers (T) – logical people. Analytical and do not make decisions based on emotion. Can sometimes be seen as insensitive and lacking compassion. Make decisions with head v. heart • Feelers (F) – like harmony and consider others’ opinions and feelings. Usually tactful and warm. Make decisions with heart v. head Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 14 How Do You Prefer to Live Your Life? • Judgers (J) – orderly people who prefer structure in their lives. Good at setting goals and sticking to them. Work before play. • Perceivers (P) – less structured and more spontaneous. Overextend themselves and do not like timelines. Play before work. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 15 Sixteen Personality Types • • • • • • • • ISTJ – “the dutiful” ISFJ – “the nurturer” INFJ – “the protector” INTJ – “the scientist” ISTP – “the mechanic” ISFP – “the artist” INFP – “the idealist” INTP – “the thinker” • • • • • • • • ESTP – “the thinker” ESFP – “the performer” ENFP – “The inspirer” ENTP – “the visionary” ESTJ – “the guardian” ESFJ – “the caregiver” ENFJ – “the giver” ENTJ – “the executive” Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 16 Topic Reflections • Get involved in a variety of learning and social situations • Use your less dominant areas in order to strengthen them • Read more about personality typing and learning styles • Surround yourself with others who learn differently than you • Try new ways of learning and studying • Remember that inventories do not measure your worth as an individual or student Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 17