Technology and Architecture Trends in
Optical Networking
2003 IEEE Distinguished Lecturer Talk
Telcordia Contact:
Nim K. Cheung
(973) 829-4078
nkc@research.telcordia.com
An SAIC Company
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Outline of Presentation: Trends in Optical Networking
y Introduction: snapshot of the industry
y Trends in optoelectronic technologies
y Trends in optical networking architectures
y Research activities in optical packet switching
y Summary and discussion
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 2
OFC Attendance Trend
40000
30000
25000
Technical Sessions
Short Courses
Total
20000
15000
10000
5000
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
0
19
No. of Registrations
35000
Year
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 3
NFOEC Conference Attendance
12000
Registration
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Year
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 4
When is the “Telecom Winter” going to end?
“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”
Tingye Li at OFC’02, adapted from
“Ode to the West Wind”, by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 5
Highlights of Optical Internetworking Forum Meeting
y Most recent meeting held at Scottsdale, AZ (May 6-8, 2003)
y 105 attendees (compared ~140 at 1Q03 meeting)
– 71 different companies (about same as last quarter, ~60% of
year ago)
– 5 carriers (7 last time)
y US included AT&T, Verizon, SBC Communications
y Non-US included T-Systems Nova (DT), KDDI
– Government-related, including NIST, DoD, Sandia Labs, BoozAllen
– Plus many system and component vendors
y Attendance impacted by SARS, War, Economy …
y Review of successful OFC demo on UNI/NNI Interoperability
y Superdemo on interoperability planned at SuperComm
y Tunable laser ballot (2003.048.04) ballot proposed
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 6
(Source: Ann von Lehman)
Aggressive Growth
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 7
Traffic growth trend
y Traffic growth rate ranges from 40% per year in the
near term in an IXC with a mix of legacy and
emerging services to 200% per year growth for
smaller, IP-dominated carriers
y New network builds from IP-dominated carriers can
leverage new technology specifically for data
services while legacy IXCs may consider technology
which best supports a mix of services
y The US CapEx market will be flat for a ‘few years’,
but CapEx is still large
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 8
Outline of Presentation: Trends in Optical Networking
y Introduction: snapshot of the industry
y Trends in optoelectronic technologies
y Trends in optical networking architectures
y Research activities in optical packet switching
y Summary and discussion
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 9
Enabling Technologies for Optical Networking
y The transmission medium
y High speed lasers (including tunable lasers)
y High speed light modulators
y High speed detectors
y High speed analog and logic electronics
y DWDM components (including tunable devices)
y Optical amplifiers
y Optical and electronic crossconnect and switches
y Techniques to overcome dispersion and other
system degradations
y Systems and networking technologies
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 10
Optical Fiber Capacity
*
10000
3000
1000
*
300
Capacity (Gb/s)
100
30
10
Experimental
3
1
*
0.3
Single Channel (ETDM)
Multi-Channel (WDM)
Single Channel (OTDM)
WDM + OTDM
WDM + Polarization Mux
Soliton WDM
Commercial
Single Channel (ETDM)
Multi-Channel (WDM)
0.1
0.03
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
00
02
Year
El-Sayed and Jaffe, Communications Magazine, Dec. 2002
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 11
System Capacity (Mb/s)
Progress in Optical Networks
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
Optical
10 Gb/s, 32λ
10 Gb/s, 16λ
10 Gb/s, 8λ
10 Gb/s, 4λ
10 Gb/s, 2λ
Threshold
OC-192
OC-48
1.2 Gb/s
565 Mb/s
135 Mb/s
40 Gb/s, ….
10 Gb/s, 160λ
10 Gigabit
Ethernet
OC-48
Gigabit
Ethernet OC-12
OC-3
Fast
Ethernet
Transport Capacity
T3
1
10
Ethernet
T1
1985
LAN Standards
Internet Backbone
1995
2000
1990
Year
(Source: Nortel Networks)
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 12
From WDM to DWDM:
Data Rate and Spectrum Management Tradeoff
Time frame WDM Type
1970's, 1980's Coarse
Early 90's Narrowband
Mid 90's
Dense
Late 90's
Dense
Current
Dense
S-band
C-band
L-band
Channels
Wavelength
Channel Spacing
2 to 3 1310 nm, 1550 nm
-2 to 8
C-band
200 - 400 GHz
16 to 40
C-band
100 - 200 GHz
64 to 160
C-band
25 - 50 GHz
160 to 320
C/L-band
12.5-25 GHz
1280 - 1350 nm
1528 - 1561 nm
1561 - 1620 nm
UWDM or Hyperfine WDM?
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 13
Tunable lasers. Filters and Receivers
A dream came true
1986 broadband access concept and experiment
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 14
Example of Tunable Laser Implementation (i)
(Source: Agility Communications, Inc.)
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 15
Example of Tunable Laser Implementation (ii)
Collimating lens
λ1
MEMS tilt mirror
λ2
..
λn
Focusing lens
Multi-λ DFB array
Source: Santur Corp.
Output fiber
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 16
Example of Tunable Filter Implementation
Diffraction
Grating
Rotating
Mirror
Input Fiber
Polarization
Recovery
Module
output Fiber
Microactuator
(Source: ioλon Inc.)
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 17
Applications of tunable lasers/filters/receivers
y Reconfigurable optical networks
– Reconfigurable add-drop multiplexers
y Inventory reduction – simplifies provisioning and sparing
y Enable new architectures in
– Optical switching
– Optical interconnect
– Wavelength routing
– Access and metro networks
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 18
Moore’s Law (1965)
The unsung hero in optical communications
“The number of transistors in
an integrated circuit doubles
every 18 months.”
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 19
Semiconductor technology minimum feature size trend
Source: Mark T. Bohr, Intel Developer Forum 2002
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 20
Intel central processing unit (CPU) transistor count trend
Source: Mark T. Bohr, Intel Developer Forum 2002
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 21
Intel CPU MHz trend
Source: Mark T. Bohr, IEEE Trans. On Nanotechnology, 2002
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 22
SONET STS-192 (10 Gb/s) GaAs ICs (Early 1990’s)
(Rockwell International’s AlGaAs/GaAs HBT Technology)
• 10 Gb/s Multiplexer &
phase aligner
• 8 input channels
• Power: 2.2 W
• Max Speed: 12 GHz
• Size: 3 x 2.3 mm
• 10 Gb/s Demultiplexer
with SONET frame
detector
• 8 output channels
• Power: 2.5 W
• Max Speed: 11.7 GHz
• Size: 3 x 2.4 mm
• 10 Gb/s Interface IC with
signal / clock processing
& conditioning
• Power: 1.75 W (for mux)
2.2 W (for demux)
• Max Speed: 12 GHz
• Size: 3 x 2.3 mm
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 23
10 Gb/s SerDes Test Circuits
Source: Mark T. Bohr, Intel Developer Forum 2002
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 24
Outline of Presentation: Trends in Optical Networking
y Introduction: snapshot of the industry
y Trends in optoelectronic technologies
y Trends in optical networking architectures
y Research activities in optical packet switching
y Summary and discussion
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 25
Optical Networking Hierarchy
(Source: H. Kobrinski and R. Runser, Telcordia Technologies)
Core IXC Network
VIP
HUB
CO
HUB
CO
VIP
HUB
CO
Metro Network
ISP
HUB
CO
ISP
CO
Inter-Office Facilities
Collector
Ring
VIP = Video Information Provider
ISP = Internet Service Provider
ONU = Optical Network Unit
ONT = Optical Network Termination
POS = Passive Optical Splitter
PON = Passive Optical Network
CO
CO
Access
Business
Access
Ring
DLC
DLC
xDSL
ADM
DSLAM
POS
IP, GbE
LAN
O
N
U
xDSL
PON
ONT ••• ONT
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 26
Network Equipment Landscape
(Source: H. Kobrinski and R. Runser, Telcordia Technologies)
Access
Layer 3
Layer 2
Physical
Metro
Edge/Aggregation
Routers
GbE/ATM/MPLS
Access Switches
Core
Core Routers
MPLS/ATM/FR
Core Switches
MSPP/
RPR
Grooming
OXC
Core
OXC
Core OADM
Metro/Regional
OADM
Residential Enterprise
Access
Access
Metro WDM
Aggregation/Distribution
Networks
Long Haul
DWDM
ULH
DWDM
Regional
Networks
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 27
Core Networks
Carriers: IXCs, Backbone ISPs, National and Pan-regional
(overseas)
Services: Interconnect ISPs/ILECs/CLECs/corporations, wide
area VPNs
Geographic Span: Over 200 km
Traffic Characteristics: highly aggregated circuit traffic (IXCs)
and packet/cell traffic (ISPs)
Signal Rates/Formats: few including 2.5G, 10G, 40G and
carried in SONET/SDH, PDH
QoS: highest performance levels - BER, packet loss, delay,
protection/restoration
Critical choices: minimize cost per bit per mile - ULH vs LH,
transparency vs opaque, core switching vs core hybrid
routing/switching
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 28
Metro Networks
Carriers: ILECs, CLECs, and MAN SPs
Services: ILEC’s voice and private lines, link backbone ISPs with
access clients packet/cell traffic, enterprise services such as
SANs, VPNs, VoIP, and several Ethernet -based services
Geographic Span: < 200 km
Traffic Characteristics: aggregated traffic from access networks
and large customers (enterprises)
Signal Rates/Formats: numerous rates from 0.1 to 10 Gb/s
carried in SONET/SDH, GbE, PoS, ATM, and proprietary
formats
QoS: varies widely from highly reliable to best effort
Critical Choices: challenged to build a scalable, convergent
network infrastructure to satisfy the needs of disparate services
and choosing among multiple architectures and products.
Currently dominated by SONET/SDH ring technologies
optimized for TDM services (voice, private lines)
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 29
Million Tera Bytes per Month
Metro traffic Trend
20
18
16
14
12
Circuit/Voice Traffic
10
Internet Data Traffic
8
6
4
2
0
1999
1
2000
2
2001
3
Year
2002
4
2003
5
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 30
Access Networks
Carriers: ILECs, CLECs, DLECs IXCs/local and CATV
Services: legacy local exchange voice, data (web hosting, Internet
access, file transfer, email, SAN), and video (broadcast, PPV)
Geographic Span: < 20 km from user to POP or CO
Traffic Characteristics: huge number of sources/destinations with
low capacities per channel (DS0 to GbE)
Critical Issues: Enterprise Access
– substantial shift to IP services (VPN, MPLS)
– telecom and computing equipment is churned and upgraded
frequently
– bandwidth management, security are important functions
Critical Issues: Residential Access
– highly sensitive to deployment costs
– dominated by voice and video traffic but with growing Internet
access demand
– ‘killer’ residential applications (e.g., Internet VOD) will most
significantly impact all the network segments
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 31
(Source: A. von Lehman)
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 32
Digital Wrapper Format (ITU-T G.709)
Framing/encapsulation technique for DWDM networks
FR SONET/SDH ATM GbE
OCh
IP
Payload
FEC
Client Data
Digital Wrapper
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 33
Towards a data-friendly public transport network
Recent standardized techniques to enhance SONET/SDH
networks
y Virtual Concatenation (VC) – offers more flexible channel
capacities
y Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) – procedures for
dynamically changing channel capacities
y Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) – encapsulation technique
for frame-organized data traffic
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 34
Protocol stacks over the public network
X.86
Frame Relay
RPR
POS
ESCON
Ethernet
Private
lines
Video
DVI
SANs
FICON
Data (IP, IPX, MPLS, etc.)
Fibre Channel
Voice
HDLC
ATM
GFP
SONET / SDH
WDM / OTN
Fiber
(Source: ITU, E. Hernandez-Valencia, et al, P. Bonenfant et al)
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 35
Outline of Presentation: Trends in Optical Networking
y Introduction: snapshot of the industry
y Trends in optoelectronic technologies
y Trends in optical networking architectures
y Research activities in optical packet switching
y Summary and discussion
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 36
NGI VISION
NSF
Goal 1
Advanced
Network
Technologies
DOE
DARPA
Goal 2.1
NASA
NIST
Goal 2.2
Goal 3
High Performance Ultra-High
Revolutionary
Performance Tech Applications
Connectivity
Next Generation Internet
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 37
Various Shades of Transparency (H. Dardy, NRL)
y “Strict” Transparency
– transparency to any optical signal w/o amplitude, phase, or
frequency modulation (probably not solitons!)
y “Amplitude” Transparency
– transparency to intensity-modulated digital or analog signals
y “Digital” Transparency
– transparency to intensity-modulated digital signals of arbitrary
bit-rate, format, and protocol
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 38
NGI Experiment: Variable Bit Rate Burst Mode
WDM
Terminal
λn
Rate 1
Rate 2
Protocol 1 Protocol 2
WDM
Terminal
Rate r
Protocol r
Goal: Bit rate and protocol agile
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 39
How can we achieve “transparency”?
Need to automatically identify (in real time)
λ channel
bit boundary -- clock recovery
byte boundary -- e.g. A1, K28.5
frame boundary -- e.g. A1A2
packet boundary -- e.g. CRC, FCS
other applications and content identifiers
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 40
Performance of improved burst mode VBRI Circuit
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 41
Universal Network Access Module
Optoelectronic IO modules at the core and
periphery of the network that can:
• recognize and lock to the bit rate (bit-rate adaptability)
• recognize and handle different protocols (protocol agility)
• provide transparent IO functions for dynamically
reconfigurable or burst switched optical networks
OC3/12/48192 ATM/SONET
OC3/12/48/192 IP/SONET
Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Ethernet
IEEE 1394 (firewire)
FDDI
Fibre Channel
Other new protocols
……..
Bit-rate Agile
Demux & Mux
Protocol
Processor
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 42
Multi-protocol Access Multiplexer
SONET
BURST
GBE
SONET
BURST
GBE
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 43
Dynamic Optical Switching
Holding Time
Switching Speed
Days, Months
50 msec to secs
Optical Flow Switching
> 100 msec
~ msec
Optical Burst Switching
> 10 msec
~ nsec
Optical Packing Switching
> msec
~ nsec
All-Optical Switching
> nsec
~ psec
Reconfig. Opt. Networking
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 44
OLS Packet/Burst Routing Technique (G. K. Chang)
y Packet payload and optical label are decoupled through the use of
subcarrier multiplexing technology
y Simplified label processing hardware achieves significant cost savings
for packet processing interfaces
y Truly enables transparent optical packet switching
High Bit Rate
Packet Payload
Low Bit Rate
Subcarrier Label
Optical Routing Node
Delay
Loop
Label
Extraction*
Label
Rewrite*
Packet
Forwarded
Switch
Fiber
Payload
Packet
Payload
Subcarrier
Optical Label
Label
Label Rx
RF Frequency
Switch
Control
New
Label
Forwarding
New
Engine
Label Gen
*Label removal and re-write are optional
depending upon the architecture
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 45
Terabit Burst Switching (J. Turner, Washington U.)
y A novel architecture for Terabit Burst Switching
y Send Burst Header Cell (BHC) on control channel, followed by burst on
free data channel
y BHC contains VCI or host address, channel #, burst offset and length
y Switches forward BHC and setup switch to route burst using free data
channel
y Store burst if necessary
y Channels released as end of burst flows through
Control
Node1
Node2
Node3
Data
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
time
Doc Name – 46
Optical Burst Switching Papers in Major Conferences
(Source: Chungming Qiao, OFC2003)
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 47
Network Reconfigurability
Optical Network Evolution
(Source: R. Runser)
Highly Dynamic
Optical
Packet
Switching
GMPLS
Intelligent
OXC Network
Manually
Provisioned
OXC Network
Static
Point-to-point
Transport
Past
Present
Future
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 48
Summary
y Optical communications industry remains vibrant
despite severe economic downturn
y The industry continues to make great strides in
technical innovation
y Worldwide telecom traffic continue to grow at a
steady rate
y Activities driven more by applications and market
needs. More emphasis on valued-added
propositions
y Growth expected in metro and access networks, and
non-telco applications
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 49
Backup Slides
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Doc Name – 50
About Science Applications International Corporation
SAIC is one of the world’s leading providers of systems integration,
information management, data security, and network solutions. SAIC
and its subsidiary, Telcordia Technologies, have an unsurpassed
record in helping clients succeed with end-to-end information
technology and networking solutions. For more information about
SAIC, please call +1.858.826.6000 or visit the SAIC home page at
www.saic.com.
Copyright © 2003 Telcordia Technologies, Inc. All Rights Reserved