Reluctance Motors
Why different then PM and induction
motors?
Induction motors (1)
• Widely used in industry
• Advantages:




Robust and reliable
Relatively cheap to produce
Direct-On-Line (DOL) capability
Speed control is simple
• Disadvantages:





Single source of energy – bipolar energy conversion
Relatively low efficiency and power factor
Rotor conductor losses are quite large (TEFC)
Parasitic magnetic effects (difficult to model!!)
Position control is challenging
Electromechanics and Power Electronics
PAGE 1
Brushless PM motors
• Popular alternative for induction motors (IMs)
• Advantages:





Two energy sources (coils & PM)
Bipolar energy conversion
Highest torque density
High efficiency & power factor
Simple position control (w.r.t. IM)
• Disadvantages:
 Uncertain material supply chain
 Manufacturing complexity
 Relatively expensive to produce (rare-earth)
Electromechanics and Power Electronics
PAGE 2
Classification of electrical machines
Many more possibilities, including various reluctance machine
topologies!
3
3
4
Synchronous reluctance
machines
4
Synchronous Reluctance Machines (SynRMs)
• Stator geometry:
•
•
•
•
Non-salient with distributed winding
Sinusoidal current excitation
Produces rotating magnetic field
Similar to induction motor (IM) stator
• Rotor geometry:
•
•
•
•
5
Magnetic structure with saliency
Low reluctance in d-axis
High reluctance in q-axis
No windings or permanent magnets
5
Why (not) SynRMs?
• Advantages (commercial viewpoint):
•
•
•
•
•
No permanent magnets (PMs)
Relatively simple rotor
No rotor conduction losses
Lower shaft and bearing temperature
IE4 efficiency class possible
• Disadvantages/challenges:
• Low power factor (0.6 – 0.75)
• Requires drive with field oriented control
• Trade-off between mechanical and magnetic design
6
6
Some historical developments…
“Simple” salient
structure
Segmental
structure
7
7
IM-based salient structures
IPM-based
structure
Double barrier
structure
Modern SynRM structures
8
Axially laminated rotor:
Transversely laminated rotor:
• Very high performance
• Complex construction
• Costly to manufacture
• High performance
• Mass-production by punching possible
• Relatively cheap to manufacture
Promising for
mass-production!
8
Analytical modeling
9
• Stator voltage equations in dq-reference frame
(no iron losses):
dλsd
 λsqωr
dt
dλ
vsq  Rsisq  sq  λsd ωr
dt
vsd  Rsisd 
• Phasor diagram:
Non-linearity and position dependence:
λsd = f(isd,isq,θr) and λsq = f(isd,isq,θr)
9
Numerical modeling: Finite Element (FE)
Properties of FE modeling:
•
•
•
•
10
Accurate magnetic field solution
Includes non-linear soft-magnetic materials
Includes leakage flux of mechanical connections
Relatively long computation time
10
Drives and control
Structure of the SynRM drive:
11
11
Drives and control
Control system for speed control:
• Requires motor parameters to calculate id* and iq*
12
12
Mechanical issues
13
Mechanical strength of rotor connections is critical!
Outer and inner connections
13
Permanent magnet assisted SynRMs
Improving SynRM performance:
• Add cheap PM to barriers
(e.g. Ferrite PMs)
• Increase torque capability
and power factor
14
14
15
Flux-switching machines
Reluctance machines with hybrid excitation
• Switched reluctance machines with assisted excitation
• Flux-switching machines
16
Flux switching machine
17
• Characteristics
• Double-salient structure
• Hybrid excitation in the stator
S. E. Rauch and L. J. Johnson, “Design
principles of flux-switching alternators,”
AIEE Trans. Vol. 74III, pp. 1261-1268,
1955.
• Bipolar flux-linkage
Permanent magnets
3-phase AC winding
Stator segment
Rotor
12/10 Flux-switching
permanent magnet
machine (FSPM)
Principle of operation
• Rotor tooth position:
 Transition 4:
2:
3:
1: from the
a stator
stator
magnet
slot
tooth
to
tothe
the
to next
the
nextnext
stator
stator
magnet
stator
tooth
tooth
slot
18
Flux switching machine
19
Switched reluctance machine
Low torque
density
Robust
rotor
structure
Brushless AC/DC machine
+
Flux-switching machine
=
Permanent
magnets
Three-phase
armature
windings
Ferromagnetic
material
Complicated
rotor structure
High
torque
density
PM or DC excitation?
• With PM Excitation
• With DC Excitation
20
DC excited flux-switching machine
• Advantages of DC excitation:
• No need of rare-earth elements
• Allow higher temperature
• Wide speed range[*]
[*] Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, Fluxswitching machine with DC excitation, Transaction on
Magnetics, Vol. 48(11), pp. 3583-3586, Nov., 2012
21
Disadvantage / challenge of DC excitation
PM excitation
Torque density
DC excitation
22
23
Please take contact if you
want more information
regarding your research
project
Education
24
• To follow TU/e courses in Eindhoven or from home
–
–
–
–
http://paotechniek.nl/
Mastercollegeserie: Advanced Actuator Design
Mastercollegeserie: Control of rotating-field machines
Mastercollegeserie: Design and application of industrial linear
motors
– Mastercollegeserie: FEM for electromagnetic devices
– Mastercollegeserie: Electric Drives (Electrical Components)
• We can also provide industrial specific courses, please take
contact with
– www.tue.nl/epe 0402472310 or secretariaat-epe@tue.nl
• For Your research challenge take contact with us!!
– Industrial fellows
– Industrial research (PhD, PDeng, MSc, Beng, etc)
25
Background information
Publications & Conferences (Overview)
26
20+ publications in peer reviewed international journals
• IEEE Magnetics, Industry applications, Power electronics…
• COMPEL, ETASR, IET, Springer, Elsevier…
30+ publications in highly ranked European and international
conferences:
•
•
•
•
•
•
INTERMAG
EVER
ELECTRIMACS
COMPUMAG
ICEM
ECCE
..
.
Publications & Conferences
• Journal publications
• Encica, L., Beernaert, T.F., Velden, H.H.F. van der, Parfant, A.G.P., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015).
Ultra-light-weight high torque density brushless PM machine design: considering driving-cycle of a fourwheel drive race car (EVER15-138). IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, accepted or in press.
Awarded Paper.
• Gerrits, T., Duarte, J.L., Wijnands, C.G.E., Lomonova, E.A., Paulides, J.J.H. & Encica, L. (2015). Twelve phase
open-winding SPMSM development for speed dependent reconfigurable traction drive (EVER15-202). IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications, accepted or in press. Awarded Paper.
• Kremers, M.F.J., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). Towards accurate design of a transverse Flux
machine using an analytical 3-D magnetic charge model. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, accepted or in
press.
• Sprangers, R.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Gysen, B.L.J., Waarma, J. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). Semi-analytical
framework for synchronous reluctance motor analysis including finite soft-magnetic material permeability.
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, accepted or in press.
• Tang, Y., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). Winding topologies of flux-switching motors for in-wheel
traction. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, 34(1), 32-45. in Web of Science Cited 0 times
• Tang, Y., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E.A. (2015). Automated design of DC-excited flux-switching in-wheel
motor using magnetic equivalent circuits. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 51(4):8103411
27
Publications & Conferences
• Journal publications
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Energy conversion in dc excited flux-switching machines”, IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, to be published in 2014.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Automated design of dc-excited flux-switching in-wheel motor
using magnetic equivalent circuits”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, to be published in 2014.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Topologies of flux-switching machines for in-wheel traction”,
COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, to be published in 2014.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Analytical modeling of flux-switching motor using variable
magnetic equivalent circuits”, ISRN Automotive Engineering, 2014, 1-11.
• Y. Tang, T. E. Motoasca, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Comparison of flux-switching machines and
permanent magnet synchronous machines in an in-wheel traction application”, COMPEL: The International
Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 32(1),153 – 165, 2013.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, T. E. Motoasca, E. A. Lomonova, “Flux-switching machine with DC excitation”, IEEE
Transactions on Magnetics, 48(11), 3583-3586, 2012.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, K. V. Kazmin, E. A. Lomonova, “Investigation of winding topologies for permanent
magnet in-wheel motors”, COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, 31(1), 88-107, 2012.
• J. J. H. Paulides, B. L. J. Gysen, K. J. Meessen, Y. Tang, E. A. Lomonova, ”Influence of multiple air gaps on the
performance of electrical machines with (semi) Halbach magnetization”, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,
47(10), 2664-2667, 2011.
• E. A. Lomonova, E. V. Kazmin, E.V., Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, “In-wheel PM motor : compromise between high
power density and extended speed capability”, COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and
Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 30(1), 98-116, 2011
28
Publications & Conferences
• Journal publications
• Sprangers, R.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Boynov, K., Waarma, J. and Lomonova, E.A., ‘Comparison of two
anisotropic layer models applied to induction motors’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 2533-2543,
July/August 2014
• Ilhan, E., Kremers, M.F.J., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2013). Nonlinear performance
characteristics of flux-switching PM motors. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2013:593434
• Kremers, M.F.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Ilhan, E., Janssen, J.L.G. & Lomonova, E. (2013). Relative permeability in a
3D analytical surface charge model of permanent magnets. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 49(5), 2299-2302.
• Ilhan, E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2012). Fast torque estimation of in-wheel parallel flux switching
machines for hybrid trucks. COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 31(1), 40-53.
• Ilhan, E., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2012). Conformal mapping: Schwarz-Christoffel
method for flux-switching PM machines. Journal of Mathematical Sciences, 6:37
• Ilhan, E., Kremers, M.F.J., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2012). Spatial discretization
methods for air gap permeance calculations in double salient traction motors. IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, 48(6), 2165-2172. 2010
• Gysen, B.L.J., Ilhan, E., Meessen, K.J., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2010). Modeling of flux switching
permanent magnet machines with Fourier Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 46(6), 1499-1502.
• Ilhan, E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2010). Fast torque estimation of in-wheel parallel flux switching
machines for hybrid trucks. Journal of Electrical Engineering, 10(3), 175-182.
• Ilhan, E., Gysen, B.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2010). Analytical hybrid model for flux switching
permanent magnet machines. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 46(6), 1762-1765.
• Ilhan, E., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2012). Energy conversion loops for flux-switching
PM machine analysis. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, 2(5), 285-290.
29
Publications & Conferences
• Conference publications
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Energy conversion in dc excited flux-switching machines”,
Proceedings of the IEEE International Magnetics Conference, (INTERMAG 2014), Dresden, Germany, May 4-8,
2014.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Automated design of dc-excited flux-switching in-wheel motor
using magnetic equivalent circuits”, Proceedings of the 2014 9th International Conference on Ecological
Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), Monaco, 26-27 March 2014.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, I. J. M. Besselink, J. R. Gardner, E. A. Lomonova, “Indirect drive in-wheel system for
HEV/EV traction”. Proceedings of the 27th International Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition (EVS27),
Barcelona, Spain, 17-20 November 2013.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova. Design considerations of flux-switching machines with permanent
magnet or dc excitation. Proceedings of the 2013 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and
Applications (EPE), Lille, France, 3-5 September 2013.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Topologies of flux-switching machines for in-wheel traction”,
Proceedings Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER 2013), Monaco, 27 – 30 March, 2013.
• Y. Tang, T. E. Motoasca, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Analytical modeling of flux-switching machines
using variable global reluctance networks”, Proceedings of the 20th International conference on Electrical
machines (ICEM), pp. 2792 – 2789, 2-5 Sept., 2012.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, T. E. Motoasca, E. A. Lomonova, “Flux-switching machine with DC excitation”,
Proceedings of the IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG 2012), Vancouver, Canada, 7-11 May
2012.
• Y. Tang, T. E. Motoasca, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Investigation of winding topologies for flux
switching machines”, Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in
Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF-2011) Funchal, Madeira, 1-3 September 2011.
30
Publications & Conferences
• Conference publications
• Y. Tang, J. L. Duarte, R. P. P. Smeets, T. E. Motoasca, E. A. Lomonova, “Multi-stage DC hybrid switch with slow
switching”, Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON
2011), pp. 1462-1467, Melbourne, VIC 7-11 November 2011.
• Y. Tang, T. E. Motoasca, J. J. H. Paulides, E. A. Lomonova, “Comparison of flux-switching machines and
permanent magnet synchronous machines in an in-wheel traction application”, Proceedings Ecological
Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER 2011), Monaco, pp. 1-10, 30 March - 3 April 2011.
• Y. Tang, J. J. H. Paulides, E. V. Kazmin, E. A. Lomonova, “Investigation of winding topologies for permanent
magnet in-wheel motors”, Proceedings Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER 2010), pp. 1-14,
Monaco, 25-28 March 2010.
• Sprangers, R.L.J., Motoasca, T.E. and Lomonova, E.A., ‘Development of an expert system for three-phase
induction motors’, YRS 2012, Delft, The Netherlands
• Sprangers, R.L.J., Motoasca, T.E. and Lomonova, E.A., ‘Extended anisotropic layer theory for electrical
machines, CEFC 2012, Oita, Japan
• Sprangers, R.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Boynov, K., Waarma, J. and Lomonova, E.A., ‘Design and optimization
tools for high-efficiency three-phase induction motors’, EPE’13 ECCE Europe, Lille, France
• Sprangers, R.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Boynov, K., Waarma, J. and Lomonova, E.A., ‘Comparison of two
anisotropic layer models applied to induction motors’, IEMDC 2013, Chicago, USA
• Sprangers, R.L.J., Gysen, B.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Waarma, J. and Lomonova, E.A., ‘A fast semi-analytical
model for the slotted structure of induction motors with 36/28 stator/rotor slot combination’, Electrimacs
2014, Valencia, Spain
• Sprangers, R.L.J., Gysen, B.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Waarma, J. and Lomonova, E.A., ‘Calculation of induced
rotor current in induction motors using a slotted semi-analytical harmonic model’, ICEM 2014, Berlin,Germany
31
32
• Conference publications
• Sprangers, R.L.J., Gysen, B.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Waarma, J. and Lomonova, E.A., ‘Electric circuit coupling of
a slotted semi-analytical model for induction motors based on harmonic modeling’, ECCE 2014, Pittsburgh
• Ilhan, E., Kremers, M.F.J., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2013). Transient thermal analysis of
flux switching PM machines. Oral : Paper presented at Proceedings of the 2013 8th International Conference and
Exhibition on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER), 27-30 March 2013, Monte Carlo, Monaco, (pp.
1-7). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center.2012
• Ilhan, E., Kremers, M.F.J., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2012). Sensitivity analysis for phase
inductances in Flux-switching PM machine. Proceedings paper : Proceedings of the 20th International
Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM 2012), September 2-5 2012, Marseille, France, (pp. 763-768). Piscataway:
IEEE Service Center.
• Ilhan, E., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2012). Nonlinear performance characteristic of Flux
switching PM motors. Proceedings paper : Proceedings of IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG),
May 7-11 2012, Vancouver, (pp. 1-1).
• Kremers, M.F.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Ilhan, E., Janssen, J.L.G. & Lomonova, E. (2012). Relative permeability in a 3D
analytical surface charge model of permanent magnets. Poster presented at Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial
IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation (CEFC 2012), November 11-14, 2012, Oita, Japan, (pp.
194). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center.
• Kremers, M.F.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Ilhan, E., Janssen, J.L.G. & Lomonova, E. (2012). Analytical field calculations of
skewed magnets. Poster presented at Proceedings of the the Fifteenth Biennial IEEE Conference on
Electromagnetic Field Computation (CEFC 2012), November 11-14, 2012, Oita, Japan, (pp. 195). Piscataway: IEEE.
33
• Conference publications
• Kremers, M.F.J., Paulides, J.J.H., Ilhan, E., Janssen, J.L.G. & Lomonova, E. (2012). Design guidelines for coreless
linear actuators. Poster presented at Proceedings of the Fifteenth Biennial IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic
Field Computation (CEFC 2012), November 11-14, 2012, Oita, Japan, (pp. 196). Piscataway: IEEE Service Center.
• Ilhan, E., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2011). Conformal mapping: Schwarz-Christoffel
method for flux switching PM machines. Proceedings paper : Proceedings of Computational Magnetics
(COMPUMAG) 12-15 July 2011, Sydney, Australia, (pp. 1-4). COMPUMAG.
• Ilhan, E., Motoasca, T.E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2011). Energy conversion loops for flux-switching PM
machine analysis. Proceedings of the XV International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics,
Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF 2011), 1-3 September 2011, Funchal, Madeira, (pp. 1-8). ISEF.
• Gysen, B.L.J., Ilhan, E., Meessen, K.J., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2010). Modeling of flux switching
permanent magnet machines with Fourier analysis. Proceedings of the 11th Joint MMM-Intermag Conference,
January 18-22, 2010, Washington D.C., (pp. 741-741). Piscataway: IEEE.
• Ilhan, E., Paulides, J.J.H., Encica, L. & Lomonova, E. (2010). Tooth contour method implementation for the Flux
switching PM Machines. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM 2010),
September 6-8, 2010, Rome, Italy, (pp. RF-010294-1/6). Piscataway: IEEE.
• Ilhan, E., Gysen, B.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2010). Analytical hybrid Flux switching permanent
magnet machines model. Proceedings of the 11th Joint MMM-Intermag Conference, January 18-22, 2010,
Washington D.C., (pp. 1625-1625). Piscataway: IEEE.
• Ilhan, E., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2010). Fast torque estimation of in-wheel parallel flux switching
machines. Proceedings of the 5th EVER Conference, 25-28 March, Monaco, (pp. 1-7). EVER.
• Ilhan, E., Gysen, B.L.J., Paulides, J.J.H. & Lomonova, E. (2010). Analytical hybrid model for flux switching
permanent magnet machines. Proceedings 5th IEEE, Young Researchers Symposium, 29-30-03, 2010, Leuven.
..
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