COHERENT LIGHT SOURCES
by
R. Ninnis, Ph.D
of
Ecelec/Tech Research
~imi.ted
020401
COHERENT LIGHT SOURCES
by
R. Ninnis, Ph.D
of
Ecelec/Tech Research r..i mitlld
This report was funded by
DSS Contract No. FP941-8-7336/01-XSB
and prepared for the
Institute of Ocean Sciences
Sydney, B.C.
Scientific Authority: M. T. Curran
March 31, 1989
CONTENTS
1.0
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
2.0
Solid State Lasers and Components .....•••.....•....
2 • 1 Laser Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.1 Host Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 • 1. 2 Active Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.1.3 Lasers of Interest •....•••••...•••....•
2.1.3.1 Single Frequency .••••....•••....•
2 • 1 • 3 • 2 Tunable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
5
7
8
8
9
2.2
Optical Resonators and Beam Parameters .•....•.
2.2.1 Gaussian beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Resonator geometries ...•......•••...•••
2.2.2 Mode spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 Losses and optimum coupling ..•....•.••.
2.2.4 Mode selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.5 New resonator designs ..•••.....••.....•
11
11
12
14
14
16
17
2.3
Pumping and Optical Cavities ....•...••.....•••
2 • 3 • 1 Pump lamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Diode laser pumps •••....••....••....••.
2 . 3 • 3 Power supplies ....••....•••....••...•.•
2.3.4 Optical cavities ..•••....••.....•....•.
19
21
22
26
27
2.4
Q-switching and mode-locking ••.........•....•• 28
2 .4 . 1 Mode-locking .....•....•....••....••...•• 28
2.4.2 Q-switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5
Frequency Doubling ..........•..........••..•••
2.5.1 Principles of SHG ...••....•••...••...••.
2 • 5 . 2 Phase matching ••....••....••...•....•••.
2.5.3 Non-linear crystals ...........•••...•...
34
34
36
38
3.0
Report on Inaugural Meeting of ClLA •••••••••••••••• 39
4.0
Snmmary- and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Figures and Tables
Appendix A: Commercial Laser Systems and Components
Appendix B: Relevant texts and journals
References
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1
Attenuation Coefficient of Water
Figure 2
Absorption Versus Wavelength of Nd:glass
(Material: ED-2; thickness: 6.3 mm)
Figure 3
Absorption Spectrum of Nd:YAG at 300 K
Figure 4
Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of the
Ti 3 + ion in Al203 (sapphire)
Figure 5
Spectral Emission of a Xenon Flash Tube
Figure 6
A Typical Double Heterostructure GaAs-GaAlAs
Laser
Figure 7
Schematic of a 40 Stripe Incoherent Linear
Array Employing a Multiple-Quantum-Well
Structure
Figure 8
Elliptical Pump Cylinders
Figure 9
Cross Section of a Double-elliptical Pump
Cavity.
Figure 10
Exploded View of a Single- and DoubleElliptical Pump Cavity of a cw-Pumped Nd:YAG
Laser
Figure 11
Energy Balance in an Optically pumped Solidstate Laser System
Figure 12
Schematic of a Water Cooler Containing a
Water-to-Water Heat Exchanger
Figure 13
Resonant Charging of the Energy Storage
Capacitor in a High-Repetition-Rate System
Figure 14
Electrooptic Q-switch Operated at Quarterwave
Table 1
Non-Linear Crystals
Table 2
Performance of Externally Frequency-Doubled
Laser Systems
1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this report is to present an overview of
solid-state laser technology, including recent advances,
from the point of view of applications to oceanography.
Some applications of lasers to oceanographic remote
sensing are described in the text on laser remote sensing by
R. Measures 1 . Airborne bathymetric survey (ABS) systems were
first development by Hickman and Hoggs2 in 1969 using a
pulsed neon laser (60 ~J pulses at 3ns duration) from a
height of 150m.
They attained a resolution of 0.34 m to a
depth of Bm. In 1975, H. Kim et al 3 tested an ABS that used
a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG (2MW, Bns, 50pps). The first ABS
that scanned through an appreciable nadir angle and enjoyed
a high repetition rate was developed by Hoge et al 4 in 19BO.
They employed a 400 Hz, 7ns, 2kW pulsed neon ion laser at
540.1nm. In 19B1, Northam et al s optimized a high repetition
rate, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser for airborne bathymetry
with 0.4MW, 7ns pulses at 400pps; two hundred times the
power of the Hoge laser.
A Canadian company, Optech Systems, Inc., manufactures
the LARSEN 500 Airborne Lidar Bathymeter, the outcome of
collaboration beginning in the 1970's between workers from
York University and the Canadian Centre for Remote Sensing
(CCRS).
The LARSEN laser is a frequency-doubled ND:YAG
operating at both the fundamental (1.06nm) and SH (532nm)
wavelengths with 5MW, Bns pulses at 20Hz. This system can
measure up to 40m depths with a 30cm accuracy and boasts a
sophisticated uniform sampling scanner with a 35m grid
spacing.
Measures also describes systems designed to remotely
detect surface pollutants (especially oil), measure subsurface water temperature profiles, turbidity, and algae
concentrations. As well, he discusses the design and use of
laser-induced
fluorescent
backscatter
systems
(laser
fluorosensors).
2
Work on improving airborne LIDAR bathymetry systems is
continuing (e.g., at Optech in Canada). Research is being
carried out on a variety of potential new applications
including underwater/sfc/satellite
communications, laser
ranging, and underwater scanning imagery.
Many applications
in
oceanography
require
high
performance solid-state lasers. In order to facilitate
feasibility studies
of new
or
improved
laser-based
measurement systems,
this report will summarize the state
of the art of solid-state lasers, with frequency-doubled, Qswitched Nd:YAG as the 'benchmark' technology.
The useful wavelengths of lasers in marine research are
often in the blue-green transparency window of water. Fig. 1
shows the attenuation coefficient for distilled and sea
water. The second harmonic of Nd:YAG emission at 532nm has
been added to show the particular value of frequency-doubled
Nd:YAG for underwater transmission.
This review covers topics in the following order: laser
rods,
cavity
designs
(including
optical
pumping),
resonators,
Q-switching,
and
frequency-doubling.
The
emphasis is on
innovations developed over the last ten
years. A discussion of related research in Canada is
presented and the report concludes with a summary and
discussion.
Sources of laser components and systems are given in
Appendix A along with performance criteria and prices.
Important texts and periodicals are listed in Appendix B.
In order to make the report
useful to engineers not
specialists in laser technology, I have included some
elementary
laser
theory,
essential
formulas,
and
definitions. Frequent reference is made to Koechner, "SolidState Engineering,,6 and Yariv 7 , "Optical Electronics", from
which several tables and figures have been borrowed. These
texts are strongly recommended for both the laser specialist
and those who want to learn the theory and practice of the
technology covered in this report.
3
2•
LASERS AND COMPONENTS
A laser
consists of
a medium that can amplify
electromagnetic waves at optical frequencies (laser rod)~ a
source of optical pump radiation to populate high energy
states of the lasing medium (optical pump)~ a means to
couple the pump light efficiently into the laser rod, hold
the laser rod and pump lamps, and provide cooling for the
lamps and rod (laser cavity)~ a means for providing optical
feedback to the amplifier to sustain oscillation, optimize
loading (losses), and determine output beam properties such
as mode structure and beam diameter and divergence (laser
resonator), and a power supply to energize the optical pump.
As well,
a modulator can
vary the laser output from
continuous wave (CW) to various kinds of pulse structures.
A laser might also employ (frequency doubling) non-linear
crystals to generate the second- (and higher) harmonic of
the fundamental lasing frequency, a process called secondharmonic generation (SHG).
2.1
The Laser Rod
The gain medium (laser rOd) in a solid-state laser
consists of an optical host (usually glass or crystal) that
is doped with a few percent (by weight) of the active
(lasing) ions.
Maiman8
built the first laser in 1960~ it
was a ruby in which triply ionized chromium (Cr3 +) atoms are
held in an aluminum oxide (sapphire) crystal host.
The basic requirement for optical gain is that more
atoms are in the upper state of the laser transition than
the lower~ a condition termed population inversion. The
states involved with lasing are ground, the pump band, the
upper transition state, and the lower transition state.
The ruby laser is an example of a 3-level laser~ most
useful lasers are 4-level lasers, e.g., the rare-earth
lasers.
In a
3-level laser, the lower lasing state
coincides with (or is strongly populated by) the ground
state, and population inversion demands that more than half
the total number of Cr 3 + ions are excited to the upper
lasing state.
4
A 4-level laser has a lower lasing state that is well
above ground and so not thermally populated from the ground
state even at room temperatures. In this case, population
inversion can be achieved by having only relatively few ions
in the upper lasing state since the lower level of the
transition is essentially kept empty by fast, non-radiative
transitions to ground.
When the population inversion per unit volume, N2-Nl
a 4-level
laser), is sufficient so that
(=N2=N for
stimulated emission results in a net gain (over losses) then
oscillation can occur. This condition is termed threshold.
Used for calculating required power inputs, the equation for
threshold inversion is valuable in that it shows the
significance of parameters that characterize the lasing
medium and resonator. It can be written as
where: n is the index of refraction (of the host); f is the
lasing centre frequency , ts is the spontaneous fluorescence
lifetime (of the upper lasing state), c the speed of light
(3 x 10 8 mIs, h is the Plank constant (6.63 x 10- 34 J-s), tc
is the characteristic lifetime of a photon in the laser
resonator (and so is a measure of the Q or losses of the
oscillator),
and g(f) is the (normalized) fluorescence
spectral lineshape.
Note that if we multiply this expression by the lasing
photon energy, hf, we get the energy stored per unit volume
in the medium, and by dividing by the spontaneous emission
lifetime, t s ' we obtain an expression for the critical
fluorescence power for CW operation. By factoring in a few
published values for various efficiency factors it turns out
to be quite simple to estimate the power input to a rod of
certain size required for CW lasing.
5
2.1.1
Host Materials
The host materials are usually either glass or crystal.
These materials form rods that range from less than lcm in
length to longer than a meter and have diameters from a few
mm to several cm.
The host material should be hard, free of internal
strains, have homogeneous optical properties, especially
refractive index, and be easily fabricated.
As well, the
better host material will exhibit high thermal conductivity
and a low thermal expansion co-efficient. The dopant ions
must "fit" into the crystal lattice.
The host environment should modify the fluorescence
properties of the active ions in the desired way. For
example, the highly degenerate lasing transition of Nd:glass
is greatly broadened by the Stark effect resulting in a
large fluorescence bandwidth and allowing ultra-short pulse
generation, but at the same time, the larger linewidth
implies a higher lasing threshold; thus Nd:glass can produce
mode-locked picosecond pulses but cannot easily run in CW
mode.
Generally, crystals used as host materials have higher
thermal conductivity, narrower fluorescence linewidths and
are harder than glass.
A complete review of laser glasses is given Snitzer et
A complete discussion of the Nd:glass mode-locked laser
including construction
details and thermal effects is
available 10 •
a1 9 •
6
Some host crystals of interest are:
E.g Cr 3+ doping results in the ruby laser; it is hard,
with high thermal conductivity, employing transition metals
as dopants; titanium sapphire is an
especially new and
interesting material (discussed below).
(b)
Garnets
YAG (Y 3Al S0 12 )
yttrium aluminum
garnet
GGG (Gd3Ga S012)gadolinium gallium garnet
GSGG (Gd3Sc2AI3012) gadolinium scandium aluminum
garnet
All are stable, hard, optically isotropic, have high
thermal conductivity, and can lase at high average powers.
AlthoughNd:YAG dominates the field of solid-state lasers,
these hosts for the neodymium ion hold promise for future
laser designs and applications.
c)
Aluminate YAP (YAI03) yttrium ortho aluminate
Advantages over YAG include: polarized output, accepts
higher concentrations of Nd, can vary gain with orientation,
low cost (fast growth).
Disadvantages: has shown lower
efficiency than predicted and erratic performance with
impurities often present such as Fe 3+ + OH- which induce
absorption at laser fluorescence frequency.
History: introduced in 1970; off market in 1972 (due
to imperfections);
Heraeus, FR Germany, produced high
quality crystals in 1986, renewed interest since 11 •
d)
Vanadates (YV0 4 ) yttrium ortho vanadate
Is of special interest since early growth problems have
recently been overcome and the poor thermal properties are
irrelevant if pumped with diode lasers as, for example,
Nd:YV0 4 .
Has shown
the highest overall (wall-plug)
efficiency (12%) yet reported 12 •
7
e)
Other Classes of host materials
Include the
fluorides which
are soft, isotropic
crystals, especially YLF: yttrium lithium fluoride (YLiF 4 ),
and ceramics, which have better thermal properties than
glass but exhibit high scattering losses.
2.1.2
Active Ions
(a) The rare earth ions have a wide variety of sharp
fluorescence transitions for a wide range of wavelengths.
The most popular is neodymium, triply ionized,
mainly
because lasing at higher power levels is attainable in a
wide variety of hosts.
Other rare-earth
active ions include erbium with
special interest in Er:YAG with output at 2.9 microns.
Recently diode pumping of Tm:Ho:YAG via an absorption line
in Tm3+ (thulium) produced room temperature lasing13
Samarium, dysprosium, thulium divalent rare earths must
be cooled to 77K for lasing.
(b) Transition Metals: the important members of this group
are:
ruby: ( Cr3+:AI203) and
alexandrite: (BeAI204:Cr3+)
8
2.1.3.
Lasers of Interest
2.1.3.1
Sinqle Frequency
Almost all solid-state lasers of interest produced
commercially and widely applied use neodymium as the active
ion with fundamental fluorescence at 1. 06 microns.
The Nd:qlass laser is of interest where ultra-short
(few picosecond) pulses or pulse trains are of interest.
The broader
bandwidth due to the qlass host permits
picosecond pulses (typically, 20) to be qenerated within the
pump pulse (usually ~1 msec lonq). Sinqle or double pulses
can be extracted from the pulse train but the enerqy content
per pulse will typically be less than 1% of the Q-switched
pulse and siqnal/noise considerations tend to rule out these
fast but low enerqy pulse in desiqns of backscatter remote
sensinq systems.
The Nd:YAG has a narrower line width and consequently a
lower oscillation threshold than Nd:qlass. This is the most
popular, well-known and widely produced solid-state laser
for ew, quasi-eW and pulsed operation.
A larqe number of
well-made lasers are commercially available and are now
considered to be dependable tools in manufacturinq and
remote sensinq applications.
The hiqh thermal conductivity of YAG compared to qlass
reduces the thermal distortion problems and stable operation
can be expected.
A qreat deal of effort is focussed on improvinq Nd-YAG
lasers.
Advances are beinq made in developinq hiqher power
capabilities, ruqqedized construction, diode laser pumpinq,
and extended flashlamp lifetimes.
David Belforte, founder
of the Laser Institute of America, called 1989/90 "the year
of the Nd:YAG", especially in industrial applications. And
"more than twenty years after its first operation, the
Nd:YAG laser has emerqed as the most versatile solid-state
system in existence. ,,6
9
The Nd:YAG has good physical properties:
-
stable from lowest temperatures to melting point
good strength and hardness
colorless
high thermal conductivity
See Fig. 3 for the absorption spectrum of Nd:YAG
Nd:YAG rods are grown with the Czochalski method with
current maximum diameters of 10 mm and lengths up to 15 cm.
Nd3 + concentrations are between 1% and 1.5% (1% => 0.727% by
weight).
Generally, high doping concentrations (1.2%) are
best for Q-switch operation requiring high energy storage.
CW operation works best at lower concentrations (0.6%
0.8%) to obtain good beam quality.
performance has
been
Recently 1.3
micron laser
reported 14 with 78 Joule pulses @ 5Hz and 165 watt average
power at 50Hz.
In the Nd:Cr:GSGG laser, Cr 3 +
is
added
as
a
'sensitizer' to increase the transfer of energy from the
pumpbands to the upper lasing state. This works well with
the co-doped garnet crystal, GSGG, resulting in a factor of
3 increase in the slope efficiency over Nd:YAG6.
2.1.3.2
Tunable (Vihronic) Lasers
Vibronic lasers partition the lasing transition energy
between fluoresced photons and quantized lattice vibrations
(phonons).
By wavelength tunable filters in the laser
resonator the lasing wavelength can be selected (tuned)
over a wide range.
The most obvious significance of this capability is in
the military applications whereby frequency jumping can be
employed to make any interception or defensive measures
necessarily broad-band.
A laser defense reflector cannot
be designed
for a
well-known transition
frequency.
Tunability is also useful for spectroscopic measurements
10
The crystal alexandrite (chromium doped BeAl204) can be
made into a low-gain, 4-level laser tunable from 700 to
818nm.
Alexandrite
(BeAl 20 4 :Cr3 +)
is
an
important
commercially developed vibronic laser.
Laser rods up to 1
cm diameter and 10 cm long are grown with the Czochralski
method.
Alexandrite is similar to ruby in optical and
mechanical properties with twice the thermal conductivity
of YAG, allowing very high pump powers without thermal
fracture.
Alexandrite lases at room temperature from 700nm to 818
nm.
Effective Q-switched performance is possible due to
long fluorescence lifetime.
Alexandite can operate at 100 watts at 100Hz with
overall efficiency ~ 2%. It is commercially available with
100 mJ Q-switched output over 2 nm bandwidth tunable from
730 - 780 nm.
The Ti:sapphire laser 6 was discovered in 1982 by
Moulton. It has an exceptionally wide tuning range (800 nm
peak, 300 nm range) and large gain cross section, i.e. 50% that
of Nd:YAG.
High quality crystals are now
commercially available.
The big advantage with this laser
is the use of sapphire as a host: has very high thermal
conductivity, is chemically inert and strong. Rods can be
made up to 3.5 cm in diameter and 15 cm long, Fig. 4 The
separation of
absorption and
fluorescence bands
is
characteristic of tunable lasers.
Ti:sapphire lasers can produce maximum olp powers of
1.6 W, frequency doubling at 40% efficiency in SHG pulse
energies of 100 mJ in 4 ns at 1-10 pps. Titanium is very
promising as the active ion in other host crystals as well.
11
2.2
Resonators
As in low frequency microwave oscillators, the laser
resonator is designed to build up large field intensities
from moderate power inputs. The major difference between a
resonator in the optical and microwave regions is that the
number of allowed modes is very large in the optical region.
For example, if the volume of the resonator were 1 cm3 and
the lasing frequency was 3 x 10 14 Hz, with a 1inewidth of 3
x 10 10 Hz, this would permit 2 x 10 9 modes to oscillate. If
the cavity were closed in all directions, then all the modes
would have equal Q, and there would be a large number of
frequencies with energy moving in many directions.
So for a laser, a resonator is designed to be open on
the sides and to consist of opposing mirrors. In this way
only the energy that is approximately perpendicular to these
mirrors will regenerate, and only those modes that satisfy
the boundary conditions of the mirrors will oscillate.
2.2.1
Gaussian Beams
The modes that will oscillate between two parallel
mirrors can
be characterized
as Gaussian beams~ the
corresponding electric field distributions are described in
terms of products of hermite polynomials in the traverse
plane with a complicated exponential factor representing the
propagation of the electromagnetic field in the z-direction,
i.e., the axis joining the two mirrors. The explicit
expression is given by Yariv7, Eq. 2.8-1, who refers to the
derivation of Marcuse 17 •
A Gaussian beam is characterized by three eigenvalues,
and usually labelled TEMlmq or just TEMlm . The 1 and m refer
to the order of the hemite polynomials describing the
transverse modes~ q is the longitudinal mode number equal to
the number of half-wavelengths which fit between the mirrors
(a large number).
For a readable discussion of cavity
resonators, see Yariv7, Ch. 4.
12
The spot size, w, is the radius at which the electric
field falls to lIe of its maximum value on the axis. For the
fundamental Gaussian TEMoo beam, the spot size is a function
of the distance, z, measured from the position of the
minimum spot size, Wo (or beam waist) at z=o and is given
by
where,
Zo = nwo2n/L, and L is the wavelength.
By setting z=zo above, it is clear that the parameter, zo,
is the distance from the beam waist at which the area of the
beam, nw2 , has doubled. The radius of curvature of the
wavefront varies as
R(z) = z[l + (zo/z)2]
For large z,
R(z) = z
The half-angle of the beam cone,
The angle,
e,
e,
is
is the beam divergence.
It is interesting to note that the Gaussian beam is uniquely
determined by the size and location of the beam waist.
2.2.2
Resonator geometries
One can form an optical resonator by putting mirrors of
radii Rl and R2 at locations zl and z2 so as to generate a
self-reproducing field.
Alternatively, one can determine
the size of the beam waist, wo, and where z=O by choosing
R1 , R2 and the mirror separation, D.
13
For example, in the symmetrical (about z=O) case where
R1 =-R2=R, the beam waist is located at z=O (by symmetry)~
this configuration is a confocal resonator. It can be shown 7
that in this case, wo2=LD/(2nn)~ that the mirror radius for
which the beam waist is a m1n1mum is R=D~ and the beam spot
size increases by only a factor of v2 between the center and
the mirrors.
Yariv 7 gives an interesting example of the confocal
design: assume a 1~ wavelength, a 2m long resonator and
free-space index of refraction, then the beam waist at the
center would be O.56mm and the spot size at the mirrors
O.Bmm. If the latter were desired to be larger, say 3 mm,
then the waist would also be 3 mm and the necessary mirror
radius 799m.
So for nearly plane mirrors the beam is still very
narrow. This result is significant if one wants to design a
resonator with large beam diameter to utilize more of the
gain medium
volume. The
example given below (2.2.5)
addresses this problem.
In order to have low diffraction losses (mirror spillover) and stable confined modes, the following condition
must apply:
For example, the symmetric concentric (Rl=R2=D/2), confocal
(Rl=R2=D), and plane-parallel, or Fabry-Perot,
(Rl=R2=m)
resonators are all at the stable/unstable boundary~ they
prove to be sensitive to slight misalignment.
However, as will be noted later, a s,table resonator is not
necessarily optimal in certain applications.
14
2.2.2
Mode Spacing
The expression
for the
longitudinal intermode spacing
is:
of
=
fq+l - fq
=
c/(2nD)
The transverse mode spacing is given by
The spacing between the transverse modes depends on the sum
of the mode indices, i.e., depends only on (l+m); all the
modes with the same (l+m) are degenerate.
In the
example of the confocal resonator where R=D, we
have:
ofconf
=
1/2 o(1+m)c/(2nD)
Comparing this equation with the expression for the
longitudinal mode spacing we find that the transverse modes
either coincide
with or
fall half-way
between
the
longitudinal modes.
In designing laser systems which are
modulated at ofq , as in mode-locking, it is important to
consider the possible resonances with transverse modes As
well, single mode selection must take into account these
spacings and degeneracies.
2.2.3
Losses and optimum coupling
(The discussion below follows Yariv 7 , section 6.5)
There are two classes of loss in an optical resonator:
a) "useless" losses due to scattering, diffraction
at the mirrors, and absorption in the rod and at mirrors
b) "useful" coupling of
mirror transmittance, T.
power through the output
15
The losses (al should be minimized but the optimum
transmittance, T, of the output mirror must be chosen to
obtain maximum output power. This is equivalent to matching
an electronic oscillator or amplifier to its load for
maximum power transfer. If T=O, the internal power will be a
maximum but there will be no output; if T=l, there will be
no feedback and oscillation would cease.
The total loss per pass is the sum of the "useless"
losses (al above and the mirror transmission
L = Li + T
It can be shown 7 that the optimum value for T is
and that the optimum power output is
where go is the unsaturated gain per pass
independent of the pumping level or losses.
and
S
is
16
2.2.4
Mode selection
In many applications requiring coherent laser output, a
single, well-defined frequency is desired. This can be
accomplished by selecting a single oscillating mode.
The usual
method for
obtaining the
fundamental
transverse mode, TEMoo, is to insert an aperture of the
correct diameter into the cavity. With a fixed aperture, the
optimum selection can be tuned by moving the aperture along
the optical axis until the best beam spot size is located.
One serious drawback to this method is the consequent
limiting of the gain volume. The power of the fundamental is
usually less than 25% .that of multi-mode operation.
In order to select a singe longitudinal mode as well, a
very narrow-band filter must be inserted into the resonator.
A high finesse Fabry-Perot eta Ion is the usual choice. It is
tilted at a sufficient angle to the optic-axis so that the
reflections from its surfaces are lost from the cavity and
yet the etalon is essentially transparent at the selected
mode frequency.
Another method is to replace a standard dielectric ally
coated front mirror with multiple resonant reflectors.
Although the selectivity is somewhat less than for the
etalon, it is the preferred method for Q-switched lasers
because of the high damage threshold. The superior eta Ion
requires high reflectivity dielectric coatings which can
suffer from the very high intra-cavity intensities in Qswitched operation. For general reviews of the topic see
Magyar18 and Smith19 .
17
2.2.5
New Techniques
Much of the interest in resonator design is related to
the use of unstable renovator to increase the beam diameter
and so take advantage of more of the gain volume.
Levigne et a1 20 (supported by DREV) discusses an
unstable resonator which in which one mirror is totally
reflecting, and at the other end of the resonator is a
convex Gaussian reflectivity coupler spaced at a distance D.
This is an unstable resonator, because of the convex mirror.
Levigne was interested in designing the best resonator
for laser radar applications, which should oscillate in a
single transverse mode which fills the active volume and
produces a stable coupled beam with a diffraction limited
far-field distribution. As well, the geometry should allow
low coupling for efficient energy extraction from relatively
short gain media.
Stable cavities are known to produce high quality TEMOO
modes with any coupling, but the control of the transverse
mode in these stable resonators is usually achieved by
inserting aperture of the suitable diameter, which then
limits the active region to small volumes.
The Cassegrain unstable resonator of high magnification
produces collimated beams of good quality that can fill gain
medium of any cross-sectional area. The disadvantage is that
diffraction on the hard edges of the mirrors produces
irregular near-field patterns, destroys the discrimination
against high order modes, and thus, leads to transverse mode
beading.
As the magnification is
lowered to decrease the
losses, strong side loads develop in the far-field, and the
on-axis irradiance is reduced.
Levigne points
out that
the
use
of
Gaussian
reflectivity mirrors
can mitigate
against the
above
disadvantages of the unstable resonator.
18
A Gaussian reflectivity mirror (GRM) has a reflectivity
profile that varies with the distance from center as a
Gaussian function. The GRM acts both as a mirror and a lens
in such a way that the output wavefront is modified as
though it had passed through a lens whose focal length is
determined as usual by the curvature of both faces and its
index of refraction.
Levigne gives the advantages of using a Gaussian
reflectivity convex mirror with a Cassegrain resonator:
(a) it produces a smooth, collimated
which efficiently fills the gain medium
Gaussian
beam
(b) the intensity waist (diameter) of the intracavity
beam is completely determined by the magnification and
is independent of the wavelength. So Gaussian modes of
any size can be produced.
(c) the losses occur only at the GRM and can be used
for coupling; large Gaussian modes can be produced in
high feedback
configurations. Further,
the
mode
discrimination makes it easy to prevent transverse mode
beating in coherent systems due to diffraction effects,
one of the disadvantages of the unstable resonator
without the GRM (above).
His theory was verified experimentally by comparing two
resonators, one with a GRM and an identical one with a
uniform reflectivity mirror (HM).
The output energy with
the GRM was 85% of that with the HM, but with the GRM the
far-field was near to Gaussian without diffraction rings
that were produced with the HM. With the HM only 50% of the
energy was contained in the central lobe. The divergence
with the GRM was about .33 mrad.
19
Other experiments
included the comparison of the
unstable resonators with a multimode stable resonator. The
energy extracted out of the laser cavity with both of the
Cassegrain configurations (HM and GRM) was about 2/3 of that
obtained with the stable resonator. However, the unstable
generators were much brighter, had Gaussian single mode
operation, and the far-field power density was about 10
times higher with the cassegrain resonators compared to the
stable multimode resonator, despite the fact that the latter
had a higher output energy.
In summary, the Cassegrain resonators with Gaussian
reflectivity mirrors can produce large Gaussian modes with a
good discrimination against the high order transverse modes.
Although the experiments were carried out with a C02 laser,
the advantages of both Cassegrain unstable resonators with
hard mirrors, but in particular Cassegrain resonators with
Gaussian reflectivity mirrors are of interest in solid-state
laser resonator designs as well.
2.3
Optical Pumping
The traditional method of pumping the active ions out
of ground state into the pump bands (above the upper lasing
level) is
to irradiate
the laser rod with bright,
broadband, incoherent radiation from a gas discharge or
tungsten filament lamp. Flashlamps technology has advanced
considerably in the last twenty years and is used to pump
almost all pulsed solid-state laser.
The new and promising alternative is to pump the host
crystal with the nearly mono-chromatic output of a high
power diode laser array at a frequency corresponding to a
strong absorption peak in the laser rod spectrum.
Clearly, many of the problems associated with
light pumps would be are with the diode laser pump.
white
20
With a diode laser, the output can be focussed to the
desired mode area of the rod and completely absorbed within
the rod (in end-pumped configurations). Since the pump
wavelength can be matched to a highly efficient absorption
transition, almost all of the absorbed photons are useful
for pumping and very little heat is absorbed by the rod, so
that thermally induced focusing, birefringence, shock, and
gain variations are eliminated. No cooling system is
required and the cavity almost disappears from the design
making very small modular lasers feasible. Finally, the
huge power supplies typical of Q-switched lasers are not
required.
Byer21
reports up
to 10% electrical-to-optical
efficiency has been obtained in a diode laser-pumped Nd:YAG
laser operating in a single spatial mode. With xenon
flashlamps, on the other hand, typical electrical/optical
total conversion efficiencies 6 are on the order of 0.2%.
(It is reasonable to assume 7 that only 5% of the exciting
light falls within useful absorption bands and that 5% of
this light is actually absorbed by the crystal in a typical
Nd 3 +:YAG flashlamp pumped system.)
The main problem with diode-laser pumping is the very
limited power levels available at this time. Q-switched
Nd:Yag systems produce only 5 to 10 ~J pulses 20 . This is
useful for micro-machining but not for such applications as
LIDAR. Also, the diode laser (arrays) are expensive and the
coupling technology has yet to be perfected. Nevertheless,
the advantages listed above guarantee that a great deal of
research will continue in the field of diode-laser pumping
of solid-state lasers with higher pulse energies being
achieved in th near future.
21
2.3.1
Pump lamps
Lamps used for pumping solid-state lasers include
noble gas discharge lamps , metal vapor discharge lamps
(mercury arc, alkali metal), and filament lamps (tungsten
halogen). The tungsten halogen is used for a few CW lasers
but the vast majority of lasers use xenon flashlamps for
pulsed operation and krypton wall-stabilized arc lamps for
CWo
Most configurations use linear lamps, although in some
cases (especially ruby) helical lamps are employed (this
makes water cooling more difficult). The spectral outputs
of the discharge lamps are complicated and represent a
mixture of line spectra and black-body radiation~ at high
current densities the continuum radiation dominates. A high
current density xenon flashlamp power spectrum is shown in
Fig. 10. Yariv 7 estimates that about 5% of this light falls
within the useful absorption bands of Nd:YAG.
A flashlamp is made with two electrodes at either end
of a quartz tube and operates so that the discharge fills
the entire volume. Wall thickness vary from 1 to 2 mm,
diameters from 3 to 19 mm and lengths from 5 to 100 cm,
with fill pressures between 300 and 700 torr.
Liquid cooling can allow inner-wall surface loading of
300 W/cm2~ forced-air cooling can disSipate up to 40 W/cm2 .
A xenon flashlamp is 40 to 60% efficient in converting
electrical power to radiation in the 0.2 to 1.0 ~ region.
Details
of
the
electrical
loading
and
spectral
characteristics of
flashlamps are
described in
the
6
excellent Chapter 6 of Koechner's text.
A flashtube operated in the conservative regime rarely
fails suddenly~ instead there will be a gradual decrease in
light output, caused by the erosion of the walls and
electrodes. CW discharge lamps can operate for 200 hours
while flashlamps can be expected to put out 10 7 pulses, or
about 140 hours at 20 pps.
22
The main problems with flashlamps are: the difficulty
in easily replacing the flashlamps in the field without
mis-aligning or contaminating the optics, the thermal
effects on the beam quality, the need for cooling, and the
size (physically and electrically) required for the power
supply.
The technology of the flashtube has improved greatly in
the last decade. The state-of-the-art is covered by Smith25
who provides an extensive (fifty-four page) up-to-date
review of
flash and
arc lamp technology including:
discussions of electrical, mechanical, and optical design
parameters, spectral
output
characteristics,
cooling
requirements, guidelines for choosing lamp seal type,
envelope material and size, electrode style, power density,
gas and fill pressure, and factors affecting lifetime.
2.3.2
Diode laser pumps
There is no space in this review to discuss in any
detail the elaborate solid-state physics of laser diodes.
The interested reader can find a good introduction to the
subject in Yariv7, Chapter 15, which includes a brief
review of the required quantum mechanics and solid-state
physics background.
Koechner 6 has a section on diode
lasers as optical pumps for solid-state lasers. The most
up-to-date (1989) review of the subject was written by the
group at Spectra Diode Laboratories 23 •
The diode laser is basically a strongly forward-biased
diode with high densities of electron and holes combining
in the depletion region to emit photons with energy from
0.6 several ~ wavelength.
23
A modern design uses layers of GaAs and GaAlAs to form
heterojunctions (Fig. 6) with a number of variations to
improve lasing efficiency and lower thresholds. These
structures are designed to create refractive index profiles
and gain profiles that optimize mode structure and contain
the carriers in very small regions to increase the carrier
density.
A typical linear array of 40 lasing regions
(stripes) on a single substrate is shown in Fig. 7. These
linear arrays have inter-stripe spacings large enough that
the lasing occurs independently in each and so their
outputs are incoherent. This arrangement produces higher
output powers and the incoherence is unimportant in solidstate laser pumping applications.
These lasers hold great promise as pump sources for the
reasons mentioned above. Koechner 6 states that "The most
exciting prospect is that of solid-state laser materials
pumped by laser-diode arrays ..• ".
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The problems associated with diode pumping include:
low power output
low packaging density
extremely high cost of diode lasers.
Reasons for continued interest and effort in this area
are:
potentially dramatic increase in system efficiency
extended component lifetime
reduction of the thermal load of the solid-state
material
the latter will imply reduced thermal optic effects,
better beam
quality, increase in pulse repetition
frequency
Other reasons for continuing development efforts in
this area are low voltage operation and compactness of an
all solid-state laser system. Absence
of
high
voltage
pulses, high temperatures and UV radiation, as encountered
with arc lamps, will lead to more benign operating features
of the laser diode pump system.
24
Comparison of lifetimes:
Laser diode arrays: > 20,000 hours CW
10 9 shots (pulsed)
Flashlamp:
200 hours CW
10 7 shots (pulsed)
State of the art performance of linear arrays is up to
40 W/cm.
Commercial devices in the 10 to 20 W/cm are
available.
2-dimensional arrays produced by stacking linear rays
have reached the level of 1 KW/sq cm. Efficiencies of these
devices range from 25% to 50%.
Designs of laser diodes:
1. Original homojunction diode laser were made entirely of
a single
semiconductor compound, typically GaAs, with
different regions having different dopings.
The junction
layer is the interface between highly doped regions of the
same material.
2. Single heterojunction laser diodes offer significant
improvement.
Quantum threshold density decreased to 8,000
amps/sq cm from 40,000, and the quantum efficiency increased
to 40% from 20%.
In a single heterojunction diode, the
active layer is sandwiched between two layers of different
composition, usually GaAs and GaAlAs.
3. Double heterojunction
micron) GaAs active region
layers.
structure: a thin (about .5
is located between GaAlAs outer
25
4. Quantum-well structures (QW). These are a special class
wherein the active layer thickness is less than 30 rum, the
order of the de Broglie wavelength of electrons. Small
dimensions of the lasers imply injected carriers are subject
to quantum effects, so that the conduction and valence bands
are quantized, which allows a better utilization of carriers
for radiative transitions.
Common types of quantum-well
structures (QW) structures are single quantum-well (SQW) ,
double heterodyne (DH) and graded index separate confinement
heterostructure
(GRINSCH),
and
multiple
quantum-well
structure (MQW).
In the multiple quantum-well structure,
the active layer is divided into a number of extremely thin
sub-layers with different band gaps, thus improving the
optical coupling
between neighboring
laser
channels.
Commercial devices contain as many as 15 layers.
In the
GRINSCH or
graded index separate confinement
heterostructure, we find the state of the art in CW laser
diode production.
With graded index wave guide control,
separate carrier and optical confinement heterostructures
are possible.
By separating the confinement of the light
and the confinement of the carrier, you further optimize the
threshold current and can provide an arbitrarily graded
index profile outside the carrier confinement region.
The basic limit of the peak power from a laser diode is
determined by catastrophic optical damage to the laser facet
caused by absorption of laser radiation, which can reach
intensities of several MW/cm 2 at the facet.
State of the art arrays have 1000 stripes, 25W output,
for a 200 msec pulse in a lcm bar structure. There are a
large number of hosts such as YAG, YLF and glass Nd ions
with substantial absorption in the vicinity of diode laser
wavelengths.
26
The diode wavelength emission can be controlled both
by varying the proportions of the ternary compounds and also
by varying the operational temperature. These adjustments
are made to the AI concentrations. Typically, 1% change in
AI results in a 10 angstrom change in wavelength. GaAlAs
lasers can be made to lase between 770 and 900 nm. Since the
absorption line width in Nd:YAG is about 2.5 nm, it is
critical to control the pump wavelength to +/- 1 nm~ not an
easy specification to meet.
The diode laser has been used for pumping in a number
of configurations. However, in the context of this report,
the diode laser is not capable as yet of pumping, for
example, Q-switched Nd:YAG with outputs more than a few ~JJ
airborne bathymetry for example, requires several mJ of pump
power. The application mentioned frequently for diode pumped
Q-switched Nd:YAG is that of micro-machining.
In more
general terms,
the prototype
work
performed to date has demonstrated that diode pumping is not
a question of technical feasibility but rather one of
economic viability.
High cost
is the major obstacle
preventing broad acceptance of diode pumped solid-state
lasers. Full automation will justify capital investment and
decrease the cost per watt of output power by several orders
of magnitude.
2.3.3 Power Supplies
The power supplies required for flashlamp pulsed solidstate lasers must:
1) charge the capacitor bank sufficiently fast for the
pulse repetition rate (Q-switched)
2) provide a 25 to 30kv trigger pulse to initiate
discharge
3)provide a high current, high voltage discharge pump
pulse-forming network
4)provide a
trigger signal for active Q-switched
operation
5) provide means for varying the voltage and timing
parameters
27
Koechner 6 gives a good discussion of various power
supplies. Fig. 13 shows a power supply schematic for a high
repetition rate (50 pps) system. The resonant charging
device consists of a hold-off diode, a 50~F energy storage
capacitor and a 350mH inductor.
2.3.4 Optical Cavities
The optical cavity must:
1) hold the rod in place as well as the flash-tubes
and quartz cooling jackets.
2) provide high current and voltage connections to the
flashtube electrodes
3) cool the laser rod and flashtubes (and sometimes the
cavity reflector)
4) couple the pump light efficiently into the laser rod
5) protect the optical components from contamination
The common arrangement for the cavity and reflector
geometry is the single- or double-ellipse configuration. A
variety of elliptical geometries are shown in Fig. 8. These
designs take
advantage of the fact that light rays
emanating from one focus of a cylindrical elliptical
reflector will specularly reflect to the other focus.
In the double-ellipse, the geometry consists of two
intersecting ellipses with one common focus. The rod is
placed at the common focus and the flashtubes at the other
two. A dimensioned drawing of a cross-section of such a
cavity is shown in Fig. 9 and exploded views of single and
double elliptical cavities are shown in Fig. 10 ••
28
Early cavity reflector used polished aluminum but more
recently gold-plated high reflectivity surfaces have been
commercially employed. As well, sophisticated dielectric
coatings have been applied to absorb the useless pump bands
and reflect strongly the wavelengths of efficient laser rod
absorption. Thermal effects on the rod are consequently
reduced.
Cooling
flashlamp
pumped
cavities
is
usually
accomplished by
water circulation
systems with heat
exchangers. Often
flooded cavity
cooling
is
used,
especially with diffuse reflectors. Fig. 12 is a schematic
of a typical water cooling system.
The important considerations in the mechanical design
of cavities include: efficient cooling of the laser rod,
lamps and reflector; design of O-ring seals; polishing and
plating of reflection material; prevention of arcing ; ease
of lamp
replacement. An understanding of the energy
exchanges within a laser system, Fig. 11, is useful from an
integrated engineering point of view.
The 1986, Volume 609, proceedings of SPIE Conference on
Flashlamp pumped Laser Technology, Los Angeles provides a
wealth of up-to-date engineering design information for
lamp pumping, power supplies and cavity design.
2.4 Hade-locking and Q-Bwitching
2.4.1 Hade-locking
Since an optical resonator can support simultaneous
oscillations (provided
sufficient gain
is present to
overcome losses) at frequencies that are separated by the
longitudinal mode spacing (6f=c/2nD, for n=l), we consider
the consequences of having a definite phase relationship
between these (N) modes.
A large number of modes (N equals several thousand in
the case
of Nd:glass with its large bandwidth), can
oscillate simultaneously.
But in
general, they
will
oscillate with random phases, and total intensity output of
the laser will fluctuate randomly.
29
There are
two ways to make the laser oscillate
coherently.
One is to limit the oscillation to a single
mode, and the second is to lock the modes into having a
definite phase relation, a procedure termed mode-locking.
result of mode-locking, the output intensity will
become a periodic train of pulses, with period T=2nn/c. If
the relative phases among the modes are made equal to zero,
the average laser output power as a function of time, PIt),
for N equal amplitude modes is proportional to
As
a
sin2(N2nft/2)
sin2(2nft/2)
We notice the following:
1) the power is emitted in the form of a train of
pulses with period T=2D/c
2) the peak power is emitted at times t=jT, j=1,2,3 •••
and equals N times the average power
3) the
peak field amplitude equals N times the
amplitude of a single mode
4) the individual pulse width is T/N~ the pulse width
is approximately the inverse of the gain line width. This is
bandwidth limited mode-locking.
In terms of propagating waves, we may view mode-locking
as resulting in a packet of energy that cycles between the
mirrors at the speed of light. The pulse train period
corresponds simply to the time interval for one complete
cycle in the resonator. The spatial length of these modelocked pulses is 2D/N.
Mode locking is achieved by modulating the losses or
gain of the laser at the longitudinal mode frequency
spacing. Theoretical
proof of
mode locking
by loss
24
modulation is rather forma1 •
30
An heuristic
argument could proceed as follows: assume
that a shutter is opened in the cavity for only a brief time
every 2D/c sec. Neither a single mode will oscillate, nor
multimodes with arbitrary phases, because of the high losses
(the shutter is not open long enough to allow oscillation to
build up).
The exception is the phase-locked mode in which
the short travelling pulse could arrive at the position of
the shutter just when it is open. The pulse will be
"unaware" of the existence of the shutter and consequently
will not be attenuated by it. This could be called modelocking by "the survival of the fittest".
Periodic loss modulation can be produced by using a
Bragg cell which generates an acoustic standing wave from
which the propagating beam can be diffracted out of the
resonator to increase losses. By modulating the voltage to
the Bragg cell at the longitudinal mode-spacing frequency,
mode-locking can occur in CW or pulsed mode. It turns out
that the mode-spacing frequency and the acoustic wave
frequency will be equal.
Passive mode-locking takes advantage of non-linear
transmission properties of an optical cell containing a nonlinear saturable absorber.
Such a cell will be opaque at
low intensities, and then above a saturation threshold will
become transparent.
The simplest explanation for mode
locking with a saturable absorber is that only the mode
configuration that forms a high intensity wave-packet will
suffer low
losses, and
therefore this
is the mode
configuration that will oscillate.
Table 6.1 shows some
locking characteristics.
laser systems
and
their
mode-
31
Pulse length measurements cannot be done in traditional
fashion because the electronics are far too slow to measure
picosecond pulses.
Consequently, the usual method is to
have a pulse reflect back on the subsequent pulse in a SHG
fluorescence medium and photographed from the side.
The
second harmonic fluorescence will be proportional to the
intensity, and consequently the spatial autocorrelation of
the intensities of the two overlapping pulses will show up
in the photograph as a higher exposure of the emulsion,
which represents time average of the total event.
Note that it is possible to use Bragg cells to select
one or more picosecond pulses from the 20 or so pulses
typical of mode locking pulse Nd:YAG or Nd:glass. It is
conceivable that by making the selection of the mode-locked
pulses from the pulse train pseudo-random, it would be
possible to generate a pseudo-random modulated output, which
could then be used to advantage in backscatter signal
detection with reduced power/pulse but the same signal to
noise ratio. This reduction in the power/pulse would not
result in a reduction of the energy damage to the retina and
consequently cannot
be
applied
to
attain
eye-safe
conditions. Nevertheless this method of modulation may have
advantages in obtaining higher time-resolution in ranging
applications.
32
2.4.2
Q-switching
If the losses of a cavity are artificially maintained
very high during the pump cycle, the population inversion
will reach a value much higher than that at threshold, and
consequently a great deal of energy can be stored in the
gain medium.
If the Q of the cavity is suddenly increased to its
normally high value, or the losses decreased to their
normally low
value, there
will be a sudden intense
stimulated emission until the population inversion falls to
its usual threshold level. This sudden emission of the
highly energized laser medium occurs in a very short time,
resulting in very high-power short pulses. The pulse will
decay with the characteristic time constant for a photon in
the resonator, which is given by
tc
~
nD/[c(l-R)],
where (l-)R is the fraction escaping each pass.
Typical values for the total evolution of a giant pulse
is about 20 ns. The peak power of the Q-switched pulse can
be expressed as:
where Dt and ni are the total inversion at threshold and
initially (at the switch time), respectively. In the usual
case where the initial inversion is well in excess of the
threshold value, we obtain that the maximum power is about
equal to nihf/2tc.
The Q-switched pulse is generally asymmetric with the
sudden rise time being less than the fall time, which is
approximately equal to the decay time of the photons in the
resonator tc. The reason for the asymmetry is that the
stimulated emission is essentially finished at the peak of
the pulse, and the remaining output is due to the free decay
of the photons in the resonator.
33
One can estimate the actual pulse energy of a Qswitched pulse from typical conditions such as the length of
the rod,
the cross-sectional
area of the mode, the
fractional intensity
loss per pass and the index of
refraction, along with the ion density and the absorption
coefficient.
A typical example of a ruby laser rod 10cm
long with the mode cross-sectional area 1cm2 and 20% loss
per pass, index refraction 1.78, we find that the energy per
pulse is about 13 joules. The assumption was made that the
inversion before Q-switching is 5 times threshold.
The Q of a resonator can be actively switched by
introducing an electron-optic birefringent Pockels cell into
the resonator in which the passing wave is transformed from
linear polarization to circular (with voltage applied);
after reflection off one mirror, another pass produces
linear polarization again but orthogonal to the original
wave
and unable to pass through the analyzer inserted in
the cavity, see Fig. 14. When the voltage is applied, the
loss is high, and when the field is switched off the stored
energy is emitted in a short, high power pulse.
The passive method utilizes a saturable absorber or
bleachable dye in the resonator.
The effect of the
saturable absorber is similar to that in mode-locking. Here
the fluorescence inside the cavity must reach a high value
before the saturable absorber becomes transparent and the Q
is lowered. The change in Q with this method is not as fast
as with a Pockels cell but the arrangement is very simple.
However, the saturable dye tends to degrade under the high
intenSity and must be replaced frequently.
Note that for effective Q-switching, the pumping must
continue until a maximum population inversion is achieved.
With a flashlamp, this normally occurs within about 0.3
msecs.
If a diode laser pump were to be used for Qswitching, it should also have a pulse length that is
optimized to obtain maximum population inversion.
Since
typical diode pulses are often quoted as having 150 msec
period and pulse repetition rate of 40 HZ, these values ~re
reasonable for Q-switching as well.
34
2.5
Frequency doubling
stated in the introduction to this report, laser
applications in
oceanography that
demand transmission
through water need lasers that emit in the relatively
transparent blue-green region. Lasers such as Nd:YAG that
emit around 1 micron can be frequency doubled to emit at 500
nm by a process called second harmonic generation (SHG). In
particular, the
Nd:YAG wavelength of 1.06 microns is
frequency doubled to a wavelength of 532 nm (shown on Fig.
1). This wavelength is near optimum for minimum attenuation
in water.
As
2.5.1 Principles of SHG
Second harmonic generation results from the non-linear
properties of certain crystals. In symmetric crystals, the
potential energy of an electron can only have even powers in
higher-order terms.
The polarization which is related to
the derivative of this potential energy then will have only
odd powers in higher-order terms. Asymmetric crystals, on
the other
hand, will
exhibit non-vanishing quadratic
polarization coefficients.
We can consider the passage of an electron-magnetic
wave through a transparent crystal as consisting of the
process of polarization of the medium and virtual reradiation of waves due to the time-dependent polarization.
If the incident electric field is strong enough, and the
crystal is not symmetric on inversion, then a quadratic
polarization coefficient can become significant, and it is
easy to show that as a result, the Fourier components of
this polarization will include second and higher harmonics
of the fundamental frequency of the incident beam.
The simplest way to show SHG results from the quadratic
polarization term is to notice the trigonometric identity
sin2(2rrft)
=
1/2 (1-cos(4rrft)
35
So we see that the square of the sinusoidal electric field
results in a DC term and a term at twice the fundamental
frequency or the second harmonic. Yariv 7 presents a readable
analysis
of
second
harmonic
generation
(and
the
generalization called parametric oscillation).
The non-linear optical coefficient, d n1 , is defined as
the ratio of the (complex) amplitude of the polarization at
the second harmonic to the square of the polarization
amplitude at the fundamental frequency.
One of the most important consequences of the quadratic
term is that the intensity of the second harmonic will be
proportional to
the square
of the intensity at the
fundamental frequency, and the conversion efficiency defined
by the ratio of fundamental intensity to the SH intensity is
then proportional to the intensity of the incident wave.
Yariv 7 derives an expression for the second harmonic
conversion efficiency, r, under the assumption that the
depletion of
the input
wave due to second harmonic
conversion is negligible:.
sin2(6kl/2)
(6kl/2)2
In this equation, ~ is the permeability and E the
dielectric permeative of free space, f is the frequency of
the fundamental
beam, dnl
is the non-linear optical
coefficient, 1 the length of the crystal, n is the index of
refraction, A the area and P f the power of the beam, and
6k=k 2f -2k f , where the wavenumber k=2rr/L.
36
Notice the following about this equation:
1. the conversion efficiency is proportional to the
square of the length of the crystal; and the intensity,
Pf/A;
2. the conversion efficiency is proportional to the
power and inversely proportional to the area of the
fundamental beam; the efficiency can be increased by
focusing the beam or by temporal pulse compression.
3.
there is an interference factor:
sin2(okl/2)
(okl/2)2
which represents the phase shift between second harmonic
waves generated at successive points along the path through
the crystal. Clearly, for efficient SHG, we require
2.5.2
Phase matching
If ok is not zero, then the second harmonic waves
generated at successive positions along the path through the
crystal will be out of phase with each other; we can define
a coherence length, Ie as a measure of the maximum crystal
length that is useful in producing second harmonic power:
Ie = ok/2rr
For typical values of L=1~ and n2f-nf=102, we get
lc = 50~. Since, as noted above, the efficiency is
proportional to the square of the length, having a non-zero
ok will result in very inefficient conversion.
37
A widely used technique to satisfy the requirement
is called phase matching and uses the natural birefringence
of anisotropic crystals, the non-linear crystals used for
SHG. By taking advantage of the variations of the indices of
refraction of
the fundamental and second harmonic as
functions of wavelength, and the fact that these variations
are different for the ordinary and extra-ordinary waves in
the birefringent crystal, it can be shown 7 that under
certain circumstances it is possible to align the crystal
optic-axis at an angle e to the resonator optic-axis so that
the condition 6k=O is satisfied~ e is given by
sine =
(nof)-2 -
(no2f)-2
(ne2f) -2 _ (no2f)-2
Here, the subscripts 0 and e refer to the ordinary and
extraordinary indices of refraction, and the superscipts
distinguish between the fundamental and doubled wavelength.
numeric example of second harmonic generation,
consider a ruby pulsed laser at L=694nm doubled by a KDP
crystal of length 1cm using Q-switched pulses having an
intensity of 100MW/cm2 .
If we assume successful phase
matching as described above, i.e. 6k=O, the conversion
efficiency is 15%.
As
a
Clearly, very high intensities are needed to obtain
efficient second
harmonic generation. Also, since the
efficiency depends on the square of the non-linear optical
coefficient, improvements
in this
parameter with new
materials can also lead to improved SHG.
38
Finally, we will mention a method for obtaining very
high efficiencies for SHG output from a laser which employs
a frequency doubling crystal inside the resonator. In this
case, the crystal is located inside the resonator at the
phase matching angle to the resonator optic-axis. The
mirrors are coated to reflect 100% of the fundamental laser
emission. The output mirror, however, is also designed to
transmit 100% of the second harmonic. By using the losses in
the frequency doubling crystal to obtain optimum coupling
(loading) for the oscillator, it can be shown that under the
proper conditions, it is possible to extract the total
available power of the laser at the second harmonic, and in
that sense obtain 100% conversion efficiency.
2.5.3 Non-linear crystals
Good non-linear crystals should, of course, have a high
dnl' be available in large sizes, with high optical quality,
be relatively hard and have good resistance to damage at
high intensities. As well, the phase matching capability
must be available.
There are two kinds of non-linear crystals, those that
are grown
from water
solutions, which
are fragile,
hygroscopic and sensitive to thermal shock. This group
includes KDP and its isomorphs. These crystals are soft and
may be adversely affected by humidity. However, they are
also easy to grow, available in large sizes, and have
excellent optical qualities.
Crystals grown from melt are relatively hard, nonhygroscopic and less sensitive to thermal shock. Most
important in this class are lithium niobate and KTP. The
optical quality of these crystals is usually inferior to
water-grown crystals
because of refractive index nonuniformities associated with the growth conditions.
KDP and its isomorphs have proven to be the most
important group of useful second harmonic generators, their
greatest attributes being resistance to laser damage and
high optical quality.
39
A new non-linear crystal of great interest is KTP or
potassium titanyl phosphate, recently developed, which has
excellent properties for use as non-linear optical material.
It has a very high non-linear coefficient; it can be easily
phase-matched, and has a high damage threshold, as well as
being chemically inert.
KTP is considered the best nonlinear material for Nd lasers to emerge in recent years.
The current major drawback to uSing KTP is the difficult
growth process, resulting in high cost and small size, and
so far they have been limited to a few millimeters in size.
A list of the non-linear optical coefficients of a number of
crystals is given in Table 1.
3.0
Inaugural Meeting of
elLA
The first meeting of the Canadian Industrial Laser
Association was held on March 22-23, 1989 at the Ontario
Hydro Conference and Development Centre in Orangeville,
Ontario. This is the first association that brings together
Canadian workers in the laser technology field and was
representative of the activity in Canada in the application
of laser technology ••
Although
the
first
meeting
had
large-scale
manufacturing processes as its theme, e.g., cutting and
welding of materials, it was decided that in the future the
Association would take a broader perspective and include
other areas of commercial development of lasers, especially
metrology ..
There was a large turnout (estimated at 80 people)
representing major companies and research groups across
Canada.
The Coordinator was Dr. Jim O'Neill of the
Industrial Laser Programs at Ontario Hydro.
40
Mr. David Belforte, the editor of Industrial Laser
Review and a co-editor of Industrial Laser Handbook, gave
the opening talk on lasers in industry: past successes and
future prospects. One of his main points was that the laser
is now becoming an accepted tool in industry, and secondly
that the Nd:YAG laser will become of even greater importance
in the near future.
He pointed out that there are approximately 3,000
industrial laser sales annually; that currently there are
too many companies, and that the current trend toward
mergers will continue, with the smaller companies forced to
either collaborate or locate niche markets.
He also emphasized that laser sources are now not only
more accepted but very reliable. He discussed the promise
of KW average power YAG lasers and called 1989 "the year of
the YAG".
He also spoke about the importance of fibre
delivery systems
and the use of erbium, holmium and
alexandrite as important lasing materials to be developed.
He noted improvements in the YAG systems in terms of
superior YAG crystals, better cooling systems, multi-element
laser output,
solid-state power
supplies and
longer
flashlamp lifetimes.
He pOinted out that the largest
manufacturers of YAGs were NEC, Toshibia, Lumonics, and
Quantronics.
He also mentioned the interesting prospect of
holographic optical elements used as throwaway mirrors that
can be designed to customize the distribution of energy
deposition in manufacturing processes.
Other speakers included Dr. David Roessler, Senior
Scientist of General Motors Research Department, on the
industrial use of lasers for material processing.
Gavin
McGregor,
General
Manager,
Manufacturing
Technologies Centre, National Research Council, spoke on the
critical
comparison
of
lasers
and
other
advanced
manufacturing technologies.
Mr.
Dr. Roger
Ball, the
Vice President of Research and
Development, General Systems Research in Edmonton, Alberta,
spoke on the application of C02 lasers for cloth cutting.
41
Dr. Pierre Bernard of the National Optics Institute, Quebec
City, discussed the applications of long wavelength lasers
in the pulp and paper industry.
He described methods by
which lasers operating in the sub-millimeter range, could be
used to determine important properties in the quality
assessment of paper products.
Dr. Bernard Hockley, Group Leader Holography, Litton
Systems Canada, described a variety of techniques that are
used for non-destructive testing and resonance measurements,
especially the
double-pulse holographic interferometric
approach.
The industrial laser scene in the USSR was described by
Mr. Vladimir
Kowalenko, Director
of the
Kiev Laser
Institute, and he emphasized some of the differences in the
priorities in the Soviet Union compared to the United States
and Japan.
In particular, he pointed out that cutting and
drilling are not of the greatest interest~ rather the
materials processing such as case hardening of tools, has
the preeminent position in laser industry in the USSR.
Dr. Tom
Znotins, Director
of Industrial Excimer
Products of Lumonics, Inc., described the "growing use of
excimer lasers in manufacturing".
He points out that the
excimer laser represents, rather than a competitor for the
high-powered C02 and YAG lasers, a third category which can
do other kinds of processes. In particular, he pointed out
that excimer laser processing utilizes a large beam diameter
and masks in order to achieve high resolution processing
with particular importance to the electronics industry. One
particularly exciting slide showed a series of 10 or 12
holes drilled with equal spacing along a human hair fibre.
Dr. Rod
Taylor, Senior Scientist of the Physics
Division of
the National
Research Council, discussed
progress in "excimer laser angioplasty", whereby the excimer
laser is used to remove blockages within the heart cavity
and large arteries in a manner that is much superior, (less
scarring) to techniques using traditional lasers.
42
Dr. M. Hubert spoke on the Ontario Laser and Light Wave
Centre.
This seems to be a very valuable laboratory
facility located at the University of Toronto but which is
separate from it. It is possible that a company or research
organization interested in doing experiments or running
feasibility studies can use their own or loan equipment to
perform experiments and product development.
Such a facility would be ideal for research into improving
laser-based systems for oceanographic applications, and it
would be fortunate indeed if a similar facility were located
in British Columbia.
An example of some work done at this
institute was Alcan researching the possibility for a
holographic embossing system which would utilize ordinary
aluminum sheets with a metallic photoresist. Their initial
studies on embossing the aluminum were successful, and they
have decided to move ahead with a larger-scale holographic
embossing program.
The meeting concluded with general agreement that the
association is off to a good start and that it is expected
that there will be two meetings annually from now on. One
meeting will be for laser specialists, and the other will be
dedicated to educating industry to the value of lasers and
their potential applications as tools.
In private discussion with the president of Optech, it
was made clear that this company is moving ahead with the
commercial production for the Canadian Hydrographics Service
of LIDAR bathymetry systems which represent improvements on
the Larsen 500. The Larsen 500-ABS used exterior frequency
doubling and has 20 pulses per second up to 100 Hz, with 20
mJ per pulse at 532nm.
They use active electron-optic Qswitching to achieve 8 to 10 ns pulse lengths. Optech is
apparently investing
considerably money and effort to
improve ABS systems for coastal water hydrographic surveys.
43
The original Optech laser was a Litton manufactured
laser was for no other reason than that it was available.
It was pointed out that the requirements for a good ASS are
that it be rugged, dependable, and that there be an easy
method for replacing the flashlamps in field conditions. A
LIDAR must be capable of withstanding sitting in the cargo
hold of an aircraft overnight and suffer temperatures from
-40 to +60 degrees C.
In general, Optech uses customized
off-the-shelf lasers.
During my visit to Crystar Research Inc., I was given a
tour of their facilities and discussed their development
activities. I was very impressed with the apparent high
level of innovative manufacturing methods especially in
their primary field of sapphire crystal products. They have
an impressive
capability for
growing, machining
and
polishing crystals.
One example was a single crystal
hemisphere about lOcm in diameter and 2mm thick. The
interferometric tests showed extraordinary quality.
Crystar plans
to manufacture
many of
the most
interesting materials mentioned in this report under laser
hosts, gain media and non-linear crystals including KTP,
alexandrite, titanium-doped sapphire rods, and neodymiumdoped lithium vanadate.
They represent a remarkable local source of innovative
optical materials and associated expertise.
4.0 SUlDJDary and Discussion
This report has touched on a number of topics in the
field of solid-state lasers. I found it necessary to include
considerable tutorial
material as
there are so many
essential concepts and techniques used in this field that
would not be familiar to the non-expert.
As a
consequence, I discussed only a few of the
innovations in detail. Hopefully this report will lay the
ground work for future in-depth studies of new materials and
methods.
44
In particular
the possibilities
afforded by the
developments in tunable vibronic lasers are already forming
the basis of research programs and possible oceanographic
applications.
One conclusion seems clear, that the use of diode laser
pumping for the high power Q-switched requirements of
airborne bathymetry
is premature.
The power
levels,
currently a few ~J, are simply too low for the job. However,
this method
of pumping holds great promise in other
applications and should progress very rapidly in terms of
output power.
The possibility of building a better pulsed laser for
bathymetry work does exist. However, ambitions of this sort
will require setting up a fully equipped (at least $1/4 M)
research facility with sizable operating funds. A staff of
at. least three persons would be required from the start. A
serious planning
effort and strong government/industry
liaison and commitment would be essential.
There is no doubt that optics is the technology of
tomorrow and as it interfaces with electronics, acoustics,
and computer
technologies the combinations will prove
synergistic in remote sensing, sensor development, signal
proceSSing, communications, and other areas.
FIGURES AND TABLES
Figure I
[Ref.
I)
:
.. .
:
,.:
'.
.',
"
10' -
Frequency-doubled
10' -
Nd:YI\G
(532
nm)
~
W
U
Ii:
u.
w
o
10
.I _ _--
ClIESllrEIlKE OM Will Ell .
u
L---- COIISIIIL
WillEn
_-----IJISIILLEIJ WIIIEII
NI LIISEII
W/WElENGrtI - MICnONS
In)
(n) /lltcllllnlioll cocllldeniol wnler (ndnllied hOIll Tyler nlldl'lcisclldllllcr, 1962). (b)
Uuwllwnllllllnllinllcc nltcII"nliUII wdlldcllllllcn5U1cd by Je,luy (19"16) IlIlhe lilsl 111111 "r dCJ,lh
as n I1I1ICli1l1l III l.nvdcIIS'" I", iI v,,, je'y i,1 del:l' ~'celln nllIl clln~I,,1 wnler Irlj.C~., (NOII~lnlll cl n,l.,
I'JRI"
Figure 2
[Ref. 6 p. 57]
100
80
10 -
4,000
5,000
0,000
10,000
Absorption verslI' wRvelength or Nd: glaM, (1vlfttoriftl: ED-2j thickness: 0,3 mm)
(
..
Figure 4
[Ref.
6
p.
77]
I
-.~
.. -. " - " - ,
Absorption Ind RUII-
, ...cence ."ed," or tI.1! '1'13-1- 1011
In AIJ03 (."I'I,hlre) 12.1051
" rol.rlullon
1.0 .
I'
I \
I \
I
\
I
\
_ 0.8 •
i
!
f
:il
II
0.6 •
I
O.~
\\
Aburb.nre
0.1 .
I
I
I
I
i
,I
\
fluoruunu
\
!:,
1\
\
\
,,
i',,'
I
0._ _--'• _ _- ' ' -_ _ •_ _ _'''-_ _'
~oo
500
100
000
':
:I
\
I
•
;
900
W.velenglh Inml
".
Figure 5
[Ref.
14
6
p.
255)
Spectral emission of " xenon nash
tube (EGkG, model FX-47 A) oper"ted lOt
high current densities. Ll\mp nil pressure i.
OA 31m. The .pectrum .. t the two ellrrent
dell.iti"" CI\II be npproxi,n .. ted by blo.ckbodie•
.. t 7000 I( alld 91001(, respectively (6.21
.]i
I
.,
'700 A/em'
\
'.
i.
t
4
2
,';;-_-;;':;;-_*--::':',--"II:-_.J'._ _ '':-_,J'
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Wlv"eng,h I~ml
0.8
0.9
1.0
,f·:
i
!
II
II.'
>
r
~:'.
~
l,
f"
I
I
I
Figure 6
[Ref.
7
p.
480]
;'1
r'j
(I
d
If',
rnee
r
.:1.~r.t
....
Inlrm:lty
IlIulile
I
• l~ft:ch(Jn~
o
IICllc~
II 'YI'lcnl Iluuhlc hC'CIIIShllcllllc Onlls,Onlllll~ Inscr. Elec'ron5 nnd
h"lcs n,e 'njecled Ir,'u 'hc ncth'e (;nAs Inycr rrulll ,hc" nnd I' Onllills, Frcl,lIcnclcs ncnr
I' == f.l', III e nllll"lIied hy sl hlll,'ni h.,! cicci' un hulc, cWlllhlnnlll"\,
..
"
279]
lIu/C.
f~···""~'~'~>
""'- p' - GaAI
'-- p - 0 ••.• 1\1•.• 1\1
OW IIcllv. loyo.
0 ••.• AI... III
' - - _ _-Y._ ______ ' - - _ _-..V
n - 0 ••.• AI•.• AI
P.olon Implonl
Sch.mRllc or " 40 .trlpe incoh.,.nt lin •• r
8"8Y
''''I,loyl''8
II
",uJtlpl~quantum­
...n .trudu,e 16.73)
i
L
,
i:.":
•
-po . . . . . .
..
Figure 8
[Ref.
6
p.
~.
311]
It
I
I
i
o
o
1.'
Singl ••!IIPI. wllh
large eccentricity
o
o
Ibl S",all eccentricity
Icl Clol.d coupl.d
Idl hlocal
~:
,
o
o o
o
1., Semi .!IIpl.
III (Jon"'e .!lipl.
I
lui Multi ."'pllc.' co.lty
I
I
I
EIIi.,tiul 1'"1111' cyli ... lcrB
I
i
I
.i
:$
'.
Figure 9
[Ref.
6
p.
341]
Cross .ection or " double-~l\iptiC81
pump ~Ilvity. Dimen.ion" "r~ in in~hes
2.000
0.750
.....- - - - 3 . 2 5 0 - - - - - 1
•
.
.,
Figure 10
[Ref.
6
P.
(
346]
. i
i
1
1
!
ONE-LAMP
LASER UEAO
I
I
t
Oulck lamp Inspeclion or replacemenl
I
TWO-LAMP
LASEn IIEAD
FOn 256 MODELS
Two 2500W.
Kryplon-arc
lamps
Sell-cenlerlng
--laser rod
"."lmlr,1
v;~w "r
ft .;"p.lc' "lUI ,lo"J.,lc-cm"Uc"I '''''''I' cftvily or " cw-pumped
Nd: YAt! IMrr (llolot..o ...... 0,1.1. 2r,r; "IItI 206)
!
1
.I
Figure 11
[Ref.
p.
6
336]
l
I
I
-IOU')',.
I
lIe.I ,,,,,I,.nlr..1
by Inn",
.
I
row.r surrly ol1d
circuli 1051.'
I' Inpu.
rowe,
,n.lIn-;;;;l1
O.~.1.5,.~
·,-50%
50%
r
'-'[J
"'umher' hv
fl Uf11"lng
I
'"~, ~
lnt .. ,od
'EJ
5%
I
~::-I
L:~
2')(,
n••"sor"IIon
cool01111 nnd
bv lo,np
1%
I
dlsslllo'r.r!
by,od
.1"01 h.d by
'.1
I
:
I
flowlUh.,
0%
3U')',
I
rOw(!r
nlnnrhr.rf hv
covlly
I
.I
,I
1
6%
i
I
SIlrl1ul.,.d
rhror(!5CenCn
oU'pu'
f!1II1!~lo"
-
---2.0')',
OI'''C~I
10".,
'----0,0')(,
F.:1I~'gy IrRlftllr.~ III RII ol'lir.Rlly 1,,,,,,,,•• 1noll.I-Blftlr. IMr.r .YBlr.rn, (The "r.rcr.lllftge!
ftre r,ftdio,," or d.r.tricftl r.1I"'flY ."""li ..1 10 thr. Iftlll,,)
.....
•-. - c_ -
-
•
• -_'C:-:~"
Figure 12
[Ref.
6
p.
384]
Over teml'
switch
rrenure
.Im
O·~
I
1.mrer.I",.
O·~O"C
,r --
-ttt!1-'
e"'''I'
11 ••1 . - - - - - '
.... eKch .. nlJet r
" .... vol.
L ________ _
neVU'Rtot ..... _
Y31ve
L -_____________
Coollllg
wllter
~
,,
,
~
Orilic.
I
I'
t OemlneJllber I~
..
Sd''''''Rlic or R willet coolct conlRining " wftlet-lo-WRlet heRl exchRIIger
I
I
Figure 13
[Ref.
l
II
~1950 I950~
6
J50
TF IVF
' - - - v - - l '----,--I
Low·
impedance
DC
,ourc!
p.
296]
mil
50_
VFr
~
Hold·off ne,on3nt
circuit
diode
FI ••hl.mp
IlV
-,
o Trigger
,
•
Se,le.
inlectlon
trigger
ne!lon,,'nt dlluging or th~ energy .torllge capllCitor in " high-rep~tition-r"t~ system
'.
'
",
Figure 14
[Ref. 6 p. 415]
,
!
i,
ElectroopLie Q-8wiLch
operllled BL (Il) '1uBrLer-wBve
((),'
Output
mirror
~ockell
cell
~/~"y,?')
,ne.r
(()"mirror
netardallon
.~~~~~~~~~g.
1.1
",
Clrcul.rly
polariled light
I
I
"
f II
t;j
,! ii
'r
I
i,
r·
LJ
t\!
,: ,[
:!
i'
•
'
I,
I
'
:
.!
..
"
. ...
~.
..~
. .
~
'rab1e
f
1
!!
from Lasers & Optronics
1989 Buying Guide
•~
!
on-Linear Crystals
Cryslal Name
Abb",vlallon
Fonnula
nonlum Olhydrogen Phosphate
AOP
AOP
NH,H,PO,
d,,=0.70 @ 0.6943
d,,=0.74 @1.06
nonlum Oldeuterlum Phosphate
AO·P
AO·P
NO,O,PO,
d" = 0.8 @ 0.6943
d,.=0.8 @ 1.06
urn Sodium Nlobale
BSN
Ba,NaNb.o ..
d" '" 14.6 @ 1.05
lum Olhydrogen Arsenate
COA
CsH,AsO.
d,,=O.60 @ 1.06
lum Oldeuterlum Arsenate
CO'A
CsO,AsO.
d,.:: 0.60 @ 1.06
UIO,
d" :: 5.6 @ 1.06
lum Nlobate
UNbO,
d,,=5.82 @ 1.06
lum Tanlalate
UlaO,
dOl = 1.28 @ 1.06
KOP
KOP
KH,PO.
d,. = 0.61 @ 0.6943
d.. =0.61 @1.06
KO·P
KO·P
KO,PO.
Isslum TIIanyl Phosphate
KlP
KlIOPO.
d" = 6.5 @ 1.06
Idlum Olhydrogen Arsenate
ROA
RbH,AsO.
d,. = 0.3 @ 0.6943
Idlum Olhydrogen Phosphate
ROP
RbH,PO.
d,.=0.49 @ 0.6943
Prousllle
Ag,AsS,
dOl = 15.1 @ 1.15
lum Iodate
Isslum Olhydrogen Phosphate
ISslum Oldeuterlum Phosphate
!I
Arsenic Sulllde
I
SHG Coalflelent @ >.
(x 11t" mN @ pill)
I!
!
I
.r
I
I
;
d" = 0.63 @ 0.6943
d,. = 0.63 @1.06
lany data In this table have been ada pled Irom Ihe Chemical Rubber Company lJandbook of Lasers, or from the ",ferenc .•
lied Ihereln.
1989 Buylnll Guide
:,.',
..
:
i'
"
Tab1e 2
[Ref. 6 p. 502-3]
I
Conye",lon rower
LlIllM!r
Nunlin"'"
miller',,'
tld,YAIO, CVA
w"Yf'ltmslh elDclene,
%
",tn'
1.08-0.64
22
dt!n!llt,
(MW'<tn"
42
I,·r.mete,.
ndefence
Ino IIIJ, e 1IIIn, to 1,,,1, IJ 1I1l,
I2MW
'J':::U·C
n:::z 00·
110. 07 1
tld,YAO
CUA
1.06-0.53
33
125
25 MW, Snun, 18n., 1.2mr,
TEM ••
tid, YAO
CUA
1.00-0.53
~5
250
SOMW, Smm, 12nl, 1.lmr,
TE MoB, 2O rl'·
tid, YAO
CU' A
1.00-0.53
31
250
SOMW, Shim, 12"1, 1.lmr,
TEM ••
tid, YAO
RUr
1.00-0.53
38
250
tid, YAO
elll.,N"Nb,O,. 1.06 -0.53
35
20
2-4 1UC1 •• motiH
601nJ, I2n!l, Snlin, 101'1111
tld,YAG
I.ltlbO.
14
I IUl, l ..II t TEMoo, 10"PI
1.00-0.&3
9.2
tid, YAO
CU' A
1.00-0.53
30
120
Nd,YAO
CUA
1.06-0.63
18
80
SOMW, Smn',l2na, 1'I::M OD ,
'.'mf, 10..,,,.,
son InJ,
14 nl, 3Jhnr, 8 min
180mJ, 20MW, 5hlln,
.. m,.
10
rp.
KUr
1.08-0.&3
51
20J, IDA, TEM oo , 40,,,.41.
20nl
Nd ~S"L4~
KUr
1.0"-0.r.3
50
20 J, I nl, 0.n5 At 45 nun
Nd,81....
KlJr
1.00-0.53
30
10J, 20M, TEMoGI 0.2mr,
0.& A, YAO 0.0:111.10'
Nd,~I ...
AlJr
0.63-0.20
30
150
3J, 20u'II, TEMao.
0.2.nr
Rub,.
RUA
0."9-0.35
3T
180
23~nV,
o.sA.
10nl, Cmm. D.7mr,
TEMtllh .Insle Ions. mocle
Rub,.
1,110.
0.01-0.35
I~
10
20 nit, 3: m.n, '.S tnr,
10MW«m'
Rub,
Nd,YAU
AlJr
OU' A
0.110-0.35
10
ITT
51
KU'r
I.O~-O.U
48
80
Nd'.8 IOM
KU'r
1.05-0.63
83
0500
000
,=
5J, 18n., I4mm, I.Smr
2TTMW
110·&41
(10. 231
(10. 23 1
I
110·&&1
(10.331
.~
(10.'11
~,.
I.
110.00 1
r", 39.D' 0
""
00·
,= Icm
:!!!I
~
,l
110. 21 1
'" ~ 30· c
n==U·
, == 2.5cm
"" ~ 30- C
4) =:t 45,~ 5cIn
1' .. 30' 0
4)~U·
, == :I.Scm
"":!!I30-C
a s=:I 85I:!!I 2.5cm
'" =t 08.5- C
n =t '0,::: '.Ucn.
'" ~ 2&- C
0=52-
':I'.le.n
T
z::I
ft
== 52-
25·C
~
~
:!
I
(10.21 1
,
"
(10.891
!
1
(10.1 001
!
(10.1001
1
/10.221
110.111
(10. 101 1
1:1 1.8cm
1.00-0.63
Nd. YAU
Nd,YAO
I:: 305<10
1'::::1' 40.3· C
(t = 00·
I:!:! 2.0cm
'I' = 48- c
n::: 00·
1= 1.75cPl
'f " 112.3' 0
no = 90·
I::::I'1.35cIII
l' '" 2S' 0
n:::!: 51I",I.S3im
'f'", 112'0
G::: 90·
r = O.Se",
'f'" 100'0
n::: DO·
I.ScOl
a
Nd,81....
400
nonhl'!r
SYII"!m par.,neter.
(rUlul.,nenta' wlly"le"sth)
1.00-0.53
10
110
r" 102·0
0.H,15o.
2Orp·
a
2.7 J, 17nl, D.4 mr
12.&mm
I .. I.hm
28·0
CI ~ CO·
110, 1031
T .. 28·0
/10,, 104 1.
nOJ, 0.0 ..,
IDem
400mJ,IOnl,
Omm
e!
'0'
r ..
/10,1 021
:j
:i
,=- 3cm
C1eSI7·
lei Icm
Tee n-e
, :I
tJ.lJlJcm
i
'i,:
I
,
:,
i.'
110.181
J ,
~!
1,'1'
I .. ·
tl
~'::'r
-,
'-'--'-~'
-, ----~-.-t\-II
:,<
APPENDIX
A
Commercial Laser Systems and Components
Nd:YAG Lasers, Pulsed'
.
~
CD
E
Z
'"
::;:
Amoco lOser Company
Amoco Laser Company
Amoco Laser Company
lighlwave fletlronics
OEI/Pholon Conlro!
OEI/Phoion Conlro!
lighlwave Eletlronics
lighiwave Eletlronics
A-8 Lasers/Baasel Lasertethnik
A-B Lasers/Baasel Laserlethnik
A-B Lasers/Baasel Laserlethnik
A·B Lasers/Baasel Laserlethnik
Spetlra-Physics
A-B Lasers/Baasel Laserlethnik
A-B Lasers/Baasel Laserlechnik
A-B Lasers/Baasel Laserlechnik
A-B Lasers/Baasel Laserlechnik
Laser Diode Producls Inc.
A-B Lasers/Baasel Laserlechnik
A·B Lasers/Baasel Laserlechnik
A-B Lasers/Adlas
A-B Lasers/Adlas
lasermetrics
ALC 1064·50
ALC10640
ALC 1320·25
Series 100
I' YAG1.06·3GS
I' YAG1.06·20
Series 110
Series 110
625
635
620
630
7950·Y106
611
615
610
612
LDP-20W
600
L81
DPY 101
DPY 201
95600TML
4116MLOS
4126MLOS
AML
MYI
9302
RA-YAG-PC
RA·YAG
Firebird
400-0 series
650
RF 101
MK-367
MYl·looD
MYl·l00
MYlA·OEM
Model 50 Medical
SSL 202
L-l1A
L-llB
L-lIC
Quanlronix
Quanlronix
JK Lasers
JK Lasers
Lasermetrics
Medo, Eletlro-Optics
Medo' Elec~o·Optics
Modo, Eletlro-Optics
US Laser Corp.
A·B Lasers/Baasel L;serlechnik
Pholon Inleractions
Kigre Inc.
laser Pholonics
Laser Pholonics
Laser Pholonics
Coherenl General
Pholon Inleraclions
Hoya Oplics Inc,
Hoya Oplics Inc.
Hoya Optics Inc.
-CD
",:::l
a;
::;:
0:;;;
"5E
:::l
0
.5
0
"e.
::l'O
.c
'C
-"'0-.,
",E.
"..,
c E
w_
~
c'"
wS
0.02
'ii)
~-
CIJ
CD
u-
c.!l
"01
Ole
'"
0E-g
e
10
.g
e
i!
a:
" E
111-
'" e.
::;:,9,
0.28
0.35
0.37
4.5
0.6
7.8
3.5 x 10'
0.70
0.70
0.16
0.50
2.5
2.2
8.0
3.0
::l
.'"M.,8
::;:~
a.='
c.~
Q)
+I
11:_
-u<
=.c.Eg~m
t.) _ 'C
115/1/1
2
10
2
.2;:lIl_
115/1/1
6 x 10010.04
5 x 10-'
1 x 10-'
1.2 x 10-'
1 x 10--
1.2 x 10-'
I x 10-'
0.2
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.0
4.0
4.0
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.08
0.12
0.25
0.50
0.50
0.50
1.00
2.50
5.0
8.0
10.0
17.0
17.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
6.00
8.00
10.00
0.70
0.70
0.31
0.50
0.70
0.70
0.50
3.00
2.70
0,90
1,00
1.50
<0.8
<0.8
1.70
1.70
1.50
2.50
2.50
2.00
6.00
3.00
4.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
2.50
6.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.0
2.0
4.2
1.4
2.0
2.0
1.4
25.0
6.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
<2.0
<2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
14.0
7.5
1.0
1.5
<2.0
<2.0
<2.0
2.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
10'
2000.00
lD'
8.4 x 10'
10'
8.4 x 10'
10000,00
50000.00
50000.00
50000.00
50000.00
7000,00
50000.00
2000.00
2000.00
200.00
800.00
800.00
10.00
10.00
1.00
1000.00
1000.00
5.00
30000.00
50000.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.50
1.00
2.00
30.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
7
X
10- 11
1 x 10-"
I x 10-"
5 x 10-'
1 x 10-'
5.5 x 10-'
3 x 10-'
1 x 102.6 x 10-'
2.6 x 10-'
2 x 102 x 101 X 10- 10
1 x 10- 10
1 x 10- 1
1
X 10- 10
3
X
10- 11
1 X 10- 10
1 x 10-'
2 x 10- 11
1 x 10-"
5 x 10-'
1.8 x 101 x 10-'
4 x 10"
8 x 108 x 10-'
8 x 10-'
8 x 10-'
1.5 x 108 x 10-'
6 x 10-'
4 x 10-'
2.0
2.0
6.0
6.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
4.0
4.0
7.0
20.0
7.5
5.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
13.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
1.0
0.5
-
0
a::;;-g
3 x 10"
8 x 10'
2 x 10-'
1 x 10-'
1 x 10-'
7 x 10- 11
EoC
"
me
~~
_
-,',
-3;
.5-5.
CD
a.e
10'
c
... ID
::l
"3~
'"" _E~
III
'"
'ii)
a:"
...
E '"E
0-
-.,en
o
~=
:::l
. .;
.. CD
E
Gi
EN
"',
~
.J:'"
115/13/1
115/13/1
120/1/1
110/1/1
220/30/3
220/30/3
220/30/3
220/30/3
120/2/1
220/30/3
220/30/3
220/30/3
220/30/3
115/15/1
220/30/3
220/30/3
240/0.5/1
240/0.5/1
220/50/3
208/30/3
208/50/3
208/5/3
208/5/1
208/100/3
.,.'"
CD 0 _
~:lCii
.
"E e -
Ol-
-'0"
- . - &::
.. :::l E'
=uQ)
...J, )( CJ
'C"ID
-'C.
III
C.!
CD_
e
~ee.
!!!
::l
10
CD
'"cCD
a:
.
..."
;;;
mOE
~
.2cn
~:::l
a.
_
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
-
so!!!
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
4.000
4,000
4.000
4.000
Air
4,000
4.000
4.000
4.000
Air
4.000
4,000
Air
Air
270
6.000
10.000
1.000
1.000
200
12
12
12
-
20.000
24.000
20.000 10 25.000
20.000 10 25.000
-
-
-
-
12
12
3
3
12
12
12
12
3
7.000
8.000
Air
10
100
Air
Air
Air
"
'H01>e.
0-
~.
Diode pumped
Diode pumped
Diode pumped
Conlrols oulpul 01 Q·swilched Nd:YAG 10 single axial mode
Diode pumped. gain·swilched. single IreQuency 10 5 kHZ
Diode pumped. O·swilched
Diode pumped. YAG and YLF versions available
Diode pumped. Irequency doubling available
Modular syslem. modelocked. 532 nm
Modular sysfem. modelocked, 532 nm
Modular system, modelocked
Modular sySfem. modelocked
Fiber·coupled. diode·laser-pumped sySfem. Model -L104 is YLF version
Modular sySfem. 532 nm. O-swilched
Modular sySfem. compaci. Q-swilched. OEM
Modular sySfem, O·swilched
Modular syslem. 532 nm. O·swilched
Air COOled, complere syslem. diode pumped
Modular system, a-switched
Upgradable 10 Class I. 10 120 W.
mar~ng/engraving
syslem
DiOde laser pumped, 532 nm version available
-
40.000
-
220/40/3
220/60/3
Ballery
110 or 12 Vdc
115/5/1
115/5/1
115/5/1
220/5/1
115/5/1
110/10/1
110/10/1
110/10/1
ii
U
52.000
-
5.460
Diode laser pumped. 532 nm version available
Simullaneous Q-switch and modelock, SHG optional
2, 3, and 4 harmonics available, Superlnvar bread.board
2. 3. and 4 harmonics available. Superlnvar breadbOard
Aclive·aclive modelocked. 100 ps jiller on synchlonizalion. harmonics
2. 3. and 4 harmonics
Oplional harmonics, singlepulse extraclor, energy al cenler oflrain
Nd:YLF model 1.5 mJ aI 1 kHz
Nd:YLF model 3 mJ al I kHz
Combinalion YLF/glass
Available as laser alone or as turnkey system
Modu~r syslem
Rangelinder
Doubling option. 10· or 20-J supply. mil. Qual .. O-swilch module.
Ullra·compacl. IreQuency·doubled. lolded resonalor
Ultra-compact, folded resonator
13.000 10 18.000
25.000 10 30.000
25.000 10 30.000
25.000 10 30,000
Ullra·compaci. OEM kil
High peak power. 50 pps in bursl mode. OEM medical laser
O·swilched. 532 nm
Q-switched, 0.75-2.5 MW peak power, low noise, stable
O·swilched. 0.75·2.5 MW peak power. low noise. slable
O·swilched. 0.75·2.5 MW peak power. low noise. slable
.
.
"-.
.,
Q)
"0
z"
ow
OE
.-
Gi
Ole
.-
o
:E
e E
w_
a;-;
-
:;::;:
:;E
."
Kigre Inc.
General Ph.'.nics
JK lasers
yJK Lasers
Kigre Inc.
. laser Pholonics
Pholon Inler3clions
Pholon Inleracli.ns
Pholon Inleratli.ns
Kigre Inc.
Kigre Inc.
KEI
lasermelrics
Ferranli
Une Lile Laser
line lite laser
Cilas Aicalel
General Pholonics
General Ph.'.nics
KEt
Lasermelrics
Laser Nucleonics
Une Ule Laser
Ph.'.n Inleraclions
R-K Manulacluring
Mod., Eleclro-Oplics
Ferranli
aEI/Speclron Laser Syslems
las';' PholoniCS
Photon Inleraclions
aEl/speclron Laser Syslems
JK Lasers
JK lasers
auanlel
Laser Pholonics
Medo, Eleclro-Oplits
Apoll. Lasers
Laser Nucleonics
OEI{Speclron Laser Syslems
Ferranli
General Photonics
aEI/SDeclron Laser Svslems
~-
CD .S
-Q ) a
0.
:; E
E
Ferranli
o
"."
0.0
~
QI
.D
520
MK-480
TWO-45a
PNlL{PNlP
MLSI
MK-l0
YaL-l020
SSL 201
SAM 101
DPL 101
MK-350
MK-25
LTM-86
9302
629
620
621
Cilas 201
TWO-46Q
TWO-45
LO-82
9401
YG-l0
622
SSL 102
20
81ue Slar
118
SL201
yaL102
SSL 101
SL401
PNlL/AMP2
MLS2
YG-SOO series
YNL-l02
Brighl Slar
715
YG·25
SL402
905
TWO-46
SL404
a. 8
,..1~
QI-,
3.00
7.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
Q)
,.."
OlE
w_
" E
24.0
30.0
30.0
35.0
35.0
50.0
50.0
15.00
25.00
25.00
30.00
30.00
10.00
10.00
70.0
70.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
30.00
-
35.00
130.0
140.0
150.0
lSO.0
180.0
40.00
60.00
60.00
75.00
45.00
200.00
200.00
40.00
30.00
-
200.0
200.0
2SO.0
250.0
300.0
300.0
350.0
EN
"'.
0_
Q)
E '"
'" E
E
.
"g~
CD 01
01"
~ '"
~=
c.2
E-o
4.00
5.00
6.00
6.00
3.00
5.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
3.00
4.00
1.50
1.00
1.00
5.UO
6.00
5.00
6.00
6.30
6.00
6.00
3.00
2.00
4.00
5.UO
6.00
4.00
9.00
9.UO
7.UO
5.UO
5.00
6.00
6.30
6.00
6.UO
6.00
.2
"
~
o"
a.
-
e
Qj
QI
a:
'"'" '"~E
'" - "'4.0
Q)
;;
a:
1.5
5.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
<2.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.5
1.5
0.3
1.0
2.0
<2.0
<2.0
10.0
50.0
5.0
0.6
5.0
5.0
5.0
1.8
2.0
1.5
<2.0
2.0
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.6
3.5
3.0
0.8
2.5
5.0
0.8
e
QI
.. -..
CD
~-g
·0
)( 0
' " Q)
:Eo!!!.
1.00
5.00
100.00
10.00
10.00
1.00
20.00
1.00
20.00
20.00
1.00
1.00
10.00
1.00
20.00
5.00
5.00
1.00
5.00
5.00
20.00
5.00
.100.00
5.00
50.00
0.50
1.00
20.00
SO.OO
20.00
1.00
50.00
10.00
\0.00
.30.00
20.00
0.03
15.00
100.00
20.00
20.00
50.00
. 20.00
.,
-'"
".
.sa
!!!>o
~ .~
Q..=
. .c
o '"
~CG
QI.,-
.!! a. ot
:J
II)
+1
11."'_
4 x 10-'
1.2 x 10-'
1 x 10- 10
3 X 10- 11
4 X 10- 9
1.5 x 10-'
1.5 x 10-'
5 x 10-'
1 x 10-'
4 x 10-'
6 x 10-'
1.5 x 10-'
1.5 x 10-'
13.0
5.0
·7.0
20.0
10.0
5.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
5.0
1.2 x 10-'
1.2 x 10-'
1 x 10- 8
I x 10-'
1 x 10-'
1.7 x 10-'
1.2 x 10-'
5.0
5.0
1.5 x 10-'
2 x IO- l
1 X 10- 12
6 x 10-'
1.5 x 10-'
1.5 x 10-'
8 x 10-'
1 X 10- 10
3 X 10- 11
3.5 x 10-"
1.2 x 10-'
1 x IO- Il
1.5 x -.
1.4 x 10-'
. I
X
10- 1
1.4 x 10-'
5.0
5.0
10.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
0.5
10.0
5.0
1.0
5.0
1.0
7.0
20.0
10.0
5.0
5.0
2.0
2.0
1.0
5.0
1.0
C
QI CD
CD
E.D
Eg'=
;:sii
~g
~.a E
a.'"
'3-0
me
a:-"O··"Q)co
--
~:u:
crro
Q,Jo_"
"OQJ'
xu
G.I ...
13.
co c~co.
1? ~
g'" m
=.c.9-
u<
.!>
w_
u ~'6
.. 19·32 Vdc
11001 12 Vdc
115{5{1
208/10/3
208/10/1
Air
500
2.000
2.000
-
.,JUQI
g:>~
:ace
==.5..!!!
QI
01
"
a:
'"
~Ui"
_en
11._
~:J
-
-
9.000
20.000 10 30.000
-
4.374·
115/10/1
115/5/1
115/5/1
115/5/1
100
100
-
-
28:!:4Vdc
208/100/3
22-30 Vdc
.. 115{3{1
115/3/1
-
-
200
12
-
Rangelinder or Iraosmil only. mililary qualilied
3
6
12
12
12
3
3
·3
-
2. 3. and 4 hamlOniCS
-
-
a-switched, frequellcy-doubled
-
-,".
-
-
5.160
4.874
25.000
-
-
-
300
300
12
12
-
-
-
-
115/10/1
115/5/1
28 :!: 4Vdc
115/3/1
115/3/1
. 115{3/1
115/5/1
110/5/1
1.000
500
6
6
-
-
27.000 I. 32.000
. 13.000 10 22.000
37.000
20.000 I. 30.000
7.900
20.000 10 30.000
10,000
1.000
100
Air
-
-
22-32 Vdc
208/15/1
115/10/1
115/5/1
208/15/1
208/15/3
220/15/1
208/15/3
115/10/1
-
115/5/1
115/5/1
208/15/1
28 Vdc
115/10/1
208/15/1
1.500
30
1.500
3.000
3.000
2.500
12
12
12
3
12
12
12
3
12
12
12
12
12
-
-
400
20.000
1.500
12
12
12
8-s1age allenllali.n syslem. energy m.nilO1. circuil101 HeNe aiming beam
Opliona".3'8 I'm operali.n
Atlive-aclive m.delocked. 100 ps jiller on synchronizalion
Dye a-swilch. I.w c.sl
Single axial moue
Two laser pulses wilh separation adjuslable Irom 4-40 IJ. S
Rangelinder/largcl marker
Oplional harmonrcs. pulse slicer
nangelinder or designalor, mililary qualified
24.500
28.500
4.95010 7.500
Air cooled. bursl m.ue-I I. 10 pulses alSO Hz
ShOll pulse, air cooled
Oplional1.318 JL m operalion
Optional 1.318 pm operalion
Rangclinder
O-switch, 2, J, or
.:1
harmonics
low cost. low mainlenance
Sll~t
pulse, sillgle shot or hursl mode at 50 Hz
Q-switched
5 ns pulse duration. il O-switched
-
-
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Rangelinder or deSignator, mililary qualilied
-
-
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Small size. wilh compacl laser head
Q-swilch. sell-contained cooling
Q-swilched
2. J, and 4 harmonics available, near-Gaussian profile
Aclive-aclive modclockcd, 100 ps jilleE on synchroninlion, harmonics
2. J, and 4 harmOllics available
40.000 I. 60.000
-
Aclive/passive mrn.Jelucking, single pulse selector, lS-ps pulses
long pulse, sell-contained cooling
Combinalioo VAG/glass
Accepts alexandrile wilh tllner
9.850
-
low cost, low mainlenance
2, 3. and 4 harmonics available. near ·Gaussian pJOfile
Rangclindcr or designator, military qualilied
1.000
1.500
6
12
18.000 10 24.000
Oplional 1.318 pm olleralioll
2.3, and 4 harmonics availahle, ncar· Gaussian prolile
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.QE1/SpetllO. Laser Syslems
JK Lasers
Spet~a-Physics
JK Lasers
JK Lasers
JK Lasers
auaolel
Speclra-Physics
Speclra-Physics
auaolel
aEllSpetlroo Laser Syslems
Spetlra-Physics
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lasermelrics
Pholon Inlefaclions
Toshiba Corp.
lasermelrics
Lasefmelrics
R-K Maoulacluriog
JK Lasers
JK Lasers
TosIliba Corp.
Apollo Lasers
International Laser Machines
Raytheon laser PrO<lucls
Toshiba Corp.
Toshiba Corp.
Laser Nucleooics
Raylheoo Laser Producls
Toshiba Corp.
lasaQ Corp.
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9302
SLBOI
HY200
OCR-II·
HY400
HY500
HY750
YG-570 serics
DCR-4D (10)
DCR-4G (10)
YG-5BO series
SLB02
OCR 3D (30)
OCR 3G (30)
933Y311-3
OCR 30 (20)
OCR 3G (20)
SLB03
OCR 3D (10)
OCR 3G (10)
933Y3L -3
9420
Dark lIorse
SSL 103
936Y311-3
936Y3L·3
SSL 121
LAY-60IC
933Y3L-I
933Y3H-1
6000Y
JK 703
MS 35
LAY·600C
1610
YlOOr
55384
LAY·S02C
LAY-603C
Y-6
55525
LAY-SOOD
KLS-016
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1100.00
1250.00
1200.00
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700.0
700.00
700.00
50.00
750.00
000.00
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750.0
-
850.0
850.00
900.00
50.00
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-
1000.0
1000.0
1000.00
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50.00
50.00
100.00
100.00
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-
-
-
-
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2000.0
4500.0
10000.0
10000.0
10000.0
15000.0
15000.0
15000.0
20000.0
20000.0
20000.0
25000.0
25000.0
25000.0
25000.0
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7.00
4.50
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7.00
8.00
7.00
7.00
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6.00
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2OBI511
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20BI1511
20BI1513
20B13011
20BI3011
2OBI1513
20BII511
2OBI5011
20BI5011
2OBllOOl3
20B13011
20BI3011
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20B12011
22015011
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12
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2.5
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5.0
1.0
1.0
4.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
1.0
2.5
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1.0
1.0
2.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.5
2.5
0.5
2.5
2.5
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2.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
2.0
5.0
5.0
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3.000
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25.000 10 30.000
35.000 10 40.000
40.000 10 45.000
60.000 10 BO.OOO
2. 3. a.d 4 harmooics. lIyperYAG IOsooalor
Small. ambieol air cooling, compuler coolrol
Compacl power supply. harmooics. HyperYAG resonalor
2. 3. and 4 harmooics, HyperYAG IOsooalor
2. 3, and 4 harmonics. HyperYAG resonator
-
a-swilched: 75 mJ. IS ps. '" 10% il modelocked: dual osclsiogle amp
2, 3. aDd 4 harmooicS available. dillraclion·coupled oolpul
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2. 3, and 4 harmonics available. near-Gaussian output
35.000 10 55.000
Full harmonics. wavelength separation, remole coRlrol, Inval
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2. 3. and 4 harmonics available. near-Gaussian profile
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2. 3. aDd 4 harmooics. dillraclion-coupled oolpul
2. 3. and 4 harmooics. oear-Gaussiao heam. Ioog-lile a-swilch
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Optional O-swilch. 2. 3, or 4 harmonics. pulse slicer
2. 3. and 4 harmonics. injection seeding, elalon
2. 3. and 4 harmonics. near-Gaussian beam. long-lile Q-swilch
2. 3. and 4 harmonics available. near-Gaussian pro/ile
2. 3. and 4 harmonics. injeclion seeding. single transverse mode
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2. 3. and 4 harmonics. near-Gaussian beam. long-lile a-swilch
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3
12
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Optional a-swilch. 2. 3.
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12.000
3
12
12
12
12
12
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20015013
20BI4013
4B0130{3
208110013
20015013
20015013
11511511
4BOl6013
20015013
120/6011
8.000
8.000
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
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4.000
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200
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3.000
8.000
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2.000
11.000
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Oplional Q-swilch. 2. 3. or 4 harmonics. pulse slicer
a-swilch. 2. 3.
Of
4 harmonics
Oplional 2. 3. or 4 harmonics. pulse slicer
Oplional 2. 3. or 4 harmonics. pulse slicer
Opliooal G-swilch. 2. 3. or 4 harmonics, pulse slicer
Of
4 harmonics. pulse slicer
15.420 10 2B.000
10 ns pulse duration. il a-swilched
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100 W average power. welding tasks
-
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Ullra-line culling. drilling
-
Eleclronic power SIlPIJly wilh pulse shaping
Powered 110m Y Of delta hookup
6.900
.
low price. low mainlenallce
Fiberoplic beam delivery. rep rale varies wilh pulse widlh & voltage
Fiberoplic heam delivcry. ileNe aiming laser\ beam scanning
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Lasermelrics
Toshiba Corp.
Toshiba Corp.
Inlernalionallaser Machines
JK Lasers
Lasag Corp.
Coherenl General
Inlernalional Laser Machines
Raylheon Laser Producls
Raylheon Laser Producls
JK Lasers
Conlrol Laser Corp.
Lasag USA Inc.
Inlemalional Laser Machines
Lasag USA Inc.
TOShiba Corp.
NEGIIBB Gmbll
Conlrol Laser Corp.
auenlron Eleclronics PIL
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LAY·6020
LAY·6030
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MS820
KLS·112
M34
Y400P
SS484
SS5SO
MS830
440·8
KLS-J22
Y400rZ
KLS-522
LAY·606A
YL 126
480-16
50.00
50.00
30000.0
30000.0
35000.0
35000.0
35000.0
35000.0
35000.0
50000.0
50000.0
50000.0
50000.0
55000.0
60000.0
70000.0
80UOO.0
85000. 0
100000.0
100000.0
120000.0
4.50
4.50
10.00
10.00
6.00
6.00
6.00
10.00
6.00
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7.90
9.00
18.00
6.00
6.00
10.00
10.00
8.00
18.00
5.0
5.0
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10.0
10.0
15.0
2.0
0.10
1.00
5.00
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200.00
500.00
300.00
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10.0
15.0
20.0
15.0
5.0
2.0
10.0
2.0
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15.0
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10.00
200.00
500.00
48.00
300.00
100.00
300.00
200.00
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Electronic power supply with pulse shaping
200 Waverage power. low diwrgence oplics
Fiberoplic beam delivery. HeNe aiming laser, GGTV viewing
Oeep hole drilling
Eleclronic power supply wilh pulse shaping
Powered 110m YIX della hookup
Fiberoplic beam delivery, rep rale varies wilh pulse widlh & vollage
400 W average power, spetiallow-divergence drilling oplics
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Microcompuler conlr(jler. variable pulse energy. on-board CNG
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Fiberoplic beam delivery. IleNe aiming laser, lrinocutar viewing
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Fiberoplic beam delivery. BeNe aiming laser, Irinocula! viewing
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GaAs
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GaA/As
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785
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810
810
810
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820
820
820
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820
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820
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Oplo-Eleclronics
Oplo-fleclronics
Telelunken Eleclronic
Telelunken Elecironic
Oplo-Eleclronics
Oplo-Eleclronics
Spectra Diode Labs
Oplo-Eleclronics
Oplo·Eleclronics
Oplo-Eleclronics
Oplo-Eleclronics
Anlel Oplronics
Speclra Diode labs
Speclra Diode labs
Speclra Diode labs
Amperex/Phmps
Speclra Diode Labs
Speclra Diode labs
Speclra Diode Labs
Amperex/Philips
Amperex/Philips
Oplo-Eleclronics
Oplo-Eleclronics
Oplo-Eleclronics
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Sianiel Componenls
Anle! Ophonics
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PPL5OM·785
PLS20
TXSKl100
TXSK1101
PPL30K
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SDl-2100-EI
516COFA
SDl-3210-J
SDl-2150·K
SDl-3220·J
513COLA
512COLA
PPL30K
PPL50M·850
PLS20
lBl-02
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PL-850
RCA
C86039E
Amperex/philips
516COFB
RCA
C86040E
Laser Diode Inc.
LA-50 series
Sianiel Componenls
W,erles
Laser Diode Inc.
LA-I60 series
Sianiel Componenls
LK series
Laser Diode Inc.
LA-2OO series
Laser Diode Inc.
LA-400 series
Amperex/Phillps
516COFC
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0.2000
0.5000
0.5000
1.0000
3.0000
10.0000
10.0000
25.0000
150.0000
250.0000
0.0200
0.0200
0.0300
0.1000
0.2000
0.2000
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1 (10 slrlpes)
1
1 (500 shipes)
1 (40 slripes)
1 (1000 slripes)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3or5
2,3,5,or6 12, 24, or. 48
40 or 120
1
1
.. '. .
. ; 1 ,.
1
1
1
~
'"
E
GO
iii
~
GO
g>
u
GO
u_
GO
'"
C
GO
g=
...o
~
e'
>-.,
Q .,
E t'!
.. CI
GO
...E
Q)
111:9.
10 x 30
<0.5
<0.5
7 x 12
10 x 35
~
-c
11:_
10 x 30
7 x 12
7 x 13
35
35
35 x 10
10 x 35
10 x 35
0.3 mrad
3Ox38
S or M
SorM
S or M
Mulll
Mulli
Mulli
MulU
Ml
MLMT
MLMT
MLMT
Ml
Ml
.S or M
MM
10 x 30
5Ox2O
50 x 20
7 x 13
7.5 x 15
7.5 x 15
20
2Ox30
20
2Ox30
20
20
} x 12
7 x 13
20 x 15
20 x 15
S or M
Mulli
Mull!
Mulli
Mulll
Ml
Mulll
MLST
MLST
Ml
S or M
SorM
Mull!
Mulli
MuRi
-
e'"
.5
E
1=
MM
;.;'
(!
GO
UI
GO
SorM
MM
SorM
ML. SI
MLSI
SorM
S or M
MM
..
'"-
GO_
... u
O t....
II .,
0.06
0.06
0.06
-
0.06
0.08
200000.00
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.08
0.08
. 100.00
100.00
100.00
200000.00
100.00
20000.00
50.00
50.00
0.06
0.06
0,06
350.00
350.00
0.08
100.00
100.00
80.00
50.00
80.00
50.00
80.00
80.00
0.06
0.08
0.08
i' 200.00
i 200.00
.
0.04
30.0
0.04
50000.0
0.04
30.0
2.60
2.60
0.04
30.0
0.06
30.0
1.00
0.1
0.04
50000.0
0.04
30.0
0.04
30.0
30.0
0.06
0.06
100.0
100.0
0.50
0.50
100.0
0.50
100.0
0.50
500000.0
10000.00
0.1
1.00
100.0
1000.00
0.1
1.00
2000.0
1.00
2000.0
0.04
30.0
0.04
50000.0
0,04
30,0
1.00
170.0
1.00
170.0
100.0
0.06
1.00
1.0
0.50
500000.0
1.00
1.0
1.00
5.0
2.00
5.0
1.00
2.5
2.00
5.0
1.00
1.0
1.0
1.00
0.50
500000.0
0.04 .
30.0
0.06
30.0
0.06
100.0
2.00
1.0
2.00
1.0
+1510 +35
+1510 +35
+1510 +35
-
+25
+1510 +35
.010 +25
+1510 +35
+1510 +35
+1510 +35
+1510 +35
Ambienl
-2010 +.10
2010 +10
20 10 +70
010 +60
-2010 +50
-2010 +50
-20 10 +50
-2010 +60
-20 10 +60
+1510 +35
+1510 +35
+1510 +35
-20 10 +70
2010 +10
Ambienl
-5510 +10
010 +60
-5510 +70
-50 10 +70
-4510 +100
-50 10 +70
-4510 +100
-50 10 +10
-50 10 +70
010 +60
+1510 +35
+1510 +35
Ambienl
-4010 +70
-4010 +70'
6.600
6.700
6.600
83
140
5,400 10 19,400
5.300
1.000
6.800
6.800
5,300
1.995
848
512
230
6,800
7.000
6.800
1,995
848
11510325
29510850
848
5,300
5,300 .
1,995
Picosecond lase!. wilh SM or MM conneclor
SM or MM conneclorized module
,
Picosecond lase! and pulse!, wilh window or libe! piglail
.
Picosecond ~se! piglailed 10 ~nglemode or mullimode fiber
Picosecond laSe! and pulSe!, wilh window or libe! piglail
Quasi-cw linear affay. 8 mJ per pu~e
SM or MM conneclorized module
Picosecond lase! wilh SM or MM conneclor
Picosecond lase! and pulSe!, wilh window or fiber piglall
Picosecond laser and pulSe!, wilh window or fiber piglail
Picoseamd laser wilh SM or MM piglail or window
TO-18 wilh 100 I'm. 0.3 NA libe! piglail
TO-18 fiber slub
TO-18 window. low amplilude jille!. 1% duly laclor
50/125 I'm mullimode liber piglail, SOT-I86 package
Ouasi-cw opera lion, 2 mJ/pulse, CUSlom hea~ink
High peak power. high elliciency
Quasi-cw linear affay lor pumping solidslale laSe! til lor iIIuminalor
Packaged as collimaled pen, gain·guided laSe! made via VPE
Gain·guided, asllgmalic, VPE manulaclu,"
Picosecond laser wilh SM or MM conneclor
SM or MM conneclorized module
Picosecond ~Se! and pulser, wilh window or liber piglail
8-32 headed slud wilh window cap, 1.3 A peak lorward CUffenl
8-32 llweaded Slud wilh window cap, 1.3 A peak lorward CUffenl
Picosecond laser wilh SM or MM plglail or window
Siudmounled, lOC conslruclion
50/125 I'm mullimode liber piglail, S0l-184 package
Siud mounled, LOC conslruclion, fibered version available
TO-18 package, 800·880 nm oulpul on special orde!
Single-dlip MOCVD·lOC, 8-32 slud wilh window cap, low Induclance
TO-18 or TO·5 package, 800-880 nm oul,,"1 on special order
Slacked-array MOCVD·lOC, 8-32 slud wilh window cap, low induclance
TO-5 package, 800-880 nm oulpul on special order
Mounled on copper block, 800-880 nm OUlpul on special order
50/125 I'm mullimode liber piglall, SDT-I84 package
Picosecood lase! wilh SM or MM conneclor
Picosecond laser and pulser, wilh window or fiber piglail
Picosecood laser wilh SM or MM piglail or window
8-32 llweaded slud wilh window cap, 15 A peak klrward CUffenl··
8-32 l/veaded Slud wilh window cap, 20 A peak lorward cooenl
. .,
UNITED STATES PRICE LIST
Effective June 1, 1988
Prices Subject To Change Without Notice
All Prices Are United States Funds
Spectra Diode Labs
cw
Model
Number
Output
Power
(mW)
Price
1-4
SDL-34BO-L
SDL-2460-C
SDL-2460-H1
SDL-2460-P2
SDL-2461-H1
SDL-2461-P2
SDL-2462-Pl
SDL-2462-P2
SDL-2430-C
SDL-2430-Hl
SDL-2430-H2
SDL-2431-Hl
SDL-2431-H2
SDL-2432-Hl
SDL-2432-Pl
SDL-2420-C
SDL-2420-H 1
SDL-2420-H2
SDL-2420-H7
SDL-2421-Hl
SDL-2421-H2
SDL-2421-H7
SDL-2422-Hl
SDL-2422-H2
SDL-2422-H7
SDL-2410-C
SDL-2410-Hl
SDL-2410-H2
SDL-2410-H7
SDL-2411-Hl
SDL-2411-H2
SDL-2411-H7
SDL-2412-Hl
SDL-2412-H2
SDL-2412-H7
SDL-1400-C
SDL-1400-Hl
SDL-1400-H2
SDL-1400-H7
SDL-I401-Hl
SDL-1401-H2
SDL-1401-H7
SDL-1402-Hl
SDL-2441-R2
SDL-2419-C
SDL-1409-C
5000
1000
1000
500
1000
500
1000
500
500
500
250
500
250
500
500
200
200
100
100
200
100
100
200
100
100
100
100
50
50
100
50
50
100
50
50
20
20
10
10
20
10
10
20
25
N/A
N/A
$12,000
5570
5850
6990
5950
7100
6550
7450
2990
3100
3550
3150
3650
3350
3520
1870
1940
2600
2600
2080
2680
2680
2200
2980
2980
790
940
1370
1370
1040
1470
1470
1420
1720
1720
440
520
950
950
560
990
990
870
5000
3700
2600
,
LASER DIODES
Price
5-9
$10,800
4680
5030
6290
5115
6390
5765
6705
2510
2665
3195
2710
3285
2815
2990
1570
1670
2340
2340
1745
2410
2410
1850
2680
2680
665
810
1235
1235
895
1325
1325
1195
1550
1550
370
445
855
855
480
890
890
750
4500.
3330
2340
Price
10 - 24
$9720
3975
4275
5535
4350
5625
5070
5900
2135
2265
2810
2305
2890
2390
2575
1335
1420
2060
2060
1485
2125
2125
1570
2360
2360
565
685
1085
1085
760
1165
1165
1015
1360
1360
315
395
750
750
425
785
785
660
3960 ..
3165
2225
1. Minimum Order: $30,000.
1
Wavelength Selection Surcharge
Center
Wavelength
Variance
1-4
5-9
10-24
800 - 813 nm
±5nm
$1000
$870
$740
±5nm
$500
$425
$360
± 10 nm
$300
$255
$215
± 5 nm
$250
$210
$180
± 10 nm
$150
$130
$110
•• I
I
800,813 nm
800,813 nm
•
800,813,
830 nm
±5nm
$150
$105
$85
± 10 nm
$80
$65
$55
. BOO -'830·nm .
± 10 nm·
.$1000 -
$850
$725
800- 830 nm
±5nm
$1000
$950
$850
PULSED LASER DIODES
Model
Number
Output
Power
Price
1-4
Price
5-9
Price
10 - 24
Wavelength Selection Surcharge
(W)
1.0
0_50
$195
$180
$160
SDL-2100-E2
495
445
390
SDL-2100-E7
0_50
495
445
390
SDL-2100-E1
Center
Wavelength
Variance
1-4
5-9
10-24
810,830,
850nm
± 10 nm
$150
$105
$80
QUASI-CW LASER DIODES / 2-D LINEAR ARRAYS
Model
Number'
Output
Power
(W)
Base
Price
5-9
SDL-3230-J
40
13,000
11,500
9400
SDL-3230-JA
80
-
-
SDL-3230-JB
120
SDL-3230-JC
160
-
-
-
SDL-3220-J
25
9000
8010
6300
SDL-3220-JA
50
-
SDL-3220-JB
75
-
SDL-3220-JC
100
-
-
SDL-3210-J
10
5000
4650
4250
SDL-3210-JA
20
-
-
-
SDL-3210-JB
30
SDL-3210-JC
SDL-2200-H2
-
40
-
-
-
1
5000
4100
3360
-
Wavelength('-s) & Operating Current (lop) Selection Surcharge
Base
Price
10 - 24
Base
Price
1-4
Center
Wavelength
Variance
(Current)
1-4
5-9
10 - 24
±5nm
1300
1105
975
800, 813
nm
±10 nm
650
550
485
(lop)
1300
1105
975
±5nm
800,813
nm
1000
850
750
±10 nm
500
425
375
(lop)
1000
850
750
±5nm
500
425
370
±10 nm
250
210
185
(lop)
500
425
370
800,813
nm
NOT AVAILABLE
QUASI-CW/2-D ARRAY NOTES
t,
DESCRIBING A 2-D ARRAY BYITS MODEL NUMBER
Refer to the cods shown on page S when describing 8 2-D array by irs specific model number.
2,
FORMULA TO DETERMINE TOTAL PRICE OF A 2-D ARRA Y:
I Bar:
(BASE PRICE x I) • (As x I) = TolalCosI
N Bars: (BASE PRICE x N) • (As x N) + (lop x N) = Total Cosl
For 5 bars or greater, please contact the factory.
(N:5 4)
EXAMPLE:
Determine the price of a single 4 bar slack SDL-3220-JG with wavelength selection vanancB of:t 10 nm
(9OO0x4) + (SOOx4) • (1000x4) = TotalCosI
(36,000) • (2000) • (4000) = Total Cosl
$42,000 = TOlal Cost
2
LASER DIODE MODEL NUMBER CODE
•
The Laser Diode Model Number Code shown below defines each digit in the model number.
For example:
An SDL-2410-Hl Laser Diode is a Gain Guided. 100 mW cw diode array in a
TO·3 Window package wilh an aperture 01 < 1 mm and no inlernal options.
Output Port
Product Group
gain guided single stripe - 1
gain guided array, aperture < 1 mm - 2
gain guided array. aperture ~ 1 mm - 3
index guided device
5
subassemblies
8
specials
9
o - none
- window
- fiber pigtail
- tapered fiber
7 - fiber slub
2
3
A - 2 layer. 20 array
B-3 layer. 20 array
C - 4 layer. 20 array
o - ~ 5 layer. 20 array
Package
C - open heal sink, oplical access front facet
E - TO-18
F - open heat sink, optical access both facets
G - SOT-148
H - TOO
J - winged bar plate
K -TOS
L - bar plale
P - high heat load package
R - space qualifiable package
W - alloy submount
Operadng Mode
short pulse, S 100 ns - 1
quasi-cw. S 2001's - 2
cw - 4
ChlpPowor
2OmWcworlWpeak - 0
100 mW cw or 10 W peak - 1
200 mW cw or 25 W peak - 2
SOOmWcwor40Wpeak - 3
lWcw - 6
2Wcw - 7
SWcw - 8
Internal Optlms
0 - none
1 - monitor photodiode
2 - monitor photodiode/lhermoelectric cooler
9 - AR coated device. outpul facet only
-
LASER DIODE DRIVERS AND HEATSINKS
Description
Price
1-4
Price
5-9
SDL-800
1.0 Amp 00 Laser Diode Driver and Thermoelectric Cooler Controller
$1950
$1755
$1580
SOL-800M
2.0 Amp cw High Current Laser Diode Driver
2200
1980
17BO
SDL-B20
lOA 00 and Pulsed Laser Diode Driver and TE Cooler Controller
4950
4260
3575
SDL-922
100 Amp Peak Current High Power Quasi-cw Driver
6000
5700
5000
SDL-B01-C
Low Heat Load Finned Healsinks for C Package Diodes
25
23
20
SDL-801-H
Low Heat Load Finned Heatsinks lor H Package Diodes
10
9
B
SOL-BOO-CIH
Finned Heat Sink Laser Heads lor C andlor H Package Diodes
250
225
200
SDL-820-P
High Heat Load Finned Healsink
450
405
355
Model
Number
3
Price
10-24
-.,
·I
SPECIAL LASER DIODES
Spedra Diode labs has manufactured special devices 10 customer re-
rays, superluminescenllEO's, devices with stripes 01 customer specified
width and spacing are examples of special geometries. Spectra Diode"
labs will be pleased 10 provide a quotation aller review 01 your requirements. Please contact the faclory or your nearest sales office.
quirements. These special products have induded single or multiple stripe
laser diodes with anli-renection coating on one or both lacels, laser diodes
mounted to allow optical access 10 both faeets. and devices with customer
specified stripe geometry. Broad area emitters, monolithic incoherent ar-
ORDERING INFORMATION
ORDERS FROM CUSTOMERS WITHIN THE USA
Technical personnel at Spectra Diode labs will be pleased to provide any
information you require. Please call or write for assistance.
Telephono or Mall Ordors. Plessemail your order, or call direclly 10 Spectra Diode labs althe locatfon rlsred below. Telephone calls or mall should
be to the attention of ~Order Processlng.~ Written connrmation of a telephone order should clearly be marked "Connrmlng:
Returns. Returns for credit will be accepled only with prior authorIzatIon.
Such returns must be In restockable condition, and are subject to InspectIon at Spectra Diode labs prior to Is!!ulng credit. Any returns are subject
10 a restocking charge.
-
Pric•• and Terms. All prices are subject to change without notice. Unless
otherwise agreed to In writing, orders are F.O.B. San Jose, Californle..
ShippIng charges are prepaId, and added 10 your invoIce unless otherwise
specified. Recommended shIppIng melhods are UPS Blue label or Federal Express Standard AIr. Terms are NET 30 days, subject to approval by
our acoountlng department.
Damaged Shlpmentll. The Interstate Commerce CommissIon has ruled
that carriers are responsible for concealed damage a9 well 8S visible damage caused by transit. "damage is discovered, ooase further unpacking
of the unit involved and request immediate Inspection by aloeaJ agent 01
the carrier. Be certaIn to obtain a written report of his findings. ClaIms
must be nledwithin nfleen (15) days of receipt.
ORDERS FROM CUSTOMERS OIITSIDE THE USA
Please contacl Spectra Diode labs to arrange return of damaged equipment. An Inspection report should be Included and return authorization
obtained; al which time, a factory shlp-Io address and Instructions will be
provided.
Prices shown are In U.S. dollars FOB factory, and do not Include shipping,
duty, custom fees, Insurance, local taxe!!, or other charges. In general,
these products requIre a U.S. Dept of Commerce exporllicense per ECCN,
Section 399.1 of the Export Administration Regulations. Some countries
do not requIre an export license provided that the laser is not re-exported.
Please contact Spectra Diode labs for further information regarding export controls.
Minimum Ord.,. $250.00
Delivery Time. Products listed In this price list are typically shipped 4 to 6
weeks after receIpt of'order, providing credit is established, and a written
confirming order has been received. For special requests such as wavelength selection, special tesling, or changes in any specincation, please a1.
low typically 2 to 4 weeks additional. Please allow for transit time, especial·
Iy for International shipments. For shipments outside the United States,
where an export license Is requIred, allow approximately 60 days for the
export license. Contact Spectra Diode labs for spedfic delivery Information.
Request lor QuolaUonIPropoeal. Ploo!!e direct your RFQtRFP to Spectra
Diode labs. Please allow at least 14 day!! before re!!ponse Is due.
Product In'ormallon and Uteralure. If you need additional Information
prior 10 placing your order, please contact Spectra Oiodelab9.
To place an order. contact the SPECTRA-PHYSICs/SPECTRA DIODE
lABS subsidiary or dIstributor office nearest you, or Spectra Diode labs
main office.
WARRANTY
This warranty does not apply to any instrument or component not manulactured by Spectra Diode labs. When SOL products manufactured by
olhers are Included in Spectra Diode labs equipment, the original manulacturer's warranty Is extended 10 Spectra Diode labs' customers.
Warranty. Unless otherwise specified. all Spectra Diode labs diode lasers
are unoondilionally warranted to be free from delects in workmanship and
malerials for a period of gO days from dale of shipment. Tho warranty
does not apply 10 devices which he.ve been damaged due 10 operating
conditions outside the limits shown on the appropriate data sheet. This
warranty Is In !feu of Bli other warranties, expressed Of Implied, and does
not cover Incidental Of consequenlialloss.
This warranty does not apply 10 equipment or components which Inspection by Spectra Diode labs shall disclose to have become defective or unworkable due to abuse, mishandling, misuse, accidental alteration, negll·
gence, improper installation or other causes beyond Spectra DIode labs'
oontrol.
liability under this warranty Is Ilmlted 10 repairing or replacing any equipment whIch proves to be defective during the warranty period, provided
prIor authorization for such return has been given by an authorIzed representative of Spectra Diode labs. In-warranty repaired or replacement
equIpment Is warranted only for the remaIning unexpired portion or the
origln"al warranty perIod Bp"plicable to the repaired or replaced a:qulpment. -
When products manufactured by others are used In conjunction with
Spectra DIode lab!! equipment, this warranty Is extended only to the
equipment 'manufal:lur~d by Spectra Diode Labs ..
4
APPENDIX
B
Relevant Texts and Journals
iI
I,
I,.
1
!
I
~
" . 0 - . __ '_ •• ,.- ••
"._.,.
_._F~"~.'~·~
,;
References and Texts
eRe Handbook of L.ser Science & Technology. Vol •• 1/2
Marvin Weber (cd.). eRC Press. 1982
1\vo ¥Olurne~. morc than 1.301:) pages, 3,200 ciled rdcrcl1ccs and
tabular dala galore make this the Cadilhlc of luser references. nUl ifs n
handbook, not a lext. so it's aimed more Ibr Ihe seriuus Imicr scientist
than the laser user.
eRe Handbook of Laser ScI.nco & Technology. Vols. 3/4
Morvin Weber (cd.), CRC Pre .. , 1986
These arc the 1ir,:;llwo ofthrcc VOllllllCS 011 oplicnlnmlcriuls. VolulIle 3
expends aboul300 pages on nonlinear properties Dml nbout 150 pages
on mdiolion damage. Volume 4 CO""" CI)'.IIII., glnss,,", plnslics,
filters. mirrors and polarizers in nlxlUl 250 pilgCS lind then covcr.:;
elcclro-oplic, magneto·oplic. claslo-tlplic. photnrcfmclivc ond liquid
. crystal materials in about 200 pages. As with Volumes I lind 2.
references arc copiolls.
Engineering Opllcs K. Iksuka. Springer-Verlag. 1985
Intelligible cnginccring-orienled optics lext, wilh II !'omcwhnl diflcrcnl
navor than the classical optics lexts.
Free-Electron Lasers Thomas G. Marslmll. Mm:MiIIi.1I1. 1985
Still probably the only book wrillcn speciliclilly 'IS 1111 inlmduclion In
Ihis impurhmt. ami relatively ncw. men.
Fundamentals of Optics, 4th Ed. Fri.lIlcis A. Jenkins 11111..1
Harvey E. While, McGmw-Hill, 1976
Thc laieSI cdition or a vcnemblc uplks tcxlhook. stnmger in the
clnssical optics than in laser physics.
Handbook of Oplical ConstDnt. of Solids EdwUld D. Palik
(cd.) Academic Press. 1985
A ·mm;sivc compilation or oplicnl d'llll or sulids wilh nnu::h llIore dalil
than aimosl anyone will cver necd In know. Ir only il had lUI index.
Handbook of Opllcal Hologrnl,hy IIJ. Cnullicld (cd.). IIendemic Pre;". 1979
With 30 conlribulors dishing up more Ihan .5n suoclmplers of uhmn 12
pages c"ch. thc writing stylc hops" bit. 'Ibpics nmge I'mm r'ulIricr
malhemntics to hardw.ue considerntinns fur spccilic Ilisks. Covers
holognophy like a blanke!.
Handbook of Opllcs W.O. Driscoll (cd.). McOl11w·llili. 1978
Conlains liltlc di.lla on luscrs 11('r .'i(' bUI il's II slnrehull~ tlr inltlrllllllion
on clossical optics ItmJ many of the uncilhlry items in n Im:;er lub (such
a~ detectors. instrumentution. nnd mw uplicul nlilierillls).
Infrared lIandbook W.L. Wolre nml OJ. Zissi. (cd,.). Office
or Naval Resean:h, 1978
.
Like Ihe Unlllibook of Oplics. Ihis Imndhunk CClI1ll1ill!ii. Ihlle Oil lusers
bUI is still enonlluusly vuluuhlc in nllihe undll;lry llI'CIlS.
Introduction (0 ()pllcnl Flher <":omlllunlcutlol1s YII~tlllllru
Sucl1Ialsu nnt! Ken·lchi Igr!. Wiley. 19M2
A concise introducliull In fihcrol1til-s. ccmulhmed hy nne or Japan's
leading lights in Ihe field. lind lrunsluled illin clcllr English.
Lliser nenm Scnnning Gemld F. Mi.ll'slmll (cd.). Mlln:ci lJek·
ker. 1986
Th. Lns.r Gnld.book Jc[r Hechl. McGraw-Hili, 1986
Mi.linly descriptions of Ihe ~arious types of lac;crs available in (he
nmrkelplncc. this book is aimed allhe user of lasers and Ihus slresses
Ihe inpuls. oUlpuls. runclions lind availabilily of' lasers Bnd common
accessmies. lit Ihe expmse or dCUliled theorclieBI dcscriplions of Ihe
lasing pn.lCess.
Laser I'hyslcs L. V. ·Hlrusov. Mir Publishers (Moscow, in
Engli,h). 1983
.
An inlroduclory lexllhat provides some lucid cxplanalionsbul neglcclS
smile fields. such liS scmicomJuclor lasers.
Laser I'rocesslng Dnd Analysis or Malerials W. W. Duley.
Plcl1uml'rcss. 1983
II solid inlmduclion 10 luser.; und Iheir uscs in malerials processing.
chemistry. chemical onnlysis on.d environmental monitoring.
Loser Remote .Sensing Raymond M. Measures. Wiley-Inlerseicnce. 1984
.
Solid c(lvelll~e of·the topic. slarting rrom lhe fundamentals or lasers
IIml Ull11t)spheric InInsmission and eonlinuing 10 practical applicalions.
1.llscrs Anthol1Y Siegnllm, University Science Books. 1986
Writtcn from Ihe poinl of view of the electronics engineer. Ihis lext
pmvides 1111111y insights into the operating principles of lasers. II is
illlelllJed It)r Ihe ndvunced undergmdmlte or first-year graduBle student.
U~ht Tronsmission 0l,tics, 2nd Edition Dietrich Marcuse.
Van No!'tnmd Reinhuld. 1982
The lirsl 150 pnges or so rigorously develops optical theory: Ihe final
.150 pllges or so ""plies tlml thcory 10 opticul waveguides. with equal
rignr.
01,lIcol Electronics. 3rd Edillon Amnon Yariv, HolI,
Rinehm1 & Winslnn. 1985
.
'Iexlhook Ilml covers n broader lield limn "quanlum elcclronies." Ihe
slll~iecl uf Ihe Ilulhnr's curlier book.
OI,II('s II1ItI Loscrs, 2nd Edillon Mati Young. Springer-Verlag.
1984
A short intmdllclmy texlbook Ilml covers a broad area. A Ihint edition
lIIay stxm he rorthcoming.
()1,lorlcclrolllcs: An Inlrodncllon J. Wilson and J. F. B.
Ilawkes. Prcnticc-Hnllinlenmiinnal, 1983
A rci.tl inlnxluelinn 10 the neld Ihlll makes praclical infonnation and
IIserul formulns much more Itccessible thun in Ihe average texlbook.
I'rlncl.,lcs or Lascr8, 2nd Edilion Ora7.io Svello. Plenum
Pl"ess. 19K2
.
This leXlhtH)k is vuhmblc bt..OCIIllSC il pUis more emphasis on explaining
I'hysknl principles limn rigorously deriving Ihe mathemalical underpinnings of Ihenry.
I·rlndl.... of Optics M. Uom nnd E. Wolf. Pergamon Press,
1965
.
Another of Ihe clllssic lexlbooks on clllssicni oplics.
RCII F.leclro-Optlcsllnndhook RCA Corp., 1974
A c:nll1pncl collection of dnln on oplies nnd cleetro-opties. wilh plenty
01' lrunsmission und resJKlIlsc curves. II would be nicc 10 sec a new
edilion.
A wide-nlllging. discussion nf the vnrinus lechnilll1es of sClmning II
lu!\Cr bellm, Ihis book is u bit unevcn hut sli!1 till excellent slilrlin!!I'HJint
for the designer
juslnssigned
10 build tI pmlotype Sl·mlner.
I
.,
.,
,..
•
•
-. 'Laser: Eicclro'nlcs joseph T. Velticycn. PI"elllice-llall. 198 I
A reucluhll' lext lit Ihe ildvl1llced-undergrmluale lind grndllale level. this
IxR,k starts 1".11l111hc IISSl1l1lplinll tlmt "I(,r Ihe nlt,stlmrl. hl!iCr Icchnul,,gy is 1I mlluml extension of Inw-li-clltlel1cy cicCi ronks."
,RCA I'hntolllultll.ller lIandhuok RCA Corp.• 1980
, This is Ihe besl single source or Iheol)' Dnd operulion.1 delail on PMTs .
111111 we know of.
SliMy wllh I..s.rs and Olh.r Opllcal Suur.es David Sliney
lind Myron Wolbur.;:ht. Plenum Press. 1980
lin ill1r,~ssi"" hUlldbook Ihul is Ihc .Iandunl rererence on I..",r ,ufely,
wilh over 1,000 pages including dala, exposure limils nnd
explanalions.
Solldslale Laser Engineering Waller Koechner, SpringcrVerlog, 1976
A comprehensive review of aU "aspecls of Ihe physics and cngineering
of solidstate lasers. Ihis lex( probubly includes Ihe most comrlele
bibliography of references on Ihe subjcci. II is intended for the
praclic;ing cngineer.
Thin-Film Opllcal Flhers, 2nd Edilion H. A. Macleod,
Macmillan, 1986
This is Ihe worthy successsor 10 Ihe lirsl edilion of 1969, encomplls!iing
Ihe many impmvemcnls in compuhuionlll power availilble loday. II
belongs on every oplical designer's book shelF.
Underslandlng FIber OpUc. JeFF flcchl, 1l0W'drd W. S""l' &
Co., 1987
Topics include fiber types, inlegmled oplies, inslrumenlulion, cuhle
television Bnd OIher fom,s of video. oplicul inlercnnncC;lion. us well 'IS
lelecommunicalions and dUla communicalions.
Laser-Related Journals
"These mini-reviews of referenced jonrnl1ls will olTer lhe render 0
road map Ihrough Ihe research lihrary.
Applied OpUcs
Published Iwice a manlh by Oplical Sociely of America. Covcrs
applicalions of principles and methods of oplics, wilh minhnul iIIllOIIIU
of Iheory.
Applied PhysIcs
Three volumes of four issues each published by Springer-Verlag Ncw
York Inc. Deals wilh photophysies and laser chcmistry.
JOIn'nul or l.lghtwuve TechnolOGY
Published monthly by InslillilC of Eleclricul and Elcclmnic Engineers.
Conti.lins lIrtic1L!son Clill-cnt research, lIpplications and mclhlxJs used in
lighlWolVe technology aud IihcrnJltics.
.
Journal offhe 0llilcul Sociely of America A - OpUcs and Image
Science
Published monlhly by Optic",1 Sodely of America. Largely Iheorelical
Iccutment of b'lsic oillies and inmging.
,Jonrn"1 of Ihc Olllle"1 Sndcly of America II - Optical Physics
Published monthly by Opticul Sodety uf Amcrica. Lurgely Ihcorelical
uf IOllics in luser speclmsc.:opy und modem quantum optics.
J.user und l'orUcle Ucums
Published 'Iuurt..:!rly by Cmnhridge University Press. New York.. Inlcrnulionill jounml which COVCI'S Ihe gencration of high inlcnsily laser and
particle beUDlS lind Iheir inleraclion with mailer.
J.asers in Surgery and Medicine
Ircullnen~
Puhlished quunerly hy Alan R. Uss Ine., New York. Deals wilh
clinical und cxperimentul medicul applicalions of various Iypes of
hlscrs.
Opllcol F.nglncerlng
Published mmuhly by SPIE - International Society for Optical Engineering. RepOrl!i on oplical, cleclm-oplical, fibcmptics. lasers. and
phmogmphic components, syslems and technologies.
Optics and I.user Technology
Published six limes u yenr by Bullerworlh Scientific ltd .• Surrey. UK.
An intenmlional juunml covcring moslly scienlilic uses of lasers and
()ther uSllects of clcclm-oplic lechnology.
OI)llcs Communications
Published munthly by NOrlh-llull.md. Shurt reports on research in
oplics. IIlltlly rclulL!d In ht!o.1.'fS, but oticn tending IOWoud lhe csoleric.
I)nmilmtcd by Eurt)f1c.m c()I1tribuliolls.
Applied Physic. Lellers
Published weekly by American Inslitulc of Physics. Folluw!i dr.!velopmcnls in applied physics wilh many reports on new scmicol1lJuclur
deyices Bnd on new laser applications in semiconduelor proccssing,
plus reports on new lasers.
Eleclronlcs Lellers
Published 25 limes yearly by Inslilution of Elcclrical Engineers (Luml~
on). The hcst single place 10 look for hOi new resuhs in semicol1lJuctnr
lasers. deleetors. and fiberoptics from around the world, allhnugh Ihc
coverage encompasses all fields of elcclmnics. II has curned 11 slmllg
reputation with ils exceplionally short publiclllion le~d limes.
IEEE Journal of Quanlum Eleclronlcs
Published monthly by the Inslilulc of Electrical and Elcclronic Engineers. Covers design. development. ond manufaclure of syslcms lind
subsyslems relaling looptoclcclmnie theory nnd lechniqlles,lasers ilIul
i' fiberoplics.
I IEEE Transacllon. on Eleelronlc Ilevlces
Published monlhly by Institute of Eleclricol und Eleclnmic Ellgim..-crs.
Dcals mainly with fdbrication or semiconduclor deyices, wilh InIn 15
percent of contents dealing wilh optical cmillers, dcteclnrs nnd luser
tcchniques in scmiconduclor production.
Journal of AppUed PhysIcs
Published monlhly plus supplemcnls by Amcrican Institute of Physics.
Follows dcvelopment in all areas of applied phy~ics. wilh pcrllllps 20
percent of irs space dcvotcd to laser-relllied topics. Its covernge pllnllleis Ilmt of Applied Physics Lcllers, btu wilh papers nmning IIhOli1
three time:; liS long.
Oplles I.cllcrs
Publishl!d monthly hy Optieal Snciely of America. Offers shon rcsellrch reports (primarily NOllh American) in ull areas of optics,
including new I"sers and IIpplicaliuns.
I'hyslcal Review J.ellers
Published weekly by Ihe Amcricml Instilule of Physics. Re!rearchnricnled lellers juunml which somctimes publishes reports on laser
rcse;.lrch, bUI gcnL!mlly it tends In the esoteric.
I'roceedlngs of Ihe IKEE
1'lIhlishct.1nnmlhly by InslilulC ufEleclricnl and Eleclmnic Engineer.;.
Besl known Itu Inllg nnd well-dnculIlenled review papers, a small
fntClioli uf which cover lusers. tihemplics or their applications. Orten,
rel.lIed pilllCl1i nre culleclcd in spedul issues.
"
Review or Sclcnllllc Inslrumenls
Published mOlllhly by Americnn Inslitute of Physics. Conccrns ncw
ulllliU,tltlS and IHelhnds Ihr physics, chcmislry and thc life sciences.
SoYlel .Iollrnul of OI)lIcull'cchnlllogy
Published monthly by American Instilute of Physics. A cover-to-cover
Iflmsli.ttiun of u Russiun-Illnguage juurnul on oplicullechnology, which
cUllcenlralCs more Ull conventiollul nplics thun lasers Dnd their
Ullpliculinns.
Soviet .Jonrnu. of Quunlum Electronics
Puhlished mOlllhly by Americm, Inslilule of Physics. uA Inmslalion of
Ihe l{ussiill1-hmgllagc jnunml cOVers IU!rer science. hologmphy, and
Iheir .lllplicilliuns.
~
!
I
I,
I
j
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REFERENCES
~-
REFERENCES
[1] Measures, R.M., 1984 "Laser Remote Sensing", Chap. 10,
John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.
[2] Hickman and Hoggs, 1969 "Application of an Airborne
Pulsed Laser for Near Shore Bathymetric Measurements",
Remote Sensing of Environment, ~, 47-58
[3] Kim, H.H, P.O. Cervenka, and C.B. Lankford (1975),
"Development of an Airborne Laser Bathymeter", NASA TN D8079, Oct.
[4] Hoge, F.E. and R.N. Swift, and E.B. Frederick (1980),
"Water Depth Measurement Using an Airborne Pulsed Neon Laser
System", Appl. Optics, 19, 871-883.
[5] Northam, D.B., M.A. Guerra, M.E. Mack, I. Itzkan, and C.
Deradourian (1981), "High Repetition Rate FrequencyDoubled Nd:YAG Laser for Airborne Bathymetry", Appl. Optics,
20, 968-971.
[6] Koechner, W., (1988), "Solid-State Engineering", 2nd
edition, Springer-Verlag, Toronto, 606 pages.
[7] Yariv, A. (1985), "Optical Electronics", 3rd edition,
Holt, Rinehart, and winSton, Toronto, 552 pages.
[8] Maiman, T.H. (1960), Nature,
lB2, p. 493.
[9] Snitzer, E. and C.G. Young, (1968) in Lasers, Vol. 2,
ed. by A.K. Levine, Dekker, N.Y. pp. 191-256.
[10] Ninnis, R.M. (1972), "The Design and Construction of a
Nd:glass Mode-locked Laser", M.Sc. Thesis, Simon Fraser U.
[11] L.Shearer, M. Leduc, (1986),IEEE J. QE-22, pp 756-758
[12] Fields, R.A., M.Birnbaum, C.L. Fincher, "Highly
Efficient Diode-pumped Nd: Crystal Lasers", CLEO'87
(Baltimore, MA.)
.. -...
~ ,-~.
-:.- ." .-..'." :.- ~.- - '-
[14] M.D. Thomas, G.A. Rines, E.P. Chiclis, w. Koechner,
(1986), "High Power 1.3/1 Nd:YAG Laser", CLEO'86, (San
Fransisco, CA) paper WM4.
[17] Marcuse, D.,(1972), Light Transmission Optics,
Princeton, N.J.: van Nostrad.
[18] G. Magyar, (1969), Optical Techn., NOv, p231
[19] Smith, P.W., (1972) Proc. IEEE,
~
P 422
[20] Levigne, P., N. McCarthy, A. Parent, D. Pascale,
(1986), "Improved Optical Resonator for Laser Radars", Proc,
SPIE, Vol 663, pp 124-131
[21] Byer, R.L. (1988), "Diode Laser-Pumped Solid State
Lasers", Science, vol. 239, Feb., pp 742-747.
[22] Baer, T.M., (1988), "Diode Pumped Solid-State Laser",
Application Note, Advanced Product Technology Group, Spectra
Physics, Inc.
[23] Streifer, w., D.R. Scifres, J. Berger, G.L. Harnagel,
D.F. Welch, J. Berger, and M. Sakamoto, (1989), "Advances in
Diode Laser Pumps", (as yet unpublished) Invited Paper,
SPIE'89, available from Spectra Diode Laboratories, San
Jose, Ca.
[24] Yariv, A., (1965), "Internal Modulation in Multimode
Laser Oscillators", J. App1. Phys., v. 36, p. 388.
[25] Smith, B., (1986), "Overview of Flashlamps and Arc
Lamps", Proc. SPIE, Vol. 609, pp 1-54.