Biology 2nd Semester
Diversity,
Genetics
and Evolution
two
By Ted Banta
Pahoa High and Intermediate School,
Big Island, Hawaii
lines, turns
gene
Big Ideas / Major
Understandings:
What determines structure and function of
cells?
The DNA molecule
Offspring receive genetic
information (DNA) from their
parents.
Chromosomal mutations
may lead to
genetic variation
Unity and Diversity
Explain
the structural properties of DNA
and the
role of DNA in
heredity
passing of traits to offspring
and
protein synthesis
production of protein
Assessment
Diagram and explain the role of DNA in heredity
DNA replication
replicating DNA
and protein synthesis
which includes
transcription
translation
producing mRNA from
DNA
making protein using tRNA
and ribosomes (rRNA)
:
Explain
Mendel's laws of heredity
1 the Law of Segregation and
2 the Law of Independent Assortment
The Law of Segregation states that the members of each pair of
alleles separate when gametes are formed. A gamete will receive
one allele or the other.
The Law of Independent assortment states that two or more pairs
of alleles segregate independently of one another during
gamete formation.
And how can the laws
can be used to
determine the traits of
possible offspring
Assessment
Use Mendel's laws to predict
the potential offspring of two parents:
Both
phenotype
and
genotype
Explain possible causes of
chromosomal
mutations
and their effects on
genetic variation
Assessment
Name human chromosomal disorders
Sickle cell anemia
Down Syndrome
and describe the cause and symptoms of each
Cystic Fibrosis
Week 21
DNA
and
Genes –
Let’s Make a
Protein!!
Ch 11.1-2
Pg 280 Week 21
DNA / Nucleus / Gene / Chromosomes / Protein
use these words in two sentences
chromosomes that are
In the ________
nucleus there are _____________
made of ________________
Deoxyribonucleic acid. (aka (DNA))
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a
gene
_______.
products
substrate
enzyme
activator
Enzymes are proteins that control
__________
chemical___________.
reactions
_________
Nucleotides
Nucleic Acids
are made of these
DNA
They consist of 3 molecules bonded together
a phosphate group
a sugar,
and a nitrogenous base
RNA
DNA has 4 types of nitrogenous bases
A T G C
•
•
•
•
Adenine (A) and
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G) and
Cytosine (C)
Watson
and Crick
_______________
proposed that DNA
is composed of two
strands twisted
together in a
helix
double ____.
DNA replication
A process in which DNA in the
chromosomes is copied (replicated)
Click to see
What are the 3 steps of DNA
replication
1 DNA unzips - enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
2. Bases pair
3. Bases bond
protein / polymer / amino acid
– write as sentence
polymers
Proteins are ___________composed
of strands of
amino acids
40 or more ___________
3 ways RNA differs from DNA
RNA is
• 1) single stranded
(DNA is _________stranded)
double
• 2) has ribose sugar
(DNA has ____________)
deoxyribose
Thymine
• 3) contains uracil (U) (DNA has __________
(T))
nucleic acid
nucleic acid
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Takes
instructions (a message)
for making proteins from the
DNA in the nucleus
to the
ribosomes (rRNA)
in the cytoplasm
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• The assembly line for producing proteins,
bonds amino acids together
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• Supplies amino acids to the ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
Transcription
When enzymes make an mRNA copy of a
section of DNA (gene)
RNA
gene
Sections of gene that are expressed
Exons
Sections of a gene that are NOT expressed
Introns
Not expressed
expressed
codon / base / amino acid
base in
• A group of three nitrogenous _____s
amino acid is
a gene that code for an ______
codon
called a ______
protein
Translation
After transcription, mRNA
goes to the ribosome
and begins a process
which converts mRNA
code into a protein
Amino
acid
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA
AND NOW THE QUIZ
1
A process in which DNA in the
chromosomes is copied
Click to see
2
1 DNA unzips - enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between bases
2. Bases pair
3. Bases bond
3
polymers
Proteins are ___________composed
of strands
of 40 or more ___________
4) 2 ways RNA differs from DNA
RNA is
• 1) ________ stranded
• 2) has _______ sugar
nucleic acid
5
Takes
instructions (a message)
for making proteins from the
DNA in the nucleus
to the
ribosomes (rRNA)
in the cytoplasm
rRNA
6
In the ________
nucleus there are _____________ that are
made of ________________
Deoxyribonucleic acid. (aka (DNA))
A section of DNA that codes for a protein is called a
_______.
7_________ are proteins that control
chemical
reactions
_________ ___________.
8
The two kinds of
nucleic acids,
DNA and RNA
are made of these
They consist of 3 molecules bonded together
a phosphate group
a sugar,
and a nitrogenous base
9
• Supplies amino acids to the ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
10
• The assembly line for producing proteins,
bonds amino acids together
11
When enzymes make an mRNA copy of a
section of DNA (gene)
RNA
gene
Sections of gene that are expressed
12
Sections of a gene that are NOT expressed
Introns
Not expressed
expressed
13
_______________
proposed that DNA
is composed of two
strands twisted
together in a
helix
double ____.
14
The two kinds of
nucleic acids,
DNA and RNA
are made of these
They consist of 3 molecules bonded together
a phosphate group
a sugar,
and a nitrogenous base
codon / base / amino acid
base in
• A group of three nitrogenous _____s
amino acid is
a gene that code for an ______
15
called a ______
protein
16
A process which
converts mRNA
into a protein
Amino
acid
tRNA
rRNA
mRNA
Mahalo!