FM Global
Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
1-28
September 2007
Page 1 of 63
WIND DESIGN
INSUREDS OF FM GLOBAL SHOULD CONTACT THEIR LOCAL FM GLOBAL OFFICE BEFORE BEGINNING
ANY ROOFING WORK.
Table of Contents
Page
1.0 SCOPE ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Changes ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................... 3
2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Determining Design Wind Speed ............................................................................................ 4
2.2 Roof Design Loads ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Basic Wind Speed ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.2 Surface Roughness Exposure .............................................................................................. 6
2.2.3 Roof Uplift Design Pressure .................................................................................................. 6
2.2.4 Topographic Factor (KZT) ..................................................................................................... 11
2.2.5 Wind Tunnel Testing to Determine Wind Design Pressures ............................................... 11
2.2.6 Roof Overhangs ................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.7 Minimum Wind Rating for FM Approved Roof System ....................................................... 13
2.3 Wall, Door, and Window Design ..................................................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Outward Wall Pressure for Enclosed Building ..................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Inward Wall Pressure for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings ................................. 14
2.3.3 Outward Wall Pressure for Partially Enclosed Buildings ..................................................... 14
2.4 Other Wind Related Items ............................................................................................................. 26
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 26
3.1 Background .................................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.1 Wind Pressures ................................................................................................................... 26
3.1.2 Wind Damage ...................................................................................................................... 27
3.1.3 Tornadoes ............................................................................................................................ 27
3.1.4 Examples of Design Pressure Determinations (in psf) For Proposed Construction .......... 27
3.1.6 FM Approved Exterior Wall Wind Load Ratings .................................................................. 29
3.1.7 FM Approved Exterior Wall Hail and Fire Ratings ............................................................... 30
3.2 Loss History ................................................................................................................................... 30
4.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 30
4.1 FM Global ...................................................................................................................................... 30
4.2 Other ................................................................................................................................................ 31
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................... 31
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY ..................................................................................... 35
APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION ...................................................................................... 36
List of Figures
Fig. 1. Building 2 is more than 3 ft (0.9 m) higher than Building 1. ........................................................... 11
Fig. 2. Height of buildings 1 and 2 are within 3 ft (0.9 m) of each other. .................................................. 12
Flow Chart A. Enclosed building vs. partially enclosed building ................................................................. 34
Fig. 3. Basic wind speeds - Western United States (8/2001) .................................................................... 37
Fig. 3. (Part 2) Basic wind speeds - Central and Eastern United States (8/2001) .................................... 38
Fig. 3. (Part 3) Basic wind speeds - Western Gulf of Mexico Coastline of United States (8/2001) .......... 39
Fig. 3. (Part 4) Basic wind speeds - Eastern Gulf of Mexico and Southern Atlantic Coastline of
United States (8/2001) ....................................................................................................... 40
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of Factory Mutual Insurance Company.
1-28
Page 2
Wind Design
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Fig. 3. (Part 5) Basic wind speeds - Mid-Atlantic and Northern Atlantic Coastline of
United States (8/2001) ....................................................................................................... 41
Fig. 4. Basic wind speeds - Alaska (8/2001) .............................................................................................. 42
Fig. 5. Basic wind speeds – Western Mexico, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) .............................. 43
Fig. 5. (Part 2) Basic wind speeds - Eastern Mexico, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) ................... 44
Fig. 6. Basic wind speeds - Australia, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) ........................................... 45
Fig. 7. Basic wind speeds - New Zealand, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) .................................... 46
Fig. 8. Basic wind speeds - Western China, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) ................................. 47
Fig. 8. (Part 2) Basic wind speeds - Eastern China, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) ..................... 48
Fig. 8. (Part 3) Basic wind speed for selected cities - China ..................................................................... 49
Fig. 9. Basic wind speeds - Taiwan, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (8/2001) .............................................. 50
Fig. 10. Basic Wind Speeds – Brazil, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s) (8/2001) ................................... 51
Fig. 11. Basic Wind Speeds for Selected Cities - Canada, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s) (8/2001) .. 52
Fig. 12. Average number of tornadoes per year per 10,000 square miles (25,900 square kilometers)
in the United States, 1953-1980 (7/2001) ..................................................................................... 63
List of Tables
Table 1. Building Wind Design Levels ........................................................................................................... 4
Table 2. Wind speeds for enhanced and optimum designs based on storm category. ................................. 5
Table 3. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°
(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building ................................... 7
Table 4. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°
(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building ................................... 8
Table 5. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°
slope (For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building ......................... 9
Table 6. Roof Design Outward Pressure Multipliers for Roof Zones 1, 2, and 3 ........................................ 10
Table 7. Roof Overhang Factors (Apply on overhang areas only and for h ≤ 60 ft [18 m]) ....................... 12
Table 8. Recommended Rating of Field, Perimeter, and Corner areas for Enclosed Building2
(Zones 1, 2, and 3) ....................................................................................................................... 13
Table 9. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4 .... 15
Table 10. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4 .. 16
Table 11. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4 .. 17
Table 12. Wall Design Outward Pressure Multipliers for Wall Zones 4 and 5, Enclosed Buildings .......... 18
Table 13. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 10°, Enclosed Building (see Note 2) ..... 19
Table 14. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, (see Note 2) ... 20
Table 15. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 10˚ Enclosed Building, (see Note 2) ..... 21
Table 16. Wall Design Inward Pressure Multipliers for Wall Zones 4 and 5, Enclosed and Partially
Enclosed Buildings ........................................................................................................................ 22
Table 17. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure B,
Θ ≤ 45˚(3) ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Table 18. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure C,
Θ ≤ 45˚(3) ....................................................................................................................................... 24
Table 19. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure D,
Θ ≤ 45˚(3) ..................................................................................................................................... 25
Table 20. Wall Design Outward External Pressure Multipliers for Partially Enclosed Buildings,
Wall Zone 5 .................................................................................................................................. 25
Table 21. Height of Ground-Level Debris Exposure .................................................................................... 33
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 3
1.0 SCOPE
This data sheet is intended to provide general guidance to building designers regarding wind considerations
for buildings. This includes recommended wind pressures for common building shapes for the following:
1. Building components and cladding and their immediate supports (wall siding, roof assemblies, etc.)
2. Opening protection (doors, windows, etc.)
For main force-resisting systems and other structures such as chimneys, tanks, signs and open frameworks,
refer to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Standard ASCE 7-05, Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures.
Wind load requirements are not included for tornado-resistant design. Neither are they provided for main
wind-force resisting systems of buildings except for the basic wind speeds. Included is the appropriate
FM Approvals minimum roof system wind uplift rating. Both enclosed buildings and partially enclosed buildings
are considered, although partially enclosed buildings are not recommended for new construction. Open
buildings are not covered by this data sheet. However, a conservative approach for these roof pressures can
be achieved by following the guidelines in this data sheet for enclosed buildings. Multi-gable and mono-slope
roofs are not covered in this data sheet.
Guidance in determining proper construction to resist the recommended loads in this document is included
in the FM Approvals RoofNav program and the following FM Global Data Sheets:
Data Sheet 1-0, Safeguards During Construction, Alteration and Demolition
Data Sheet 1-8, Antenna Towers and Signs
Data Sheet 1-9, Roof Anchorage
Data Sheet 1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Data Sheet 1-31, Metal Roof Systems
Data Sheet 1-49, Perimeter Flashing
Data Sheet 1-52, Field Uplift Testing
1.1 Changes
September 2007. Minor corrections were made to Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6.
2.0 LOSS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1 Introduction
Select a building design level in Table 1 that reflects the importance of the building. Consider the value of
the building and its contents and the value of preventing an interruprion to activities inside the building.
Consider using an Optimum or Enhanced design for buildings in hurricane, tropical cyclone or thyphoon-prone
regions. These designs can greatly reduce damage allowing earlier resumption of operations, often as soon
as employees return and utilities are restored.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
1-28
Wind Design
Page 4
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Table 1. Building Wind Design Levels
Design Level
Minimum Acceptable
Design
Enhanced Design
Optimum Design
Design Criteria
Design the entire building1 and important
structures for the basic wind speeds and
other related guidance per this document.
Expected Hurricane Damage
Negligible damage from winds that do not
exceed the basic wind speed. Extensive
damage and delay before building is
functional from winds that considerably
exceed the basic wind speed.
Negligible damage from winds that do not
Enhance the components that are more
vulnerable to wind damage2 to resist design exceed the basic wind speed. Moderate to
pressures that are higher than the basic
severe damage to components that are
wind design. See Table 2. Ensure other
unimproved, or supported by unimproved
components meet local code.
components, and moderate to severe delay
before building is functional from winds that
do not exceed the actual design wind
speed.
Negligible damage from winds that do not
Design the entire building1 and important
structures for wind pressures that are
exceed the basic wind speed. Minimal
higher than the basic wind pressures. See
damage and delay before building is
Table 2.
functional from winds that do not exceed
the actual design wind speed.
1
This includes above-deck roof components, perimeter flashing, roof deck span and securement, wall cladding and opening protectives,
roof mounted equipment, all framing and foundations. Refer to D.S 1-29 for additional information on roof design.
2
This includes above-deck roof components, perimeter flashing, roof deck span and securement, wall claddings, opening protectives.
Need for Enhanced or Optimum Designs
Wind maps in this document provide the minimum acceptable wind design criteria. Those for the United States
are from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 ″Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
Structures″ and are used by most building codes in the US. These minimum wind speeds as elsewhere in
the world, provide a basic level of protection to all buildings and have protected most buildings from collapse
and major structural damage.
However, the wind speeds of many hurricanes have exceeded these minimum design wind speeds leading
to severely damaged buildings that are not useable for many months after hurricane winds and wind-driven
rain enter the building, usually from failures of the building envelope - roof flashings and coverings, roof decks,
wall claddings, doors and windows.
For example, a large part of the US coastline in the Gulf of Mexico has a basic design wind speed for a
Category 2 hurricane or less while 47 Category 3, 4 & 5 hurricanes made landfall in the Gulf of Mexico since
1899. A similar situation exists between basic wind speeds and wind speeds of land falling typhoons and
cyclones in other regions.
2.1.1 Determining Design Wind Speed
Select a design wind speed from the figures in Appendix C, which are the minimum wind speeds
recommended for all locations, or choose a higher wind speed from Table 2 if an Optimum or Enhanced
wind design is used.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 5
Table 2. Wind speeds for enhanced and optimum designs based on storm category.
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Category
Cat 1
Cat 2
Cat 3
Cat 4
Cat 5
Basic 3 – sec gust wind speed*
82-108 mph (37-48 m/s)
108-130 mph (48-58 m/s)
130-156 mph (58-70 m/s)
156-191 mph (70-85 m/s)
> 191 mph (> 85 m/s)
Average or Recommended Design
Speed mph (m/s)
108 (48)
120 (54)
145 (65)
175(78)
≥200 (90)
*These wind speeds are 3 second gust over land at 33 ft (10m) above open ground in exposure category C.
2.1.2 Since the effective wind area for building framing and some other building components considerably
exceeds 10 ft2 (0.93 m2), pressures may be reduced from that shown in the tables in this document or the
RoofNav Ratings Calculator in accordance with ASCE 7 to reflect the larger area. This reduction does not
apply to roof assemblies.
2.2 Roof Design Loads
The following provides an overview of the methodology to determine roof design pressure and minimum
FM Approved wind classification ratings (note: the RoofNav Ratings Calculator will calculate the roof rating
directly):
• Determine basic wind speed (Section 2.2.1 and Figures 1-10)
• Determine Surface Roughness Exposure (Section 2.2.2 and Appendix A)
• Determine building roof height and slope (building or plans)
• Establish basic outward pressure for roof Zone 1 (Section 2.2.3 and Tables 3, 4, or 5) and then apply
appropriate pressure multipliers for the roof slope, zone, and enclosed or partially enclosed buildings
(Table 6). (See Appendix A and Flow Chart A for definition of enclosed and partially enclosed buildings.)
For significant roof overhangs, see Section 2.2.6 and Table 7.
• If the building is adjacent to an escarpment or ridge, modify the design with topographic factor (Section
2.2.4), using ASCE 7 or an equivalent local standard.
• Determine minimum FM Approval rating requirements for field, perimeter, and corners. As an alternative
for perimeters and corners, apply relevant Data Sheet. (See Section 2.2.7 and Table 8 and 8A)
The guidelines in this data sheet are derived from the basis provided in ASCE Standard 7. The following
exceptions to ASCE 7 have been adopted:
a) Use an importance factor of 1.15 for components, cladding and secondary structural framing.
b) Use surface roughness exposure C for hurricane-prone coastal areas only where basic wind speed
≥ 120 mph (55 m/s). For shoreline areas immediately adjacent to the coast in hurricane-prone regions (see
Appendix A) where the basic wind speed is less than 120 mph (55 m/s), use Surface Roughness
Exposure D.
c) Wind borne debris regions are defined in Appendix A.
d) Roof design pressures are based on a maximum 10 ft2 (0.9 m2) effective area, regardless of the actual
effective area of components and cladding.
2.2.1 Basic Wind Speed
Determine the basic wind speed from Figures 1 through 10, interpolating from wind speed maps, when
possible. See wind maps and other sources referenced in Appendix C.
Basic wind speeds are based on 3-second gusts, 33 ft above ground in a Surface Roughness Exposure
C. Basic wind speed for Puerto Rico is 145 mph (65 m/s), for Hawaii it is 135 mph (60 m/s), and for
Guam it is 170 mph (76 m/s).
Note: The wind speeds presented in the maps are derived from limited statistics and computer modeling.
They are not necessarily the worst case that can happen at a facility. For example, if the code tells us to design
for a wind speed of 90 mph (145 kph), and three storms with winds exceeding that speed have passed within
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
1-28
Wind Design
Page 6
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
100 miles (60 km) in the past 20 years, your facility should probably be designed to withstand a higher wind
speed. A quest for accuracy should not get in the way of good sense. The added cost is usually minimal.
Increase the basic wind speed by 10% (4.5 m/s) or more, as appropriate, in areas exposed to extreme local
winds. In the United States and Canada this would include such effects as the Santa Ana, Chinook, Columbia
River Gorge, and Wasatch Mountain winds. Applicable areas include the Special Wind Regions shown on
some of the wind speed maps. Make appropriate increases for other areas exposed by high local winds if
justified by local records.
2.2.2 Surface Roughness Exposure
Determine the Surface Rroughness Exposure as noted in Appendix A, Glossary of Terms. The Surface
Roughness Exposure is a function of the terrain surrounding the building it is being applied to. The Surface
Roughness Exposure is not affected by the height of the building in question relative to the heights of the
objects in that surrounding terrain.
For a site located in a transition zone between two Surface Roughness Exposures, use the more severe
Surface Roughness Exposure (e.g., for B/C utilize C). Use the most critical applicable Surface Roughness
Exposure even if it exists in only one direction.
Design components and cladding of buildings and other structures using the surface exposure category that
results in the highest wind load for any wind direction at the site.
Any apparent shielding afforded by individual or localized buildings and other structures or terrain features
is not to be recognized as having any impact on Surface Roughness Exposure.
2.2.3 Roof Uplift Design Pressure
Use Tables 3 through 5 to determine the field of roof area (Zone 1) design pressure for enclosed buildings
with roof slopes up to and including 7 degrees (10 degrees for tall buildings). When entering these tables,
consider the pertinent variables such as Surface Roughness Exposure, mean roof height, and basic wind
speed. For other combinations of enclosed/partially enclosed buildings and/or different roof slopes, and for
Zones 2 and 3, apply the appropriate factors in Table 6 to the pressures in Tables 3 through 5 to obtain the
various roof area design pressure. For components and cladding, base design pressures on those given
in this data sheet. For secondary supporting members (joists, purlins, etc.,) refer to ASCE Standard 7 and
apply the appropriate effective area and an importance factor of 1.15.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 7
Table 3. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°
(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building
Mean
Roof
Height
h (ft)
0-15
30
60
89
90
100
200
300
400
500
Mean
Roof
Height
h (m)
0-5
10
18
20
27
27.4
30
60
90
120
150
p = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in pounds per ft2 (psf)
Enclosed Building; Roof Zone 1 (Field Area), Effective Wind Area 1 to 10 ft2;
Kzt = 1.0; z = h; (GCp) = - 1.0 for h < 90 ft and (GCp) = - 1.4 for h ≥ 90 ft; (GCpi) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
145
150
160
170
185
53
53
65
72
97
100
122
137
149
158
60
60
73
82
110
113
138
155
168
179
71
71
86
97
130
134
163
183
199
212
Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure B (psf)
15
15
18
20
27
28
34
39
42
45
17
17
20
23
31
32
39
43
47
50
21
21
25
28
38
39
48
53
58
62
25
25
31
34
46
47
58
65
70
75
30
30
36
41
55
56
69
77
84
89
35
35
43
48
64
66
80
91
98
105
41
41
49
55
74
77
93
105
114
121
43
43
53
60
80
82
100
112
122
130
47
47
57
64
86
88
107
121
131
139
p = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)
Enclosed Building; Roof Zone 1 (Field Area), Effective Wind Area 0.1 to 0.9 m2;
Kzt = 1.0; z = h; (GCp) = - 1.0 for h < 27 m and (GCp) = - 1.4 for h ≥ 27 m; (GCpi) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
≤ 38
40
45
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.1
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.0
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
3.2
3.3
3.8
4.0
4.3
5.8
6.0
7.3
8.2
8.9
9.4
3.6
3.7
4.3
4.5
4.9
6.5
6.7
8.2
9.2
10.0
10.7
Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure B (kPa)
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
2.3
2.3
2.8
3.2
3.5
3.7
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.7
2.8
3.4
3.9
4.2
4.5
1.8
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.4
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.6
5.0
5.3
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.6
2.9
3.8
3.9
4.8
5.4
5.9
6.2
2.4
2.5
2.9
3.0
3.3
4.4
4.6
5.6
6.3
6.8
7.2
Notes:
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
2. Pressure (p), is total net pressure (external and internal).
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
2.8
2.9
3.4
3.5
3.8
5.1
5.2
6.4
7.2
7.8
8.3
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Wind Design
Page 8
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Table 4. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7°
(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building
Mean
Roof
Height
h (ft)
0-15
30
60
89
90
100
200
300
400
500
Mean
Roof
Height
h (m)
0-5
10
18
20
27
27.4
30
60
90
120
150
p = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in pounds per ft2 (psf)
Enclosed Building; Roof Zone 1 (Field Area), Effective Wind Area 1 to 10 ft2;
Kzt = 1.0; z = h; (GCp) = - 1.0 for h < 90 ft and (GCp) = - 1.4 for h ≥ 90 ft; (GCpi) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
145
150
160
170
185
64
74
86
94
125
128
148
161
172
180
73
84
97
106
141
145
167
182
194
203
86
99
115
125
168
171
198
216
229
240
Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure C (psf)
18
21
24
26
35
36
42
46
48
51
20
23
27
30
40
41
47
51
54
57
25
29
34
37
49
50
58
63
67
70
31
35
41
44
59
61
70
76
81
85
36
42
48
53
70
72
83
91
96
101
42
49
57
62
83
85
98
107
113
119
49
57
66
72
96
98
113
124
131
138
53
61
71
77
103
105
122
133
141
148
56
65
76
82
110
113
130
142
151
158
p = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)
Enclosed Building; Roof Zone 1 (Field Area), Effective Wind Area 0.1 to 0.9 m2;
Kzt = 1.0; z = h; (GCp) = - 1.0 for h < 27 m and (GCp) = - 1.4 for h ≥ 27 m; (GCpi) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
≤ 38
40
45
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.4
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.7
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.8
3.1
3.2
3.4
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
3.9
4.5
5.1
5.2
5.6
7.5
7.6
8.8
9.6
10.2
10.7
4.4
5.1
5.8
5.9
6.3
8.4
8.6
10.0
10.9
11.6
12.1
Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure C (kPa)
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.9
3.0
3.5
3.8
4.0
4.2
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.5
3.6
4.2
4.6
4.8
5.1
2.2
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.1
4.2
4.3
5.0
5.4
5.8
6.0
2.6
3.0
3.4
3.5
3.7
4.9
5.1
5.8
6.4
6.8
7.1
3.0
3.5
3.9
4.0
4.3
5.7
5.9
6.8
7.4
7.8
8.2
Notes:
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
2. Pressure (p) is total net pressure (external and internal).
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
3.4
4.0
4.5
4.6
4.9
6.6
6.7
7.8
8.5
9.0
9.4
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 9
Table 5. Roof Field Area (Zone 1) Uplift Design Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Flat or Gable Roof, Θ ≤ 7° slope
(For 60 ft (18 m) < h < 90 ft (27 m), limited to h/w ≤ 1); Enclosed Building
Mean
Roof
Height
h (ft)
0-15
30
60
89
90
100
200
300
400
500
Mean
Roof
Height
h (m)
0-5
10
18
20
27
27.4
30
60
90
120
150
p = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in pounds per ft2 (psf)
Enclosed Building; Roof Zone 1 (Field Area), Effective Wind Area 1 to 10 ft2;
Kzt = 1.0; z = h; (GCp) = - 1.0 for h < 90 ft and (GCp) = - 1.4 for h ≥ 90 ft; (GCpi) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
145
150
160
170
185
78
88
99
106
142
145
164
176
185
192
88
99
112
120
161
164
185
198
208
217
104
117
133
142
190
194
219
235
247
257
Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure D (psf)
22
25
28
30
40
41
46
50
52
54
25
28
31
34
45
46
52
56
58
61
31
34
39
42
56
57
64
69
72
75
37
42
47
50
67
69
77
83
87
91
44
49
56
60
80
82
92
99
104
108
51
58
65
70
94
96
108
117
122
127
60
67
76
81
109
111
125
134
141
147
64
72
81
87
117
119
134
144
152
158
68
77
87
93
125
127
144
154
162
169
p = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)
Enclosed Building; Roof Zone 1 (Field Area), Effective Wind Area 0.1 to 0.9 m2;
Kzt = 1.0; z = h; (GCp) = - 1.0 for h < 27 m and (GCp) = - 1.4 for h ≥ 27 m; (GCpi) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
≤ 38
40
45
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.6
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.6
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
2.9
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.7
2.7
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
4.7
5.3
5.9
6.0
6.4
8.5
8.7
9.8
10.5
11.0
11.5
5.4
6.0
6.7
6.8
7.2
9.6
9.8
11.0
11.8
12.4
12.9
Roof Field Area Uplift Design Pressure, p, Exposure D (kPa)
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.3
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.5
2.2
2.5
2.8
2.85
3.0
4.0
4.1
4.6
5.0
5.2
5.4
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.6
4.8
4.9
5.5
5.9
6.2
6.4
3.1
3.5
3.9
4.0
4.2
5.6
5.7
6.5
6.9
7.3
7.6
3.6
4.1
4.5
4.6
4.9
6.5
6.6
7.5
8.0
8.4
8.8
Notes:
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
2. Pressure (p) is total uplift pressure (external and internal).
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
4.2
4.7
5.2
5.3
5.6
7.5
7.6
8.9
9.2
9.7
10.1
1-28
Wind Design
Page 10
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Table 6. Roof Design Outward Pressure Multipliers for Roof Zones 1, 2, and 3
Roof Design Negative Pressure Multipliers Zones 1, 2, 3 for Flat and Gabled Roofs
Apply multipliers to pressure values in Tables 3, 4, and 5, as appropriate.
Mean Roof Height, h
Roof Slope
Enclosed Building
Partially Enclosed Building6
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
h ≤ 60 ft (18 m); and when
Θ ≤ 7°
1.0
1.68
2.53
1.31
1.99
2.85
h/w ≤ 1 for 60 < h < 90 ft (18
7° < Θ ≤ 27°
0.92
1.59
2.36
1.23
1.91
2.67
< h < 27.4 m)
27° < Θ ≤ 45°
1.0
1.17
1.17
1.31
1.48
1.48
when h/w > 1 for 60 ft < h <
Θ ≤ 10°
1.34
2.10
2.86
1.65
2.42
3.18
90 ft (18 < h < 27.4 m)
10° < Θ ≤ 27°
0.92
1.59
2.36
1.23
1.91
2.67
See Note 6 below
27° < Θ ≤ 45°
1.0
1.17
1.17
1.31
1.48
1.48
h ≥ 90 ft (27.4 m)
Θ ≤ 10°
1.0
1.57
2.14
1.23
1.80
2.37
See Note 6 below
10° < Θ ≤ 27°
0.68
1.19
1.76
0.92
1.42
1.99
27° < Θ ≤ 45°
0.75
0.87
0.87
0.98
1.11
1.11
Zone Notes: 1. Zone 1 except Zone 2 if Θ > 7°.
2. Zone 2 except Zone 3 if Θ ≤ 7° and h > 60 ft (18 m).
3. Zone 2 except Zone 3 if Θ > 7° and h ≤ 60 ft (18 m).
4. If a parapet height ≥ 3 ft (1 m) is provided around the perimeter of the roof with Θ ≤ 7°, treat Zone 3 as Zone 2.
5. 7° = 11⁄2 in./12 in. (125 mm/m); 10° = 2 in./12 in. (167 mm/m); 27° = 6 in./12 in. (500 mm/m); 45° = 12 in./12 in. (1 m/m).
6. Partially enclosed building multipliers for roofs are based only on openings affecting the top story.
7. Value of ‘‘a’’:
a) For h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), ‘‘a’’ is the smaller of 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension or 0.4 times h, and never less
than 4% of the least horizontal dimension, or 3 ft (0.9 m). Zone 3 is a square with dimensions ‘‘a’’.
b) For h > 60 ft (18 m), ‘‘a’’ is 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension, but not less than 3 ft (0.9 m). Zone 3 is an ell
with dimensions ‘‘2a’’.
8. Value of ‘‘h’’:
a) For slopes ≤ 7°, h = eave height
b) For slopes > 7°, h = mean roof height
9. Value of ‘‘w’’ is based on the lesser plan dimension.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 11
2.2.4 Topographic Factor (KZT)
Topographic effects can increase wind speed locally due to significant hills, ridges, and escarpments of
specified dimensions and proximity to the building or proposed building in question. Guidelines for determining
design pressures under these conditions are provided in ASCE Standard 7, and use KZT values greater than
1. The topographic factor greater than 1 is generally the exception (for extreme cases) rather than the rule.
However, when applicable, the design pressure adjustments can be significant. Due to the additional
complexity when using a KZT greater than 1, and the fact that this is for the minority of cases, the procedure
for this is excluded from this data sheet. Refer to ASCE Standard 7 for further information on the topographic
factor.
2.2.5 Wind Tunnel Testing to Determine Wind Design Pressures
Wind tunnel testing for determination of design wind loads is sometimes done for various reasons (irregular
building shapes, channeling effects or buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions, etc.). Wind loads
determined from tunnel testing are acceptable to use, provided that ASCE 7, Section 6.6 ‘‘Method 3 – Wind
Tunnel Procedure’’ is followed, and that recommended wind speeds from this document are modeled and
an Importance Factor of 1.15 is applied to resulting pressures.
Where multi-level roofs meet at a common wall, the edge of the upper roof is treated as roof perimeter and
corner areas (Zones 2 and 3) if the difference in height is ≥ 3 ft (0.9 m). The lower roof strip where it meets
a higher wall is treated as a field area, except for the square areas at each end, which are treated as
perimeters. (See Figures 1 and 2.)
Fig. 1. Building 2 is more than 3 ft (0.9 m) higher than Building 1.
2.2.6 Roof Overhangs
For roof areas extending beyond exterior walls (overhangs), adjust design pressures in accordance with
Table 7.
For the specific conditions in Table 7, apply the factors in Table 7 to the design pressures previously
determined for that particular roof area.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
1-28
Wind Design
Page 12
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Fig. 2. Height of buildings 1 and 2 are within 3 ft (0.9 m) of each other.
Table 7. Roof Overhang Factors (Apply on overhang areas only and for h ≤ 60 ft [18 m])
Slope
Θ ≤ 7°
7°< Θ ≤ 27°
27°< Θ ≤ 45°
Field
1.4
DNA
DNA
Enclosed Building
Perimeter
DNA
DNA
1.5
Corner
DNA
1.6
1.5
Field
1.1
DNA
DNA
Partially Enclosed Building
Perimeter
Corner
DNA
DNA
DNA
1.4
DNA
1.1
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 13
2.2.7 Minimum Wind Rating for FM Approved Roof System
Based on the field of roof area design pressure previously obtained, use Table 8 to determine the minimum
FM Approved wind classification rating needed for the entire roof assembly (deck and above-deck system).
Table 8. Recommended Rating of Field, Perimeter, and Corner areas for Enclosed Building2 (Zones 1, 2, and 3)
Roof Field Area Design
Pressure, p, (psf)2
15 < p ≤ 20
20 < p ≤ 25
25 < p ≤ 30
30 < p ≤ 37.5
37.5 < p ≤ 45
45 < p ≤ 52.5
52.5 < p ≤ 60
60 < p ≤ 67.5
67.5 < p ≤ 75
75 < p ≤ 82.5
82.5 < p ≤ 90
90 < p ≤ 97.5
97.5 < p ≤ 105
105 < p ≤ 112.5
112.5 < p ≤ 120
120 < p ≤ 127.5
127.5 < p ≤ 135
Minimum Wind Rating for FM Approved Deck/Above-Deck/Entire1 Assembly
Roof Field Area
Roof Perimeter Area
Roof Corner Area
60
75
105
60
90
120
60
105
150
75
120
180
90
150
225
105
180
270
120
195
300
135
225
330
150
255
360
165
270
405
180
300
435
195
315
480
210
345
510
225
360
540
240
390
585
255
420
615
270
435
660
1
If a minimum 3 ft (0.9 m) high parapet is provided, which is adequately designed for horizontal wind load, treat the corner as a perimeter
area.
2
For roofs with higher field area design pressures, or to interpolate needed perimeter and corner ratings when the field requirements are
between levels, multiply the needed field area design pressure from Table 3, 4 or 5 (of D.S. 1-28) by a safety factor of 2.0 and the respective
pressure coefficient for perimeter and corner areas (see Table 6), and round up to the next highest 15 psf rating interval.
3
Ratings above apply to enclosed buildings, with roof slopes ≤ 7˚ and roof heights ≤ 60 ft (18 m). For other situations, see the respective
tables in this document.
2.3 Wall, Door, and Window Design
Design wall panels, doors, windows and their securement to guidelines in this section. Where the effective
wind area of a door or window considerably exceeds 10 ft2 (1 m2), or 20 ft2 (2 m2), for walls over 60 ft or 18
m high, pressures may be reduced in accordance with ASCE 7 to reflect the larger area only.
Use impact-resistant glazing or glazing protection, and impact-resistant dock doors rated for small or large
missile exposure (as applicable) when located within a windborne debris region (see Appendix A). Ensure they
are satisfactorily tested per Florida Building Code Testing Application Standards (TAS) 201, 202, and 203,
or ASTM Standards E1886 and E1996. Some manufacturers of window films are FM Approved (see the
Approval Guide Building Materials Volume, Windstorm Resistant Fenestration) for small missile resistance for
application on the interior surface of existing windows. Regardless of what design level from Table 1 is
chosen, use the basic wind speed map and Appendix A to determine the need for fenestration
protection.
Determine basic wind speed and Surface Roughness Exposure in accordance with Sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2
of this data sheet. When significant hills, ridges, or escarpments are present, refer to Section 2.2.4. For wind
tunnel testing, refer to Section 2.2.5.
The following provides an overview of the methodology to determine inward and outward wall design
pressures.
2.3.1 Outward Wall Pressure for Enclosed Building
• Determine outward pressure for wall Zone 4 and Θ ≤ 10˚ using Tables 9, 10, or 11.
• Determine outward pressure for wall Zones 4 and 5 various Θ by applying multipliers in Table 12.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
1-28
Wind Design
Page 14
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
2.3.2 Inward Wall Pressure for Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings
• Determine inward pressure for wall Zones 4 and 5 and Θ ≤ 10˚ using Tables 13, 14, or 15. Add internal
and external pressure to obtain total inward pressure.
• Determine inward pressure for various Θ for wall Zones 4 and 5 by applying multipliers in Table 16 to
the internal and external pressure values in Tables 13, 14 and 15, add the resultant values to obtain
total inward pressure.
2.3.3 Outward Wall Pressure for Partially Enclosed Buildings
• Determine outward pressure for wall Zone 4 for various Θ, using Tables 17, 18, 19. Add internal and
external pressure to obtain total pressure.
• Determine outward pressure for wall Zone 5 by:
a) Using internal pressure directly from Tables 17, 18 and 19.
b) Using external pressure from Tables 17, 18, and 19 and then applying wall Zone 5 multipliers from
Table 20.
c) Adding pressures from (a) and (b) above.
2.3.4 Use FM Approved exterior wall panels tested per Approval Standard 4881 for natural hazards exposure,
where available. Select panels with appropriate ratings in accordance with guidelines in sections 3.1.6 and
3.1.7, using a minimum safety factor of 2.0.
2.3.5 Use ASTM E 1300 (or other comparable code or standard outside the United States) to ensure glass
and glazing are resistant to the recommended wind design pressures per this document.
2.3.6 Protect window openings exposed to potential small missiles (such as roof gravel) where the basic
wind speed is equal to or greater than 100 mph (45 m/s) as follows:
• Replace ordinary glazing with small missile-resistant glazing (such as those listed by Dade County, Florida,
USA)
• cover it with FM Approved film
• protect them with hurricane shutters (such as those listed by Dade County)
• protect with plywood of suitable thickness for the opening size and exposure.
Install hardware for shutters and cut plywood to size prior to hurricane season. Keep materials on site and
inspect prior to hurricane season to ensure all parts are available and in good condition. Refer to Appendix A,
Glossary Of Terms, for a description of areas exposed to small missiles under ‘‘Wind Borne Debris Regions
For Small Missiles’’.
2.3.7 Protect window openings exposed to large missiles within 30 to 60 ft (9.1 to 18.3 m), depending on
the local exposure, above grade or within 15 ft (4.6 m) above inadequately secured concrete or clay roof tiles
or other elevated exposures. (Refer to Appendix A, Glossary Of Terms, ‘‘Wind Borne Debris Regions For
Large Missiles’’ and Table 21, ‘‘Height of Ground Level Debris Exposure.’’)
2.3.8 Install sliding door latch mechanisms to release in an upward direction. Latches that release in a
downward direction are prone to self-release from severe door vibrations during high wind pressure cyclic
loading.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 15
Table 9. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4
Mean
Roof
Height
Above
Ground,
h (ft)
0-15
30
60
90
100
200
300
400
500
Mean
Roof
Height
Above
Ground,
h (m)
0-5
10
18
20
27
30
60
90
120
150
p = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in pounds per ft2 (psf)
Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 for h ≤ 60 ft and 1 to 20 ft2 for h > 60 ft; Kz
varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15;
(GCp) = – 1.0 for h ≤ 60 ft and (GCp) = – 0.9 for h > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
145
150
160
170
185
53
53
65
66
68
83
94
102
108
60
60
73
75
77
94
106
115
122
71
71
86
89
91
111
125
136
145
Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in Pounds Per ft2 (psf)
15
15
18
19
19
24
26
29
31
17
17
20
21
22
26
30
32
34
21
21
25
26
27
33
37
40
42
25
25
31
31
32
39
44
48
51
30
30
36
37
38
47
53
57
61
35
35
43
44
45
55
62
67
71
41
41
49
51
52
64
72
78
83
43
43
53
54
56
68
77
83
89
47
47
57
58
60
73
82
89
95
p = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)
Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 for h ≤ 18 m and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 for h > 18 m; Kz
varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15;
(GCp) = – 1.0 for h ≤ 18 m and (GCp ) = – 0.9 for h > 18 m; (GCpi ) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
≤ 38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
2.4
2.5
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.8
4.3
4.6
4.9
2.8
2.9
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.6
4.4
4.9
5.3
5.7
3.2
3.3
3.8
4.0
4.0
4.1
5.0
5.6
6.1
6.5
3.6
3.7
4.3
4.5
4.5
4.6
5.6
6.3
6.8
7.3
Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in kilopascals (kPa)
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.6
2.9
3.1
1.8
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.8
3.1
3.4
3.6
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
3.3
3.7
4.0
4.3
Notes:
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
1-28
Wind Design
Page 16
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Table 10. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4
Mean
Roof
Height
Above
Ground,
h (ft)
0-15
30
60
90
100
200
300
400
500
Mean
Roof
Height
Above
Ground,
h (m)
0–5
10
18
20
27
30
60
90
120
150
p = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in pounds per ft2 (psf)
Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 for h ≤ 60 ft and 1 to 20 ft2 for h > 60 ft; Kz
varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15;
(GCp) = – 1.0 for h ≤ 60 ft and (GCp) = – 0.9 for h > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
145
150
160
170
185
56
65
76
76
77
89
97
103
108
64
74
86
86
88
101
110
117
123
73
84
97
97
99
114
125
132
139
86
99
115
115
117
135
148
157
164
Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in pounds per ft2 (psf)
18
21
24
24
25
29
31
33
35
20
23
27
27
28
32
35
37
39
25
29
34
34
34
40
43
46
48
30
35
41
41
41
48
52
55
58
36
42
48
48
49
57
62
66
69
42
49
57
57
58
67
73
77
81
49
57
66
66
67
78
84
90
94
53
61
71
71
72
83
91
96
101
P = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)
Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 for h ≤ 18 m and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 for h > 18 m; Kz
varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15;
(GCp) = – 1.0 for h ≤ 18 m and (GCp ) = – 0.9 for h > 18 m; (GCpi ) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
≤ 38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
3.0
3.5
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.6
5.0
5.4
5.6
3.4
4.0
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
5.3
5.8
6.2
6.4
3.9
4.5
5.1
5.2
5.2
5.2
6.1
6.6
7.0
7.3
4.4
5.1
5.8
5.9
5.9
5.9
6.8
7.4
7.9
8.3
Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in kilopascals (kPa)
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.3
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.9
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.5
2.2
2.6
2.9
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.4
3.7
3.9
4.1
2.6
3.0
3.4
3.5
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.4
4.6
4.8
Notes:
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 17
Table 11. Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, Area Zone 4
Mean
Roof
Height
Above
Ground,
h (ft)
0-15
30
60
90
100
200
300
400
500
Mean
Roof
Height
Above
Ground,
h (m)
0–5
10
18
20
27
30
60
90
120
150
p = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in pounds per ft2 (psf)
Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 for h ≤ 60 ft and 1 to 20 ft2 for h > 60 ft; Kz
varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15;
(GCp) = – 1.0 for h ≤ 60 ft and (GCp) = – 0.9 for h > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
145
150
160
170
185
78
88
99
99
99
112
120
126
131
88
99
112
112
112
126
135
142
148
104
117
133
133
133
150
160
169
175
Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in pounds per ft2 (psf)
22
25
28
28
28
32
34
36
37
25
28
31
31
31
35
38
40
41
30
34
39
39
39
44
47
49
51
37
42
47
47
47
53
57
60
62
44
49
56
56
56
63
68
71
74
51
58
65
65
65
74
79
83
87
60
67
76
76
76
86
92
97
100
64
72
81
81
81
92
99
104
108
68
77
87
87
87
98
105
111
115
P = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I [(GCp) – (GCpi)] in kilopascals (kPa)
Wall Zone 4; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 for h ≤ 18 m and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 for h > 18 m; Kz
varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15;
(GCp) = – 1.0 for h ≤ 18 m and (GCp ) = – 0.9 for h > 18 m; (GCpi ) = 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
≤ 38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
4.2
4.7
5.2
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.9
6.3
6.6
6.9
4.7
5.3
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.7
7.2
7.5
7.8
5.4
6.0
6.7
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.5
8.1
8.5
8.8
Wall Design Outward Pressure, p, in kilopascals (kPa)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.5
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.1
2.2
2.5
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.7
2.7
3.0
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.8
4.0
4.2
4.4
3.1
3.5
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.4
4.7
5.0
5.2
3.6
4.1
4.5
4.6
4.6
4.6
5.1
5.5
5.8
6.0
Notes:
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
1-28
Wind Design
Page 18
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Table 12. Wall Design Outward Pressure Multipliers for Wall Zones 4 and 5, Enclosed Buildings
Wall Design Outward Pressure Multipliers, Zones 4 and 5, Flat and Gabled Roofs, Θ ≤ 45°
Apply multipliers to pressure values in Tables 9, 10, and 11, as appropriate.
Mean Roof
Roof Angle
Enclosed Building
Height above ground, h (ft)
Zone 4
Zone 5
h ≤ 60 ft (18 m)
Θ ≤ 10°
1.0
1.22
h > 60 ft (18 m)
Θ ≤ 10°
1.0
1.83
h ≤ 60 ft (18 m)
10°< Θ ≤ 45°
1.08
1.34
h > 60 ft (18 m)
10°< Θ ≤ 45°
0.91
1.83
Notes:
1. Value of ‘‘a’’:
a) For h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), ‘‘a’’ is the smaller of 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension or 0.4 times h, but never less than 4% of the
least horizontal dimension, or 3 ft (0.9 m).
b) For h > 60 ft (18 m), ‘‘a’’ is 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension, but not less than 3 ft (0.9 m).
2. Value of ‘‘h’’:
a) For slopes ≤ 10˚, h = eave height.
b) For slopes > 10˚, h = mean roof height.
3. ‘‘w’’ = lesser plan dimension
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
16
16
19
22
22
27
30
33
35
19
19
23
26
27
33
37
40
43
4
4
5
5
5
7
7
8
9
23
23
28
31
32
39
44
48
51
5
5
6
6
6
8
9
10
10
27
27
33
36
38
46
51
56
60
5
5
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
31
31
38
42
44
53
60
65
69
6
6
8
8
9
11
12
13
14
35
36
43
49
50
61
69
74
79
7
7
9
10
10
12
14
15
16
40
40
49
55
57
69
78
85
90
8
8
10
11
11
14
16
17
18
46
46
56
62
64
78
88
96
102
9
9
11
12
13
16
18
19
20
54
54
66
74
76
93
104
113
121
0-5
10
18
20
27
30
60
90
120
150
Notes:
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
2. External z = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m).
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
External z @ specific wall height.
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.5
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.0
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
Internal h = mean roof height.
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.7
3.1
3.3
3.6
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.6
3.2
3.6
3.9
4.1
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
2.1
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.9
3.0
3.6
4.1
4.4
4.7
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
2.4
2.5
2.9
3.0
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.7
5.1
5.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
11
11
13
15
15
19
21
23
24
85
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)m qz(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.
Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
External (z)
≤ 38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Internal (h)
Height Above
Ground2, (m)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
3
3
4
4
4
5
6
7
7
2.8
2.8
3.3
3.4
3.7
3.8
4.7
5.3
5.7
6.2
Internal qh(GCpi)
13
13
16
17
18
22
25
27
29
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
1-28
11
11
14
16
16
20
22
24
25
Wind Design
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
0-15
30
60
90
100
200
300
400
500
Page 19
Height Above
Ground2, (ft)
185
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Table 13. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 10°, Enclosed Building (see Note 2)
p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf) qz(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.
Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
External (z)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
Internal (h)
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
16
18
21
23
23
27
29
31
32
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
19
22
26
28
29
33
36
38
40
4
4
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
23
27
31
34
34
40
43
46
48
5
5
6
7
7
8
9
9
10
28
32
37
40
41
47
52
55
58
6
6
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
32
37
43
47
48
56
61
64
68
6
7
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
38
43
50
55
56
65
70
75
78
8
9
10
11
11
13
14
15
16
43
50
58
63
64
74
81
86
90
9
10
12
13
13
15
16
17
18
49
57
66
71
73
84
92
98
102
10
11
13
14
15
17
18
20
20
55
64
74
81
82
95
104
110
116
11
13
15
16
16
19
21
22
23
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
14
16
18
20
21
24
26
28
29
66
76
88
95
98
113
123
131
137
13
15
18
19
20
23
25
26
27
0–5
10
18
20
27
30
60
90
120
150
Notes:
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
2. External z = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m).
1.4
1.6
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.8
2.9
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.4
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
External z @ specific wall height.
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.3
3.6
3.9
4.0
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
2.3
2.6
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.9
4.2
4.5
4.7
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
Internal h = mean roof height.
2.6
3.0
3.4
3.5
3.7
3.8
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
3.0
3.5
3.9
4.0
4.3
4.4
5.0
5.5
5.8
6.1
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
3.4
3.9
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.9
5.7
6.2
6.6
6.9
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)
qz(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.
Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
External (z)
≤ 38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Internal (h)
Height Above
Ground2, (m)
Wind Design
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
0-15
30
60
90
100
200
300
400
500
1-28
Height Above
Ground2, (ft)
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf)
qz(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.
Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = – 0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
External (z)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
185
Internal (h)
Page 20
Table 14. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 10˚, Enclosed Building, (see Note 2)
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0–5
10
18
20
27
30
60
90
120
150
Notes:
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
23
26
30
32
32
36
39
41
43
28
32
36
38
39
44
47
50
52
6
6
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
33
38
43
46
46
52
56
59
61
7
8
9
9
9
10
11
12
12
39
44
50
54
55
62
66
69
72
8
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
14
45
51
58
62
63
71
77
80
84
9
10
12
12
13
14
15
16
17
52
59
66
71
73
82
88
92
96
10
12
13
14
15
16
18
18
19
59
67
76
81
83
93
100
105
109
12
13
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
67
76
85
92
93
105
113
119
123
13
15
17
18
19
21
23
24
25
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.6
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
2. External z = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m).
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.1
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
2.0
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.4
3.5
3.7
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
External z @ specific wall height.
2.4
2.7
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.3
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
2.8
3.1
3.5
3.5
3.7
3.8
4.3
4.6
4.8
5.0
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
Internal h = mean roof height
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.0
4.3
4.3
4.9
5.3
5.5
5.7
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
3.6
4.1
4.5
4.6
4.8
4.9
5.6
6.0
6.3
6.5
79
90
101
108
110
125
134
141
146
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
16
18
20
22
22
25
27
28
29
85
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
5
5
6
6
6
7
8
8
9
4.1
4.6
5.1
5.2
5.5
5.6
6.3
6.7
7.1
7.4
Internal qh(GCpi)
19
21
24
26
26
29
32
33
35
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
Internal qh(GCpi)
External qz(GCp)
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
Internal qh(GCpi)
Height Above
Ground2, (m)
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
6
p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)
qz(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.
Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
≤ 38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
External qz(GCp)
External (z)
Internal (h)
17
19
21
23
23
26
28
30
31
1-28
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
0-15
30
60
90
100
200
300
400
500
Wind Design
Height Above
Ground2, (ft)
185
Page 21
External (z)
Internal (h)
p = qz(GCp)-qh(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf)
qz(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qh(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.
Wall Zone 4 and 5; Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = 0.9 and (GCpi) = -0.18
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Table 15. Wall Design Inward Pressure, p, for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 10˚ Enclosed Building, (see Note 2)
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.5
1-28
Wind Design
Page 22
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Table 16. Wall Design Inward Pressure Multipliers for Wall Zones 4 and 5, Enclosed and Partially Enclosed Buildings
Wall Design Inward Pressure Multipliers, Zones 4 and 5, for flat and gable roof, Θ ≤ 45°
Apply multipliers to external and internal values in Tables 13, 14, and 15
Height Above
Roof Slope
Enclosed Building
Partially Enclosed Building
Ground, z
Zones 4 and 5
Zones 4 and 5
External
Internal
External
Internal
z ≤ 60 ft (18 m)
Θ ≤ 10°
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.1
z ≤ 60 ft (18 m)
10° < Θ ≤ 45°
1.1
1.0
1.1
3.1
z > 60 ft (18 m)
0° < Θ ≤ 45°
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.1
Notes:
1. Notation: The width of the roof perimeter and corner areas (a) is defined as:
• the smaller of 0.1 times the building lesser plan dimension, or
• 0.4 times the eave height (mean roof height for slopes > 10˚), except for h > 60 ft (18 m), but
• never less than 4% of the least horizontal dimension or 3 ft (1 m), except for h > 60 ft (18 m).
2. Value of ‘‘h’’:
a) For slopes ≤ 10˚, h = eave height.
b) For slopes > 10˚, h = mean roof height.
3. ‘‘w’’ = lesser plan dimension
4. 10° = 2 in./12in. (167 mm/m); 30° = 7 in./12 in. (585 mm/m); 45° = 12 in./12 in.(1m/m)
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
14
14
17
17
18
22
25
27
29
8
8
10
11
11
13
15
16
17
18
18
21
22
22
27
30
33
35
10
10
12
13
14
17
19
20
22
21
21
26
26
27
33
37
40
43
12
12
14
16
16
20
23
24
26
25
25
31
31
32
39
44
48
51
14
14
17
19
20
24
27
29
31
30
30
36
36
38
46
51
56
60
16
16
20
22
23
28
31
34
36
34
34
42
42
44
53
60
65
69
19
19
23
26
27
32
36
40
42
39
39
48
49
50
61
69
74
79
22
22
26
30
31
37
42
45
48
45
45
55
55
57
69
78
85
90
25
25
30
34
35
42
48
52
55
51
51
62
62
64
78
88
96
102
28
28
34
38
39
48
54
58
62
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
7
7
8
10
10
12
13
15
16
60
60
73
74
76
93
104
113
121
33
33
40
45
47
57
64
69
74
0-5
10
18
20
27
30
60
90
120
150
Notes:
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.1
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.5
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.0
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.2
2.0
2.2
2.2
2.7
3.1
3.3
3.6
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.3
2.5
2.6
3.2
3.6
3.9
4.1
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
2. Internal (z) = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m).
Internal (z) @ wall opening height, where h > 60 ft (18 m).
3. For Θ > 10° and roof height h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), increase external pressure values by 10%.
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.9
2.7
2.9
3.0
3.6
4.1
4.4
4.7
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
2.2
2.5
2.7
2.9
2.7
2.8
3.3
3.0
3.3
3.4
4.1
4.6
5.0
5.4
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.3
External (h) = mean roof height
3.0
3.1
3.7
3.4
3.7
3.8
4.7
5.2
5.7
6.1
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
p = qh(GCp)-qz(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)
qh(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.
Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m) ; Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 18 m; (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 18 m and (GCpi) = 0.55
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
External (h)
≤ 38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Internal (z)
Height Above
Ground2, (m)
1-28
13
13
15
16
16
20
22
24
25
Wind Design
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
0-15
30
60
90
100
200
300
400
500
185
Page 23
p = qh(GCp)- qz(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf)
qh(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.
Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 60 ft and (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.55
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
External (h)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
Internal (z)
Height Above
Ground2, (ft)
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Table 17. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure B, Θ ≤ 45˚(3)
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.9
3.2
3.5
3.7
17
20
23
23
23
27
29
31
32
9
11
13
14
14
16
18
19
20
21
25
28
28
29
33
36
38
40
12
14
16
17
17
20
22
23
24
26
30
34
34
34
40
43
46
48
14
16
19
21
21
24
27
28
30
31
35
41
40
41
47
52
55
58
17
19
23
25
25
29
32
34
35
36
42
48
47
48
56
61
64
68
20
23
26
29
29
34
37
39
41
42
48
56
55
56
65
70
75
78
23
26
31
33
34
40
43
46
48
48
55
64
63
64
74
81
86
90
26
30
35
38
39
45
49
52
55
54
63
73
71
73
84
92
98
102
30
35
40
44
45
52
56
60
63
61
71
82
81
82
95
104
110
116
185
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
8
10
11
12
13
15
16
17
18
34
39
45
49
50
58
63
67
71
73
84
97
95
98
113
123
131
137
40
46
54
58
60
69
75
80
84
Notes:
0.7
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.3
2.4
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.1
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.8
2.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.8
3.1
3.3
3.4
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.5
2.9
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.3
3.6
3.8
4.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.9
3.3
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.9
4.2
4.5
4.7
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
2. Internal (z) = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m).
Internal (z) @ wall opening height, where h > 60 ft (18 m).
3. For Θ > 10° and roof height h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), increase external pressure values by 10%.
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.9
3.4
3.8
3.5
3.7
3.8
4.4
4.8
5.1
5.4
1.6
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.9
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.8
4.3
4.0
4.3
4.4
5.0
5.5
5.8
6.1
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.4
3.6
3.7
External (h) = mean roof height
3.7
4.3
4.9
4.5
4.8
4.9
5.7
6.2
6.6
6.9
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
p = qh(GCp)-qz(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)
qh(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.
Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m2 (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 18 m; (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 18 m; (GCpi) = 0.55
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
External (h)
≤ 38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Internal (z)
Height Above
Ground2, (m)
0-5
10
18
20
27
30
60
90
120
150
Wind Design
15
18
21
20
21
24
26
28
29
1-28
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
0-15
30
60
90
100
200
300
400
500
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
p = qh(GCp)- qz(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf)
qh(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.
Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 60 ft and (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.55
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
External (h)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
Internal (z)
Height Above
Ground2, (ft)
Page 24
Table 18. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure C, Θ ≤ 45˚(3)
2.1
2.4
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.5
3.8
4.0
4.2
Wind Design
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FM Global Operating Standards
Page 25
Table 19. Wall Design Outward Pressure p, Zone 4, of Partially Enclosed Buildings for Exposure D, Θ ≤ 45˚(3)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
26
29
33
32
32
36
39
41
43
14
16
18
19
20
22
24
25
26
31
35
40
38
39
44
47
50
52
17
19
22
23
24
27
29
30
32
37
42
47
46
46
52
56
59
61
20
23
26
28
28
32
34
36
38
44
49
55
54
55
62
66
69
72
24
27
30
33
33
38
40
42
44
51
57
64
62
63
71
77
80
84
28
31
35
38
39
44
47
49
51
58
65
74
71
73
82
88
92
96
32 66
36 74
41 84
44 81
44 83
50 93
54 100
56 105
59 109
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
11
13
15
16
16
18
19
20
21
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
21
24
27
26
26
29
32
33
35
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
10
12
13
14
14
16
17
18
19
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
19
21
24
23
23
26
28
30
31
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
0-15
30
60
90
100
200
300
400
500
External qh(GCp)
Height Above
Ground2, (ft)
Internal qz(GCpi)
qh(GCp) = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in psf; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.00256 Kz
Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in psf; tabulated below.
Effective Wind Area: 1 to 10 ft2 (h ≤ 60 ft) and 1 to 20 ft2 (h > 60 ft); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z ≤ 60 ft
and (GCp) = -0.9 for z > 60 ft; (GCpi) = 0.55
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (mph)
External (h)
≤ 85
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
185
Internal (z)
External qh(GCp)
p = qh(GCp)- qz(GCpi), in pounds per ft2 (psf)
36
41
46
50
50
57
61
64
67
74
84
95
92
93
105
113
119
123
41
46
52
56
57
64
69
73
75
88
100
112
108
110
125
134
141
146
49
55
62
66
67
76
82
86
89
qh(GCp) = 0.000613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (GCp) in kPa; tabulated below. qz(GCpi) = 0.000613 Kz
Kzt Kd V2 I (GCpi) in kPa; tabulated below.
2
Effective Wind Area: 0.1 to 0.9 m (h ≤ 18 m) and 0.1 to 1.8 m2 (h > 18 m); Kz varies; Kzt = 1.0; Kd = 0.85; I = 1.15; (GCp) = -1.0 for z
≤ 18 m; (GCp) = - 0.9 for z > 18 m and (GCpi) = 0.55
Basic Wind Speed, V, 3-sec gust, (m/s)
External (h)
≤ 38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Internal (z)
Notes:
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
External qh(GCp)
Internal qz(GCpi)
0-5
10
18
20
27
30
60
90
120
150
Internal qz(GCpi)
Height Above
Ground2, (m)
External qh(GCp)
p = qh(GCp)-qz(GCpi), in kilopascals (kPa)
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.5
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.1
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.1
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.8
3.1
3.4
3.5
3.7
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.6
3.0
3.3
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.3
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.5
3.8
3.5
3.7
3.8
4.3
4.6
4.8
5.0
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.6
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.5
4.0
4.4
4.0
4.3
4.3
4.9
5.2
5.5
5.7
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.6
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
4.6
4.8
4.9
5.6
6.0
6.3
6.5
2.2
2.5
2.8
2.8
3.0
3.0
3.4
3.6
3.8
4.0
4.5
5.1
5.7
5.2
5.5
5.6
6.3
6.7
7.1
7.4
2.5
2.8
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.8
4.1
4.3
4.5
1. Interpolation is appropriate.
2. Internal (z) = h, where h ≤ 60 ft (18 m).
Internal (z) @ wall opening height, where h >
60 ft (18 m).
External (h) = mean roof height
3. For Θ > 10° and roof height h ≤ 60 ft (18 m), increase external Zone 4 pressure values by 10%.
Table 20. Wall Design Outward External Pressure Multipliers for Partially Enclosed Buildings, Wall Zone 5
Wall Design Outward Pressure Multipliers, Zone 5, gable roofs, Θ ≤ 45°
Apply Multipliers to External Pressure Values in Tables 17, 18, and 19
Wall Zone 5
Height Above Ground, z
Roof Angle, Θ
External Pressure Multiplier
z ≤ 60 ft (18 m)
Θ ≤ 10°
1.26
z ≤ 60 ft (18 m)
10° < Θ ≤ 45°
1.27
z > 60 ft (18 m)
0° ≤ Θ ≤ 45°
2.0
Note: Do not increase Zone 5 external pressure by 10% for Θ ≥ 10° and h ≤ 60 ft (18 m). This has been accounted for in Table 20 multipliers
(i.e., disregard footnote No.3 in Tables 17, 18, and 19 when applying Table 20).
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
1-28
Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
2.4 Other Wind Related Items
2.4.1 Design and anchor new roof-mounted equipment to withstand wind speeds according to this data sheet
acting on all exposed surfaces. For additional guidance, refer to ASCE 7.
2.4.2 Where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 100 mph (45 m/s), ensure the roof design does
not use gravel surfacing of any type, which can become a source of wind-borne debris.
Use FM Approved roof coatings, where needed, to provide additional resistance to exterior fire exposure,
hail, and UV (ultraviolet ray) degradation.
Exception: Pea gravel may be used in these regions where it is required, such as adjacent to fire
subdivisions, provided that all gravel remaining at the end of the installation is fully embeded and there is
no loose gravel nested on top. This can be accomplished as follows:
a) Apply aggregate into a flood coat of hot bitumen, and allow to cool and harden.
b) Push away loose aggregate, apply a second flood coat and push the loose gravel back into the second
flood coat, and allow it to cool and harden.
c) Remove any remaining loose gravel from the site.
2.4.3 Provide emergency generators and fuel supplies adequate to fully power all important equipment vital
to production or required for refrigeration of valuable perishable items in hurricane-, tropical cyclone-, or
typhoon-prone areas. Ensure this can provide service for the extent of the power loss, which historically can
be between 5 and 14 days following hurricanes. Provide protection and fire separation for equipment and
fuel supplies in accordance with DS 7-88, Flammable Liquid Storage Tanks.
3.0 SUPPORT FOR RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Background
3.1.1 Wind Pressures
Damage to the structural frame of a building seldom occurs during a windstorm. Yet, a very small breach
in the building envelope can destroy a large area of the interior. For this reason, keeping the building envelope
sealed is one of the most effective ways of preventing windstorm damage to a facility.
This document provides separate calculation methods for wind loads on roofs and walls. Roof design loads
cannot be considered in isolation from the walls. Failure of walls or opening protectives from pressure or
windborne debris (where applicable) leads to internal pressurization effects and can result in direct water
damage to building contents as well as an increase in roof design loads. Consequently, the design of partially
enclosed buildings is NOT recommended.
It is extremely important to recognize that wind blowing over a roof exerts varying uplift forces on different
areas of the roof. For simplicity, the roof can be divided into three areas: (1) corners, (2) perimeter and (3) the
field-of-roof (area inside corners and perimeter). The roof perimeter and corners are exposed to higher uplift
forces than the field of the roof. The maximum uplift force occurs at the corners when the wind blows at an
angle of about 45° to the roof (roughly along the diagonal). The maximum uplift force along the windward roof
perimeter occurs when the wind blows at 90° to the perimeter. Actual pressure coefficients for the corners
and perimeter vary depending on the building height, parapet height, roof slope, etc.
To compensate for these increased pressures, special roof deck and above-deck component fastening is
recommended in the corner and perimeter areas (See D.S. 1-29).
The following is an explanation of the need for Enhanced or Optimum Designs:
Wind maps in this document provide the minimum acceptable wind design criteria. Those for the United States
are from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
Structures” and are used by most building codes in the US. These minimum wind speeds as elsewhere in
the world, provide a basic level of protection to all buildings and have protected most buildings from collapse
and major structural damage.
However, the wind speeds of many hurricanes have exceeded these minimum design wind speeds. This
has and can lead to severely damaged buildings that are not useable for many months after hurricane winds
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 27
and wind-driven rain enter the building, usually from failures of the building envelope – roof flashings and
coverings, roof decks, wall claddings, doors and windows.
For example, a large part of the US coastline in the Gulf of Mexico has a basic design wind speed for a
Category 2 hurricane or less while 47 Category 3, 4 & 5 hurricanes made landfall in the Gulf of Mexico since
1899. A similar situation exists between basic wind speeds and wind speeds of land falling typhoons and
cyclones in other regions.
Therefore it is reasonable to protect coastal properties in this area from a Category 4 hurricane. See section
2.1.1 for specific guidelines.
Table 1 offers various design levels for wind designs that meet or exceed the basic wind speed. The intent
is to provide an increase in building performance for various incremental construction cost increases and
the table takes into consideration the likelihood of various failure modes occurring based on past experience.
3.1.2 Wind Damage
Wind can damage roofs in a number of ways. Types of damage include: (a) perimeter flashing components
removed or loosened; (b) roof covering and/or insulation removed; (c) roof covering and/or insulation lifted
and dropped back into place; (d) structural roof deck panels dislodged or lifted; (e) roof covering damaged by
impact from wind blown objects; (f) dislodged roof protrusions, such as vents, skylights and pipes; and (g)
roof deck delamination within itself such as can occur with improperly installed or designed lightweight
insulating concrete.
Uplift damage to the roof deck usually results in significant additional damage to above-deck components.
This damage can spread a considerable distance beyond the damaged deck even if the above-deck
components are properly secured. After a small area of deck becomes dislodged, wind can act on the loose
edges of the roof cover and insulation. The wind can then peel the cover from the deck.
Other damage that can result are windows, doors, wall cladding blown in or out, and windows broken from
wind-borne debris.
When wall openings exist or are created during the windstorm, higher internal building pressures can result
in higher total loading to walls and roofs. Rain infiltration into the building also occurs. Any or all of these
kinds of damage can occur in one windstorm.
3.1.3 Tornadoes
Within the last decade, there has been a growing trend to design certain structures so they will withstand
winds of tornadic velocity. For example, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission is responsible for the
safekeeping of fissionable and radioactive materials in the United States. In certain areas of the country,
containment vessels, reactors, or any containers that hold these materials are currently designed so they
will not fail, even if hit directly.
The frequency of tornadoes is highest in Oklahoma. Other areas of the United States, however, also
experience a high frequency. Tornadoes have occurred in practically all states (Fig. 12). Property conservation
considerations may require investigation into the feasibility of tornado-resistant design for high value risks
such as high-rise buildings and large industrial plants. The structure would not necessarily require design for
200 to 300-mph (89 to 134 m/s) winds, which would be a direct tornado hit. Design for 150-mph (67 m/s)
wind would probably ensure the safety of the building unless there was a direct hit. The wind speed maps
do not reflect winds by tornadoes. Fig. 10 does provide some insight into the frequency of tornado occurrences
in the U.S. to aid in designs where the tornado threat is considered in the wind design load.
3.1.4 Examples of Design Pressure Determinations (in psf) For Proposed Construction
Example No. 1
h = 60 ft, z = 60 ft, V = 100 mph, Exposure C, roof slope 5 degrees, enclosed building
Wall Outward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 10 and 12) (pressure uniform for full wall height)
Wall Zone 4 = (34)(1) = 34 psf for basic design (51 psf for 500-year design)
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
1-28
Wind Design
Page 28
FM Global Operating Standards
Wall Zone 5 = (34)(1.22) = 41 psf for basic design (62 psf for 500-year design)
Wall Inward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 14 and 16) (external pressure varies with height on wall)
Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (26 external)(1) + (5 internal)(1) = 31 psf for basic design (at top of wall where z = h),
(47 psf for 500-year design)
Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (19 external)(1) + (5 internal)(1) = 24 psf for basic design (at bottom of wall where z =
1), (36 psf for 500-year design)
(Wall Zones 4 & 5 will vary between 24 and 31 psf for basic design (36 and 47 psf for 500-year design),
depending on the z value selected)
Selection of FM Approved Wall Panels for Example No. 1:
If the walls are to be designed for a 500-year wind and FM Approved panels rated for Zone H, +95 psf, 133
psf are proposed, are the panels adequate for the wind pressure?
The highest inward design pressure is 47 psf and the highest outward design pressure is 62 psf for the
500-year design. Applying a 2.0 safety factor results in a minimum needed rating of +94 psf (≤ +95 psf) and
-124 psf (≤ -133 psf), therefore the proposed panels are acceptable for wind pressure.
Roof Upward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 4 and 6)
Roof Zone 1 = (34)(1) = 34 psf for basic design, (51 psf for 500-year design)
Roof Zone 2 = (34)(1.68) = 57 psf for basic design, (86 psf for 500-year design)
Roof Zone 3 = (34)(2.53) = 86 psf for basic design, (129 psf for 500-year design)
Example No. 2
Same as example no. 1, except openings at 60 ft (partially enclosed); determine pressure on story at 60 ft
Wall Outward Pressure/Partially Enclosed Building (Tables 18 and 20) (internal pressure varies with opening
height)
Wall Zone 4 = 28 external + 16 internal = 44 psf for basic design, (66 psf for 500-year design)
Wall Zone 5 = (28 external)(1.26) + 16 internal = 51 psf for basic design, (77 psf for 500-year design)
Wall Inward Pressure/Partially Enclosed Building (Tables 14 and 16) (external pressure varies with height
on wall)
Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (26 external)(1) + (5 internal)(3.1) = 42 psf for basic design, (63 psf for 500-year design)
Roof Upward Pressure/Partially Enclosed Building (Tables 4 and 6)
Roof Zone 1 = (34)(1.31) = 45 psf for basic design, (68 psf for 500-year design)
Roof Zone 2 = (34)(1.99) = 68 psf for basic design, (102 psf for 500-year design)
Roof Zone 3 = (34)(2.85) = 97 psf for basic design, (146 psf for 500-year design)
Example No. 3
h = 200 ft, z = 100 ft, V = 100 mph, Exposure C, roof slope 5 degrees, enclosed building
Wall Outward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 10 and 12) (pressure uniform for full wall height)
Wall Zone 4 = (40)(1) = 40 psf for basic design, (60 psf for 500-year design)
Wall Zone 5 = (40)(1.83) = 73 psf for basic design, (110 psf for 500-year design)
Wall Inward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 14 and 16) (external pressure varies with height on wall)
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 29
Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (29 external)(1) + (7 internal)(1) = 36 psf for basic design, (54 psf for 500-year design)
Roof Upward Pressure/Enclosed Building (Tables 4 and 6)
Roof Zone 1 = (58)(1) = 58 psf for basic design, (87 psf for 500-year design)
Roof Zone 2 = (58)(1.57) = 91 psf for basic design, (137 psf for 500-year design)
Roof Zone 3 = (58)(2.14) = 124 psf for basic design, (186 psf for 500-year design)
Example No. 4
Same as example no. 3, except openings at 100 ft (partially enclosed); determine pressure on story at 100 ft
Wall Inward Pressure/Partially Enclosed (Tables 14 and 16) (external pressure varies with height on wall)
Wall Zones 4 & 5 = (29 external)(1) + (7 internal)(3.1) = 51 psf for basic design, (77 psf for 500-year design)
Wall Outward Pressure/Partially Enclosed (Tables 18 & 20) (internal pressure varies with opening height)
Wall Zone 4 = 33 external + 17 internal = 50 psf for basic design, (75 psf for 500-year design)
Wall Zone 5 = (33 external)(2) + 17 internal = 83 psf for basic design, (125 psf for 500-year design)
Roof Upward Pressure
Same as Example No. 3 (roof pressure at 200 ft not affected by opening at 100 ft)
3.1.6 FM Approved Exterior Wall Wind Load Ratings
3.1.6.1 General FM Approval Categories. FM Approvals recognizes three (3) different wind zone categories.
These FM Approvals categories are referred to as Zone HM, Zone H and Zone NH.
Use exterior wall assemblies rated for Zone HM for sites located in hurricane-prone regions and subject
to missile impact from windborne debris (see Appendix A). The ratings are determined from static and
cyclic pressure tests and the missile impact test(s). Such assemblies may meet the requirements of either
the large missile (LM) or the small missile (SM) impact test (see section 3.1.6.3).
Use exterior wall assemblies rated for Zone H for sites located in hurricane-prone regions but not subject
to missile impacts from windborne debris. The ratings are determined from static and cyclic pressure
tests.
Use exterior wall assemblies rated for Zone NH in non-hurricane-prone regions that are not subjected
to either hurricane force winds or missile impacts from windborne debris. The ratings are determined from
static pressure tests. Cyclic pressure tests are also conducted, but with considerably less cycles than for a
Zone H or HM rated system.
3.1.6.2 Wind Pressure Ratings. Use this document to determine the minimum wind load ratings needed
based on the building’s geometry and geographic location. All FM Approved Class 1 exterior wall assemblies
have a wind load rating. The rating is expressed as a pair of inward and outward acting pressures (Pinward
and Poutward) using a static pressure test and a cyclic pressure test. The FM Approved rating is the lowest pair
of pressures (inward and outward) from the static pressure test or the cyclic pressure test that are
successfully held prior to failure. The ratings are given in increments of 5 lbs/ft2 (0.25 kPa) based on the inward
pressure.
The magnitude of the pressure on the leeward side is equal to or higher than the pressure on the windward
side. Because of this, the outward pressure used in the test program is of greater magnitude than the inward
pressure. The FM Approved outward pressure will be based on pressure coefficients of either (-1.4) or (-2.0)
based on an applied pressure (+P) on the windward side. The positive sign is used to signify the fact that
Pinward applies forces toward the wall. The negative sign is used to signify that Poutward draws forces away
from the wall (suction). Examples of possible wind load ratings are +50 lbs/ft2, -70 lbs/ft2 (+2.4 kPa, -3.3 kPa)
or +40 lbs/ft2, -80 lbs/ft2 (+1.9 kPa, -3.8 kPa). A safety factor of 2.0 should be applied to the inward and
outward design pressures obtained from this document prior to selecting the rated panel. For
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
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Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
example, for a location where the design pressures per this document are +25 lbs/ft2, -35 lbs/ft2 (+1.3
kPa, -1.7 kPa), use an FM Approved panel rated for at least +50 lbs/ft2, -70 lbs/ft2 (+2.4 kPa, -3.3 kPa).
3.1.6.3 Windborne Debris Rating. FM Approved exterior wall systems may be optionally qualified for
windborne debris (missile impact) resistance. Two categories of impact resistance are available; large missile
or small missile. The FM Approvals designation for the large or small missile impact resistance rating is
categorized by the suffix LM (large missile impact resistance) or SM (small missile impact resistance).
Within each category of missile impact resistance, there are two (2) levels of FM Approval. The level of
FM Approval is based on the acceptance criteria used. The first level of FM Approval is based on the
International Building Code (IBC). The second level of FM Approval is based on the acceptance criteria of
the Florida Building Code (FBC). This distinction is being made as the acceptance criteria for the FBC is more
stringent than the acceptance criteria for some other parts of the world. The main difference is that the IBC
acceptance criteria allows for the development of small through openings that may be acceptable in some
cases, whereas the FBC does not allow the missile to penetrate the building component being tested. When
the second level of FM Approval is obtained, the connotation (FL) is shown after the category of missile
impact resistance. For example, an exterior wall panel that meets the large missile impact resistance using
the first level (IBC) of Approval criteria would be shown as Wind Zone HM – LM (see Section 3.1.6.2 for
Wind Zone Designations). An exterior wall panel that meets the small missile impact resistance using the
second level (FBC) of FM Approvals criteria would be shown as Wind Zone HM – SM (FL).
Use FM Approved panels rated HM – SM or HM – SM (FL), where small missile exposure exists
according to Appendix A. Use FM Approved panels rated HM – LM or HM – LM (FL), where small or
large missile exposure exists according to Appendix A. Final determination between using a panel
tested per IBC or FBC (FL rating) should be made by the building owner and authority having jurisdiction.
3.1.7 FM Approved Exterior Wall Hail and Fire Ratings
3.1.7.1 Hail Rating
All FM Approved Class 1 exterior wall assemblies have a hail resistance rating. This rating simulates the
expected impact of hail. The ratings available are Severe (SH) and Moderate (MH). Use wall assemblies with
an SH rating for locations within the “severe” hail boundaries of the hail map in DS 1-29. At locations outside
the U.S., use SH rated systems for locations with local weather records that indicate an average of three
or more hail storms per year. MH or SH rated systems can be used in all other areas.
3.1.7.2 Class 1 Fire Rating
In order to qualify as an FM Approved Class 1 Exterior Wall System per FM Approval Standard 4881, the
wall panel must have been determined to exhibit limited combustibility in accordance with FM Approvals
Standard 4880, Class 1 Insulated Wall or Wall and Roof/Ceiling Panels; Plastic Interior Finish Systems; Plastic
Exterior Building Panels; Wall/Ceiling Coatings Systems; and Interior or Exterior Finish Systems.
3.2 Loss History
Windstorms contribute significantly to the overall losses of FM Global customers; an average of US$160
million per year and 11% of total losses in the past 25 years. Nearly all of this damage could have been
prevented.
A review of losses following Hurricane Georges in 1998 showed FM Global engineering to be very effective
at identifying where roofing losses will occur, and how to build new construction or retrofit existing construction
economically, to avoid wind losses. FM Global engineers had identified the primary causes of 77% of the
large losses. More important, FM Global engineering guidelines were very effective at reducing damage.
Facilities that followed FM Global recommendations for roofing enhancements had significantly better loss
experience.
4.0 REFERENCES
4.1 FM Global
Data Sheet 1-29, Roof Deck Securement and Above-Deck Roof Components
Data Sheet 1-30, Repair of Wind Damaged Roof Systems
Data Sheet 1-31, Metal Roof Systems
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Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Operating Standards
Page 31
Data Sheet 1-32, Existing PVC Roof Covers
Data Sheet 1-33, Safeguarding Torch-Applied Roof Installation
Data Sheet 1-49, Perimeter Flashing
Data Sheet 1-52, Field Uplift Tests
Data Sheet 1-54, Roof Loads for New Construction
FM Approvals RoofNav
The Approval Guide (Building Materials Volume), a publication of FM Approvals
4.2 Other
4.2.1 American Society of Civil Engineers
ASCE Standard 7-05, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.
ASCE Manual No. 67, Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings and Structures.
4.2.2 American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) International
ASTM E 330-02, Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights
and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference
ASTM E 1233-00, Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls and
Doors by Cyclic Static Air Pressure Differential
ASTM E 1300-04, Standard Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in Buildings
ASTM E 1886-02, Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and
Storm Shutters Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
ASTM E 1996-03, Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and
Storm Shutters Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes
4.2.3 Florida Building Code
Testing Application Standard (TAS) 201-94, Impact Test Procedures
Testing Application Standard (TAS) 202-94, Criteria for Testing Impact & Non-impact Resistant Building
Envelope Components Using Uniform Static Air Pressure
Testing Application Standard (TAS) 203-94, Criteria for Testing Products Subject to Cyclic Wind Pressure
Loading
APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Some of the variable coefficients mentioned in some tables are not defined in this data sheet, as this
information is not necessary to utilize this data sheet. They are included here for those interested in knowing
how the table values were derived from ASCE Standard 7. More information on these variables is available
in ASCE Standard 7.
Basic wind speed, V: three-second gust speed of 33 ft (10 m) above the ground in Surface Roughness
Exposure C, as provided in the wind speed information of this data sheet.
Building, enclosed (see Flow Chart A): A building that does not comply with the requirements for open
or partially enclosed buildings.
Building, open: A building having each wall at least 80% open.
Building, partially enclosed (see Flow Chart A): A building in a non-hurricane-prone region that complies
with both of the following conditions:
1. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the area
of openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more than 10%, and
2. The total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds 4 ft2 (0.37 m2) or
1% of the area of that wall, whichever is smaller, and the percentage of openings in the balance of the building
envelope does not exceed 20%.
Buildings in a hurricane-prone region that either meet criteria 1 and 2 above, or have wall cladding, or door
or window opening protectives inadequate for design wind pressures or missile exposure (if applicable), are
also considered partially enclosed.
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FM Global Operating Standards
Note: The above definition is from ASCE 7. From a practical standpoint, Flowchart A may generally be used
to determine whether the building is enclosed or partially enclosed.
Building width, W: The lesser plan dimension.
Effective wind area: The span length times the effective width. For roof cover, roof deck or wall panel
fastening, the effective wind area should not exceed that supported by the fastener or clip (generally reflected
in the tables in this document).
Escarpment: A cliff or steep slope, usually separating two levels or gently sloping areas.
FM Approved: References to ″FM Approved″ in this data sheet mean the product or service has satisfied
the criteria for Approval by FM Approvals. Refer to the Approval Guide, a publication of FM Approvals, for a
complete listing of products and services that are FM Approved.
Girts: Wall-framing members that immediately support the wall panels.
Hill: A land surface characterized by strong relief in any horizontal direction.
Hurricane-prone regions: Areas vulnerable to hurricanes. Areas in the United States and its territories
include:
1. The U.S. Atlantic Coast and Gulf of Mexico Coast, including parts of Mexico and Central America, where
the basic wind speed per DS 1-28 is greater than 90 mph, and
2. Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Island, and American Samoa.
For locations outside the United States, any areas that are in a “tropical cyclone” region or “typhoon-prone”
region. This includes but is not limited to parts of Australia, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Indonesia, India,
Bangladesh, the Phillipines, japan, south Korea, Hong Kong, Macau, Vietnam, and Taiwan, where the basic
wind speed per DS 1-28 is greater than 90 mph.
Importance factor: In accordance with ASCE Standard 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures, a factor that accounts for the degree of hazard to human life and damage to property. Its value
varies from 0.77 to 1.15. In applying this data sheet, the value of the importance factor is always taken as 1.15.
Inward wind pressure: A condition created on the windward side of a building. It is caused by wind forces
and places forces toward the wall. It is sometimes referred to as positive pressure.
Mean roof height (h): The average of the roof eave height and the height to the highest point on the roof
surface, except for roof angles of less than or equal to 10°, where the mean roof height is the roof eave height.
Openings: Apertures or holes in the building envelope that allow air to flow through the building envelope
and that are designed as ‘‘open’’ during design winds as defined by these provisions. Glass area and doors
that are insufficiently designed to resist design wind pressures per this data sheet, and/or wind-borne debris
as defined in Appendix A of this data sheet, are considered openings. (Make the glazing in the wind-borne
debris regions impact-resistant glazing or protected with an impact resistant covering or assume such glazing
that receives positive external pressure to be openings). For roof design pressures, openings are only
considered when located on the story immediately below the roof.
Outward wind pressure: A condition created on the leeward side of a building. It is caused by wind forces
and places forces away from the wall. It is sometimes referred to as negative pressure.
Primary roof framing: Structural framing that supports the secondary framing.
Pressure coefficient: A factor accounting for variations in inward and outward wind pressure on walls at
different locations and elevations of the same building.
Ridge: An elongated crest of a hill characterized by strong relief in two directions.
Secondary roof framing: Structural framing, such as joists or purlins, that immediately supports the roof
deck.
Surface Roughness Exposure B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous
closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger. Use of this exposure category
should be limited to those areas for which terrain representative of surface roughness B prevails in all
directions for a distance of at least 2600 ft (792 m) or 20 times the height of the building or other structure,
whichever is greater. Limited openings in this surface roughness, such as parking lots, wide roads, road
intersections, playing fields, underdeveloped lots, and tree clearings can be tolerated in Surface Roughness
Exposure B. (Exception: When such clearings are adjacent to the building and exceed 600 ft [183 m] in
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total length measured from the building and exceed 164 ft [50 m] in width, use Surface Roughness Exposure
C). For buildings whose mean height is less than or equal to 30 ft (9.1 m), the prevailing exposure B distance
may be reduced to 1500 ft (460 m).
Note: For a site located in a transition Zone between Surface Roughness Exposure categories, the
category resulting in the largest wind forces shall be used.
Surface Roughness Exposure C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less
than 30 ft (9.1 m), such as flat, open country and grasslands, water surfaces in hurricane-prone regions where
the basic wind speed is ≥ 120 mph (54 m/s), and in all cases where exposure B or D do not apply. This also
includes Surface Roughness Exposure B terrain that is interrupted by adjacent clearings (parking lots, wide
roads, road intersections, playing fields, underdeveloped lots, tree clearings, etc.) of greater than 600 ft
(183 m) in length measured from the building and exceeding 164 ft (50 m) in width.
Note: For a site located in a transition Zone between Surface Roughness Exposure categories, the
category resulting in the largest wind forces shall be used.
Surface Roughness Exposure D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces including smooth mud flats,
salt flats, and unbroken ice. For hurricane-prone shorelines on an ocean or sea having wind speeds ≥ 120
mph (54 m/s), use Surface Roughness Exposure category C. Some U.S. shorelines in exposure D include
inland waterways, the Great Lakes, and coastal areas of California, Oregon, Washington, and Alaska. This
exposure applies to those buildings and other structures where this surface roughness prevails in the upwind
direction for a distance greater than 5000 ft (1524 m) or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater.
Note: For a site located in a transition Zone between Surface Roughness Exposure categories, the
category resulting in the largest wind forces shall be used.
Tropical cyclone-prone region: An area prone to tropical storms in which winds rotate about a center of
low atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the northern
hemisphere.
Typhoon-prone region: Areas including but not limited to the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Japan, South
Korea, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam.
Wind-borne debris: Pieces of broken material and other objects that have become airborne projectiles due
to the high winds caused by hurricanes, tropical cyclones, and typhoons.
Wind-borne debris regions for large missiles: Geographical areas within hurricane-, cyclone- or typhoonprone regions where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than 110 mph, and for large missiles the
following elevations apply:
Table 21. Height of Ground-Level Debris Exposure
3-Second Gust Wind Speed, (V)
mph (m/s)
110 (49) ≤ V < 120 (54) and greater than one mile from the coast, and all of
inland Florida
110 (49) ≤ V < 120 (54) and within one mile from the coast
V ≥ 120 (54)
Height Above Grade Exposed to
Large Missiles, ft (m)
30 (9)
60 (18)
60 (18)
Large missile exposure also includes up to 15 ft (4.6 m) above inadequately secured concrete or clay roof
tiles or other exposures on adjacent or nearby roofs.
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FM Global Operating Standards
Flow Chart A. Enclosed building vs. partially enclosed building
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Wind-borne debris regions for small missiles (adjacent or nearby roof gravel): Geographical areas
within hurricane-, cyclone- or typhoon-prone regions where the basic wind speed is equal to or greater than
100 mph (45 m/s). Small missile exposure to windows in these areas exists for any of the following:
a) Windows facing an adjacent roof top covered with gravel, up to 15 ft (4.6 m) above the roof elevation.
b) Windows on a wall positioned 90-degrees to an adjacent building with a gravel-covered roof top.
c) Windows on a wall facing a nearby building with gravel-covered roof top, where the space separation
is less than (x).
h
0.22
xn = 0.32V 30
√h
( )
where x = separation distance, (ft)
subscripts:
V = basic wind speed, (mph)
h = height of gravel covered roof top, (ft)
n - needed; p - provided
If xp < xn, where subscript P-provided, the height of glass damage above grade that needs small missile
resistance (hd) is:
hd = h −
[
xp
h
0.32 v 30
( )
0.22
]
2
APPENDIX B DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY
September 2007. Minor corrections were made to Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6.
February 2007. The following changes were done for this revision:
• Guidelines were added regarding the use of higher design levels to facilitate part or all of the building design
to meet winds that exceed the basic wind speed.
• Information was added regarding the new category of approved exterior wall panels (per FM Approvals
Standard 4881) for natural hazards exposures, including respective ratings which are appropriate for
various exposures.
• Example problems were edited to reflect optional design pressures that are higher than that for the basic
wind speed. Guidance on door and window design, and building frame design was clarified.
• Some additions and revisions were made to the Appendix A, in part, to be consistent with changes to ASCE
7-05. This includes the deletion of Surface Roughness Exposure A, changes to the definitions of Surface
Roughness Exposure B, C, and D, and a change in the cutoff for low-slope and moderate slope roofs
from 10° to 7° and from 30° to 27° respectively, for some situations.
• Flow Chart A was modified.
• Table 8 was revised to be consistent with changes in DS 1-29.
September 2005. Clarification was made to Flow Chart A, Enclosed building vs. partially enclosed buildings.
January 2002. This revision includes a complete reformatting of wind design guidance. Wind loading
requirements from the previous Data Sheet 1-7 and 1-28 have been combined into this single wind load data
sheet. Load resistance issues are provided in the other data sheets listed above. Also, roof deck securement
issues are now in Data Sheet 1-29.
This revision of the document includes a ‘‘3-sec gust averaged time’’ unit of wind speed, rather than the former
‘‘fastest-mile’’ unit of wind speed. Also, design pressures are now derived directly from the American Society
of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Standard 7-98, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. This
encompasses some of the latest available technology for determining wind design pressures.
Inward and outward wall design pressures can be determined, as well as roof outward design pressures.
These are a combination of internal and external pressures. Outward wall design pressures are uniform for
the full wall height. Inward wall design pressures vary with height of the wall.
The term ‘‘partially enclosed’’ was previously addressed by the term ‘‘large openings’’. The adjustments to
pressure are somewhat different than the previous adjustments.
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FM Global Operating Standards
September 2000. This revision of the document has been reorganized to provide a consistent format.
August 1998. Major revisions were made.
APPENDIX C SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Basic Wind Speed Maps
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Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 37
130°
125°
120°
115°
110°
105°
45°
Coastal Washington
in Special Wind Region
Minimum basic wind
speed is 100(45)
Coastal Oregon
in Special Wind Region
Minimum basic wind
speed is 90(40)
50°
85(
38)
40°
45°
35°
90(4
85(3
8
0)
40°
)
30°
35°
0
400
200
Kilometers
0
100
200
300
Miles
25°
30°
120°
115°
110°
105°
Special Wind Region
Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s)
at 33ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped
contour of the coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions
shall be examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values
from local building officials. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%
except where minimum wind speed values are noted in Washington and Oregon
Fig. 3. Basic Wind Speeds - Western United States. (8/2001)
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Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
100°
95°
90°
85°
80°
75°
70°
50°
90(40)
45°
45°
100(45)
110(49)
45°
120(54)
40°
90(40)
40°
130(58)
35°
140(63)
35°
140(63)
130(58)
140(63)
30°
140(63)
140(63)
150(67)
150(67)
25°
150(67)
90(40)
100(45)
25°
110(49)
140(63)
130(58)
120(54)
100°
95°
90°
85°
80°
Special Wind Region
0
400
200
Kilometers
0
100
200
Miles
300
Saffir-Simpson
Category 1
Category 2
Category 3
Category 4
Category 5
30°
3-sec gust speeds
88-115 mph (39-51 m/s)
115-133 mph (51-60 m/s)
133-158 mph (60-70 m/s)
158-187 mph (70-84 m/s)
> 187 mph (> 84 m/s)
fastest-mile speeds
74-99 mph (33-44 m/s)
100-117 mph (45-52 m/s)
118-139 mph (53-62 m/s)
140-169 mph (63-76 m/s)
> 170 mph (76 m/s)
Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s)
at 33ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped
contour of the coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions
shall be examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values
from local building officials. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%.
Fig. 3. (part 2). Basic Wind Speeds - Central & Eastern United States. (8/2001)
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Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 39
105°
100°
95°
90°
35°
35°
90(40)
100(45)
110(49)
120(54)
130(58)
140(63)
90(40)
30°
30°
150(67)
140(63) 140(63)
150(67)
90(40)
140(63)
25°
100(45)
50
0
100
110(49)
200
25°
130(58)
120(54)
Kilometers
50
0
50
100
Miles
100°
95°
90°
Special Wind Region
Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s)
at 33ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped
contour of the coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions
shall be examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values
from local building officials. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%.
Fig. 3. (part 3). Basic Wind Speeds - Western Gulf of Mexico Coastline of United States. (8/2001)
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Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
90°
85°
80°
110(49)
100(45)
75°
90(40)
120(54)
130(58)
35°
140(63)
35°
90(40)
140(63)
90(40)
30°
100(45)
110(49)
30°
120(54)
130(58)
140(63)
130(58)
140(63)
140(63)
150(67)
150(67)
50
100
0
200
25°
Kilometers
50
0
50
140(63)
150(67)
100
Miles
90°
85°
80°
Special Wind Region
Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s)
at 33ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped
contour of the coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions
shall be examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values
from local building officials. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%.
Fig. 3. (part 4). Basic Wind Speeds - Eastern Gulf of Mexico and Southern Atlantic Coastline of United States. (8/2001)
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Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 41
80°
75°
70°
65°
45°
90(40)
100(45)
110(49)
45°
120(54)
40°
90(40)
40°
35°
90(40)
50
0
100
200
80°
120(54)
100(45)
75°
110(49)
70°
Kilometers
50
0
50
100
Miles
Special Wind Region
Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s)
at 33ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped
contour of the coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges, ocean promontories, and special wind regions
shall be examined for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values
from local building officials. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%.
Fig. 3. (part 5). Basic Wind Speeds - Mid-Atlantic and Northern Atlantic Coastline of United States. (8/2001)
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1-28
Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
175°
170°
165°
160°
155°
150°
145°
140°
135°
130°
125°
115°
120°
70°
70°
120(54)
110(49)
100(45)
90(40)
130(58)
65°
65°
90(40)
60°
90(40)
60°
130(58)
100(45)
110(49)
55°
55°
120(54)
130(58)
(130(58)
165°
160°
155°
150°
145°
140°
0
135°
200
400
130°
600
Kilometers
0
200
400
Miles
Notes: 1. Values are nominal design 3-second gust wind speeds in miles per hour (m/s)
at 33ft (10m) above ground for Exposure C category.
2. Linear interpolation between wind contours is appropriate.
3. Islands and coastal areas outside the last contour shall use the last wind spped
contour of the coastal area.
4. Mountainous terrain, gorges and ocean promontories, shall be examined
for unusual wind conditions. Seek 50-yr MRI wind speed values from local
building officials. As a minimum, increase the wind speed values by 10%.
Fig. 4. Basic Wind Speeds - Alaska. (8/2001)
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Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 43
115°
85
85
95
105°
110°
100
100
90
95
95
90
100
Gu
30°
95
lf
90
of
100
Ca
o
lif
ia
rn
110
9
110
90
95
90
85
135
100
95
95
90
85
95
25°
110
125
150
90
85
150
135
125 100
110
110
95
85
85
110
125
150
85
135
110
Pacific
Ocean
20°
90
100
85
95
110
125
135
150
M
85
125
110 100 95
110
125
135
Notes: Consult local records in mountainous areas
To convert these basic wind speeds in mph to m/s
multiply by 0.447
50
0
100
50
0
50
Miles
Fig. 5. Basic Wind Speeds - Western Mexico, 3-sec gust in miles per hour. (8/2001)
©2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
200
Kilometers
100
125
Wind Design
1-28
Page 44
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
100°
90°
95°
30°
95
95
105
95
90
85
90
125
25°
95
85
105
125
110
110
Gulf of
Mexico
100
85
90
95
100
90
85
100
95
100
95
100 95
95
105
85
90
95
85
95
95
120
120
90
100
110
100
100
110
95
110
85
125
100
20°
85
135
85
85
Mexico
City
0
100
95
85
85
85
100 95
110
110
90 95
15°
85
Notes: Consult local records in mountainous areas
To convert these basic wind speeds in mph to m/s
multiply by 0.447
50
0
100
200
Kilometers
50
0
50
100
Miles
Fig. 5. (part 2) Basic Wind Speeds - Eastern Mexico, 3-sec gust in miles per hour. (8/2001)
©2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
130°
140°
135°
145°
150°
155°
160°
REGION C
Tropical Cyclones
10°
Arafura Sea
10°
31 mi
(50 km)
Insets from
smoothed coastline 62 mi
(100 km)
Gulf of
Carpentaria
Indian Ocean
REGION B
15°
Intermediate
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Coral
Sea
15°
Northern
Territory
REGION D
Severe Tropical
Cyclones
20°
REGION C
REGION A
20°
Normal
Tropical Cyclones
TROPIC OF
CAPRICORN
TROPIC OF
CAPRICORN
25°
Western
Australia
REGION B
Intermediate
REGION B
25°
Intermediate
South Australia
1-28
125°
Wind Design
120°
Page 45
115°
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
110°
30°
30°
Victoria
35°
35°
AUSTRALIA
BASIC WIND SPEEDS
Regions
REGION A Normal
3-sec gust Wind Speeds
92 mph (41 m/s)
REGION B Intermediate
110 mph (49 m/s)
REGION C Tropical Cyclones
124 mph (55 m/s)
REGION D
Severe Tropical
Cyclones
Indian Ocean
REGION A
Normal
Tasmania
144 mph (64 m/s)
Note: 1. For sites located within hills, ridges or escarpments increase
wind speed by applying the topographic multiplier, Mt, in the
Australian Standard, AS 1170.2-1989,Sec 3.2.8.
2. Using the M t multiplier is acceptable as the topographic
factor, K zt.
Fig. 6. Basic Wind Speeds - Australia, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)
0
200
400
600
Kilometers
0
200
Miles
400
40°
1-28
Wind Design
Page 46
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
170°
175°
180°
165°
NEW ZEALAND
BASIC WIND SPEEDS
I
3-sec gust
Wind Speeds
101 mph (45 m/s)
II
88 mph (39 m/s)
III
85 mph (38 m/s)
IV
94 mph (42 m/s)
V
98 mph (44 m/s)
VI
88 mph (39 m/s)
VII
98 mph (44 m/s)
Regions
35°
Bay of
Islands
Kaitaia
35°
Whangarei
I
Notes: 1. For sites located within hills, ridges, escarpments,
lee zones, or above an elevation of 1640ft (500m)
increase wind speeds by applying topographic multiplier, M t,
in the New Zealand Standard NZS 4203-1992, Part 5.4.6.
2. Using the M t multiplier is acceptable as the topographic
factor, K zt .
Bay of
Plenty
Thames
Auckland
Morrinsville
Tauranga
Huntly
Hamilton
II
NORTH
ISLAND
Taupo
New Plymouth
Stratford
TASMAN SEA
Wanganui
40°
Westport
SOUTH
ISLAND
Hokitika
Westland
National
Park
Wanaka
VI
Nelson
Blenheim
Hammer
Springs
Cook
Strait
Gisborne
Napier Hawke
Bay
Hastings
Waiouru
Ohakune
Collingwood
III
Whakatane
Rotorua
Waipawa
Waipukurau
Palmerston
North
Masterton
Upper Hutt
40°
IV
V Wellington
Kaikoura
Culverden
Mount
Cook
Christchurch
Methven
Haast
Ashburton
Twizel
Milford
Sound
PACIFIC OCEAN
Cromwell
45°
Te Anau
Timaru
Oamaru
Alexandra
45°
Dunedin
Invercargill
LEE ZONES
VII
North-west wind
Oban
Shadow Zone
Outer Zone
50
0
100
200
South-east wind
Kilometers
50
0
50
Shadow Zone
100
Outer Zone
Miles
50°
165°
170°
175°
180°
Fig. 7. Basic Wind Speeds - New Zealand, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)
©2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
50°
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 47
70°
80°
75°
90°
85°
95°
100°
105°
45°
110
(49)
40°
110
(49)
1
110
(49)
110
(49)
102
(45)
35°
110
(49)
102
(45)
90
20 (40)
21
W. CHINA
30°
102
(45)
110
(49)
102
(45)
25°
102
(45)
85
(38)
90
(40)
90
(40)
52
2
85
(38)
90
(40)
20°
85
(38)
85°
0
200
90°
95°
100°
400
Kilometers
0
100
200
Miles
300
Note: For numbered city names and basic wind speeds, see Fig. 7. (part 3).
Fig. 8. Basic Wind Speeds for Western China, 3-sec. gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)
©2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
85
(38)
65
105°
1-28
Wind Design
Page 48
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
100°
105°
110°
115°
120°
125°
130°
135°
90
3
(40)
102
(45)
90
(40)
50°
102
(45)
4
110
(49)
108
(48)
5
90
(40)
6
7
45°
8
9
10
102
(45)
110
(49)
40°
13
11
12
14
17
102
(45)
90
20 (40)
15
16
22
21
24
90
(40)
23
35°
26
102
(45)
02
5)
27
85
(38)
E. CHINA
85
(38)
42
44
45
46
47
56
59
64
69
68
74
78
108 70
(48)
77
73
71
75
127
(57)
63
85
(38)
118
(53)
50
62
90
(40)
65
108
(48)
118
(53)
41
43
48
49
55
61
67
90
(40)
34
35
40
90
(40)
60
66
85
(38)
36
37
58
57
25°
33
85
(38)
90
(40)
85
(38)
53
0
90
0)
(40)
32
39
54
52
30°
31
38
85
(38)
90
(40)
25
30
29
28
18 19
108
(48)
127
(57)
76
72
400
200
0
Kilometers
0
100
Note: For numbered city names and basic wind speeds, see Fig. 7. (part 3).
200
300
Miles
Fig. 8. (part 2) Basic Wind Speeds for Eastern China, 3-sec. gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)
©2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
Qinghuangdao
Dalian
Ningchuan
Taiyuan
Shijiazhuang
13
14
15
16
17
Fig. 8. (Part 3) Basic wind speed for selected cities - China
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Xuzhou
31
Dongtai
Zhenjiang
Nanjing
Ma’anshan
Hefei
Wuhu
34
35
36
37
38
39
Sheyang
Lianyungang
30
Yangzhou
Kaifeng
29
33
Zhenzhou
28
32
Baoji
Xi an
Qingdao
25
27
Weifang
24
26
Yan’an
Handan
23
21
22
Xining
Lanzhou
20
Yantai
Tianjin
12
Weihai
Beijing
11
19
Anshan
10
18
Fushun
Changchun
7
Shenyang
Wulanhaote
6
9
Harbin
5
8
Mohe
Qiqihaer
Lhasa
2
4
Urmuqi
1
3
City Name
City
No.
90 (40)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
90 (40)
95 (43)
90 (40)
85 (38)
85 (38)
113 (51)
90 (40)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
118 (53)
113 (51)
85 (38)
85 (38)
110 (49)
118 (53)
90 (40)
90 (40)
85 (38)
95 (43)
102 (45)
95 (43)
106 (47)
106 (47)
95 (43)
95 (43)
85 (38)
85 (38)
110 (49)
Basic Wind Speed
3-sec. gust mph
(m/s)
Zhuhai
Guangzhou
Shenzhen
Hong Kong
Shanwei
Shantou
75
76
77
78
Maoming
72
74
Zhanjiang
71
73
Nanning
70
Guiyang
66
Quanzhou
Kunming
65
69
Wenzhou
64
Guilin
Fuding
63
Xiamen
Fuzhou
62
68
Nanping
61
67
Yuhuan
Zhuzhou
Nanchang
58
60
Changsha
57
59
Jinhua
56
—
51
Jindezhen
Ningbo
50
55
Dinghai
49
Wuhan
Chenshi
48
54
Shaoxing
47
Chengdu
Hangzhou
46
Chongqing
Wuxing
45
53
Jinshanwei
44
52
Suzhou
Shanghai
Nantong
41
43
Changzhou
40
42
City Name
City
No.
China Cities-Numerical Order
132 (59)
127 (57)
127 (57)
127 (57)
102 (46)
127 (57)
118 (53)
132 (59)
85 (38)
118 (53)
132 (59)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
113 (51)
122 (55)
118 (53)
85 (38)
85 (38)
152 (68)
90 (40)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
—
108 (48)
127 (57)
160 (71)
90 (40)
90 (40)
90 (40)
118 (53)
113 (51)
90 (40)
90 (40)
85 (38)
Basic Wind Speed
3-sec. gust mph
(m/s)
061
070
036
058
003
072
037
030
002
021
065
029
044
056
055
076
038
005
046
023
066
067
074
062
008
063
034
049
014
053
048
052
040
057
007
011
026
010
051
City
No.
Nanping
Nanning
Nanjing
Nanchang
Mohe
Maoming
Ma’anshan
Lianyungang
Lhasa
Lanzhou
Kunming
Kaifeng
Jinshanwei
Jinhua
Jindezhen
Hong Kong
Hefei
Harbin
Hangzhou
Handan
Guiyang
Guilin
Guangzhou
Fuzhou
Fushun
Fuding
Dongtai
Dinghai
Dalian
Chongqing
Chenshi
Chengdu
Changzhou
Changsha
Changchun
Beijing
Baoji
Anshan
—
City Name
—
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
90 (40)
85 (38)
118 (53)
85 (38)
90 (40)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
95 (43)
118 (53)
85 (38)
85 (38)
127 (57)
85 (38)
95 (43)
90 (40)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
102 (46)
118 (53)
95 (43)
122 (55)
85 (38)
127 (57)
118 (53)
85 (38)
160 (71)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
106 (47)
85 (38)
85 (38)
95 (43)
060
073
028
035
071
059
018
033
022
031
020
068
027
045
006
039
054
064
019
024
001
012
016
042
017
032
075
009
047
077
078
043
069
004
013
025
015
050
041
City
No.
Zhuzhou
Zhuhai
Zhenzhou
Zhenjiang
Zhanjiang
Yuhuan
Yantai
Yangzhou
Yan’an
Xuzhou
Xining
Xiamen
Xi an
Wuxing
Wulanhaote
Wuhu
Wuhan
Wenzhou
Weihai
Weifang
Urmuqi
Tianjin
Taiyuan
Suzhou
Shijiazhuang
Sheyang
Shenzhen
Shenyang
Shaoxing
Shanwei
Shantou
Shanghai
Quanzhou
Qiqihaer
Qinghuangdao
Qingdao
Ningchuan
Ningbo
Nantong
City Name
China Cities-Alphabetical Order
Basic Wind Speed
3-sec. gust mph
(m/s)
85 (38)
127 (57)
90 (40)
85 (38)
132 (59)
152 (68)
113 (51)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
85 (38)
132 (59)
85 (38)
90 (40)
106 (47)
90 (40)
85 (38)
113 (51)
118 (53)
90 (40)
110 (49)
90 (40)
85 (38)
90 (40)
85 (38)
85 (38)
127 (57)
102 (45)
90 (40)
127 (57)
132 (59)
113 (51)
118 (53)
95 (43)
90 (40)
113 (51)
110 (49)
108 (48)
90 (40)
Basic Wind Speed
3-sec. gust mph
(m/s)
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 49
1-28
Wind Design
Page 50
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
120°
121°
122°
157(70)
Sanchung
140(62)
Yangmingshan
Taoyuan
Chilung
Taipei
25°
122(55)
25°
Chungli Panchiao
Hsinchu
157(40)
140(62)
Taichung
105(47)
Changhua
24°
122(55)
105(47)
Penghu
Islands
24°
Hualien
105(47)
85(38)
157(70)
122(55)
140(62)
Chiai
140(62)
Tainan
23°
23°
Fengshan
122(55)
Pingtung
Taitung
Lan
Island
Kaohsiung
140(62)
157(70)
Itbayat
Island
22°
22°
157(70)
120°
121°
122°
0
0
20
40
Kilometers
10 20 30
Miles
Fig. 9. Basic Wind Speeds - Taiwan, 3 sec gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)
©2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
60
40
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 51
5
0
Fortaleza
Manaus
5
BRAZIL
MINIMUM WIND SPEED 85 mph (38 m/s)
10
Brasilia
15
Belo
Horizonte
85(38)
90(40)
20
100(45)
90(40)
100(45)
Rio de
Sao Janeiro
Paulo
115(51)
25
Salvador
100(45)
0
200 400 600
0
Kilometers
200
400
30
Porto
Alegre
Miles
115(51)
35
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
Fig. 10. Basic Wind Speeds - Brazil, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s). (8/2001)
@2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
35
1-28
Wind Design
Page 52
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Fig. 11. Basic Wind Speeds for Selected Cities - Canada, 3-sec gust in miles per hour (m/s) (8/2001)
Name
Province
Latitude
Longitude
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
100 Mile House
British Columbia
51.6475
-121.29
83
Abbotsford
British Columbia
49.0492
-122.331
103
Abbottsford
British Columbia
49.0492
-122.331
103
Acton Vale
Quebec
45.6483
Agassiz
British Columbia
49.2375
-72.5659
-121.77
-81.6796
74
115
Ailsa Craig
Ontario
43.1604
Aishihik
Yukon Territory
61.5942
Ajax
Ontario
43.85087
Aklavik
Northwest Territories
68.2201
-140.367
100
Alberni
British Columbia
49.26557
-124.814
105
Alert
Northwest Territories
82.4243
-62.5671
115
Alexandria
Ontario
45.3084
-74.6277
84
Alliston
Ontario
44.1453
-79.8577
74
Alma
Quebec
48.5497
-71.6602
74
Alma
New Brunswick
45.6074
-64.9386
98
Almonte
Ontario
45.2303
-76.1887
84
Amherst
Nova Scotia
45.8327
-64.2043
100
Amos
Quebec
48.5747
-78.1253
74
Amprior
Ontario
45.4409
-76.3612
81
Amqui
Quebec
48.4594
-67.4377
78
Anse Comeau
Quebec
49.2171
-68.1608
103
Antigonish
Nova Scotia
45.6231
-61.9897
98
Antigonishe
Nova Scotia
45.6231
-61.9897
98
Arctic Bay
Northwest Territories
73.0387
-85.1881
98
Argentia
Newfoundland
47.2836
-54.0105
115
Armstrong
Ontario
50.3057
-89.0605
69
Arnprior
Ontario
45.4409
-76.3612
81
-137.513
-79.0203
98
82
100
Ashcroft
British Columbia
50.7256
-121.276
82
Assiniboia
Saskatchewan
49.6243
-105.963
100
Athabasca
Alberta
54.7133
-113.284
84
Athabaska
Alberta
54.7133
-113.284
84
Atikokan
Ontario
48.7572
-91.6158
69
Aurora
Ontario
44.00648
-79.4504
86
Aylmer
Quebec
45.3899
-75.8304
84
Bagotville
Quebec
48.3459
-70.8927
81
Baie-Comeau
Quebec
49.2171
-68.1608
103
Baker Lake
Northwest Territories
64.3235
-96.0323
98
Bancroft
Ontario
45.0524
-77.8509
74
Banff
Alberta
51.1772
-115.552
93
Barrhead
Alberta
54.1218
-114.397
86
Barrie
Ontario
44.3847
-79.6752
74
Barriefield
Ontario
44.2395
-76.4514
91
Bathurst
New Brunswick
47.612
-65.6466
Battrum
Saskatchewan
50.54834
Beaconsfield
Quebec
45.42424
-73.8662
84
Beauport
Quebec
46.85944
-71.1932
96
Beauséjour
Manitoba
50.0606
-96.5254
Beaverlodge
Alberta
55.2069
-108.335
-119.429
91
107
84
79
Beaverton
Ontario
44.4295
-79.1536
78
Bedford
Quebec
45.12055
-72.9865
84
Belleville
Ontario
44.1605
-77.3766
86
Belmont
Ontario
42.8814
-81.0875
93
Beloeil
Quebec
45.56699
-73.2024
81
Big Trout Lake
Ontario
53.81876
Biggar
Saskatchewan
52.0539
-107.976
-89.8351
107
Boissevain
Manitoba
49.2287
-100.057
100
Bonavista
Newfoundland
48.6541
-53.1205
110
Borden
Ontario
44.2901
-79.9127
74
Bracebridge
Ontario
45.0353
-79.3036
78
Bradford
Ontario
44.12022
-79.5619
78
Brampton
Ontario
43.6889
-79.7583
86
Brandon
Manitoba
49.8404
-99.958
93
Brantford
Ontario
43.1457
-80.2624
84
Bridgewater
Nova Scotia
44.3732
-64.5176
100
Brighton
Ontario
44.0351
-77.7281
98
Broadview
Saskatchewan
50.3796
-102.576
86
Brockville
Ontario
44.6011
-75.69
86
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
86
Wind Design
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FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 53
Latitude
Longitude
Brome
Name
Quebec
Province
45.19407
-72.5717
Brooks
Alberta
50.5676
Brossard
Quebec
45.45715
-73.4922
84
Buchans
Newfoundland
48.8232
-56.8743
103
Buckingham
Quebec
45.5863
-75.4059
84
Burks Falls
Ontario
45.61988
-79.4087
78
Burlington
Ontario
43.3255
-79.7917
91
Burnaby
British Columbia
49.234
-122.953
92
Burns Lake
British Columbia
54.2327
-125.765
83
Cache Creek
British Columbia
50.8148
-121.322
82
Calgary
Alberta
51.0246
-114.102
94
Cambridge
Ontario
43.3559
Cambridge Bay
Northwest Territories
69.1122
-105.071
98
Campbell River
British Columbia
50.0307
-125.255
105
Campbellford
Ontario
44.3007
-77.7909
84
Campbells Bay
Quebec
45.7324
-76.5875
74
Campbellton
New Brunswick
47.9988
-66.6763
96
Campbell-town
New Brunswick
47.9988
-66.6763
Campsie
Alberta
54.13735
-114.651
86
Camrose
Alberta
53.0198
-112.831
84
Cannington
Ontario
44.35018
-79.0386
78
Canso
Nova Scotia
45.3341
-61.0029
105
Cape Race
Newfoundland
46.665
-53.093
136
Cardston
Alberta
49.1909
-113.301
134
Carleton Place
Ontario
45.1432
Carmi
British Columbia
49.4973
-119.12
Castlegar
British Columbia
49.3147
-117.666
Cavan
Ontario
44.19967
-111.894
-80.3035
-76.1412
-78.4687
-121.929
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
81
96
78
96
84
79
76
86
Cayoosh Flat
British Columbia
50.6931
Centralia
Ontario
43.2839
-81.4721
Chambly
Quebec
45.44906
-73.2918
84
Channel-port Aux Basqeus
Newfoundland
47.5851
-59.1657
110
Chapleau
Ontario
47.8504
-83.4079
69
Charlottetown
Prince Edward Island
46.239
-63.1333
103
Chatham
Ontario
42.4024
-82.185
86
Chatham
New Brunswick
47.0302
-65.4668
84
Chesley
Ontario
44.30272
-81.0966
91
Chesterfield
Northwest Territories
63.3437
-90.7414
100
Chesterfield Inlet
Northwest Territories
63.3437
-90.7414
100
Chetwynd
British Columbia
55.694
Chicoutimi
Quebec
48.4294
Chilliwack
British Columbia
49.1432
Churchill
Manitoba
58.7609
Claresholm
Alberta
50.0268
Clinton
Ontario
43.6197
Cloverdale
British Columbia
49.10833
Clyde
Northwest Territories
70.457
-121.619
-71.0424
-121.961
-94.0678
-113.579
-81.5394
-122.725
86
96
84
78
110
106
124
96
91
-68.6299
124
Clyde River
Northwest Territories
70.457
-68.6299
124
Coaticook
Quebec
45.1338
-71.8053
81
Coboconk
Ontario
44.65881
-78.7974
78
Cobourg
Ontario
43.96
-78.1574
103
Cochrane
Ontario
49.0639
-81.0466
78
Colbourne
Ontario
44.0051
-77.8877
100
Cold Lake
Alberta
54.4575
-110.189
84
Coleman
Alberta
49.6397
-114.497
115
Collingwood
Ontario
44.4957
Colvilletown
British Columbia
49.1253
-123.924
-124.942
-80.2116
81
105
Comax
British Columbia
49.682
Comeau Bay
Quebec
49.2171
Comox
British Columbia
49.682
-124.942
105
Comuck
British Columbia
49.682
-124.942
105
Contrecoeur
Quebec
45.85716
Coppermine
Northwest Territories
67.8717
Coral Harbour
Northwest Territories
64.13374
Corner Brook
Newfoundland
Cornwall
Ontario
Coronation
Alberta
52.0902
-111.441
78
Coronation
Northwest Territories
67.8717
-115.639
90
-68.1608
-73.2391
-115.639
105
103
87
90
-83.1669
132
48.9587
-57.9856
115
45.0283
-74.7381
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
84
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Wind Design
Page 54
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Latitude
Longitude
Corunna
Name
Ontario
Province
42.8886
-82.4533
Courtenay
British Columbia
49.6803
Cowansville
Quebec
45.2067
Cowley
Alberta
49.5733
-114.063
132
Cranbrook
British Columbia
49.5101
-115.768
74
Crescent Valley
British Columbia
49.45
-117.55
74
Crofton
British Columbia
48.8632
-123.647
105
Dafoe
Saskatchewan
51.749
-104.521
Dartmouth
Nova Scotia
44.6851
Dauphin
Manitoba
51.141
-100.049
84
Dawson
Yukon Territory
64.0428
-139.417
73
Dawson City
Yukon Territory
64.0428
-139.417
73
Dawson Creek
British Columbia
55.7542
-120.234
84
Debert
Nova Scotia
45.43808
-63.4599
98
Deep River
Ontario
46.09717
-77.4939
78
Deseronto
Ontario
44.1926
Destruction Bay
Yukon Territory
61.2561
Deux-Montagnes
Quebec
45.54176
-73.8932
81
Digby
Nova Scotia
44.6214
-65.7618
98
Dog Creek
British Columbia
51.584
Dolbeau
Quebec
48.8794
-72.2323
78
Dorchester
Ontario
42.98522
-81.0491
91
Dorion
Ontario
48.78333
-88.5333
83
Dorval
Quebec
45.43896
-73.7332
84
Dresden
Ontario
42.58434
-82.1799
86
Drumheller
Alberta
51.4617
Drummondville
Quebec
45.8821
-72.4953
74
Drummondville East
Quebec
45.8821
-72.4953
74
Dryden
Ontario
49.7817
-92.8476
Duncan
British Columbia
48.7648
-123.685
105
Dundurn
Saskatchewan
51.8036
-106.499
96
Dunnville
Ontario
42.9076
-79.6185
86
Durham
Ontario
44.1667
-80.8118
86
Dutton
Ontario
42.66379
-81.5027
91
Earlton
Ontario
47.7088
-79.8187
87
Earlton Junction
Ontario
47.7088
-79.8187
87
East Souris
Prince Edward Island
46.3542
-62.2507
Edmonton
Alberta
53.5556
-124.999
-72.7464
-63.5353
-77.0469
-138.803
-122.239
-112.703
-113.508
Edmundston
New Brunswick
47.381
Edson
Alberta
53.5835
-116.435
-68.3294
Elko
British Columbia
49.3007
-115.11
Elmvale
Ontario
44.58357
-79.8663
-111.375
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
91
105
84
81
100
86
103
84
86
69
98
87
86
98
84
78
Embarras
Alberta
58.2086
Embro
Ontario
43.15365
-80.9
Englehart
Ontario
47.8235
-79.8711
84
Eskimo Point
Northwest Territories
61.1877
-94.0963
106
Espanola
Ontario
46.2534
-81.7602
84
Estevan
Saskatchewan
49.1399
Etobicoke
Ontario
43.65437
-79.5408
96
Eureka
Northwest Territories
79.9842
-85.8287
107
Exeter
Ontario
43.347
-81.4733
96
Fairview
Alberta
56.0717
Farnham
Quebec
45.2853
-72.9793
84
Fenelon Falls
Ontario
44.5341
-78.726
78
Fergus
Ontario
43.707
-80.3696
78
Fernie
British Columbia
49.51
-115.065
91
Flin Flon
Manitoba
54.76849
-101.877
87
Fonthill
Ontario
43.04543
-79.2855
86
Forest
Ontario
43.0966
-81.996
96
Fort Erie
Ontario
42.9091
-78.9257
91
Fort Frances
Ontario
48.6145
-93.4165
73
-102.999
-118.376
84
91
99
78
Fort Good Hope
Northwest Territories
66.255
-128.621
105
Fort Macleod
Alberta
49.7164
-113.405
126
Fort McLeod
British Columbia
54.9934
-123.031
74
Fort McMurray
Alberta
56.7251
-111.366
78
Fort Nelson
British Columbia
58.8003
-122.702
70
Fort Providence
Northwest Territories
61.3547
-117.66
78
Fort Rae
Northwest Territories
62.8337
-116.036
91
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 55
Latitude
Longitude
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
Fort Resolution
Name
Northwest Territories
Province
61.1736
-113.663
83
Fort Saint John
British Columbia
56.2481
-120.854
83
Fort Saskatchewan
Alberta
53.7065
-113.216
86
Fort Simpson
Northwest Territories
61.8621
-121.361
84
Fort Smith
Northwest Territories
60.0125
-111.893
84
Fort Vermilion
Alberta
58.3898
-115.997
70
Fort Vermillion
Alberta
58.3898
-115.997
Fort William
Ontario
48.441
-89.2476
83
Fort-coulonge
Quebec
45.8425
-76.7342
74
Fredericton
New Brunswick
45.9493
-66.6543
84
Gagetown
New Brunswick
45.7786
-66.1487
96
Gananoque
Ontario
44.3311
-76.1673
91
Gander
Newfoundland
48.9508
-54.6277
103
Gaspé
Quebec
48.8286
-64.5025
117
Gatineau
Quebec
45.4942
-75.6607
84
Geraldton
Ontario
49.7212
-86.9506
69
Gimli
Manitoba
50.633
-96.9852
84
Glacier
British Columbia
51.2658
Glencoe
Ontario
42.7232
Goderich
Ontario
43.7457
Golden
British Columbia
51.2917
-116.959
78
Good Hope
Northwest Territories
66.255
-128.621
105
-117.516
70
74
-81.7143
86
-81.7053
98
Gore Bay
Ontario
45.9115
-82.4634
83
Gracefield
Quebec
46.0942
-76.0587
74
Graham
Ontario
49.2395
-90.5866
69
Granby
Quebec
45.4025
-72.7221
78
Grand Bank
Newfoundland
47.0932
-55.7612
115
Grand Falls
New Brunswick
47.0502
-67.7341
84
Grand Falls
Newfoundland
48.929
-55.6505
103
Grand Forks
British Columbia
49.0342
-118.44
83
Grande Prairie
Alberta
55.1697
-118.796
92
Gravenhurst
Ontario
44.9171
Greenwood
British Columbia
49.0904
Greenwood
Nova Scotia
44.9764
-64.9509
96
Grimsby
Ontario
43.1823
-79.557
91
Guelph
Ontario
43.5505
-80.2519
76
Guthrie
Ontario
44.4728
-79.55
74
Habay
Alberta
58.8088
-118.707
70
Haileybury
Ontario
47.4419
-79.6295
Haldimand-norfolk
Ontario
43.2263
-80.142
86
Haliburton
Ontario
45.045
-78.5085
78
-79.3674
-118.671
78
86
86
Halifax
Nova Scotia
44.6539
-63.6075
100
Halleybury
Ontario
47.4419
-79.6295
86
Halton
Ontario
43.5809
-79.8591
81
Hamilton
Ontario
43.257
-79.8423
91
Haney
British Columbia
49.2198
Hanover
Ontario
44.1465
Happy Valley
Newfoundland
53.2974
-60.28
81
Hardisty
Alberta
52.6734
-111.299
78
Harrington Harbour
Quebec
50.4975
-59.4709
127
Harve-st-pierre
Quebec
50.2434
-63.6032
117
Hastings
Ontario
44.30694
-77.9558
84
Hawkesbury
Ontario
45.6047
-74.6114
84
Hay River
Northwest Territories
60.8535
Hearst
Ontario
49.6895
Hemmingford
Quebec
45.0504
High River
Alberta
50.5816
-113.869
Hinton
Alberta
53.3919
-117.596
91
Holman
Northwest Territories
70.7359
-117.746
122
Honey Harbour
Ontario
44.87107
Hope
British Columbia
49.3799
Hornepayne
Ontario
49.21302
Hudson Bay
Saskatchewan
52.8573
-102.382
Hudson Bay Junction
Saskatchewan
52.8573
-102.382
Hull
Quebec
45.4362
Humboldt
Saskatchewan
52.2014
Huntsville
Ontario
45.3197
-79.2096
78
Iberville
Quebec
45.3107
-73.2377
84
-122.503
-81.0194
-115.749
-83.6786
-73.5868
-79.8171
-121.438
-84.7711
-75.7255
-105.119
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
91
91
78
69
84
107
81
103
69
81
81
84
83
1-28
Wind Design
Page 56
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Latitude
Longitude
Ingersoll
Name
Ontario
Province
43.0423
-80.8802
Inuvik
Northwest Territories
68.3655
-133.706
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
91
103
Iqaluit
Northwest Territories
63.71104
-68.3275
Iroquois Falls
Ontario
48.7746
-80.6845
Isachsen
Northwest Territories
78.7723
-103.572
126
Island Falls
Saskatchewan
55.5041
-102.329
87
Island Lake
Manitoba
53.8666
-94.6407
87
Ivujivik
Quebec
62.4138
-77.9287
125
Jarvis
Ontario
42.88448
-80.1141
86
Jasper
Alberta
52.8785
Jellicoe
Ontario
49.6848
-87.5479
69
Joliette
Quebec
46.0266
-73.4425
79
Jonquiére
Quebec
48.4239
-71.2445
78
Kamloops
British Columbia
50.7113
-120.386
84
Kamsack
Saskatchewan
51.5586
-101.897
84
Kangerjuaq
Northwest Territories
64.3235
-96.0323
98
Kapuskasing
Ontario
49.4278
-82.429
73
Kaslo
British Columbia
49.9097
-116.911
73
Keg River
Alberta
57.7551
-117.6
70
Kelowna
British Columbia
49.8675
-119.449
Kemptville
Ontario
45.0205
-75.6332
84
Kenogami
Quebec
48.4282
-71.2307
78
Kenora
Ontario
49.7681
-94.4894
73
Kentville
Nova Scotia
45.0749
-64.5018
96
Killaloe Station
Ontario
45.5519
-77.4229
78
Kimberley
British Columbia
49.6827
-115.983
Kimberly
British Columbia
49.6827
-115.983
Kincardine
Ontario
44.1758
Kindersley
Saskatchewan
51.4675
Kingston
Ontario
44.23
-76.4975
Kinmount
Ontario
44.7846
-78.6475
78
Kirkland Lake
Ontario
48.1596
-80.0281
84
Kitchener
Ontario
43.457
-80.4934
81
Knob Lake
Quebec
54.8007
-66.8108
86
Kogluktok
Northwest Territories
67.8717
-115.639
90
Komoux
British Columbia
49.682
-124.942
105
-118.085
-81.6301
-109.154
103
84
91
91
74
74
98
105
91
Kuujjuag
Quebec
58.1081
-68.4172
112
Kuujjuarapik
Quebec
55.28335
-77.7499
121
La Malbaie
Quebec
47.6569
-70.1608
98
La Tuque
Quebec
47.4432
-72.7774
78
Labrador City
Newfoundland
52.9396
-66.9201
84
Lac du Bonnet
Manitoba
50.255
-96.0745
Lac La Biche
Alberta
54.7675
Lachute
Quebec
45.654
-74.3425
84
Lac-Mégantic
Quebec
45.5717
-70.8625
78
Lacombe
Alberta
52.46415
-113.734
Ladner
British Columbia
49.09013
-123.082
Lakefield
Ontario
44.4163
Langley
British Columbia
49.1009
Lansdowne House
Ontario
52.2097
Laval
Quebec
45.5714
Le Pas
Manitoba
53.8164
Leamington
Ontario
42.0504
-82.5992
91
Lennoxville
Quebec
45.3691
-71.8559
74
Lery
Quebec
45.34483
Lethbridge
Alberta
49.6908
Levis
Quebec
46.80289
Lillooet
British Columbia
50.6931
Lindsay
Ontario
44.3518
-78.7316
81
Lions Head
Ontario
44.98475
-81.2532
91
Listowel
Ontario
43.7331
-80.9452
91
Liverpool
Nova Scotia
44.0392
-64.7185
103
Lloydminster
Saskatchewan
53.28414
Lockeport
Nova Scotia
43.6989
-65.1253
103
London
Ontario
42.9883
-81.2356
96
Loretteville
Quebec
46.8549
-71.3644
96
Louisbourg
Nova Scotia
45.925
-59.9684
107
Louisburg
Nova Scotia
45.925
-59.9684
107
-111.96
-78.2657
-122.65
81
84
84
93
81
91
-87.9021
74
-73.6838
84
-101.253
-73.8062
-112.82
-71.1761
-121.929
-110.003
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
87
84
121
96
86
84
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 57
Latitude
Longitude
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
Louisville
Name
Quebec
Province
46.2586
-72.9482
87
Lucan
Ontario
43.18781
-81.4028
98
Lunenburg
Nova Scotia
44.377
-64.3202
103
Lynn Lake
Manitoba
56.8558
-101.039
87
Lytton
British Columbia
50.2338
-121.577
86
Mackenzie
British Columbia
55.3298
-123.086
74
Macleod
Alberta
49.7164
-113.405
126
Magog
Quebec
45.2608
-72.1407
78
Maitland
Ontario
44.63513
-75.6133
86
Malartic
Quebec
48.1414
-78.1264
74
Maniwac
Quebec
46.3785
-75.9753
73
Maniwaki
Quebec
46.3785
-75.9753
73
Manning
Alberta
56.9148
-117.609
70
Maple Creek
Saskatchewan
49.896
-109.479
105
Markdale
Ontario
44.3285
-80.6633
84
Markham
Ontario
43.85619
-79.3368
96
Martin
Ontario
49.2496
-91.1476
Masset
British Columbia
54.02278
Masson
Quebec
45.5498
-75.4178
84
Matane
Quebec
48.8431
-67.5271
103
Matheson
Ontario
48.5367
-80.4691
84
Matheson Station
Ontario
48.5367
-80.4691
84
Mattawa
Ontario
46.31748
-78.7023
74
McBride
British Columbia
53.2998
-120.163
McLeod Lake
British Columbia
54.9934
-123.031
74
McMurray
Alberta
56.7251
-111.366
78
Meadow Lake
Saskatchewan
54.1351
-108.427
93
Medicine Hat
Alberta
50.0312
-110.682
97
Mégantic
Quebec
45.5717
Melfort
Saskatchewan
52.8537
-104.606
78
Melville
Saskatchewan
50.9299
-102.795
84
Merrit
British Columbia
50.1073
-120.782
86
Merritt
British Columbia
50.1073
-120.782
Midland
Ontario
44.7446
-79.8771
81
Milton
Ontario
43.5127
-79.8787
86
Milton West
Ontario
43.5127
-79.8787
86
Milverton
Ontario
43.5658
-80.9221
86
Minden
Ontario
44.9279
-78.7254
78
Mississauga
Ontario
43.58873
-79.6444
93
Mitchell
Ontario
43.4673
-81.1955
93
Moncton
New Brunswick
46.098
-64.7889
105
Mont Jolie
Quebec
48.587
-68.1931
103
Mont-Joli
Quebec
48.587
-68.1931
103
Mont-Laurier
Quebec
46.5508
-75.496
73
Montmagny
Quebec
46.9791
-70.5598
98
Montreal
Quebec
45.5316
-73.6102
84
Montrose
British Columbia
49.0866
Moose Harbor
Ontario
51.2729
Moose Jaw
Saskatchewan
50.39
Moosonee
Ontario
51.2729
-80.6725
78
Morden
Manitoba
49.1885
-98.1051
96
Morrisburg
Ontario
44.9007
-75.1841
Mould Bay
Northwest Territories
76.2483
Mount Forest
Ontario
43.984
-80.7306
84
Murray Bay
Quebec
47.6569
-70.1608
98
Nakina
Ontario
50.1637
-86.7131
69
Nakusp
British Columbia
50.2381
-117.794
76
Nanaimo
British Columbia
49.1253
-123.924
105
Nanymo
British Columbia
49.1253
-123.924
105
Napanee
Ontario
44.2728
-77.1146
86
Napanee
Ontario
44.2461
-76.952
86
Neepawa
Manitoba
50.2338
-99.4588
87
Nelson
British Columbia
49.4821
New Glasgow
Nova Scotia
45.5926
New Liskeard
Ontario
47.5131
New Westminister
British Columbia
49.1802
Newcastle
Ontario
43.9114
-78.6781
103
Newmarket
Ontario
44.0943
-79.4396
81
-132.099
-70.8625
-117.574
-80.6725
-105.54
-119.35
-117.296
69
105
78
78
86
76
78
91
84
107
74
-62.6589
98
-79.6774
86
-122.89
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
91
1-28
Wind Design
Page 58
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Latitude
Longitude
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
Niagara Falls
Name
Ontario
Province
43.0974
-79.0935
86
Nichikun
Quebec
53.1969
-70.883
81
Nicolet
Quebec
46.2342
-72.6069
86
Nipawin
Saskatchewan
53.3449
Nitchequon
Quebec
53.1969
Noranda
Quebec
48.2407
-79.029
78
Norman Wells
Northwest Territories
65.2784
-126.814
105
North Battleford
Saskatchewan
52.7735
-108.282
109
North Bay
Ontario
46.3093
North Burnaby
British Columbia
49.234
North Sydney
Nova Scotia
46.148
-104.02
-70.883
-79.4533
-122.953
-60.1893
-123.137
81
81
77
92
103
North Vancouver
British Columbia
49.3356
North York
Ontario
43.78347
-79.4078
Norwood
Ontario
44.3823
-77.9799
84
Nottingham Island
Northwest Territories
63.11667
-77.9333
132
Oakville
Ontario
43.4437
-79.662
93
Ocean Falls
British Columbia
52.35402
-127.694
103
Orangeville
Ontario
43.9181
-80.0946
78
Orillia
Ontario
44.6016
-79.4179
78
Oromocto
New Brunswick
45.8435
-66.4628
93
Oshawa
Ontario
43.8992
-78.8526
100
Osoyoos
British Columbia
49.0343
Ottawa
Ontario
45.4129
-75.6701
84
Outremont
Quebec
45.51452
-73.6111
84
Owen Sound
Ontario
44.5646
-80.9339
91
Pagwa River
Ontario
50.0093
-85.2128
69
Paris
Ontario
43.1963
-80.3792
84
Parkhill
Ontario
43.1623
-81.6842
98
Parry Sound
Ontario
45.3433
-80.0265
Peace River
Alberta
56.23386
Pembroke
Ontario
45.8161
-77.106
Penetanguishene
Ontario
44.7628
-79.9288
Penticton
British Columbia
49.4902
-119.613
100
Perce
Quebec
48.5216
-64.234
122
Perth
Ontario
44.9082
-76.2508
84
Petawawa
Ontario
45.9061
-77.2736
78
Peterborough
Ontario
44.2958
-78.3296
84
Petewahweh
Ontario
45.9061
-77.2736
78
Petewawa
Ontario
45.9061
-77.2736
78
Petrolia
Ontario
42.8812
-82.1478
91
Pickering
Ontario
43.8568
-79.0122
100
Picton
Ontario
44.0011
-77.1376
93
Pictou
Nova Scotia
45.6778
-62.7106
98
Pierrefonds
Quebec
45.49402
-73.8494
84
Pincher
Alberta
49.4844
-113.947
130
Pincher Creek
Alberta
49.4844
-113.947
130
Pincourt
Quebec
45.35721
-73.9822
84
Pine Falls
Manitoba
50.5615
-96.2294
82
Plattsville
Ontario
43.30325
-80.6216
84
Plessisville
Quebec
46.224
-71.7843
78
Point Alexander
Ontario
46.13333
-77.5667
Port Alberni
British Columbia
49.2949
Port Arthur
Ontario
48.441
-89.2476
83
Port Burwell
Ontario
42.64852
-80.8063
91
Port Colborne
Ontario
42.8895
-79.2517
91
Port Credit
Ontario
43.55334
-79.582
93
Port Dover
Ontario
42.78677
-80.203
91
Port Elgin
Ontario
44.4346
-81.392
98
-127.497
105
-119.466
-117.29
-124.854
92
96
91
81
74
78
81
78
105
Port Hardy
British Columbia
50.7264
Port Hawkesbury
Nova Scotia
45.6198
-61.3633
115
Port Hope
Ontario
43.9499
-78.2935
103
Port McNeill
British Columbia
50.5847
Port Perry
Ontario
44.1017
Port Radium
Northwest Territories
66.0892
Port Stanley
Ontario
42.66468
-127.096
-78.9467
-118.014
-81.2147
105
86
96
91
Portage La Prairie
Manitoba
49.9693
-98.3052
91
Port-Cartier
Quebec
50.0279
-66.8558
110
Powell River
British Columbia
49.8389
-124.521
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
103
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 59
Latitude
Longitude
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
Prescott
Name
Ontario
Province
44.7165
-75.5219
86
Prince Albert
Saskatchewan
53.1926
-105.742
Prince George
British Columbia
53.9139
-122.768
81
Prince Rupert
British Columbia
54.3152
-130.308
98
Princeton
British Columbia
49.4563
-120.505
Princeton
Ontario
43.17005
Providence
Northwest Territories
61.3547
-117.66
78
Qualicum Beach
British Columbia
49.3511
-124.448
105
QuAppelle
Saskatchewan
50.54255
-103.878
Quebec
Quebec
46.8021
Quesnel
British Columbia
52.9816
-122.493
74
Rae
Northwest Territories
62.8337
-116.036
91
-80.5267
-71.2449
Ragged Island
Nova Scotia
43.6989
-65.1253
Raith
Ontario
48.8248
-89.9362
Ranfurly
Alberta
53.4063
-111.677
Rankin Inlet
Northwest Territories
62.8177
-92.1133
Rayside-Balfour
Ontario
46.60648
-81.1921
Red Deer
Alberta
52.2632
-113.8
-93.3802
81
78
84
86
96
103
69
74
103
86
84
Red Lake Road
Ontario
49.9663
Regina
Saskatchewan
50.4478
Renfrew
Ontario
45.4752
-76.6967
78
Resolute
Northwest Territories
74.6864
-94.9094
110
Resolution
Northwest Territories
61.1736
Resolution Island
Northwest Territories
61.3151
Revelstoke
British Columbia
50.9949
Richmond
Quebec
45.6619
Richmond
British Columbia
49.1579
-123.137
92
Richmond
Ontario
45.1963
-75.829
96
Rimouski
Quebec
48.4277
-68.5165
103
River Clyde
Northwest Territories
70.457
-68.6299
124
Rivers
Manitoba
50.0265
Rivigère-du-Loup
Quebec
47.8311
-104.616
-113.663
-64.8355
-118.191
-72.1414
-100.235
70
86
83
145
74
74
91
-69.5352
100
Rivière-du-Loup-en-Bas
Quebec
47.8311
-69.5352
100
Roberval
Quebec
48.5178
-72.2337
78
Rock Island
Quebec
45.00766
-72.0985
84
Rockland
Ontario
45.5499
-75.2861
84
Rocky Mountain House
Alberta
52.3738
-114.914
87
Rosemere
Quebec
45.63899
-73.785
84
Rosetown
Saskatchewan
51.5495
Rouyn
Quebec
48.2065
-79.0427
78
Rugged Island
Nova Scotia
43.6989
-65.1253
103
Sackville
New Brunswick
45.923
-64.3571
100
Saint John
New Brunswick
45.2823
-66.0715
96
Saint-Joseph-d’Alma
Quebec
48.5497
-71.6602
74
Salaberry-de-Valleyfield
Quebec
45.2633
-74.1329
84
Salmon Arm
British Columbia
50.6994
Sandilands
Manitoba
49.32444
Sandspit
British Columbia
53.2331
Sarnia
Ontario
42.9721
Saskatoon
Saskatchewan
52.1432
Sault Ste Marie
Ontario
46.522
-84.3372
84
Scarborough
Ontario
43.793
-79.2747
96
Schefferville
Quebec
54.8007
-66.8108
86
Schreiber
Ontario
48.81331
-87.2665
Scott
Saskatchewan
52.3635
Seaforth
Ontario
43.5562
-81.3842
Selkirk
Manitoba
50.1389
-96.8875
86
Senneterre
Quebec
48.3887
-77.2401
74
-107.99
-119.283
-96.2964
-131.825
-82.3881
-106.653
-108.818
105
82
84
110
91
92
83
105
96
Sert-iles
Quebec
50.2081
-66.3731
110
Shafferville
Quebec
54.8007
-66.8108
86
Shawenegan
Quebec
46.5511
-72.7485
78
Shawinigan
Quebec
46.5511
-72.7485
78
Shawinigan Falls
Quebec
46.5511
-72.7485
78
Shawville
Quebec
45.60381
-76.4916
78
Shelter Bay
Quebec
50.0279
-66.8558
110
Sherbrook
Quebec
45.4044
-71.9
74
Sherbrooke
Quebec
45.4044
-71.9
74
Shewanegan
Quebec
46.5511
-72.7485
78
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
1-28
Wind Design
Page 60
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Longitude
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
Shippegan
Name
New Brunswick
Province
47.7411
Latitude
-64.715
110
Shippigan
New Brunswick
47.7411
-64.715
Sidney
British Columbia
48.6561
Sillery
Quebec
46.77958
-71.2506
96
Simcoe
Ontario
42.8361
-80.3011
86
Simpson
Northwest Territories
61.8621
Sioux Lookout
Ontario
50.0968
Slave Lake
Alberta
55.2792
-114.768
81
Smith River
British Columbia
59.8787
-126.442
70
Smithers
British Columbia
54.7805
-127.175
Smiths Falls
Ontario
44.9048
-76.0241
84
Smithville
Ontario
43.09469
-79.5486
86
Smooth Rock Falls
Ontario
49.27366
-81.6239
Snag
Yukon Territory
62.4
Sorel
Quebec
46.0446
-73.1052
Souris
Prince Edward Island
46.3542
-62.2507
98
South River
Ontario
45.8425
-79.3766
74
-123.4
-121.361
-91.9319
-140.367
110
103
84
69
84
74
73
87
Southampton
Ontario
44.4919
-81.3648
96
Split Lake
Manitoba
56.0234
-95.8121
93
Springhill
Nova Scotia
45.6539
-64.0595
98
Spurell Harbour
Northwest Territories
63.3437
-90.7414
100
-90.7414
100
Spurrell Harbour
Northwest Territories
63.3437
Squamish
British Columbia
49.7009
St Anthony
Newfoundland
51.3562
-55.5645
St Catharines
Ontario
43.1756
-79.2228
91
St John’s
Newfoundland
47.5652
-52.7343
118
St Marys
Ontario
43.25975
-81.1406
93
St Stephen
New Brunswick
45.19229
-67.2772
103
St Thomas
Ontario
42.7731
-81.1808
91
Ste.-foy
Quebec
46.767
-71.2892
96
Ste-Agathe-des-Monts
Quebec
46.04802
-74.2841
78
Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue
Quebec
45.40393
-73.9523
84
Steinbach
Manitoba
49.5181
-96.697
84
Stephenville
Newfoundland
48.5497
-58.5872
117
Stettler
Alberta
52.3233
-112.695
Stewart
British Columbia
55.927
-130.01
Stewiacke
Nova Scotia
45.1377
-63.3491
St-Felicien
Quebec
48.65777
-72.451
78
St-Georges-de-Cacouna
Quebec
47.91694
-69.5006
100
St-Hubert
Quebec
45.49671
-73.4097
84
St-Hyacinthe
Quebec
45.62645
-72.9472
78
Stirling
Ontario
44.29614
-77.5475
83
St-jerome
Quebec
48.4234
-71.8756
81
St-Jovite
Quebec
46.11804
-74.6006
76
St-Lambert
Quebec
48.95169
-79.4583
84
St-Laurent
Quebec
45.50732
-73.6824
84
St-Nicolas
Quebec
46.67828
-71.3474
93
Stony
Saskatchewan
52.8537
-104.606
Stony Plain
Alberta
53.5276
-114.01
87
Strasbourg
Saskatchewan
51.0689
-104.943
86
-123.158
98
121
78
86
98
78
Stratford
Ontario
43.3668
-80.9806
91
Strathroy
Ontario
42.9577
-81.6169
93
Sturgeon Falls
Ontario
46.3576
-79.9159
78
Sudbury
Ontario
46.485
-80.9848
Suffield
Alberta
50.2144
-111.176
87
100
Summerside
Prince Edward Island
46.3962
-63.7545
110
Sundridge
Ontario
45.7792
-79.3779
74
Surrey
British Columbia
49.10582
Sutton
Quebec
45.1075
Swan River
Manitoba
52.0972
-101.271
82
Swift Current
Saskatchewan
50.285
-107.793
104
Sydney
British Columbia
48.6561
-123.4
103
Sydney
Nova Scotia
46.148
Taber
Alberta
49.7755
Tadoussac
Quebec
48.1493
-69.7181
99
Ta-Tuque
Quebec
47.4432
-72.7774
78
Tavistock
Ontario
43.32096
-80.8362
91
Taylor
British Columbia
56.2191
-122.828
-72.6163
-60.1893
-112.128
-120.688
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
91
84
98
115
84
Wind Design
1-28
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Page 61
Latitude
Longitude
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
Temagami
Name
Ontario
Province
47.06667
-79.7833
81
Temiscaming
Quebec
46.7222
-79.0996
74
Terrace
British Columbia
54.5167
-128.608
79
Teslin
Yukon Territory
60.1727
-132.719
69
Thamesford
Ontario
43.059
The Pas
Manitoba
53.8164
Thedford
Ontario
43.1631
-81.8571
98
Thetford
Quebec
46.0939
-71.3034
81
Thetford Mines
Quebec
46.0939
-71.3034
81
Thompson
Manitoba
55.7426
-97.858
93
Three Rivers
Quebec
46.3376
-72.6075
87
-80.9962
-101.253
91
87
Thunder Bay
Ontario
48.441
-89.2476
83
Thurso
Quebec
45.6167
-75.3674
84
Tignish
Prince Edward Island
46.9608
-64.0224
117
Tillsonburg
Ontario
42.8613
-80.7229
86
Tilsonburg
Ontario
42.8613
-80.7229
86
Timmins
Ontario
48.4836
-81.3437
Tofino
British Columbia
49.1469
Toronto
Ontario
43.6871
-79.3893
96
Trafalgar
Nova Scotia
45.2898
-62.6652
96
Trail
British Columbia
49.0974
Trenton
Ontario
44.0941
-77.5831
91
Trois-Rivières
Quebec
46.3376
-72.6075
87
Trout Creek
Ontario
45.9851
-79.3549
74
Tukik
Northwest Territories
73.0387
-85.1881
98
Turner
Alberta
50.6763
-114.273
107
Turner Valley
Alberta
50.6763
-114.273
107
Twin Falls
Newfoundland
53.5008
Uranium City
Saskatchewan
59.5665
Uxbridge
Ontario
44.10642
-79.1228
84
Val-dor
Quebec
48.1044
-77.7885
74
Valleyfield
Quebec
45.2633
-74.1329
84
Valleyview
Alberta
55.0701
-117.28
Vancouver
British Columbia
49.2575
-123.133
Varennes
Quebec
45.6826
-125.905
-117.693
-64.5285
-108.619
-73.4409
-112.049
81
110
78
84
87
91
92
84
Vegreville
Alberta
53.4936
Verchéres
Quebec
45.7715
78
Verdun
Quebec
45.45899
Vermilion
Alberta
53.3541
-110.847
Vernon
British Columbia
50.2604
-119.265
86
Victoria
British Columbia
48.4467
-123.349
105
Victoriaville
Quebec
46.0582
-71.9645
78
Ville-Marie
Quebec
47.3318
-79.431
84
Virden
Manitoba
49.8434
-100.933
91
Vittoria
Ontario
42.76202
-80.3231
91
Wabana
Newfoundland
47.6442
-52.9544
115
Wabush
Newfoundland
52.9023
Wagner
Alberta
55.35
-114.983
81
Wainwright
Alberta
52.834
-110.858
78
Walkerton
Ontario
44.1237
-81.1451
93
Wallaceburg
Ontario
42.5903
-82.384
86
Waterloo
Ontario
43.5941
-80.5546
81
Waterloo
Quebec
45.3509
-72.5203
78
Watford
Ontario
42.94998
-81.88
91
Watson Lake
Yukon Territory
60.0689
-128.703
Wawa
Ontario
47.9933
-84.7737
83
Welland
Ontario
42.9962
-79.2545
86
West Lorne
Ontario
42.60378
-81.6067
91
West Vancouver
British Columbia
49.36667
-123.167
92
Wetaskiwin
Alberta
52.9672
-113.371
84
Weyburn
Saskatchewan
49.6664
-103.859
Whitby
Ontario
43.881
White River
Ontario
48.593
Whitecourt
Alberta
54.1449
-115.688
86
Whitehorse
Yukon Territory
60.7257
-135.044
81
Whycocomagh
Nova Scotia
45.9802
-61.131
96
Wiarton
Ontario
44.737
-81.1403
91
Williams Lake
British Columbia
52.1342
-73.3575
87
-73.5722
84
-66.8705
73
84
78
93
-78.9336
100
-85.3067
69
-122.139
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
82
1-28
Wind Design
Page 62
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
Name
Province
Latitude
Longitude
Wind Speed 3 Sec mph
-113.587
84
Wimborne
Alberta
51.866
Windsor
Nova Scotia
44.9939
-64.1428
99
Windsor
Ontario
42.3068
-82.9827
91
Windsor
Quebec
45.5689
-72.0055
74
Wingham
Ontario
43.8849
-81.3044
93
Winnipeg
Manitoba
49.9212
-97.1244
90
Woodbridge
Ontario
43.79665
-79.5883
96
Woodstock
New Brunswick
46.1486
-67.5786
81
Woodstock
Ontario
43.1292
-80.7566
86
Wyoming
Ontario
42.9553
-82.1185
91
Yellowknife
Northwest Territories
62.4738
-114.366
91
Yorkton
Saskatchewan
51.2092
-102.465
84
Youbou
British Columbia
48.87289
-124.199
103
©2007 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.
105°
0.5 1.0
0.5
100°
95°
90°
85°
80°
75°
70°
50°
45°
0.5
1.0
3.0
0.5
3.0
©2006 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved
0.5
1.0
40°
3.0
5.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
7.0
7.0
1.0
3.0
1-28
110°
Wind Design
115°
Page 63
120°
FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
125°
35°
7.0
0.5
9.0
0.5
3.0
7.0
0.5
9.0
9.0
5.0
3.0
30°
5.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
5.0
0.5
0
200
400
3.0
25°
1.0
26)
Monday (September
mber 23) to 3 AM
6 AM Friday (Septe
mber 26, 2005
Date Created: Septe
600
Kilometers
0
200
400
Miles
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Fig. 12. Average number of tornadoes per year per 10,000 square miles (25,900 square kilometers) in the United States, 1953-1980. (7/2001)