Key findings and recommendations
Final Report, November 2009
JISC national e-books observatory project aims
To license a collection of course text e-books that are highly relevant to UK HE taught course students in four discipline areas:
n
Business and management studies
n Engineering
n Medicine (not mental health or nursing)
n Media studies.
To evaluate the use of the course text e-books though deep log analysis and to assess the impact of the `free at the point of use’ e-books
upon publishers, aggregators and libraries.
To transfer knowledge acquired during the project to publishers, aggregators and libraries to help stimulate the emerging course text
e-books market.
Definitions
The JISC national e-books observatory project is referred to in this report as the ‘Observatory project.’
The ‘JISC disciplines’ are business and management studies, engineering, medicine and media studies.
Where the term ‘e-book’ is used, it refers to generic e-books available via the library, retail channels or on the web.
Where the term ‘course text e-book’ is used, it refers to electronic versions of course texts that support taught course students (e.g. undergraduates)
Where the term ‘JISC e-book’ is used, it is specific to the 36 titles licensed for the Observatory project.
CIBER was provided with the raw server logs for the other e-books available on the MyiLibrary platform that were actively being used by the 127 universities. This
was about 10,000 e-books and provided a control group against which use the JISC e-books could be compared. These are referred to as the ‘non JISC e-books’.
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Page 9
8%9#-4$:%4&(%#%4!.*I."
Setting the
scene
5/+-6.%789.%,-.*:31&;<19
?DIBF#2"5")8"(#:&.().9#:2%/#+,"#CD>?#+%#&.("2+-*"#+,"#(""6#'%9#
-.-'03)3#YJALZ#3+&(0=#
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1%%*3#).#9"."2-'#10#3+&(".+3#-.(#3+-X=
! N%#/%.)+%24#-.-'03"#-.(#"8-'&-+"#+,"#&3-9"#%:#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#10#
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! L.-'03"#+,"#(""6#'%9#(-+-#:%2#"-5,#CD>?#"E1%%*#-9-).3+#')12-20#62).+#
5)25&'-;%.#(-+-#%8"2#+,"#'):";/"#%:#+,"#62%<"5+=
! R-).#-#1"l"2#&.("23+-.().9#%:#+,"#5%''"5;%.#/-.-9"/".+#)33&"3#
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! >&99"3+#62)%2)+0#-2"-3#:%2#:&2+,"2#2"3"-25,=
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Page 10
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! #N,"0#[1%&.5"T#-.(#[`)5*T#+,2%&9,#"E2"3%&25"3O#+,"0#-2"#
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! #N,"0#8)"$#-.(#[6%$"2#12%$3"T#-3#/&5,#-3#2"-(#6-9"3#
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%:#+,"#+"S+#).#+,")2#'"-2.).9=
! #K3"23#-2"#%^".#5%.:&3"(#-.(#&.3&2"#$,-+#5%.+".+#+%#
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%.#5%8"2#6-9"34#/".&3#-.(#+-1'"3#%:#5%.+".+3=
Page 11
Study findings: the
user perspective
97%8-(?58350)@(72#(%)#,(1#,)1#$&'#
O0%/.RT$E[.I*+,-.*+/.%:*+/.+91)9
Page 12
I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4=.*I.=D
EF:**'9.%,-./01.+,7<1)97/6.C7:)%)6
8"16(%&4"A4-%#%65+4%E?"")46%5,<#-4D>>P.+91).9+)<16
"#$!%$!&'()*%'+,'+#-'.)/+'01-'2,3'3/-4')!'-5(,,%6'#,7'4$4'2,3'&-+'#,.4',8'$+9'
:-;*-!+)&-/6''+-)*#$!&'/+)<')!4'/+34-!+/'*,1($!-46'=>>?'X!_="`PN!Za
A%,$2+)#8
;/5F7(,#*#*>#,
2008
2009
Percentage
points difference
Students in a JISC discipline
43.5%
51.5%
8.0
All other students
45.5%
52.3%
6.8
Teachers in a JISC discipline
50.3%
54.0%
3.7
All other teachers
50.1%
56.8%
6.7
IGHO
GHK
C1#5(D#>
E,3#58(/,($/44#+0%#
J#<3%6&<$74+<?6567E>6"3<,%,4%E?"")&4D>>4.%,-.D>>P.+91).9+)<169
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@:-;*-!+)&-/'7#,')!/7-;-4'A8;,1'12'3!$B-;/$+2'.$(;);2CD.X!_="`>PJZa.
LHM
B53'#,)37-(43>,+,-
C72#,(43>,+,-
BE1%%*3#,-8"#".+"2"(#).+%#+,"#/-).3+2"-/#%:#-5-("/)5#'):"#-.(#
6"%6'"#-2"#).52"-3).9'0#"S6"5;.9#+%#3%&25"#"E1%%*#/-+"2)-'3#:2%/#
+,")2#&.)8"23)+0#')12-20#Y3""#1"'%$ZO
Study findings: the
user perspective
N,"#b__k#&3"2#3&28"0#2"8"-'"(#+,-+#-#5'"-2#/-<%2)+04#Uc=UW4#%:#
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Page 13
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$*GC1,1&'9.7,./01.969/18
Study findings: the
user perspective
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Study findings: the
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Study findings: the
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Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts
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Power without Responsibility
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Chemical Engineering, Volume 6
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Recommendations
for further research
]&2+,"2#2"3"-25,#)3#.""(#%.#+,"#:%''%$).9#-2"-3#-3#-#/-l"2#%:#
62)%2)+0O
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:%2#+,"#62"8)%&3#)+"/=
Page 39
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to stakeholders
Page 40
8$5)%:"+,%646%("..%#,52"#&4=.*I.N
i.)192*,91./*.RT$E[^9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2.
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N,"#m)3)%.#'"(#+%#+,"#CD>?#.-;%.-'#"E1%%*3#%13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#+,"#
'-29"3+#"8)(".5"#1-3"#%.#"E1%%*3#).#KG=#J2-$).9#%.#+,)3#,&9"#
"8)(".5"#1-3"4#\.().93#%:#62"8)%&3#2"6%2+3#-.(#+,")2#%$.#"S6"2;3"#
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to stakeholders
>).5"#b__b4#+,"#CD>?#BE1%%*3#!%2*).9#R2%&6#,-3#1"".#/"";.9#$)+,#
6&1')3,"234#&.("2+-*).9#3+&()"3#-.(#"S6'%2).9#."$#')5".3).9#-.(#
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+"S+#"E1%%*3#+,2%&9,#+,"#&.)8"23)+0#')12-20=
Page 41
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>%/"#,"-(')."#3+-+"/".+3O
j= N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#62"3".+3#5'"-2#"8)(".5"#+,-+#+,"#
&.)8"23)+0#')12-20#,-3#-#2%'"#+%#6'-0#).#+,"#3&66'0#5,-).#:%2#5%&23"#
+"S+#"E1%%*3=
b= A)12-20#')5".3"(#5%.+".+#$)''#).52"-3).9'0#5%/6"+"#:%2#-l".;%.#
-9-).3+#5%.+".+#%.#+,"#%6".#$"1=
i= N,"#()9)+-'#).:%2/-;%.#'-.(35-6"#)3#5%.:&3).9=#L5-("/)5#')+"2-50#
+2-).).9#-.(#5'"-2#3+-.(-2()3"(#3)9.-9"#)3#2"M&)2"(#+%#/-*"#
()35%8"2).94#-55"33).9#-.(#&3).9#"E1%%*3#Y-.(#-''#"E5%.+".+Z#-#
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c= N,"#&3"2#"S6"2)".5"#-33%5)-+"(#$)+,#"E1%%*3#5-.#1"#)/62%8"(=#L#
9%%(#"S6"2)".5"#)3#*"0#+%#12-.(#2"5%9.);%.#-.(#5&3+%/"2#
2"+".;%.w#1%+,#:%2#+,"#')12-20#-.(#:%2#+,"#6&1')3,"2d-992"9-+%2=
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6'-7%2/3#$)''#:%3+"2#,)9,#'"8"'3#&3"#-.(#).52"-3"#+,"#-(%6;%.#%:#
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62%8)("#"M&)+0#%:#-55"33#+%#-''#&3"23#-.(#).52"-3"#3+&(".+#
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to stakeholders
Page 42
U= N,"#5&22".+#:2-9/".+-;%.#$)+,).#+,"#"E1%%*3#3&66'0#5,-).#
3;`"3#)+3#92%$+,=#N,"#:&+&2"#%:#"E1%%*34#$,-+"8"2#+,-+#/-0#1"4#
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e= N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#,-3#62%8)("(#-#,&9"#"8)(".5"#1-3"#%:#
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/-2*"+#5-.#/-+&2"#M&)5*'0#-.(#).#')."#$)+,#&3"2#"S6"5+-;%.3=
D+#)3#$)+,).#+,"#5%.+"S+#%:#+,"#\.().93#2"6%2+"(#-.(#+,"#-1%8"#
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8$5)%:"+,%646%("..%#,52"#&4!.*I.N
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+"S+#"E1%%*3#+,"0#$-.+#+%#6&25,-3"#-2"#-8-)'-1'"4#,%$#/&5,#+,"0#
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?%''"5;%.3#-.(#+,"#P&1')3,"23#L33%5)-;%.#+%#2"-5,#-92""/".+#%.#-#
5%//%.#3"+#%:#')5".3).9#+"2/3#-.(#5%.();%.3#:%2#5%&23"#+"S+#"E
1%%*3#+,-+#-2"#"-30#+%#&.("23+-.(=#N,)3#$%&'(#,"'6#2"(&5"#+,"#
'-29"#-/%&.+3#%:#;/"#-.(#"X%2+#+,-+#)3#36".+#%.#')5".3).9#-.(#-'3%#
".-1'"#')12-2)-.3#+%#1"l"2#62%/%+"#+%#+,")2#&3"23#$,-+#5-.#-.(#5-.#
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5%.5"2.#%:#+,"#')12-20#5%//&.)+0=#N,)3#$-22-.+3#:&2+,"2#()35&33)%.#
10#6&1')3,"234#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#-.(#')12-2)"3#-.(#2"M&)2"3#+,"#
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to stakeholders
^<#,<#-45#,4?17<#-4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&
J"36)+"#+,"#).52"-3"#).#+,"#-/%&.+#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-8-)'-1'"#
:%2#6&25,-3"#10#')12-2)"3#-.(#3+&(".+34#+,"2"#3;''#2"/-).3#-#'-5*#%:#
52);5-'#/-33#%:#;+'"3#2"'"8-.+#+%#KG#5%&23"3=#D.#-(();%.4#')12-2)-.3#
%^".#3;''#3""#+,"#'-+"3+#"();%.#%.'0#-8-)'-1'"#).#62).+#2-+,"2#+,-.#
"'"5+2%.)5=#P&1')3,"23#-2"#".5%&2-9"(#+%#/-*"#-''#+,")2#5%&23"#+"S+3#
-8-)'-1'"#"'"5+2%.)5-''0=
Page 43
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8$5#,56,&
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-''#&3"23=#K3"23#$)+,#62).+#2"'-+"(#()3-1)');"3#5&22".+'0#:-5"#
62%1'"/3#).#-55"33).9#-.(#6"23%.-')3).9#+,"#+"S+#-.(#2"-().9#
).+"2:-5"#-.(#+,)3#,-3#+%#1"#2"3%'8"(#M&)5*'0=#P&1')3,"23#-.(#"E1%%*#
-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#+-*"#%.#1%-2(#+,"#5%//".+3#:2%/#+,"#
a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#-.(#')-)3"#$)+,#).3;+&;%.3#-.(#CD>?#N"5,J)3#).#
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D.#%2("2#:%2#-#5".+2-'#"E1%%*3#5-+-'%9&"#E#-#%."#3+%6#3,%6#E#+%#1"#
52"-+"(4#M&-')+0#/"+-(-+-#/&3+#1"#3&66')"(#-.(#-.#-92""/".+#%.#
+,"#)(".;\5-;%.#62%5"33"3#:%2#"E1%%*3#3&5,#-3#+,"#&3"#%:#-.#D>IH#
:%2#"-5,#:%2/-+#-.(#6'-7%2/#/&3+#1"#-55"6+"(#10#-''#).#+,"#
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D.:%2/-;%.#H"+$%2*#2"6%2+#h?2"-;.9#5-+-'%9&"3O#1)1')%92-6,)5#
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A)12-2)-.3#-.(#6&1')3,"23#$)3,#+%#-55&2-+"'0#-33"33#+,"#&3-9"#%:#
5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+%#("8"'%6#62)5).9#/%("'3#-.(#+%#5-'5&'-+"#
8-'&"#:%2#/%."0=#?aKHNBF#)3#+,"#3"+#%:#3+-.(-2(3#-.(#62%+%5%'3#
9%8"2.).9#+,"#2"5%2().9#-.(#"S5,-.9"#%:#&3-9"#(-+-=#L''#6&1')3,"23#
-.(#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#1"5%/"#/"/1"23#%:#?aKHNBF=
N,"#?aKHNBF#?%("#:%2#BE1%%*3#.""(3#+%#1"#("8"'%6"(#).#')."#$)+,#
-5+&-'#&3"2#1",-8)%&2#+%#$%2*#%&+#$,-+#)3#+,"#1"3+#-.(#/%3+#
2"-')3;5#$-0#%:#5%&.;.9#&3-9"#:%2#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3=
Recommendations
to stakeholders
P&1')3,"23#3,%&'(#).5'&("#+,")2#1%%*#5%.+".+#).#6'-9)-2)3/#5,"5*).9#
3"28)5"3#+%#-)(#+,"#)(".;\5-;%.#%:#6'-9)-2)3/#).#3+&(".+#$%2*=#
J%).9#3%#$%&'(#-)(#+"-5,"23#-.(#,"'6#+%#).52"-3"#3+&(".+T3#
&.("23+-.().9#%:#%$."23,)6#%:#5%.+".+=
J)9)+-'#2)9,+3#/-.-9"/".+#YJF@Z#303+"/3#3,%&'(#")+,"2#1"#
2"/%8"(#%2#("8"'%6"(#).#')."#$)+,#-5+&-'#&3"2#1",-8)%&2=
Page 44
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')12-20#/-.-9"/".+#303+"/#62%8)("23#+%#("8"'%6#-.(#)/6'"/".+#
/"+-(-+-#3+-.(-2(3#+,-+#$)''#3&66%2+#+,"#()35%8"20#%:#"E1%%*3#10#
&3"234#$,"+,"2#8)-#+,"#')12-20#5-+-'%9&"#%2#%+,"2#()35%8"20#+%%'3=#
>&5,#/"+-(-+-#)3#"33".;-'#).#62%8)().9#5'"-2#3)9.6%3+3#-3#+%#$,-+#
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N,"#2"3&'+3#:2%/#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#3,%$#+,-+#&3"23#$"2"#
5%.:&3"(#10#+,"#/&';6')5)+0#%:#-55"33#2%&+"3#+%#"E1%%*3#Y5-+-'%9&"4#
$"1#6-9"4#:"("2-+"(#3"-25,xZ#-.(#3+2&99'"(#+%#&.("23+-.(#$,-+#"E
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,-2."33#+,"#$"-'+,#%:#5%//".+3#-.(#:""(1-5*#9-+,"2"(#).#+,)3#
62%<"5+#+%#("8"'%6#')12-20#2"3%&25"#()35%8"20#3+2-+"9)"3#).#')."#$)+,#
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i.)192*,91./*.RT$E[^9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2.
N"-5,).9#3+-X#3,%&'(#5%.;.&"#+%#1"#62%-5;8"#).#-(().9#5%&23"#+"S+#
"E1%%*3#+%#%.')."#2"-().9#')3+3#-.(#mAB3#+%#-)(#+,")2#3+&(".+3#+%#
-55"33#5%&23"#+"S+3#-+#-#;/"#-.(#6'-5"#5%.8".)".+#+%#).52"-3).9'0#
1&30#&3"23=#!,"+,"2#+,"#3+&(".+#+,".#&3"3#+,"#"'"5+2%.)5#5%60#%2#
&3"3#+,"#62).+#).#+,"#')12-204#6&25,-3"3#-#62).+#%2#"'"5+2%.)5#5%60#%2#
3,-2"3#-#:2)".(3#5%60#)3#&6#+%#+,"/=
N,"#3&55"33:&'#).5%26%2-;%.#%:#"E1%%*3#).+%#mAB3#2"M&)2"3#92"-+"2#
5%E%6"2-;%.#-.(#()-'%9&"#1"+$"".#')12-2)-.34#'"-2.).9#
+"5,.%'%9)3+3#-.(#-5-("/)5#3+-X=#K.("23+-.().9#+,"#62%5"33"3#
).8%'8"(#).#3"'"5;.94#')5".3).94#-(().9#-.(#2"/%8).9#5%&23"#+"S+#"E
1%%*#5%.+".+#:2%/#+,"#mAB#)3#."5"33-20#:%2#-''#).8%'8"(=#N,"#')12-20#
5-.#5%%2().-+"#+,"#3,-2).9#%:#+,)3#*.%$'"(9"=
Z6"."2"#
N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#("/%.3+2-+"3#+,-+#-5;8"#62%/%;%.#'"-(3#
+%#,)9,"2#&3"=#A)12-2)-.3#3,%&'(#3,-2"#1"3+#62-5;5"#:%2#62%/%;%.#
%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-.(#".9-9"#$)+,#+,")2#+"-5,).9#3+-X#-.(#
3+&(".+3=
?DIBF#2"3"-25,#).+%#+,"#()9)+-'#5%.3&/"2#3+2%.9'0#3&99"3+3#+,-+#
&3"23#.%#'%.9"2#,-8"#-.0#2"-'#3".3"#%:#q5%''"5;%.s#).#+,"#"'"5+2%.)5#
')12-20O#/-+"2)-'3#-2"#%^".#'%(9"(#).#).-662%62)-+"#3)'%3#+,-+#2"`"5+#
')12-20#-.(#6&1')3,"2#$%2*`%$3#2-+,"2#+,-.#).#5%,"2".+#5%''"5;%.3#
/"-.).9:&'#+%#&3"23=#A)12-2)-.3#.""(#+%#("8"'%6#12-.().9#3+2-+"9)"3#
+,-+#-')9.#$)+,#-5-("/)5#')+"2-504#62%/%+"#M&-')+0#-.(#+2&3+#-.(#\+#
$)+,#+,"#/".+-'#/-63#%:#&3"23=
J&<#-4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&
N,"#2"3&'+3#:2%/#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#3,%$#+,-+#&3"23#
"S6"2)".5"(#-#.&/1"2#%:#62%1'"/3#&3).9#"E1%%*3#-.(#+,")2#
).+"2:-5"3=#P&1')3,"23#-.(#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#,-2."33#+,"#
2"3"-25,#62%8)("(#10#+,)3#62%<"5+#+%#".3&2"#+,-+#&3"2#"S6"5+-;%.3#
-2"#/"+#).#+,"#-5-("/)5#".8)2%./".+=
P&1')3,"23#-.(#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#).8"3+#:&2+,"2#).#&3"2E5".+2"(#
("3)9.#-.(#+"3;.9#+%#\.(#%&+#,%$#&3"23#-5+&-''0#$-.+#+%#&3"#
5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-.(#$,-+#+%%'3#+,"0#8-'&"=#K.("23+-.().9#&3"2#
1",-8%)&2#)3#"33".;-'#+%#+,)3#62%5"33#-.(#$"#,%6"#+,-+#+,"#2"3&'+3#
%:#+,)3#62%<"5+#$)''#1"#&3":&'=
Recommendations
to stakeholders
L5-("/)5#3"-25,#".9)."3#3&5,#-3#R%%9'"#>5,%'-2#-2"#2-6)('0#
1"5%/).9#+,"#()35%8"20#+%%'#%:#5,%)5"#:%2#/-.0#3+&(".+3#-.(#+,")2#
+"-5,"23O#P&1')3,"23#-.(#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#:%5&3#%.#
%6".).9#&6#5%.+".+#:%2#).("S).9#-3#+,)3#)3#"33".;-'#+%#()35%8"20=
P&1')3,"23#-2"#".5%&2-9"(#+%#("8"'%6#/-2*";.9#/-+"2)-'3#:%2#"E
1%%*3#+,-+#5-.#1"#5&3+%/)3"(#-.(#2"6&26%3"(#10#')12-2)-.3#+%#3&)+#-#
8-2)"+0#%:#-&()".5"3=
Page 45
8$5)%:"+,%646%("..%#,52"#&4N.*I.N
i.)192*,91./*.RT$E[^9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2.
N,"#-&+,%23#%:#5%&23"#+"S+3#-2"#%^".#+"-5,"23#$)+,).#&.)8"23);"3=#
N"-5,).9#3+-X#3,%&'(#$%2*#$)+,#6&1')3,"23#+%#("8"'%6#5%&23"#+"S+#
"E1%%*3#).#')."#$)+,#+,"#"S6"5+-;%.3#%:#&3"234#,-2."33#+,"#(-+-#
62%8)("(#).#+,)3#62%<"5+#).#+,"#("3)9.#-.(#("8"'%6/".+#%:#"E1%%*3#
-.(#&29"#+,")2#6&1')3,"23#+%#/-*"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-8-)'-1'"#
+,2%&9,#+,"#')12-20=
I65<#<#K.;'#()35%8"20#/"+,%(3#-.(#"E1%%*#6'-7%2/3#1"5%/"#).+&);8"4#
')12-2)-.3#$)''#.""(#+%#5%.;.&"#+%#62%8)("#+2-).).9#+%#+,")2#&3"23=#
N,"2"#$-3#-#,)9,#5-''#:%2#+,)3#).#+,"#&3"2#:%5&3#92%&63=
N"-5,).9#3+-X#-.(#')12-2)-.3#.""(#+%#5%.;.&"#+%#+"-5,#-5-("/)5#
')+"2-50#+%#+,")2#3+&(".+3#+%#".3&2"#+,-+#+,"0#&3"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E
1%%*3#$"''#-.(#&.("23+-.(#)33&"3#%:#6)2-504#6'-9)-2)3/#-.(#
5%602)9,+=
!"++5?"65$%45#,4%0>%6<.%#$
Recommendations
to stakeholders
N,"#36""(#$)+,#$,)5,#+,"#"E1%%*3#/-2*"+#)3#("8"'%6).9#/"-.3#+,-+#
')12-2)-.3#5-.#3+2&99'"#+%#*""6#&6#+%#(-+"#$)+,#8-'&-1'"#."$3#-.(#
).:%2/-;%.4#:%2#"S-/6'"#%.#+,"#6%+".;-'#)/6-5+#%:#+,"#62%6%3"(#
R%%9'"#I%%*3#>"l'"/".+=#a29-.)3-;%.3#3&5,#-3#CD>?#-.(#CD>?#
?%''"5;%.3#3,%&'(#$%2*#+%#9-+,"2#).:%2/-;%.#).+%#%."#5".+2-'#
'%5-;%.#-.(#()33"/).-+"#+%#&.)8"23);"3=
Page 46
P&1')3,"23#-.(#-992"9-+%23#-2"#".5%&2-9"(#+%#3,-2"#9%%(#62-5;5"#
-52%33#-''#-2"-3#+%#,"'6#%8"25%/"#+,"#5&22".+#:2-9/".+-;%.#).#+,"#
/-2*"+#-.(#3&66'0#5,-).=#N,)3#).5'&("3#3,-2).9#2"3"-25,#$)+,#%."#
-.%+,"2#-.(#$)+,#+,"#')12-20#-.(#-5-("/)5#5%//&.);"3=
N,"#("8"'%6/".+#%:#3,-2"(#3"28)5"#$)+,#-#3&)+#%:#+%%'3#+%#-.-'03"#
?aKHNBF#3+-;3;53#:%2#"E1%%*3#-.(#"3+-1')3,#8-'&"#:%2#/%."0#
$%&'(#1"#%:#,)9,#8-'&"#+%#+,"#')12-20#5%//&.)+0#).#+,"#5&22".+#
"5%.%/)5#".8)2%./".+=
A)12-2)-.3#-.(#6&1')3,"23#3,%&'(#5%.;.&"#+%#"S6"2)/".+#$)+,#"E
1%%*#1&3)."33#/%("'3#-.(#-55"33#/%("'3=#>,-2).9#)("-34#
3&99"3;%.3#-.(#2"3&'+3#%:#).+"2.-'#62%<"5+3#$)''#1"#"33".;-'#$,".#
("-').9#$)+,#+,"#"S6"5+-;%.#%:#-55"33).9#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#%.#
6%2+-1'"#-.(#/%1)'"#("8)5"3=
<+$S0,/%58(5/7#)
Background
notes
[191%)&0.-197(,.%,-.I+)/01).7,I*)8%;*,.XRT$E[Z
Page 47
B5()-6"1#,4#"$%&4=.*I."
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G%%>4+"-45#5+7&<&
J""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#)3#-#62%62)"+-20#?DIBF#/"+,%(%'%90#+,-+#,"'63#
')12-2)-.34#6&1')3,"23#-.(#%+,"2#3&66')"23#%:#$"1E1-3"(#5%.+".+#+%#
-#1"l"2#&.("23+-.().9#%:#,%$#5%.3&/"23#-5+&-''0#&3"#+,")2#
3"28)5"3=##I0#-.-'03).9#2-$#+2-.3-5;%.-'#3"28"2E3)("#'%934#?DIBF#)3#
-1'"#+%#("8"'%6#-#3"2)"3#%:#&3"2#/"+2)53#+,-+#("352)1"#,%$#&3"23#
).+"2-5+#$)+,#+,"#303+"/O#:%2#"S-/6'"4#3"33)%.#'".9+,4#.&/1"23#%:#
5%.+".+#%2#%+,"2#6-9"3#8)"$"(4#$,"+,"2#%2#.%+#-.#).+"2.-'#3"-25,#
".9)."#$-3#&3"(4#$,)5,#;+'"3#-.(#3&1<"5+3#$"2"#8)"$"(4#-.(#
$,".#-.#-55"33#+%%*#6'-5"=##N,)3#(-+-#2"`"5+3#$,-+#6"%6'"#
-5+&-''0#(%#%.')."O#.%+#$,-+#+,"0#+,).*#+,"0#()(4#-.(#.%+#$,-+#
+,"0#+,).*#+,"0#%&9,+#+%#3-0#+%#-#2"3"-25,"2=##L#:&2+,"2#-(8-.+-9"#
%:#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#)3#+,-+#)+#)3#6%33)1'"#+%#-8%)(#3-/6').9#1)-3"3#
-.(#"22%23O#?DIBF#-.-'03"(#&3"#%:#-''#+,"#"E1%%*3#Y).5'&().9#CD>?#"E
1%%*3Z#%.#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/#+,2%&9,%&+#+,"#a13"28-+%20#
62%<"5+=
J&%64&163%7&
N$%#'-29"E35-'"#%.')."#&3"2#3&28"03#$"2"#5%.(&5+"(#).#+,"#6"2)%(#
C-.&-20#+%#@-25,#).#b__f#-.(#b__k4#$)+,#+,"#"-2')"2#3&28"0#
:%2/).9#-#1".5,/-2*#-9-).3+#$,)5,#+%#/%.)+%2#5,-.9"=##
Background
notes
Page 48
N,"#M&"3;%..-)2"#$-3#6)'%+"(#"S+".3)8"'0#-.(#()3+2)1&+"(#+%#
6-2;5)6-;.9#')12-2)"3#-3#-#$"1#').*#+%#+,"#3&28"0#(-+-1-3"#Y>&28"0#
@%.*"0#P2%:"33)%.-'Z=#A)12-2)"3#&3"(#-#8-2)"+0#%:#/"+,%(3#+%#
()33"/).-+"#+,"#).8)+-;%.#+%#<%).#+,"#3&28"0O#:2%/#()2"5+#/-)').93#
+%#').*3#%.#')12-20#,%/"#6-9"3#%2#).5'&3)%.#).#3+-X#-.(#3+&(".+#
."$3'"l"23=##N,"#"S"25)3"#9"."2-+"(#Vb4jVc#&3-1'"#2"36%.3"34#
/-*).9#)+#-'/%3+#5"2+-).'0#+,"#'-29"3+#3&28"0#).+%#"E1%%*#&3"4#
-g+&("3#-.(#1",-8)%&2#"8"2#5%.(&5+"(=#L'+,%&9,#+,"#3-/6'"#
:2-/"#)3#-#5%.8".)".5"#3-/6'"4#+,"#3)o"#%:#+,"#2"36%.3"#-.(#)+3#
("/%92-6,)5#62%\'"4#/"-.#+,-+#$"#5-.#1"#62"l0#3&2"#+,-+#+,"#
\.().93#2"6%2+"(#/-0#1"#9"."2-')3"(#-52%33#+,"#$,%'"#KG#,)9,"2#
"(&5-;%.#3"5+%2=
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J-+-#%.#.&/1"23#%:#'%-.#5%6)"3#%:#+,"#"M&)8-'".+#62).+"(#5%&23"#
+"S+3#$"2"#5%''"5+"(#:2%/#-#3-/6'"#%:#ie#&.)8"23);"3#:%2#+,"#
-5-("/)5#0"-23#b__Ud_e#Y)="=#1":%2"#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+Z#-.(#
:%2#b__edb__f4#-9-).#&3).9#-.#%.')."#3&28"0#/"+,%(=##>).5"#
()X"2".+#).3;+&;%.3#,-8"#()X"2".+#'%-.#6"2)%(34#-#62-9/-;5#
("5)3)%.#$-3#+-*".#+%#2"5%2(#'%-.#(-03#Y+,"#+%+-'#.&/1"2#%:#(-03#
+,-+#'%-.#5%6)"3#E#%:#-.0#3+-+&3#E#$"2"#%X#+,"#3,"':#-.(#1").9#
1%22%$"(Z#-3#-#3+-.(-2(#-52%33#).3;+&;%.3=
B5()-6"1#,4#"$%&4D.*I."
[191%)&0.-197(,
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J-+-#%.#KG#2"+-)'#62).+#3-'"3#-+#;+'"#'"8"'#$"2"#3&66')"(#10#H)"'3".#
I%%*>5-.#KG#:%2#5-'".(-2#0"-23#b__e#-.(#b__f=##D.#62-5;5"4#+,"#
CD>?#"E1%%*3#()(#.%+#5%/"#:&''0#%.#3+2"-/#&.;'#"-2'0#).#b__f4#3%#
b__e#5-.#2"-3%.-1'0#1"#2"9-2("(#-3#[1":%2"#+,"#"S6"2)/".+T=##N,"#
3-'"3#(-+-#2":"2#+%#KG#3-'"3#%:#."$#5%6)"3#+,%&9,#-#6-."'#%:#/-<%2#
1%%*3"''"234#).5'&().9#L/-o%.=##H%#).:%2/-;%.#$-3#-8-)'-1'"#%.#
+,"#3"5%.(#,-.(#/-2*"+4#-'+,%&9,#+,)3#)3#')*"'0#+%#1"#-#3)9.)\5-.+#
).`&".5"#%.#6&25,-3).9#1",-8)%&2=
y&-')+-;8"#(-+-#".2)5,4#-.(#62%8)("#"S6'-.-;%.3#+%#&.("26).4#2-$#
M&-.;+-;8"#(-+-=##N,"0#%X"2#,&/-.#2"-3%.3#:%2#-5;%.3#
%13"28-1'"#).#+,"#(""6#'%9#3+-;3;53=#
N%#62%8)("#-#8-')(#1-3)3#:%2#&.("23+-.().9#62).+#3-'"3#).#b__f4#-.(#
-.0#6%+".;-'#)/6-5+#%:#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#$"#5%/6-2"(#
3-'"3#%:#"-5,#;+'"#$)+,#-#1-3*"+#%:#3)/)'-2#5%&23"#+"S+3O#+,%3"#+,-+#
$"2"#6&1')3,"(#).#+,"#3-/"#3&1<"5+#-2"-#).4#3-04#b__c4#+,-+#$"2"#
3;''#-8-)'-1'"#).#-#b__c#"();%.=##N,)3#%X"23#-.#).(&3+20#1".5,/-2*#
-9-).3+#$,)5,#-.0#5,-.9"3#).#3-'"3#8%'&/"#:%2#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#
5%&'(#1"#5%/6-2"(=
N,"#%+,"2#5%/6%.".+4#).+"28)"$3#-.(#:%5&3#92%&63#$)+,#3+&(".+3#
-.(#-5-("/)5#3+-X#-+#+,"#5-3"#3+&(0#-.(#%+,"2#).3;+&;%.34#-)/"(#
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-.(#6E1%%*3w#-g+&("3#+%#2"-().9w#3"'"5;%.#Y+"-5,"23#%.'0Zw#
'%5-;%.#-.(#5%.+".+#()35%8"20#)33&"3w#-(("(E8-'&"#-.(#%.E352"".#
("3)9.#)33&"3w#)/6-5+3#%.#+"-5,).9#-.(#'"-2.).9w#&3"23T#8)"$3#%.#
+,"#62%/%;%.#%:#"E1%%*3w#6&25,-3).9#1",-8)%&2#Y3+&(".+3#%.'0Z=
Background
notes
N,"2"#-2"#/-.0#&.*.%$.3#$,".#$"#5%.3)("2#62).+#3-'"34#M&)+"#
-6-2+#:2%/#+,"#)/6-5+#%:#+,"#3"5%.(#,-.(#/-2*"+=##R"."2-''0#
36"-*).94#5%&23"#+"S+3#&.("29%#-#62%5"33#%:#-l2);%.#-^"2#+,")2#
3-'"3#6"-*4#+06)5-''0#).#0"-2#+$%=##N,"#2-+"#%:#-l2);%.#)3#
("+"2/)."(#10#-#2-.9"#%:#:-5+%234#).5'&().9#+,"#-66"-2-.5"#%:#."$#
5%/6";.9#;+'"34#1-5*')3;.94#-.(4#%:#5%&23"4#8-2)-;%.#).#("/-.(#
-3#5%&23"3#-.(#/%(&'"3#-2"#).+2%(&5"(4#5,-.9"4#%2#-2"#$)+,(2-$.=
a.#+,"#1-3)3#%:#+,"#(""6#'%9#(-+-4#")9,+#&.)8"23);"3#$"2"#).);-''0#
3"'"5+"(#10#?DIBF#-3#5-3"#3+&()"3#:%2#).+"28)"$3#-.(#:%5&3#92%&63#
10#D.:%2/-;%.#L&+%/-;%.#A)/)+"(=##L#:&2+,"2#3"8".#).3;+&;%.3#
$"2"#-(("(#:%2#+,"#3+&(".+#-.(#-5-("/)5#:%5&3#92%&63=##N,"#\23+#
6-2+#%:#+,)3#3+&(0#$-3#+%#).8"3;9-+"#+,"#)33&"3#3&22%&.().9#+,"#
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6"236"5;8"=##N,)3#5%/6%.".+4#$,)5,#).8%'8"(#("6+,#).+"28)"$3#
$)+,#-#2-.9"#%:#')12-20#3+-X4#"S6'%2"(O#3"'"5;%.w#')5".3).9#-.(#
62)5).9#/%("'3w#5-+-'%9&).9#-.(#@LF?#2"5%2(3w#$-03#%:#-55"33).9#
"E1%%*3w#62%/%;%.w#"8-'&-;%.w#-.(#+,"#3%^$-2"#).+"2:-5"=
Page 49
8%9#-4$:%4&(%#%4!.*I."
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8$1,74+<.<$52"#&=
N,"#CD>?#.-;%.-'#"E1%%*3#%13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#)3#2":"22"(#+%#).#+,)3#
2"6%2+#-3#+,"#p`?&%635$"674>6"F%($LO#
N,"#.&/1"2#%:#CD>?#"E1%%*3#)3#2"'-;8"'0#3/-''#YiUZ4#,%$"8"2#+,"#
"8)(".5"#1-3"#%:#&3"#)3#'-29"#Yjbe#&.)8"23);"3Z=#
N,"#pCD8!4,<&(<>+<#%&O#-2"#1&3)."33#-.(#/-.-9"/".+#3+&()"34#
".9).""2).94#/"()5)."#-.(#/"()-#3+&()"3=
N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#()(#/"-3&2"#+,"#)/6-5+#%.#2"+-)'#62).+#
3-'"3#+%#3+&(".+3#$,".#+,"0#-2"#62%8)("(#$)+,#:2""#-+#+,"#6%).+#%:#
&3"#-55"33#8)-#+,"#')12-20=#D+#()(#.%+#/"-3&2"#).3;+&;%.-'#3-'"3#+%#
&.)8"23)+0#')12-2)"3#%2#')12-20#6&25,-3).9#1",-8)%&2=#
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&.("292-(&-+"3Z#
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Further information about JISC Collections:
Web: www.jisc-collections.ac.uk
Email: collections@jisc.ac.uk
JISC Collections is the trading name for the
JISC Content Procurement Company Limited.
JISC Collections
Brettenham House
5 Lancaster Place
London WC2E 7EN
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)20 3006 6000
Version 1.1, November 2009