International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences
© 2015 Available online at www.irjabs.com
ISSN 2251-838X / Vol, 9 (8): 1235-1238
Science Explorer Publications
Assessment of fluoride in drinking waters in the
city of Poldasht
Erfaneh Rahmati1, Ali Avakh2, Seyedeh Fatemeh Babaei 3, Razieh Alsadat Haji Mir
Mohammad Ali3, Hesame Gharejedaghi4, Ashkan Ahmadi4, Davud Ebrahimi4*
1. B.Sc. Student of Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health, Islamic Azad University Of
Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran
2. B.Sc. Student of Occupational Health, Department of Occupational Health, Shahid Beheshti University of
Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3. M.Sc. Student of Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Health, Ghazvin University of Medical
Sciences, Ghazvin, Iran
4. M.Sc. Student of Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad
University Of West Branch, Tehran, Iran
Corresponding Author email: davud.ebrahimi69@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:One of the key ingredients that reaches through water to the body is fluoride. The
increase and decrease of fluoride in drinking water can cause irreparable damages. This study aims
to assess the fluoride in drinking waters in the city of Poldasht. In the study, by visiting to the health
center of province, the amount of fluoride in drinking water received which has determined by using
standard tests, and required analysis has been done on them. The results show that the mean
amount of fluoride in water of Poldasht city is 1.77 mg per liter.And also in the surrounding villages is
2.11 milligrams per liter. The findings show that the amount of fluoride in the water of Poldasht city is
higher than recommended standards by the country's industrial standard.
Keywords: water, fluoride, Poldasht
INTRODUCTION
Maintaining the public health is the primary goal of community and health authorities. To achieve this
objective, a series of factors must be under the control. Water, air, food and a healthy environment, include the
considered factors. Water quality has a significant impact on population health of the society. Various
substances which reach into the body through drinking water have an important role in maintaining their health.
Of course, a lack or excess of some of these materials can also have many effects. One of these material is
fluorine(Ward et al., 2005, McDonagh et al., 2000). Fluorine is an element in the earth's crust and which exist
plentiful with mineral stones such as fluorspar, cryolite and there fluorapatit(Meinert et al., 2005).
Fluoride is an element of the halogen family. A corrosive gas, green prone to yellow. The most active
non-metallic ingredient that have been known, which combine with virtually all organic and inorganic elements
and produce the fluorides(Yeung et al., 2013). In surface water, fluoride concentrations recorded 0.2 mg/l (0-.6
mg/l), these amount in underground water is difference compared to gender of soil layers. These
concentrations in groundwater in areas containing iron ore and dolomite and clay is 0.3-0.4 mg/l, in areas
containing basaltic rocks less than 0.1 mg/l, in areas with alkaline rocks 7.8 mg/l and in areas with granite cliffs
is 9.2 mg/l (Alrousan et al., 2009). Fluorine content in the atmosphere is very low (0.5 mg/l), so that the
absorbent body is negligible compared to the total fluorine, Studies in many parts of the world have shown that
high concentrations of fluoride exist in groundwater naturally, And coal have caused increasing of fluorosis –
an acute bone disease - among local populations. By drinking water containing fluoride, about 50 percent enter
into the tooth structure by surface receiving the remaining enter to stomach and is absorbed quickly into the
bloodstream and absorb by tooth(Yousefi et al., 2013, Fard et al., 2014).
The World Health Organization suggest the appropriate amount to add fluoride to drinking water 5.0 1mg /l (Bhatnagar et al., 2011, Vivek Vardhan and Srimurali, 2015). Epidemiological evidence suggests that
fluoride less than this value causes tooth decay, While concentrations greater than 1.7 mg /l lead fluorosis and
higher concentrations of 3-6 mg /l cause bone problems(Mohan et al., 2012). So far, many studies have
consisted on fluoride concentration in water that can name Tehran, Shiraz, Damghan, South Khorasan, Zanjan
and Bandar Abbas, Kashan (Azami-Aghdash et al., 2013, Elham Amirhakimi and Karami, 2006, Nasehinia and
Naseri, 2004)
Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 9 (8), 1235-1238, 2015
MATERIALS AND METHODS
These study is a cross-sectional study which conducted in 2014 on drinking water sources of Poldasht
city. In the study, by visiting to the health center of province, the data about conducted experiment on the city's
water resources based on the methods described in the book of standard methods for the examination of water
and wastewater and is expressed in milligrams per liter has received, and review and analyze the data and
compare them by World Health Organization standards and Iran national standards.
In case of low level of fluoride than standard level, appropriate fluoridation methods and In case of high
level of fluoride than standard level, defluoridation methods have been proposed to control the concentration of
fluorine in the resources appropriately.
RESULTS
The amount of fluoride in water resources of Poldasht city in 2013 have been measured and the results
are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The results show that the mean amount of fluoride in water of Poldasht city is
1.77 mg per liter.
And also in the surrounding villages is 2.11 milligrams per liter. Poldasht Water Treatment is located
along the Aras River and adjacent to the border market.
The final capacity of treatment plant is 75 liters per second which supplied from the Aras River and the
Balaghi Sanam fountain. Of 75 liters per seconds, 50 liters supplied from the Aras River and 25 liters of Balaghi
Sanam fountain. Water fountains contains fluoride exceeded the threshold, thus combining the two sources of
water to reduce fluoride and to limit water to threshold value is considered.
For this reason, we see different concentrations of fluoride in different parts of city (Figure 1). The standard
criteria of the amount of fluoride in drinking water sources is Standard No. 1053 of Institute of Standards and
Industrial Research of Iran about drinking water; According to the standard, the optimal level of fluoride in the
water is between 0.6-1.7 mg/l. The average water fluoride in water of Poldasht city is higher than the standard
values.
Table 1. Fluorine variation with temperature changes according to Iran Industrial Standards Institute
The maximum amount of
fluorine (mg/l)
Minimum average quantity
of fluorine (mg/l)
The minimum amount of
authorized fluorine(mg/l)
The annual average of daily
*
maximum temperature (c )
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
10-12
12-14.6
14.6-17.7
17.7-21-5
21.5-26.3
26.3-32.5
3.25
The amount of Fluorine
3.5
3
2.5
2.2
1.82
2
1.58
1.5
1
0.76
0.89
0.5
0
milad zone Aras zone
hospital
poldasht
The back of
Health
the bakery Center No.
2
Poldasht
refinery
output
Urban areas
Figure 1. The amount of Fluorine in Poldasht in milligrams per liter
1236
Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 9 (8), 1235-1238, 2015
THE AMOUNT OF FLUORINE IN VILLAGES AROUND
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.87
1
0.5
3.4
3.2
1.5
1.83
1.68
2.02
1.56
1.76
1.65
1.32
0.7
0
Figure 2.The amount of fluorine in the Poldasht neighboring villages in milligrams per liter
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Exposure to fluoride in drinking water depends on the region's temperature and the higher the
temperature, the amount of fluoride in the water should be less than the maximum recommended standards.
Optimal amount of fluoride in drinking water is proposed for cities based on the average daily temperature in
the warmest day of the year about 0.7 mg/l.(Ayoob and Gupta, 2006, Wang et al., 2007). Pourislami and
colleagues determined fluoride content of Kerman drinking water in eight major cities and concluded given that
the average temperature of the city these cities, the fluoride of drinking water enamel in Kerman province is
less than optimal for retrofitting of tooth (Pooreslami et al., 2008).
The mean concentration of fluoride in water of Poldasht is 1.97 mg per liter and also in the surrounding
villages is also 2.11. Results of a study by Youssefi et al in gonbad kavoos showed that the mean fluoride in
water of this city is 0.32-0.54 milligrams per liter(Yousefi et al., 2013).
REFERENCES
alrousan DM, Dunlop PS, Mcmurray TA, Byrne JA. 2009. Photocatalytic inactivation of E. coli in surface water using immobilised
nanoparticle TiO 2 films. Water research, 43, 47-54.
Ayoob S, Gupta AK. 2006. Fluoride in drinking water: a review on the status and stress effects. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science
and Technology, 36, 433-487.
Azami-Aghdash S, Ghojazadeh M, Azar FP, Naghavi-Behzad M, Mahmoudi M, JAMALI Z. 2013. Fluoride concentration of drinking waters
and prevalence of fluorosis in iran: a systematic review. Journal of dental research, dental clinics, dental prospects, 7, 1.
BHATNAGAR A, KUMAR E, SILLANPÄÄ M. 2011. Fluoride removal from water by adsorption—a review. Chemical Engineering Journal,
171, 811-840.
ELHAM AMIRHAKIMI D, KARAMI B. 2006. The prevalence of dental caries in 5–18-year-old insulin-dependent diabetics of Fars Province,
southern Iran. Archives of Iranian medicine, 9, 254-260.
FARD RF, MAHVI AH, HOSSEINI SS, KHAZAEIC M. 2014. FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN BOTTLED DRINKING WATER
AVAILABLE IN NAJAF AND KARBALA, IRAQ. Fluoride, 47, 249-252.
MCDONAGH, M. S., WHITING, P. F., WILSON, P. M., SUTTON, A. J., CHESTNUTT I, COOPER J, MISSO K, BRADLEY M, TREASURE
E, KLEIJNEN J. 2000. Systematic review of water fluoridation. Bmj, 321, 855-859.
MEINERT LD, DIPPLE GM, NICOLESCU S. 2005. World skarn deposits. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume.
MOHAN D, SHARMA R, SINGH VK, STEELE P, PITTMAN JR, C U. 2012. Fluoride removal from water using bio-char, a green waste, lowcost adsorbent: equilibrium uptake and sorption dynamics modeling. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51, 900-914.
NASEHINIA H, NASERI S. 2004. A survey of fluoride dosage in drinking water and DMF index in Damghan city. J Water and Wastewater,
49, 70-2.
POORESLAMI HR, KHAZAELI P, MASOODPOOR H. 2008. Fluoride Content of Drinking Waters in Kerman. Iran. Journal of Kerman
University of Medical Sciences, 15, 235-242.
VIVEK VARDHAN C, SRIMURALI M. 2015. Defluoridation of drinking water using a novel sorbent: lanthanum-impregnated green sand.
Desalination and Water Treatment, 1-11.
WANG SX, WANG ZH, CHENG XT, LI J, SANG ZP, ZHANG XD, HAN LL, QIAO XY, WU ZM, WANG ZQ. 2007. Arsenic and fluoride
exposure in drinking water: children's IQ and growth in Shanyin county, Shanxi pr ovince, China. Environmental health
perspectives, 643-647.
WARD MH, DEKOK TM, LEVALLOIS P, BRENDER J, GULIS G, NOLAN BT, VANDERSLICE J. 2005. Workgroup report: Drinking-water
nitrate and health-recent findings and research needs. Environmental health perspectives, 1607-1614.
1237
Intl. Res. J. Appl. Basic. Sci. Vol., 9 (8), 1235-1238, 2015
YEUNG LW, DE SILVA AO, LOI EI, MARVIN CH, TANIYASU S, YAMASHITA N, MABURY SA, MUIR DC, LAM PK. 2013. Perfluoroalkyl
substances and extractable organic fluorine in surface sediments and cores from Lake Ontario. Environment international, 59, 389397.
YOUSEFI Z, HANAFI B, SARI I. 2013. Fluoride Level in Drinking Water Supplies of Gonbad-e Qabus, 2008-2012. Journal of Mazandaran
University of Medical Sciences (JMUMS), 23.
1238