EVALUATION OF SOCIO – ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN
POWER SECTOR PROJECTS IN VIETNAM
By
Pham Anh Huyen
Thesis presented in part-fulfilment of the degree of Master of Science in accordance with the
regulations of the University of East Anglia
School of Environmental Sciences
University of East Anglia
University Plain
Norwich
NR4 7TJ
August 2010
© 2010 Pham Anh Huyen
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CONTENTS
Section
Page number
Contents
ii
Lists of figures
iv
Lists of tables
v
Abbreviations
vi
Acknowledgements
viii
Chapter 1. Introduction
1
1.1 Research basic
1
1.2 Objective and aims
2
1.3 Research layout
2
Chapter 2. SIA in the context of EIA
4
2.1 EIA and quality of EIA report
5
2.2 The consideration of socio – economic impacts in EIA
5
Chapter 3. SIA in Vietnam and power sector
9
3.1 The role of energy sector in the national economy
9
3.1.1 Current status of power sector in Vietnam
9
3.1.2 Power sector and environmental issues
10
3.2. EIA and SIA procedures for energy sector in Vietnam
12
3.2.1 State of environmental management in Vietnam
12
3.2.2 Existing institutional and legislative framework for EIA process in Vietnam
14
3.2.3 General EIA process in Vietnam
16
3.2.4 SIA in the context of EIA in Vietnam
20
Chapter 4. Methodology
23
4.1 Data collection
23
4.2 Data evaluation
24
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4.2.1 Review checklist design
24
4.2.2 Pilot study
31
4.2.3 Data analysis
32
4.3 Limitations of the study
33
Chapter 5. Results
34
5.1 The quality of SIA in general
34
5.2 The quality of SIA by individual components of EIA process
35
5.3 Summary of key findings
42
Chapter 6. Discussion and conclusion
44
6.1 Discussion
44
6.1.1 The harmonization between policies of the international aid
agencies and regulations of Vietnam for EIA process
44
6.1.2 Impact assessment in SIA process
46
6.2 Conclusion
47
References
48
Appendices
Appendix A. Environmental Impact Statements reviewed
Appendix B. Socio – economic impact assessment checklist for power sector projects
Appendix C. Quality of each subcategory by assessment grade
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Environmental mainstreaming guide
13
Figure 2: EIA procedure in Vietnam
19
Figure 3. The number of EIS samples in each year
24
Figure 4. The structure of review checklist
31
Figure 5. The percentage of EISs by assessment grade
35
Figure 6. The percentage of satisfactory SIA by review area
36
Figure 7. Quality of SIA by individual component
36
Figure 8: Quality of SIA in terms of subcategory 3.4.3
40
Figure 9: Quality of SIA in terms of subcategory 3.4.6
40
Figure 10: Quality of presentation of socio – economic aspects
by assessment grade
41
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Social and cultural variables
7
Table 2. Types of economic impacts
6
Table 3. Capacity reserves of energy resources in Vietnam
9
Table 4: List of EVN’s power stations
11
Table 5: Anticipated fossil fuel emissions in Vietnam from 1993 – 2020
12
Table 6. Key environmental laws in Vietnam
14
Table 7: List of sectoral EIA guidelines
22
Table 8: Types of EIA samples
24
Table 9: Resources applied in criteria checklist
30
Table 10. List of assessment symbols
32
Table 11. Overall quality of SIA of EIS samples
34
Table 12. Quality of SIA in different tasks
37
Table 13: Different requirements for public participation between
Vietnamese government and development partners
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ABBREVIATION
ADB: Asian Development Bank
AFD: Agence Francaise de Developpement
CEC: Commission of the European Communities
CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency
DoE: Department of the Environment
DONRE: Department of Natural Resources and Environment
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment
EC: European Commission
EVN: Electricity of Vietnam
ICGPSIA: Interorganizational Committee on Principles and Guidelines for Social Impact
Assessment
JBIC: Japan Bank for International Cooperation
KfW: Kreditanstaff fur Wiederaufbau
LEP: Law on Environmental Protection
MONRE: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
MOIT: Ministry of Industry and Trade
MOPI: Ministry of Planning and Investment
NEPA: National Environmental Protection Agency
ODA: Official Development Assistance
PECC: Power Enginering Consulting Company
PPC: Provincial People’s Committee
SIA: Social Impact Assessment
TIA: Transboundary Impact Assessment
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme
VEA: Vietnam Environment Administration
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WB: World Bank
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my supervisors Mat Cashmore and David Benson who gave me value
assistance and important advises during the dissertation process. I also thank to all teacher
and staffs of University of East Anglia for all their supports in one year of studying.
I also would like to thank my parents as they always accompanied and encouraged me over
the time I was far away from home. Particularly, I would like to thank my father for his
patience and bravery against all diseases to give me the courage to continue my study.
And finally, thanks to all my friends who always help and encourage me to overcome every
difficulty.
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research basic
Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is defined as “the processes of analysing, monitoring and
managing the intended and unintended social consequences, both positive and negative, of
planned interventions (policies, programs, plans, projects) and any social change processes
invoked by those interventions. Its primary purpose is to bring about a more sustainable and
equitable biophysical and human environment.” (Vanclay, 2003, p 2). From the perspective of
the Interorganizational Committee on Principles and Guidelines for Social Impact
Assessment (ICGPSIA) (1994), SIA is abbreviated from the term “social or socio - economic
impact assessment”. This term SIA, which refers to social science of Environmental Impact
Statements (EISs) including social, cultural and economic components, will be used
throughout the disseration. In fact, SIA has become one mandatory part of Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) under legislations of both developed countries [e.g. National
Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) legislation in the United States; European Commission
(EC) Directive 85/337, amended by 97/11/EC implemented in England through the Town and
Country Planning Regulations 1999] and developing countries [e.g. Law on Environmental
Protection (LEP) in Vietnam] since SIA has been increasingly recognized as important as EIA
in decision making process and in contributing towards sustainable development (Burdge et
al, 1996). The benefits and significant values of SIA to decision making and planning, public
involvement and sustainable development are also clarified when referring to a number of
studies (Pisani et al, 2006). Nevertheless, Burdge et al also (1996) indicate numerous
procedural and methodological difficulties in SIA practice such as inadequate data gathering;
complex methodologies; limited qualified and experienced SIA consultants and lack of
evaluation of the validity and reliability of SIA reports. Particularly, SIA included in EIA has
been conducted ineffectively in many less developed countries without exception for
Vietnam. Moreover in some cases the undertaking of SIA simply aims to satisfy the
requirements of the international aid donors (Tang et al, 2008). Therefore this dissertation
aims to find out current practice of SIA in Vietnam, particularly in hydropower, thermal
power and rehabilitation projects since power sector is forecast to promote the national
economic growth (APERC, 2007). In order to do so, revewing the quality of EIA reports is
one common way to assess the effectiveness of SIA in EIA as decision makers and interested
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stakeholders can easily access to and use the information related to significant impacts of the
proposed development on the environment and human beings. In this dissertation, EIA reports
of power projects are appraised, focusing on socio – economic impacts in main stages of EIA
process: baseline condition, impact prediction, significance evaluation, mitigation measures,
monitoring and public involvement.
1.2 Objective and aims
The overall objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the current extent to which SIA
is incorporated into EIA process in power sector projects in Vietnam and then contribute to
improved SIA practice. More specifically, several aims of this study to achieve this objective
are also outlines as follows:
- To establish scope of SIA for power projects in Vietnam, namely hydropower, thermal
power and rehabilitation projects.
- To analyse how socio – economic impacts are determined in individual stages of EIA
process (e.g. baseline conditions, impact prediction, significance evaluation).
- To review quality of socio – economic sections in the whole EIS.
- To reveal the stages of EIA process in which socio – economic issues are addressed the most
poorly.
- To establish minimum standards for SIA practice and then provide a framework of SIA best
practice in power projects in Vietnam.
1.3 Research layout:
The dissertation is structured in five chapters. The first chapter lays the basis for the topic and
objective of the study. The next two chapters justify these objectives based on relevant
literature review. Chapter two discusses general SIA in the larger context of EIA and the
evaluation of SIA through EIS quality review. Chapter three provides background of the
consideration of socio – economic impacts in EIA requirements and a range of issues related
to SIA in practice as well as the incorporation of SIA in power sector projects in Vietnam.
The next chapter clarifies transparency and reliability of the methodology in this study in
which primary method is to apply review checklist developed from many resources of
literature into the obtained EISs. The main findings of the dissertation are analysed and
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presented with key data in chapter five in an attempt to answer the research’s question. In the
last chapter, the results are then discussed by referring to previous studies and the conclusions
are then drawn up for SIA practice in power development in Vietnam and for further research
alike.
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CHAPTER 2. SIA IN THE CONTEXT OF EIA
2.1. EIA and quality of EIA report
The requirement for EIA was officially stipulated in the US National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA) in 1969 and rapidly has been employed in more than 100 countries at different
levels (Glasson, 2005; Li, 2008). Over around four decades of development, EIA has been
recognized as a process rather than a tool that is carried out with a number of important aims
and objectives. To begin with, EIA clarifies environmental scenario of implementation of the
proposed action so that it aids decision making and development control in which the
competent authorities consider the trade – offs in relation with such proposed action before
granting permits for the project. At the same time, the information from EIA process probably
provides a range of alternatives for developers to formulate the development action friendly
environmentally. Such purposes are viewed as the formal aims of EIA (Glasson, 2005;
Morgan, 1998). Together with this, Morgan (1998) also indicated the importance of informal
aims of EIA since EIA supports public participation and influences in decision making
processes. Moreover, EIA encourages the management of economic development and social
development in the consideration of their environmental contexts; therefore it is believed to
be an instrument for sustainable development from local to international levels (Glasson,
2005).
The findings of investigation of potential impacts of proposed project are presented in official
document known as Environmental impact statement (EIS). The requirements for EIS of
different EIA procedures in various countries and funding agencies differ in form; type of
information covered in an EIS; stage of the project cycle at which the EIS needs to be
submitted. However, there is common concern about the constitution of a good EIS. Lee
(2000) suggested fundamental content of a good quality EIS in general that includes: brief
description of the project and the base – line conditions which are probably affected by the
development; prediction of expected changes to those environmental conditions; assessment
of potential impacts of the project and provision of relevant mitigation measures and
appropriate presentation of all outcomes. Although a good quality EIS cannot ensure high
performance of EIA process, there is a growing number of studies examining the quality of
EISs in order to evaluate the implementation of EIA procedures in practices from high income
countries (e.g. study of European Commission on EIS quality in eight Member States 1996) to
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developing countries (e.g. research on quality of 26 EIS submitted in Tanzania) (Barker et al,
1999; Mwalyosi et al, 1998). Most researchers have applied aggregated or disaggregated
approaches (Bader, 2004). The difference between disaggregated and aggregated studies is
that the former focuses on the performance of constituent components of the EIA process (e.g.
scoping; impact evaluation; etc) or individual environmental components (e.g. air quality;
landscape; water quality; etc) while the later investigates quality of entirety of an EIS
(Glasson, 2005). However, most researches on EIS quality generally aim to identify the
weakness stage in specific EIA as well as the major shortcomings that is essential when
formulating policies and guidelines to improve the quality of EIS and in turn contribute to
improving the effectiveness of EIA process.
2.2 The consideration of socio – economic impacts in EIA
The evaluation of effects arising from development action on human being and their society
seems to be recognized as important as those of environmental impacts (Burdge et al, 1996).
To a certain extent, this has been reflected through requirements for description of potential
impacts on human being that stipulated in a number of EIA related regulations such as
European legislation (the EU Directive 85/337/EEC); the 1979 CEQ in the US and the 1999
Town and Country Planning Regulations in the England and Wales (Glasson, 2009).
Moreover it is obvious that social, economic and biophysical impacts frequently build up
interactive links in any case of development action. The inter links between such aspects have
been listed in detail in the guideline of the UK Department of the Environment (DoE) for
preparation of environmental statements (Chadwick, 2002). Additionally, when referring to
the context of developing countries, some international organisations such as the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Bank (WB) also give emphasis on
the requirement for evaluating biophysical impacts in conjunction with socio – economic
impacts due to the close interaction between them. This can be explained with examples from
some projects related to induced development, such as construction and operation of dam
where the considerable change in population probably increases exploitation of environmental
resources and in turn results in adverse impacts on relevant biophysical features (Glasson,
2005). There is a variety of socio – economic aspects identified in EIA processes. ICGPS
(2003) proposes a comprehensive range of social and cultural variables used to determine and
measure relevant issues when conducting EIA. The classification of such variables is outlined
in the Table 1. An overview of economic aspects that are taken into account in EIA, is also
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suggested by Glasson (2009) (see Table 2). What is more, the guideline of Asian
Development Bank (ADB, 1994) adds some economic concerns that the baseline
environmental information area should include such aspects as:
Economic Development
•
Industries
•
Infrastructure facilities (e.g. water supply, sewerage, flood control)
•
Transportation (roads, harbours, airports, and navigation)
•
Land use (e.g. dedicated area uses)
•
Power sources and transmission
•
Agricultural development, mineral development and tourism facilities
To conclude, the scope of socio – economic impacts, including identification of the type,
duration, spatial extent and distribution of impacts, depends on the types and context of
development actions that vary widely in different countries and regions.
Table 2. Types of economic impacts
General type of impacts
Direct economic
Indirect/wider economic/expenditure
Specific type of impacts
•
Local – non-local employment
•
Characteristics of employment
•
Labour supply and training
•
Wage levels
•
Employee’s retail expenditure
•
Linked suppliers to main development
•
Labour market pressure
•
Wider multiplier effects
•
Effects on development potential of area
Source: Glasson (2009)
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Table 1. Social and cultural variables
Population change
•
Population size density and change
•
Ethnic and racial composition and distribution
•
Relocating people
•
Influx and outflows of temporaries
•
Presence of seasonal resident
Community and institutional structures
•
Voluntary associations
•
Interest group activity
•
Size and structure of local government
•
Historical experience with change
•
Employment/income characteristics
•
Employment equity of disadvantaged groups
•
Local/regional/national linkages
•
Industrial/commercial diversity
•
Presence of planning and zoning
Political and social resources
•
Distribution of power and authority
•
Conflict newcomers and old – timers
•
Identification of stakeholders
•
Interested and affected parties
•
Leadership capability and characteristics
•
Interorganizational cooperation
Community and family changes
•
Perception of risk, health and safety
•
Displacement/relocation concerns
•
Trust in political and social institutions
•
Residential stability
•
Density of acquaintanceships
•
Attitudes toward proposed action
•
Family and friendship networks
•
Concerns about social well - being
Community resources
•
Change in community infrastructure
•
Indigenous populations
•
Changing land use patterns
•
Effects on cultural, historical, sacred and archaeological resources
Source: ICGPS (2003)
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On the other hand, there is no doubt that conducting SIA creates substantial benefits for main
groups of stakeholders: governments, communities and developers. Firstly, SIA is agreed to
be an effective tool in planning and decision-making process since it helps to clarify the
changes in affected communities in terms of social aspects that are caused by proposed
project (Burdge, 1990). Such changes can be described in form of qualitative and quantitative
indicators so that the stakeholders involved can understand. Secondly, SIA promotes public
participation through the incorporation of local knowledge that can provide valuable insights
into all possible effects of the project. Consequently, this can help to redesign projects in the
early planning stage or establish enhancement and mitigation measure in order to ensure
likely changes stemming from the projects are consistent with local development. Finally,
SIA benefits the developers since it raises the success rate of project, particular in the case of
projects related to resettlement issues. It is illustrated that undertaking SIA assists planners in
identifying effectively affected groups as well as their needs and concerns, therefore
eliminates conflicts and even resistance to the development action (Burdge, 1990; ICPGS
2003; Burdge, 2003).
However the evaluation of such socio economic impacts frequently is much less considered
than biophysical impacts in EIA process conducted in both developed and developing
countries (Abaza, 2000). To illustrate, one study reviewing the treatment of socio – economic
impacts in sample of 110 EISs submitted in the UK from 1993 to 1999 reveals the narrow
coverage of socio – economic impact types with main emphasis on direct and indirect
employment effects, expenditure and income effects as well as the poor presentation of
relevant socio – economic impacts in quantification although such impacts are included in the
majority of EISs (over 80% of the sample) (Chadwick, 2002). Another example is indicated
in the transboundary impact assessments (TIA) for the Navigation Channel Improvement
Project of the Lancang – Mekong River in 2001. The results of TIA examination showed
general assumption on benefits gained from improved living conditions in the region instead
of identifying possible specific social impacts of the projects (Li, 2008). Besides, there have
been numerous obstacles when applying SIA in practice as for developing countries. They
may include constraints on financial resources and technical capacities such as lack of socio –
economic data and qualified personnel in competent authorities (Tang, 2008).
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CHAPTER 3. SIA IN VIETNAM AND POWER SECTOR
3.1 The role of energy sector in the national economy
3.1.1 Current status of power sector in Vietnam
According to the Vietnam Agenda 21 that indicates the orientation and strategies for the
national sustainable development, energy industry has been considered to play a fundamental
role in the national economic development. Energy resources in Vietnam are rich with a great
deal of capacity reserves including fossil fuel (e.g. oil, coal, gas) and renewable energy (e.g.
hydro, biomass, solar and geothermal energy). Table 3 lists capacity reserves of some of them
(APERC, 2007).
Table 3. Capacity reserves of energy resources in Vietnam
Energy resources
Capacity of reserves
Oil
615 million tons
Gas
600 million cubic meters
Coal
3,880 million tons
Hydropower potential
20,000 MW
Source: APERC, 2007
The main resources of generated electricity in Vietnam are dominated by hydropower, gas –
fired plants and coal – fired generators that account for around 45%, 35% and 18%
respectively (BMI, 2009). Besides, renewable energy (small hydroelectricity, win, solar,
biomass and biogas) is indicated in a number of legislation policies and significantly
supported by the Vietnamese government as one of the alternatives to ensure the energy
security as well as mitigate the impacts of electricity production on the environment. However
contribution of renewable energy to the total generation of electricity is slightly small with a
figure of small hydro power 121 MW; biomass power 150 MW; 35,000 units of household –
sized biogas systems; and 1,00kWp of solar PV systems (APERC, 2007). It is clear that the
rapid economic growth rate in Vietnam is leading to the increasing growth in energy demand
in both industrial and residential use. To illustrate, the demand for electricity went up by 15%
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pa over the period of ten years from 1995 to 2005 and be anticipated to reach 16% in the next
five - year period (BMI, 2009).
Currently, Vietnamese State Company - Electricity of Vietnam (EVN) takes control of all
electrical power – related activities in Vietnam under the supervision of the Ministry of
Industry and Trade (MOIT). Until 2008, it has developed 15 large to medium along with a
number of small hydropower stations and four thermal powers (see Table 4). In an attempt to
achieve the target of installed generating capacity 81GW by 2020, EVN has planned to build
74 new power stations of which 48 are proposed to be hydro – electricity projects (BMI,
2009) together with the need for expanding and improving the existing transmission and
distribution systems. It is estimated that the funding required for new power projects and
improvement of such existing transmission and distribution systems is 5 billion dollars
(Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc, 2010).
3.1.2 Power sector and environmental issues
Vietnam Agenda 21 pointed out the crucial position of energy industry in the national
economy and also alerted a number of detrimental impacts of this industry stemming from
coal mining activities, oil and gas explosion and waste generation from energy production and
consumption (APERC, 2007).
Obviously, environmental and socio – economic impacts of power stations development have
been a matter of great concerns since many decades in Vietnam. The first environmental and
social impacts study of energy project was carried out in 1989 for the construction of Hoa
Binh dam, although in fact it was informal EIA (Doberstein, 2003). When it comes to
hydropower projects in Vietnam, many adverse impacts on environment and human life have
been recognized such as erosion and sedimentation due to changes in direction of water flows;
drought or drying up in downstream of rivers where hydro plants are built and difficulties in
resettlement of local community in the construction of reservoirs (Vusta, 2007). Such
negative impacts can be seen in a number of key hydroelectricity plants projects of the
country such as Hoa Binh, Yaly, Ham Thuan – Da Mi, Tuyen Quang and Son La. For
instance, it is estimated that 91,000 inhabitants were forced to resettle in Son La power
project. On the other hand, a thermal electrical generator is also believed to be one of the
major causes of air pollution. Air emissions (CO2, SO2, NOx) produced in thermal power in
Asia including Vietnam are claimed for contributing around one – third of the total emissions
in this continent. Table 5 illustrates the anticipated increasing trend in the amount of fossil
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fuel emissions in Vietnam from 1993 to 2020 (Karki, 2005). One report reveals that 14 large
and medium size coal thermoelectricity have used high sulphur content coal and fuel oil and
generated a large amount of emissions (National Environment Agency, World Bank, and
Danish Agency for International Development, 2002).
Table 4: List of EVN’s power stations
Type of
generation
Hydro
Coal - fired
Oil - fired
Gas - fired
Diesel
Power Station
Region
Thac Bac
Hoa Binh
Tuyen Quang
Vinh Son
Yaly
Song Hinh
Se San 3
Quang Tri
A Vuong
Da Nhim – Song
Pha
Tri An
Thac Mo
Ham Thuan
Da Mi
Dai Ninh
Small hydropower
Subtotal
Uong Bi
Ninh Binh
Pha Lai 1
Pha Lai 2
Uong Bi (Ext.)
Subtotal
Thu Duc
Can Tho
Subtotal
Ba Ria
Phu My 2 – 1
Can Tho
Phu My 1
Phu My 4
Thu Duc
Subtotal
Subtotal
Total
North
North
North
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
Central
South
South
South
South
South
South
-
Final year of
operation start
1970
1994
2008
1995
2000
2000
2006
2007
2008
1964
420
150
300
175
300
215
5,499 MW
105
100
440
600
300
1,545 MW
165
33
198 MW
389
900
150
1,090
450
128
3,107 MW
285 MW
10,634 MW
North
North
North
North
North
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
South
Source: Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc (2010)
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Installed capacity
(MW)
120
1,920
342
66
720
70
260
64
210
167
1987
1995
2001
2001
2008
1965
1974
1986
2000
2007
1973
1975
1994
1999
1999
2001
2004
-
Table 5: Anticipated fossil fuel emissions in Vietnam from 1993 – 2020 (Unit: thousand tons)
CO2 emission
SO2 emission
NOx emission
Year
1993
2020
1993
2020
1993
2020
Amount
4722
57,344
20
229
18,1
221
Source: Karki, 2005
In recognition of such issues, Vietnam introduced regulations that promote clean energy
generation such as the Ambient Air Quality Standard and Stationary Source Standards and the
Water – Borne Effluents Standard 1996 for thermal power stations. However, at the present
there is no legislative requirement for liquid and solid wastes from power projects (Uddin,
2009).
In this context, EIA together with SIA is adopted as an essential tool to incorporate
environmental and social concerns into investment planning for power projects and as a
framework for environmental management in post decision stages.
3.2 EIA and SIA procedures for energy sector in Vietnam
3.2.1 State of environmental management in Vietnam
It is obvious that a number of planning documents that build framework for Vietnam to
pursue sustainable development have reflected increasing concern about the national
environmental issues. These include (IGES, 2007):
-Socio-economic Development Strategy (2001-2010) adopted by the 9th National Congress.
-Comprehensive Poverty Reduction and Growth Strategy (CPRGS) prepared in 2002.
-National Strategy for Environmental Protection until 2010 and Vision Toward 2020 released
in 2003.
-Strategic Orientation for Sustainable Development in Vietnam or Vietnam Agenda 21 issued
in 2004.
-Socio-Economic Development Plan (SEDP) 2006-2010.
-Five Year Plan for Natural Resources and Environment Sector 2006-2010.
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In particular, it is the first time that nine environmental targets have been incorporated within
the national five year Socio – Economic Development Plan 2006 – 2010 that is regarded as
the great improvement in efforts to bring environment and development together. On the other
hand, the progress in incorporating environmental and poverty issues has been made when it
comes to the formulation of new Biodiversity Law that provide local biodiversity knowledge
as well as promote the role of poor people in protecting biodiversity (Bass et al, 2010).
With an abundance of natural resources and convenient location for transportation, Vietnam is
one country in the Southeast Asia that has many advantages of developing its own economy.
The statistics show that the GDP growth in Vietnam has achieved high rate in the region of 6
– 10% in recent decade from 2000 to 2010 (website of General statistics office of Vietnam,
2010). Nevertheless, such economic development, which is primarily based on exploitation of
natural resources, has put great pressure on national environmental quality. According to the
Report on the state of National Environment (2005), main development activities in industry,
construction, energy, transport, agriculture, aquaculture, tourism development and
urbanisation are associated with a wide range of environmental issues including severe air
pollution in many cities and industrial areas; contamination of groundwater and surface water
by leakage of herbicides and pesticides used in crops; unsustainable exploitation of mineral
resources for materials. In recognition of these challenges for current economic growth
models, the Government of Vietnam has recently paid more attention on environmental
management, especially in the relation with poverty reduction. However, a larger number of
opinions believe that the integration of environment and development objectives in Vietnam
has reached the very first stage of improved awareness in the environmental mainstreaming
system in which there is increasing understanding and acknowledge of official in the
government about the interaction between environmental management and development, for
instance, better environmental management could preserve sustainable resources for
production and satisfy health and livelihood demands (Figure 1) (Bass et al, 2010).
Figure 1. Environmental mainstreaming guide
a. Awareness improved
b. Knowledge improved
c. Analysis improved
d. Advocacy improved
!$"
"
e. Experimentation and innovation
f. Planning instruments improved
g. Policies and laws improved
h. Finance improved
i. Resource management regimes improved
3.2.2 Existing institutional and legislative framework for EIA process in Vietnam
a) Legal framework for EIA process
•
Law on Environmental Protection
Since 1990s, Vietnam adopted a number of regulations involving natural resources and
environmental protection, in which some of them has been amended and supplemented in
recent year (see Table 6).
Table 6. Key environmental laws in Vietnam
Regulations
Year of enforcement
Year of revision
Law on Forest Protection and Development
1991
-
Law on Land and Territory
1993
2001
Law on Environmental Protection
1994
2005
Law on Minerals
1996
2005
Law on Water Resources
1998
-
The key environmental legislative instrument – the National Law on Environmental
Protection initially came into force in 1994 and then revised in 2005 with the supports from
many international organisations and donors, for examples the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP). The considerable changes of new LEP in terms of structure and content
also include modifications in EIA process such as requirements for public participation, for
the timing of the EIA process in the project cycle in which EIA needed to be prepared at the
stage of feasibility study in project cycle and other additional conditions (Clausen et al, 2010).
!%"
"
The LEP 2005 contains 15 chapters and 136 articles (compared to the previous law with 7
chapters and 55 articles) that sets comprehensive national policies on environmental
protection and fundamental framework covering the management of land, forest, water and
mineral sources as well as controls of production and other developments in relation with
environment and natural resources.
•
Legal framework of EIA
EIA was initially presented in the first Law of Environmental Protection 1994, amended in
2005, that provides legal basic for EIA in Vietnam. Section 2 that includes the Articles from
18 to 23 in the Law of Environmental Protection 2005 sets up general requirements for EIA
such as the types of projects subjected to submit EIA report; the contents of EIA report; the
appraisal and approval processes of EIA report; the responsibilities of project owners and
approving agencies.
The further details of EIA in Vietnam are established in a wide range of current degrees,
circulars, official documents and decisions, namely the highest regulations as follows:
-Degree 80/2006/ND-CP dated 09/08/2006 by the Government regulating in details and
providing guideline for implementation of a number of provisions in the Law on
Environmental Protection.
-Degree 21/2008/ND-CP dated 28/02/2008 by the Government on amending and
supplementing a number of articles in the Decree 80/2006/ND-CP dated 09/08/2006 by the
Government regulating in details and providing guideline for implementation of a number of
provisions in the Law on Environmental Protection.
-Circular 08/2006/TT-BTNMT dated 08/09/2006 by the MONRE guiding preparation of
strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessments, and commitment for
environmental protection and superseded by the Circular 05/2008/TT-BTNMT.
-Circular 05/2008/TT-BTNMT dated 08/12/2008 by the MONRE guiding preparation of
strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessments, and commitment for
environmental protection.
!&"
"
b) Institutional structure for EIA
Currently the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) of which its
establishment was approved by the Vietnamese National Assembly in 2002, takes
responsibility for environmental and natural resources management at the national level. This
body is the leading authority in environmental strategy, legislation and policy formulation,
environmental institution building, environmental impact assessment, environmental research,
environmental quality standards, data collection and management. MONRE also includes an
executive body Vietnam Environment Administration (VEA) and 61 Department of Natural
Resources and Environment (DONRE) which are responsible for environmental management
at the provincial level. In addition to this, MONRE works with at least ten other line
ministries that have partly similar functions in environment – related issues and supports all
provinces in decentralized environmental management activities as well.
With the set up of new Law on Environmental Protection in 2005, more responsibilities for
environmental management have been transferred to provinces. Within Vietnamese
decentralized framework EIA report is appraised at two levels.
According to the Decision 132/2008/QD – TTg, at the central level the VEA which is a
department of MONRE, is directly responsible for the EIA procedure and appraisal of the
projects that are subject to the approval of the National Assembly, the Government and the
Prime Minister, and other inter – sector and inter – provincial projects.
At a local level, the DONRE under the Provincial People’s Committee (PPC) has
responsibility for appraising the projects within their territories and subject to their
competence of decision and approval. On the other hand, EIA reports are likely to be
appraised by Appraisal Service Organisation, which is selected by MONRE or PPC. Besides,
relevant appraisal authority can be relevant line ministry or management board of industrial
zone where proposed project will be implemented.
3.2.3 General EIA process in Vietnam
The EIA process in Vietnam is based on various models of international organisations such as
the World Bank, European Committee and other countries (An et al, 2000). The EIA process
!'"
"
in Vietnam consists of main steps illustrated in Figure 2. Several crucial considerations in
some steps can be summarized as follows:
Screening
All investment projects in Vietnam needed to be screened in order to ensure that all potential
impacts of proposed developments could be fully taken into account. The appendix in the
Degree 21/2008/ND – CP indicates the list of projects obligated to submit EIA report that are
grouped into the categories, for examples, construction projects, projects to manufacture
construction materials, traffic projects, energy and radiation projects. After screening, the
proposed project can be classified as one of the following types:
•
Type 1: The project affects adversely on the environment so that EIA is needed.
•
Type 2: The project which has no or slightly negative impacts on the environment can
apply for the certification of the written environmental protection undertakings.
•
Type 3: The project has uncertain impacts or negative impacts that can be mitigated
with appropriate measures. Such projects will go into the scoping step and the results
of scoping will show whether the project needs further EIA step or only apply for the
certification of the written environmental protection undertakings.
Appraisal and approval of EIA report
According to the Article 11 amended and supplemented in the Degree 21/2008/ND – CP,
project owners of investment projects have to submit the EIA reports for appraisal and
approval before the projects commence.
After receiving a valid and completely satisfactory EIA report from the proponent, the
appropriate appraisal authority sets up the Appraisal Council or choose a services organisation
to review the EIA report. In the case where EIA report is not passed by the Appraisal Council
or appraisal service organisation, the re-appraisal of this report is necessary. By contrast, the
project owner finalizes the EIA report based on the requirements of appraisal organisation and
sends it to the competent body for approval. The competent body notifies proponent of
decision either approval or rejection of the EIA report and if the proposed development is
granted, the proponent submits the content of this decision to local authorities where the
project will be implemented.
!("
"
Public participation and disclosure
Public participation and disclosure is fundamental request for formulation as well as appraisal
of EIA report. The Article 20 in the Law on Environmental Protection 2005 stipulates
community’s consultation on proposed project as one of the essential content of EIA report.
Additionally, Clause 1 in part 3 in the Circular 05/2008/TT – BTNMT demands project owner
of seeking for opinions from communities in the place where proposed project is located,
namely the commune, ward or township People’s Committees and Fatherland Front
Committee. On the other hand, public participation also plays important role in the process of
reviewing EIA reports at provincial level. To illustrate, the organisation of Appraisal Council,
based on Clause 3 in Article 18 in the LEP 2005, includes representatives of the provincial –
level People’s Committee.
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3.2.4 SIA in the context of EIA in Vietnam'
In Vietnam, EIA is said to be main tool for incorporation of environmental consideration into
investment planning (ADB & UNEP, 2005). Dosbertein (2003) argured that the development
of this tool can be divided into three phases: Learning phase (pre 1990); formalisation phase
(1990 – 1994) and implementation or capacity – building phase (1995 - ). It is also indicated
that from 1995 EIA has evolved rapidly with a large number of EIA undertaken and appraised
and there has been a number of EIA capcity – building programmes that mainly aim to refine
EIA regulations and guidelines as well as provide technical assisstance (Dosbertein, 2003). In
line with this, many specific EIA guidelines have been established in order to satisfy
considerably different requirements in practice when characteristics of projects vary from
sector to sector. From 1998 the former National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA)
and the current EIA Appraisal Agency of MONRE has set out a number of EIA guidelines for
16 sectors which helps main stakeholders including governmental environmental agencies,
environmental consultation organisations and project owners to promote the formulating and
appraising EIA reports processes. The established sectoral EIA guidelines are listed in the
Table 7 (Sy et al, 2009).
On the other hand, in general, implementation of EIA in Vietnam has been problemactic and
ineffective. Clausen et al (2010) suggest main issues stemming from the gap between theory
and practice of EIA system in Vietnam such as late application of EIA in planning stage;
insufficient capacity and skills in preparing and appraising EIA; limited used and out of date
guidelines in EIA scoping and preparation process; ineffective public participation and
information disclosure; and poor compliance and adoption of the commitments in the EIA.
Besides, insufficient comprehensiveness in the existing review process of EIA report is also
another challenge. In spite of many efforts in order to raise the environmental profile in the
national development, the quality of EIA studies in Vietnam remains generally very low. To
illustrate, one study referred to the fact that 70% examined EIA reports were in bad quality
(Obbard et al, 2002).
Similarly, there are also challengings in conducting SIA in Vietnam. It is belived that in many
developing countries, SIA is needed as a result of definitions of environment in legislation
(Burdge, 2003b). In Vietnam, the requirement for incorporating SIA into EIA is indicated in
the Clause 3 of the Artice 20 under the LEP 2005:
#+"
"
Detailed assessment of possible environmental impacts when the project is executed and
environmental components and socio – economic elements to be impacted by the project;
prediction of environmental incidents possibly caused by the project.
However, like other developing countries, social aspects of development actions in Vietnam
are under emphasised (Doberstein, 2003). One example is in the case of the specific EIA
guideline for hydropower sector that proposed under the strengthening of EIA regulations in
the capacity – building programmes, namely the project funded by the European Commission
“Capacity Building for Environmental Management in Vietnam” and the CIDA (Canadian
International Development Agency) – funded Vietnam – Canada Environmental Programme.
However, a review of EA guideline draft for this sector argues that the assessment of socio –
economic impacts was much less promoted than biophysical impacts of the development
proposals. In other words, this guideline mainly focused on how the biophysical aspects of an
EIA were addressed (Doberstein, 2004). In practice, there is little information of investigation
of the socio – economic impacts assessment in Vietnam, especially for power projects. One of
a few studies of this issue shows that social aspects are considered in terms of land use issues
for the construction of hydroelectricity plants such as compensation fees or resettlement
issues (IFRERA, 2005). Even so, in some cases resettlement issues were not given enough
attention. For instance, one study when investigating social issues towards sustainability in
hydropower projects in Vietnam argures that socio – economic impacts of such projects has
been frequently underestimated. This study referes to the case of Hoa Binh hydropower
project in which researches on socio – economic issues were just only undertaken 10 years
after the launching time of the project and the resettlement plan as well as a range of related
issues had not been considered during the planning and design phases (Yen, 2003). As a
result, the fact showed that poor consideration of socio – economic impacts in the
development had caused a series of social issues in the resettlement community, for instance
the increas in the number of school aged children who left their school due to lack of school
or inaccessibility to school.
#!"
"
Table 7: List of sectoral EIA guidelines
The establishing organisation
NEPA
EIA guidelines for sector
1.Thermo-power plants
2.Brewery and beverage industry
3.Cement industry
4.Textile industry
5.Stone and clay mines
6.Construction of infrastructure of industrial zones
7.Transportation works
8.Urban construction
EIA Appraisal Agency
9.Iron and steel metallurgical industry
10.Oil and gas exploration
11.Oil and petrol stores
12.Basic chemical production
13.Chemical fertilizer production
14.Pharmaceutical and cosmetic production
16.Rubber latex production
17.Cement industry
18.Pulp and paper industry
19.Aquaculture areas
20.Irrigation works
21.Open mine exploration
22.Harbors
23.Domestic landfills
24.Wastewater treatment plants
##"
"
CHAPTER 4. METHODOLOGY
This section introduces the data required and the methods employed in the study in order to
achieve the research’s aims and objectives mentioned above. The main method used is deskbased study, which consists of two key subsequent steps: data collection and data analysis.
Relevant literature review including background of the topic and numerous commonly
available review packages was collected to develop the review checklist which can be
applicable to the EISs. All EIS samples were then reviewed using this designed checklist and
the findings were analysed to answer the project question.
4.1 Data collection
The essential first step in this study is to collect EIA reports of power sector projects in
Vietnam. However, in fact this step has been a difficult task because of legislative and
bureaucratic reasons. Before 2005, public disclosure of EIA reports was not included in EIA
legislations so that there was no public access to such EIA information.
Athough this
situtation has changed since the requirement for public disclosure was added into the
amended LEP 2005, public disclosure is only required in form of brief notice board display at
the People Committee of the commune or region where the project will be implemented.
Furthermore, it is also believed that all government EIA reports in Vietnam are “secret
document” that need permits of the Government agency (e.g. MONRE or provincial DONRE)
to release (Hostovsky et al, 2010). By contrast, in case of projects receiving ODA (Official
Development Assistance) fundings, EIA reports are made available to public through the
Internet, following the policies of these organisations, namely the Public Disclosure Policy
BP 17.50 of the WB.
Most EIA reports collected for analyzing in this study are extracted from the website of the
WB and the ADB which are considered as main international donors for development projects
in Vietnam including power projects (ADB et al, 2003). The total 25 samples fall in power
development projects with different number of EIA reports for each category (see Table 8).
These EISs were produced from 1995 to the middle of 2009 (see Figure 3). 23 of 25 projects
receive the fundings from the WB and the ADB. Most EISs were prepared by domestic
consultant, namely PECCs (Power Engineering Consulting Company) or other international
consultants. The list of EISs with their project background is referred to the Appendix A.
#$"
"
Table 8: Types of EIA samples
Category
Hydrpower project
Thermal power project
Substation and transmission line project
Rehabilitation project
Total samples
Number of EIA report
4
2
6
12
25
Figure 3. The number of EIS samples in each year
4.2 Data evaluation
4.2.1 Review checklist design
Literature review was used as a basic source for providing initial understading of SIA issues
in EIA process and developing the review criteria checklist. Main subjects of this literature
review include guidelines and existing review packages for general EIA and best practices
and principles of general SIA and of specific SIA in power projects.
In order to control quality of EIA reports that at least ensure the visible outcomes of EIA
process are accurate and effective, lots of review frameworks have been developed including
mandatory by governments and non – mandatory by independent researchers. Wood (2003)
#%"
"
summarised EIA report review procedures as well as how the formal set of evaluation criteria
was applied in these processes in seven countries (the United States, the UK, the Netherlands,
Canada, Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand and South Africa). Many of them, for
example review criteria of the UK, are produced based on the government guidance on the
review of EISs and be established in forms of checklists. On the other hand, several common
review criteria are developed independently such as the Lee and Colley Environmental
Statement Review Package (1999) and the European Commission review criteria (2001).
The Lee and Colley framework has been said to use the most popularly in the UK because of
being robust and reliable (Barker et al, 1999). According to Lee et al (1999) the purpose of
the Review Package is to assess the quality of EIS submitted under the UK regulation, which
is an interpretation of the EC Directive 85/337, amended as Directive 97/11/EC. Besides, a
wide range of researches adopted this review package directly or in modified form according
to their study objectives, especially when reviewing projects in specific sector. To illustrate,
Gray et al (2003) altered the wording of the review criteria and grading system for better
adaptation to reviewing 73 afforestation projects EIA reports submitted in the UK during the
period 1988 – 1998. The European Commission (2001) has designed another similar review
mechanism to Lee & Colley with more specific and detailed questions in form of a checklist.
This European Commission guidance on EIA review aims to contribute to more effective
formulation of EIA report and then provide better quality of information for the decision
making process in the context of current EU legislation (EC, 2001).
One study when
comparing the effectiveness of two review instruments indicates high level of agreement
between them (76%) (Barker et al, 1999). Although two review packages are regarded as
transparent and systematic mechanisms for reviewing EIS, it is obvious that they cannot adapt
to different specific requirements and EIA procedures that vary considerably throughout
different countries. As a result, this partly imposes restriction on further investigation of EIS
quality in different contexts and sectors.
Therefore a checklist of criteria used in this dissertation was developed from a range of
existing review packages and guidance that helps to improve EIA practice and satisfy current
international and national regulatory requirements in Vietnam. The structure and content of
this criteria checklist were primarily based on the Lee and Colley’s Review Package (1999)
and the European Commission’s guidance on EIA review (2001) plus the Circular No
05/2008/TT – BTNMT guiding in detail the implementation of SEA, EIA and environmental
protection commitment in Vietnam. Moreover, as this study aims to investigate the extent to
#&"
"
which socio – economic aspects are evaluated within EIA processes, it is necessary to
incorporate good principles for socio – economic impact assessment, for example The US
Principles and Guidelines for SIA, into general review packages. In addition to this, various
guidelines and handbooks on social dimensions and cultural issues of international
organisations, such as the WB or the ADB, were considered during establishment of
important criteria in order to ensure that this study can evaluate the compliance of EIA
procedure in Vietnam with international principles of good practice. These criteria are
probably significant to this research because a large number of development projects in
Vietnam including hydropower projects have been funded by such international organisations
together with the demands for conducting EIA and SIA according to their guidelines and
standards. All resources by which the criteria checklist was formulated were summarized in
the Table 9.
a) The structure of review checklist
Review checklist used in this study implements the model of the Lee and Colley Review
Package with hierarchically arranged Review Topics, which consist of Areas, Categories and
Sub-categories, that will cover assessment from the content to the format of EIS. It is argued
that this hierarchy reflects fundamental steps in EIA process and the importance of their
order. For instance, correct establishment of baseline conditions possibly result in correct
information in the step of key impacts identification (Lee et al, 1999). The review checklist is
divided into five main areas: i) Description of the development and local environment in
terms of socio – economic aspects; ii) Baseline conditions of socio – economic aspects and
consideration of alternatives; iii) Identification and evaluation of key socio – economic
impacts; iv) Environmental management plan and auditing and public consultation; v)
Communication of results. Each area is broken down in more detail categories and then each
category contains a range of sub – categories or issues considered. The structure and main
heading of this review checklist is illustrated in the Figure 4.
b) The content of review checklist
It is obvious that not all socio – economic aspects are assessed in EIA process although the
collection of information on such aspects is encouraged to set up in – depth socio – economic
profile of the area where proposed action will be implemented. In other words, the analyses
should give priority on the relevant socio – economic impacts in specific context because the
scope and the content of socio – economic analysis differ in type of the project or the
#'"
"
environment involved from countries to countries (ICGPS, 2003). Therefore, most important
criteria of the review checklist in this dissertation was developed based on consideration of
socio – economic impacts related to power development projects. This study will examine
whether or not chosen EIA reports include assessment of common socio – economic issues
recorded in general power projects. In order to do so, literature review is referred to find out
what specific socio – economic concerns are determined within a project of power sector.
Based on a number of literature review on such issue (see Table 9) major socio – economic
impacts associated with power sector development have been summed up and clarified to
develop criteria of the designed review checklist. The detailed content of this design checklist
is presented in Appendix B.
•
Induced development
Large influx of both controlled and uncontrolled migrants during project construction and
operation enter the area where the project will be implemented because of installation of new
infrastructure such as roads, power lines, etc and new economic opportunities that can give
rise to induced development. To a certain extent, this can bring potential benefits to local
community, for instance providing access to expand inhabitant settlement or promoting local
economies.
However, such unexpected number of migrants can put more burdens on existing social
infrastructure and services, namely water supply, waste disposal or sanitary systems. On the
other hand, considerable growth in the population may lead to increased crime and violence
rates that will challenge local authority in remaining social stability.
Moreover, immigration of large number of outsiders possibly causes loss of local social
cohesion as well as enhances social conflicts for available resources, in particular involving
water rights and employment issues.
•
Gender issues
There are many impacts of power projects involving gender disparities especially in the case
of resettlement. In many developing countries, including Vietnam, women may not be
compensated equally if resettlement occurs because they do not have legal ownership of land
and property. Additionally, women may not have access to benefits generated by the
development, for examples; much less women than men can gain job opportunities from the
construction phases of dams.
#("
"
In many cases, women’s economic works create the majority of household income. Therefore
dislocation relating to replacement or loss of livelihood put more burdens on women than
men. Women lives and status are likely to be more exposed to increased social evils and
violence, such as prostitution or sexual abuse resulting from the construction and
implementation of the project.
•
Involuntary Resettlement
Construction of dams for hydropower generation or construction of transmission lines
frequently requires compulsory resettlement of people. Consequently, it has a number of
detrimental impacts on community. The most common impact is loss of housing, generally
land and displacement of livelihoods or disruption of local business. The impacts can be
significant for communities whose means of livelihood entirely rely on land and natural
resources including agricultural production, fishing, livestock grazing, etc. Furthermore,
replacement with less productively cultivated lands along with poor provision of basic
services and infrastructure at new settlement area may result in increased impoverishment and
declining standard living of local residents. More importantly, this is also one of the causes of
environmental and natural resources exploitation in wider extent when new settlement
livelihood may not sufficiently support affected people’s livings. What is more, resettlement
may negatively affect traditional custom and cultural lifestyles of local community.
•
Equity and the distribution of costs and benefits
Two different groups: winners and losers are always established as a result of power
development project. It is obvious that the beneficiaries can include the investment of the
plan, employees working in the project or those who receive business created by the project.
Nevertheless, it is argued that costs of the project may affect several groups such as women,
children, ethical minorities, the poor and other vulnerable groups more than remaining groups
in the project area. One example is the potential limited access to power project benefits of
poor clients due to pricing policies.
•
Community safety and public health risks
Health hazard is considered one of key issues in power development, especially as for
hydropower or large dam projects. The major adverse impacts of such development on local
community safety and health can be listed as:
#)"
"
There will be increased community risks for electrocutions, electromagnetic fields or other
accidental hazards arising from public access to different components of the project (e.g. high
voltage wires, transmission towers and lines). Besides, a number of unexpected risks and
natural hazards possibly take place during the construction and operation of the project.
Power development may also trigger decline in health outcomes of local population as well as
working conditions of the projects. To illustrate, a number of infectious diseases, namely
malaria, may be consequences of poor sanitation in construction camps.
•
Indigenous people
It is indicated that there has been disproportionate impacts on indigenous people or ethical
minorities because of their ineffective empowerment to lands and environmental resources
uses in practical development process compared with mainstream society. Also, power project
can have negative disruption on their distinct cultures and spiritual existence.
•
Downstream livelihoods
Impacts of power development, in this case is the construction of dams for hydropower
generation, on downstream communities reflect indirectly through disruptive economic
activities in agriculture and fisheries due to changes in hydrological regime of rivers.
Together with this issue, pollution from discharged water from power generation poses threats
on health of people living in downstream area of dams.
•
Historic and cultural values
Many cultural and archaeological resources have possible risks to be destroyed or modified
because of construction of dams, power lines or roads in power projects. Although loss of
cultural heritage is widely believed to be an irreversible impact, consideration of cultural and
archaeological resources is not incorporated in planning phase of most projects.
#*"
"
Table 9: Resources applied in criteria checklist
Theme
Guidelines and review
framework for EIA
Resources
i) Lee et al (1999).
ii) European Commission (EC) (2001).
iii) The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,
Vietnam (MONRE) (2008).
Guidelines and best
practice for SIA
iv) ICGPS (2003).
v) World Bank (1999a).
vi) Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2003a).
Guidelines for SIA in
power sector project
vii) ADB (1994).
viii) ADB (2003b).
ix) International energy agency (2000).
x) The world commission on dams (2000).
xi) JBIC (2009).
xii) The World Bank (1999b).
xiii) Trussart et al (2002).
$+"
"
Figure 4. The structure of review checklis
4.2.2 Pilot study
A pilot study was conducted in which the draft review checklist was applied in two random
samples from the total 25 EISs to find out any gap or inappropriate criterion, and therefore to
enhance the quality of the reviewing results. In the revised review checklist, some criteria
were omitted because of being not necessary.
$!"
"
4.2.3 Data analysis
25 EIS samples were reviewed using the designed review checklist mentioned above. A
procedure along the lines of Lee and Colley’s review package was implemented in which
assessment is undertaken at four hierarchical levels. It means at the lowest level (level 1),
each of criteria or sub categories will be initially assigned a particular assessment symbol
according to the extent to which related task performs. Subsequently, at level 2 each category
will be assessed based on the results of evaluating its subcategories. The similar manner is
adopted to assign each area (level 3) as well as the entire EIS (level 4). Besides, one more
grade (NC – not criteria met) was added. The explanation of assessment symbols is
summarized in the Table 10.
The results from grading 25 EISs were recorded and then analysed using simple statistics and
appropriate tables and charts to find out the overall performance of SIA in the entire EIS and
in each review category. The performances of SIA between review categories were compared
to determine the best and the poorest quality of SIA. Besides, main deficientcies involving
socio – economic components in EIA process in power projects were also identified and
analysed.
Table 10. List of assessment symbols
Symbol
Explanation
A
Relevant tasks well performed, no important tasks left incomplete.
B
Generally satisfactory and complete, only minor omissions and inadequacies.
C
Can be considered just satisfactory despite omissions and/or inadequacies.
D
Parts are well attempted but must, as a whole, be considered just unsatisfactory
because of omissions or inadequacies.
E
F
NC
NA
Not satisfactory, significant omissions or inadequacies.
Very unsatisfactory, important task(s) poorly done or not attempted.
No criteria met
Not applicable. The Review Topic is not applicable or it is irrelevant in the
context of this Statement.
Source: Lee et al, 1999
$#"
"
4. 3. Limitations of the study
To ensure the consistency and objectivity, it recommends two approaches in which either two
reviewers assess each EIS separately and then discuss on the differences between two results
before assigning final overall grade or EIS is reviewed by one individual and subsequently the
results are checked by the other (Lee et al., 1999; Badr et al, 2004). However, such
approaches cannot apply into this Master programme study that is required to complete
individually. Besides, a great deal of information with an average of more or less 100 pages in
many EISs samples and limited time framework for the Master dissertation also put
constraints on the outcomes of this study. During review process, the evaluation of EISs
encountered several difficulties, for examples getting familiar to some technical terms such as
“electromagnetic field”.
Further limitation of this study is related to data collection. As mentioned above, it is difficult
to access to EIA reports in Vietnam. Therefore, the size of samples in this study is quite small
with only 25 EIA reports while it is agured that the number of samples should reach 40 in
order to be consistent with other published academic studies (Mohamed, 2009). Additionally,
this also leads to the limited types of power projects. Although Vietnam has generated
electricity from many forms of energy sources including hydropower, thermal power, wind
power, solar power, etc; almost all EISs collected fall into hydropower and thermal power
projects.
CHAPTER 5. RESULTS
According to the results from reviewing of EIS samples, this chapter will analyse the overall
quality of SIA in the entirety of EISs. Furthermore, performance of SIA in each components
of the EIA process will be analysed in more details.
The assessment grades are grouped in two ways. In order to see the percentage of EIA reports
satisfied with review criteria, score of A, B or C is classified as satisfactory while E or F is
unsatisfactory. Besides, it is necessary to clarify the degree to which socio – economic
commponents are addressed in the EISs. To illustrate, good quality will obtain overall score
of A or B; borderline with score C or D and poor quality assigned score E or F.
5.1 The quality of SIA in general
$$"
"
The total number and percentage of satisfactory EIA reports are summarized in the Table 11.
The results indicate that 60% of EIA reports samples are considered as satisfactory, however
only 28% of the total is assigned as “good” quality. Besides, the most common grade is C,
which is defined as just satisfied because of “omissions or inadequacies”, with 32% of the
samples. Following that is grade of “unsatisfactory” (D or E) accounting for slightly
significant number with 20% for each case. On the other hand, none of the reports obtains the
lowest grade (F) (see Figure 5).
Table 11. Overall quality of SIA of EIS samples
Assessment Grade
Number of EIA reports
% of EIA reports
Satisfactory (A, B or C)
15
60
Unsatisfactory (D, E or F)
10
40
Good (A and B)
7
28
Borderline (C and D)
13
52
Poor (E and F)
5
20
In addition to this, the results from evaluating a range of assessment tasks involved in EIA
process is presented in the Table 12. These findings show different level of satisfactory in
different review areas in terms of SIA (see also Figure 6). Generally, task related to
description of the development and local environment (Review area 1) were completed
satisfactorily in 84% of EIA reports. Environmental monitoring and public consultation
(Review area 4) as well as communication of results (Review area 5) are the next high degree
of satisfactory tasks with 76% and 68% respectively. On the contrary, only a third of EISs
reviewed are considered as satisfactory in regard to impact assessment and mitigation
(Review area 3).
$%"
"
Figure 5. The percentage of EISs by assessment grade
5.2 The quality of SIA by individual components of EIA process
As mentioned in the methodology, the review checklist is developed based on numerous
Vietnamese regulations and a variety of guidelines and principles, particularly the Review
Package of Lee and Colley 1999. The structure and content of Lee and Colley (1999)
framework was modified to become more suitable to the case of power projects in Vietnam.
In other words, there are five review areas applied in this study instead of four review areas as
identified in the Lee and Colley checklist. Furthermore, the categories included in each
review areas in the review checklist also differ from those of the Lee and Colley review
framework. For instance, Review area 1 in the Lee and Colley checklist (1999) contains
category of baseline condition whereas the counterpart of this review checklist does not. As a
result, it may cause difficulties in referring the results of this study to those of previous
researches. Therefore, the quality of main individual components of EIA process will be
analyzed in order to find out the weakest stage of EIA process involving socio – economic
aspects in power projects and to compare overall trend of quality in SIA practice in Vietnam
with other relevant studies (see Figure 7).
$&"
"
Figure 6. The percentage of satisfactory SIA by review area
Figure 7. Quality of SIA by individual component
$'"
"
Table 12. Quality of SIA in different tasks
Summary of category
A
B
C
D
E
F
NC
%A–B
Good
Description of development and
local environment
1.1 Description of development
1.2 Site description
1.3 Wastes
2
7
12
4
0
0
0
36
68
7
5
2
10
7
8
8
5
7
0
4
8
0
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
2.
Baseline conditions and
consideration of alternatives
2.1 Baseline conditions
2.2 Consideration of alternatives
5
2
8
6
4
0
0
6
8
4
2
6
5
6
1
1
0
2
1
3.
Identification and evaluation of key
impacts
Impact identification
Prediction of impact magnitude
Assessment of impact significance
Mitigation
1
6
2
10
3
2
2
0
1
5
6
7
6
6
4
2
7
9
7
7
5
Environmental management plan
and public consultation
Environmental management plan
Public consultation
Communication of results
Layout
Presentation
Non – technical summary
7
8
4
9
5
7
7
5
9
4
6
4
1.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.
4.1
4.2
5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
Overall EIS grade
%C–D
Border
line
64
%E–F
Poor
% ND
0
0
32
0
0
36
16
0
60
0
0
28
56
16
0
0
8
40
48
12
0
40
24
4
32
3
0
28
48
24
0
3
3
7
5
0
3
2
1
0
0
0
0
28
32
28
28
60
44
36
48
12
24
36
24
0
0
0
0
5
0
1
0
60
36
4
0
6
7
1
3
0
1
7
10
3
5
5
6
6
0
4
0
8
0
4
0
4
2
1
2
0
0
0
6
1
0
0
0
0
6
64
48
48
76
28
44
28
40
36
24
56
0
4
12
16
0
16
28
4
0
0
0
0
28
3
8
5
5
0
0
28
52
20
0
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40
Description of the development
Description of development (category 1.1) is generally conducted well in the majority of EISs
reviewed (68%) and it is also the task receiving the second highest degree of good quality.
Moreover, poor description of development was not found in any EIS sample. This review
category aims to provide general information of investment project such as background and
activities in project lifecycle. The deficiencies of major reports fell in the subcategory 1.17
requiring the description of production processes intended to be employed in the completed
development, and the subcategory 1.1.8 which requires estimation of raw materials and
energy needed for the project. On the other hand, the fact indicates that information on
background of the project (e.g. purposes, investment capital, time framework, etc) is provided
sufficiently in almost all EIA reports while socio – economic activities in different phases of
the project (subcategory 1.1.6) were described poorly. For examples, only few EIA reports
gave the estimation of workers employed in both construction and operation phases.
Baseline conditions of socio – economic aspects
This section is often argued as one of the best performed stages in general EIA process.
Nevertheless, the figure reveals that the quality of investigation of baseline socio – economic
conditions is not high with just over 64% of the total EISs are satisfactory, of which only 40%
are regarded as good quality. In the case of power projects in Vietnam, description of socio –
economic baseline mainly focused on demographic characteristics (e.g. size or age
composition of local population) which are recorded as annual census data in each province
so that not difficult to collect. Besides, high attention on current uses of land in projects
related to displacement of people and business was reflected in many projects (12 of 18)
requiring resettlement. However, major omissions found in a large number of EIA reports are
lack of mention of cultural aspects (e.g. sites of historical and architectural), which can be
seen in around half of total EISs.
Consideration of alternatives
Although being rated as generally satisfactory in 60% of the reports, this review category was
completely ignored in nearly one third of samples. Additionally, in most satisfactory cases,
alternatives were compared in terms of location and technical designs of the development
(e.g. the optimal number of installed turbines). The comparative options in terms of socio –
!"#
#
economic aspects were primarily related to land compensation and resettlement of inhabitants
in the area of the development. A minority of EISs (e.g. EIS No. 4, No. 11, and No 22)
considered economic impacts and poverty alleviation of the proposed projects such as impacts
on fishery production, loss of agricultural land and inaccessibility of electric network of poor
people.
Impacts assessment
Identification, magnitude and significance evaluation of socio – economic impacts arising
from power development are the least satisfactory tasks in practice and were indicated to
conduct poorly in around 30% of EIA reports. In many cases (16 EISs), potential socio –
economic impacts were simply described without clarification of their magnitude and
significance (reflect in the grade D, E or F of the category 3.2 or 3.3). Furthermore, the
common problem in a large number of EISs (10 of 25) is lack of description of methods used
to identify such impacts. Nevertheless, some cases provide information on the use of
environmental screening checklist, which adapted from ADB guidelines 1997 (e.g. EIS No
24; No 23); simple matrix design (e.g. EIS No 21; No 10 and No 8); statistical methods or
socio – investigative method such as interview authorities, officers, local people (e.g. EIS No
5). Magnitude of socio – economic impacts in these EIA reports was defined as “small/large”
or
“short/medium/long
term”.
Moreover,
concepts
of
significance,
such
as
“minor/moderate/major”, “negative/positive”, “mitigable” were made explicit in some EISs
(e.g. EIS No 8; No 10; No 21; No 22; No 24) that contribute to the good performance of
impact significance evaluation.
On the other hand, the most popular negative socio – economic impacts identified in power
sector projects in Vietnam are health safety (e.g. impacts of electromagnetic fields or labour
safety), accidental hazards and changes in land uses due to the presence of the development.
The positive impacts were provision of jobs and the improvement of infrastructure including
roads and electricity distribution. Some effects in relation to gender issues or vulnerable
groups (indigenous people, children, etc) were merely discussed in 8 EISs (EIS No 8; No 10;
No 22; No 24; No 11; No 13; No 1 and No 2). None of EIA reports indicates the possibility of
transboundary socio – economic impacts of the development.
!$#
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Impacts mitigation
The description of mitigation measures for socio – economic impacts in 56% of the samples
are rated as satisfactory, but only half of them (28%) were in good quality. Together with this,
details of the implementation and effectiveness of such mitigation measures are limited. This
reflects in the fact that the worst scores (E or F) were allocated for subcategories 3.4.3 and
3.4.6 in a large number of EISs (14 and 10 respectively) (see Figure 8 and 9).
Figure 8: Quality of SIA in terms of subcategory 3.4.3
Figure 9: Quality of SIA in terms of subcategory 3.4.6
Environmental management plan
Environmental management plan is defined as mitigation, monitoring and institutional
measures which will be applied in different phases of the project lifecycle to eliminate
%&#
#
negative impacts on both environmental and socio – economic features (World Bank, 1999).
As can be seen in the Figure 8, monitoring of socio – economic impacts was addressed to the
best satisfactory degree with 88%. Additionally, 64% of EIA reports were assigned grade A
or B in this category that make this the best well – performed task in SIA process. Details on
the parameters, methods applied and responsibilities for monitoring socio – economic impacts
were identified explicitly in environmental management plan (EMP) of such reports. On the
other hand, just only one EIS (EIS No 5) did not prepare EMP and another EIS (EIS No 4)
described EMP very poorly.
Communication of results
This task was satisfactorily performed in nearly 70% the total EISs. However in general a
combination of grades A and B accounted for fewer than 50%. Furthermore, only 28% of the
reports were judged as good quality in terms of presentation of socio – economic components
(category 5.2). Problems observed in this category are lack of effective use of tables, figures,
maps and other graphics (5 EISs received grade E for subcategory 5.2.2) and insufficient data
and evidence (8 reports received grade D and 4 reports with grade E for subcategory 5.2.3) in
order to support the analysis of socio – economic aspects (see Figure 10). Besides, good
communication of results should include qualified non – technical summary. The data in this
study demonstrates that there were six cases in which non – technical summary was not
presented (EIS No 11; No 20; No 9; No 10; No 13; No 5).
Figure 10: Quality of presentation of socio – economic aspects by assessment grade
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Public participation
It is shown that all 25 EIA reports of power sector projects from 1995 to 2009 reviewed in
this study contain the information on public participation but the performances of this task in
such reports change differently in quality. In general, this issue was assessed as satisfactory
with high percentage of EISs (76%). What is more, the data points out that the number of
EISs achieving “good quality” is much higher than those assigned as “poor quality” with the
figure of 48% for the former and 12% for the latter. The cases in which public involvement
was considered to address poorly include one international funded project (EIS No 5) and two
other with government budgets (EIS No 3, No 4). The public concerns in terms of socio –
economic aspects recorded in many EISs involved in compensation issues for land, crops and
trees. In some reports, the processes of public participation were described in details but the
outcomes of these processes, such as public comments on socio – economic issues of the
development were not documented.
5.3 Summary of key findings
Based on criteria for terms “strength” and “weakness” in which “strength” means a
percentage of A – B grades over 50% and “weakness” means a proportion of E – F grades
over 50% or with the highest proportion of E or F (Sandham et al, 2008), some conclusion
about the strength and weakness of SIA in power sector projects in Vietnam can be drawn up
as follows:
•
Individual components classified as strengths in the SIA process include:
! Description of development (category 1.1) with 68% good quality samples.
! Environmental management plan (category 4.1) with 64% EISs
! Layout (category 5.1) with 76% EIA reports.
•
Others can be regarded as weakest parts of the SIA:
! Assessment of impact significance (category 3.3) with 36% poor quality samples.
! Prediction of impact magnitude and mitigation measures (category 3.2 and 3.4)
with 24% poor quality for each category.
! Consideration of alternatives (category 2.2) with 32% samples not done.
! Non – technical summary (category 5.3) with 28% reports not done.
In brief, main findings from reviewing SIA process in 25 EIA reports of power sector projects
in Vietnam are:
%(#
#
•
The proportion of satisfactory reports is not high, at the figure of 60% of the total.
•
Of 14 review categories, the description of development; environmental management
plan for socio – economic impacts and layout obtained higher scores than other analytical
components in SIA.
•
However, the size of samples in this study is relative small (25 reports) therefore the
results of performance of different tasks in SIA cannot be regarded as representative and there
is necessary to carry out comprehensive research on this issue in the future.
%!#
#
CHAPTER 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
6.1 Discussion
6.1.1 The harmonization between policies of the international aid agencies and regulations
of Vietnam for EIA process
It is indicated that there has been considerably increasing number of financial support from
foreign agencies in form of the ODA fundings. The estimation shows that during the period
from 1993 to 2002 Vietnam received in the region of US$ 11.83 billion total cumulative loan
commitments for 192 projects from five Banks ADB, JBIC (Japan Bank for International
Cooperation), WB, AFD (Agence Francaise de Developpement) and KfW (Kreditanstaff fur
Wiederaufbau) (ADB et al, 2003) in which 80% of ODA is received from ADB, JBIC and
WB. With a large number of financial development assistants that comprises of 4.5% of GDP,
Vietnam remained the tenth largest country borrower in the world. On the other hand, when it
comes to ODA funded development projects; EIA, which includes SIA (can be used as the
term SEIA) is regarded as one of fundamental instruments in these banks’ operations to
implement their specific policies of environmental and social issues into such projects.
Therefore formulation of common framework for SEIA process to satisfy various
requirements of three banks and also be compliance with relevant regulations in Vietnam has
been a great matter of concern. In fact, the content of EIA reports which is compliance with
either national regulations or international polices contains similar basic sections as follows:
•
Description of the project and its area of influence
•
Policy, institutional and legal framework
•
Environmental and social baseline data
•
Environmental and social impacts
•
Environmental and social management plan
However, there remains exclusive of two parts: analysis of alternatives and public
consultation (ADB et al, 2003). Two sections are required officially in some international
policies and guidance for aid – funded EIAs such as the OP 4.01 (World Bank, 1999);
%%#
#
Environmental assessment reporting format (ADB, 2003a); Guidelines for Confirmation of
Environmental and Social Consideratioins (JBIC, 2009) while being non - mandatory in
Vietnamese EIA legislations. The results of this study clarify partly the extent to which
international policies integrate in national legislations in power project for Bank financing
(WB or ADB) in practice.
a) Consideration of alternatives
It is indicated that the of 25 power projects studied in the period from 1995 to 2009, there are
only two projects invested by non international aid agencies, including one from national
government budgets (EIS No 3) and one from private investment (EIS No 4). According to
the data, around 26% of 23 bank aid – funded EIAs (6 samples) did not undertake analysis of
alternatives although this task is required in the policy lending. This led to the consideration
of alternatives being the most unsatisfied main component in EIA process for power projects
receiving non-governmental financial supports in Vietnam. The similar problem in analysis of
alternatives can be also seen in numerous previous studies, of which the common explanation
for poor performance of this element is lack of legislation for coverage of alternatives (Barker
et al, 1999; Gray et al, 2003).
b) Public participation
Public disclosure and consultation is argued as one important part of social analysis process
since it helps to “improve the effectiveness, relevance, and sustainability of development
activities, and can contribute to good governance and the inclusion and empowerment of
disadvantaged groups” (ADB, 2007). However, public consultation and disclosure of
information has been only official included in EIA procedure of Vietnam since 2005 when the
Law on Environmental Protection were amended together with the issue of new specific
regulations and degrees that aim to strengthen EIA system in Vietnam, namely the Degree
80/2006/ND – CP and Circular No 05/2008/TT – BTNMT). Besides, there are a number of
differences in requirements for public participation between Vietnamese government and
development partners (WB, ADB) that are summarized in the Table 13.
According to the data, although almost all projects in this study were proposed before 2005,
public participation was still integrated into their EIA reports. This is likely due to the fact
that most of projects are investment lending projects and conducting public consultation and
disclosure is critical requirements for the borrowers. The increasing concerns about the
%)#
#
importance of public involvement in EIA process and necessary of integration of this issue
into EIA report are also indicated in one study analysing public involvement content in 26
EIA reports from development banks (WB and ADB) (Hostovsky, 2010).
Table 13: Different requirements for public participation between Vietnamese government
and development partners
National legislation
Development partners policies
Timing for public
At only one stage in the EIA At two or three stages in the EIA
consultation
process when the EIA report has process when data for evaluation
been drafted.
of
potential
social
and
environmental
impacts
are
collected;
preparation
EIA
is
announced and EIA report has
been drafted.
Stakeholder
Community
representative Wider
group
of
stakeholders:
involvement
through People’s Committee and affected individuals and groups,
Fatherland Front Committee at beneficiaries, NGOs, local officials
commune level.
Resources
Identification
allocated for public
amount
consultation
required.
of
and community leaders.
of
a
budget
certain Adequate resources (e.g. time,
is
not human and financial resources) are
allocated
consultation
for
undertaking
with
various
stakeholders.
Source: Thu et al, 2010
6.1.2 Impact assessment in SIA process
The study results indicate that the impact assessment is significant problematic in practice
with very high percentage of unsatisfactory samples in socio – economic impact prediction
and evaluation as well as proposed mitigation measures to prevent, reduce or eliminate the
adverse impacts. This can be explained partly due to the lack of clear identification of
methods and techniques implemented in socio – economic impact prediction that has led to
inadequate justification of key impacts (Chadwick, 2002). Besides, Morgan (1998) also refers
%*#
#
to one of impact prediction failures as insufficient supports of substantive evidence or
observation of the environment. In 25 cases of power projects reviewed in this study, few EIA
reports justify the choice of methods used to predict and evaluate socio – economic impacts.
Apparently, significance assessment of impacts aims to determine the importance of identified
impacts of the proposed project to affected stakeholders and general community. For some
biophysical impacts, their significance can be assessed based on appropriate standard. To
illustrate, anticipated changes in air quality of the area where the development will be
implemented are compared to the standards or guideline values to find out the level of
significance of potential pollution impacts (Walker et al, 2009). However, it is believed that
“there are no easily applicable “state of local society” standards” used to assess the
significance of predicted socio – economic impacts (Glasson, 2009, pp 43) that therefore
leads to constraint on SEIA process.
6.2 Conclusion
This study points out that the practice of socio – economic impact assessment in Vietnam is
highly poor, especially for power sector projects. Determination the magnitude and
significance of socio – economic impacts in such projects tended to be based on expert
judgements with simple methods, which are seldom made clear and explicit.
To improve the quality of SIA in particular and EIA in general, it is important to find out the
deficiencies in these processes. The results of this study suggest that the priority should be
given to the consideration of alternatives and impact assessment when conducting SIA. Also,
SIA should emphasize on public participation that remains underestimated and ineffective. On
the other hand, it is necessary to establish SIA guidelines and best practice for specific power
sector projects in the context of Vietnam.
%+#
#
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WEBSITES
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)%#
#
Appendix A. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT REVIEWED
Type of
No
project
Name of
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
project
1
Song Bung 4
Date of
ES
Quang Nam
Asian Development
SWECO
Bung River, a
The project consists
(Central
Bank
International
tributary of Vu
of a dam and a
Gia River.
reservoir, and a 156
Vietnam)
01/2007
MW hydropower
plant
2
Trung Son
Hydropower
Thanh Hoa
Power Engineering
(Central
Vietnam)
Integrated
Ma River.
The project includes
Consulting Company Environments
Headwork 95 km
a power plant with a
No 4 (PCC 4)
southwest of the
capacity of 260 MW
town of Hoa Binh
and a dam.
Ltd
09/2009
and 195 km
northwest of the
city of Thanh Hoa
3
Ban Ve
Nghe An
Power Engineering
(Central
Consulting Company
Vietnam)
No 1 (PCC 1)
PCC 1
Ca River.
Power plant with a
capacity of 320 MW.
2004
Type of
No
project
Name of
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
project
4
La Trong
Hydropower
Date of
ES
Quang Binh
Truong Thinh Chi cuc tieu
Rao Nam river – upstream
Project consists of a
(Central
Ltd
Giang River.
reservoir and 18
Vietnam)
chuan – do
luong – chat
-
MW power plant.
luong Quang
Binh
5
Nhon Trach 2 Dong Nai
EVN
-
Nhon Trach power Center
750 KW power plant 11/2007
(Southern
at enlarged proposition
uses technology of
Vietnam)
area next Nhon Trach 1
gas turbine
power plant, Tay Khanh
combined cycle with
Thermal
village, Phuoc Khanh
main fuel is natural
power
commune.
gas source from Cuu
Long and Nam Con
Son basins.
6
Phu My 2.2
Ba Ria –
Vung Tau
EVN
ESB
Near the town of Phu My
The project develops
International –
in the district of Tan
an extra 800 MW of
ESBI
Thanh, approximately 75
combined cycle
Enineering LTD
km southeast of HCM city. plant.
08/1995
Type of
No
Name of project
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
project
Date of
ES
7
Improving 220
Thai Binh – Hai
KV transmission
system in
ENV
PECC 1
Thai Binh –
The project includes
Phong – Yen Bai
Hai Phong –
+220Kv Thai Binh – Hai
– Bac Ninh
Bac Ninh
Phong transmission line.
Northern Vietnam (Northern
03/2002
+220kV Yen Bai
Vietnam).
substation and
connections.
+220kV Bac Ninh
Substation
substation and
and
connections.
transmission
line
8
Quang Ninh –
Quang Ninh – Hai EVN
PECC 3 and
Quang Ninh
+Voltage: 500kV
Soc Son 500kV
Duong – Bac
VESDI
– Hai Duong
+Length of the +TL: 139
transmission line
Giang – Hanoi
(Vietnam
– Bac Giang - km
(Northern
Environment
Hanoi
Vietnam).
and
angles
Sustainable
+Steel tower coated by
Development
zinc.
Institute.
+Number of angles: 48
12/2005
Type of
No
project
Name of
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
project
9
ES
110kV
Quang Tri – Thua
substation and
Thien Hue – Da Nang
transmission
city – Quang Nam –
with total capacity
line in Central
Binh Dinh – Dak Lk –
200MVA.
Substation
region of
Khanh Hoa
and
Vietnam
(Central Vietnam).
Omon 500kV
Can Tho
power
(Northern Vietnam).
transmission
line
10
transmission.
Date of
PECC 3
EVN
PECC 4 and
The project consists of
PECC 3
08 110kV substations
PECC 2
At Thoi
The project consists:
Loi
+ Omon 500kV
hamlet,
substation.
Phuoc
+ Nha be – Phu Lam
Thoi
500kV transmission
commune
line.
in Omon
+ Phu Lam – Omon 500
district.
kV transmission line.
11/2001
02/2005
Type of
No
project
Name of
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
project
11
Substation
Date of
ES
500 KV
Gia Lai – Kon Tum
Central
transmission
– Quang Ngai –
line Pleiku –
PECC 1
Gia Lai –
+ Rated voltage:
Vietnam
Kon Tum –
500kV.
Quang Nam – Da
Power Project
Quang Ngai
+ Length of the line:
Dung Quat - Da
Nang city
Management
– Quang
313.6 km.
Nang.
(Southern Vietnam)
Board.
Nam – Da
+ Conductor: AC330 –
Nang
4 fibers/phase.
South Sai
The project consists of
Gon
the 220/110 kV step –
and
03/2002
transmission
line
12
220 KV South
Ho Chi Minh city
Sai Gon
(Southern Vietnam)
substation
EVN
PECC 2
down transformer
substation, short
branches of 220 kV
transmission line and
110 kV lines
connecting the newly
build substation to the
existing network.
03/2001
Type of project
No
Name of
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
project
13
Date of
ES
Improvement of
Dong Nai province
Dong Nai
110 KV
(Southern Vietnam)
Power
two 110kV substations
Company
with total installed
substations and
PECC3
Dong Nai
The project includes
associated
capacity of 50 MVA
transmission
+2.444 km of double –
lines in Dong
circuit 110 kV TL.
03/2002
Nai
Rehabilitation
14
15
Rehabilitation
Hai Duong province
and expansion
(Northern Vietnam)
PC 1
PC 1 – Power
Hai Duong
The project contains
Construction
construction and
of MV
Consulting
reconstruction of total
distribution
Center
106.366.00 m of MV
system of Hai
transmission line and
Duong city
246 substations.
Rehabilitation of Lai Chau province
PC 1 – Power
Na Tau
Thac Bay has been
Engineering
commune,
repaired and a part of
hydropower
Consulting
Dien Bien
equipment of the plant
plant.
Company No 1 district.
Thac Bay
(Northern Vietnam).
PC 1
has been replaced.
06/2003
03/2002
Type of project
No
Name of
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
project
16
Rehabilitation
17
ES
Rehabilitation
Son La province
In Chao
Chieng Ngam
of Chieng
(Northern
mountainous
hydropower plant has
Ngam
Vietnam).
village, Chieng
an installed capacity of
hydropower
Ngam commune,
1890kW, consisting of
plant.
Thuan Chau
2 units, each has a
district.
capacity of 945kW.
PC 1
Ankroet
The plant consists:
PC 2
PECC 1
Rehabilitation
Da Lat city
of Ankroet
(Central
hydropower plant
+Dankia reservoir with
hydropower
Vietnam).
is located 17km
active storage 15.20
toward northwest.
million m3.
plant.
Date of
PECC 1
+Ankroet reservoir with
active storage 1.00
million m3.
+Waterway.
+Four units with total
capacity of 4,400Kw.
03/2002
03/2002
Type of project
No
Name of project
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
Date of
ES
18
Rehabilitation of
Quang
An Diem
Nam
PC 3
PECC 1
hydropower plant. province
(Central
The plant is located in
The plant has generator
Vang river, one of
with capacity of
tributaries of Vu Gia
1880kW.
03/2002
river, Dai Loc district.
Vietnam).
19
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation of
Kon Tum
Kon Dao
province
PC 3
PECC 1
The plant is located in
Kon Dao hydropower
Dak To district.
plant includes generator
hydropower plant. (Northern
03/2002
No 1 and No 2 with
Vietnam).
capacity of 210kW and
360kW respectively.
20
Rehabilitation of
Long An – PC 2
Power
+Thu Thua district –
Project’s components:
distribution
Ninh
Engineering
Long An province.
+11.05 km upgraded
network in
Thuan –
and Consulting
+Phuc Son, Phuc Thai
MV.
selected
Can Tho
Enterprise –
communes – Ninh
+130.024 km new MV.
communes of
province
PC 2
Thuan province.
+310.372 km new LV.
Ninh Thuan, Can
(Northern
+Dong Phu, Thoi
+147 substations.
Tho and Long An
Vietnam).
Thanh communes –
provinces.
Can Tho province.
04/2004
Type of project
No
Name of
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
project
21
Date of
ES
Ben Tre rural
Ben Tre
energy
province
PC 2
PC 2 - PECC
6 districts in Ben Tre
Rehabilitation and
province: Chau Thanh,
development of
Cho Lach, Mo Cay,
distribution power lines
Giong Trom, Binh Dai
for 50 communes in 6
and Thanh Phu.
districts with 567
12/2003
substations.
Rehabilitation
22
Ca Mau rural
Ca Mau
energy
province
PC 2
PC 2 - PECC
Ca Mau
Distribution of electricity
2003
to 12 communes of the 5
districts with the
installation of 837.06 km
of distribution lines and
333 substations.
23
Vinh Phuc
Vinh Phuc
rural energy
province
PC 1
6 districts: Yen Lac,
Improve, upgrade and
Binh Xuyen, Vinh
extend the existing
Tuong, Lap Thach, Me
electricity network in 88
Linh and Tam Duong.
communes in 6 districts.
2004
Type of project
No
Name of
Province
Applicant(s)
Consultant(s)
Location
Description
project
24
Date of
ES
Phu Yen rural
Phu Yen
energy
province
PC 3
Power design
Three districts and Tuy
Upgrading and extension
Centre and
Hoa town.
of the medium and low
Roop&Associa
voltage electricity
tes
network in 37 communes
2004
in three districts and in
Tuy Hoa town.
Rehabilitation
25
Yen Bai rural
Yen Bai
SMEC
37 communes in Yen
Refurbishment of the
energy
province
International
Bai province.
existing rural power
PTY LTD and
network and extension of
Industrial and
existing rural power
Mine
network.
Investment
Consulting
Company.
2005
Appendix B. SOCIO – ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT CHECKLIST FOR
POWER SECTOR PROJECTS
1. Description of the development and the local environment in terms of socio –
economic aspects.
1.1 Description of the development
1.1.1 EIA report should include the summary of origin and background of the
investment project.
1.1.2 The purposes and objectives of the development should be explained.
1.1.3
The relation between the project and other project - related planned developments,
which are appraised and approved by governmental competent body, should be
indicated. To illustrate, any development, which probably occur, or any existing
development that will be changed or cease as a consequence of the project should
be identified.
1.1.4 The design and size of all main components of the project should be described
using diagrams, plans or maps as necessary.
1.1.5 All socio – economic activities involved in construction, operation and
decommissioning of the project should be described.
1.1.6 The nature of the production processes intended to be employed in the completed
development should be described in details and accompanied with diagrams and
illustrations.
1.1.7 The nature and quantities of raw materials and energy needed for construction and
operations as well as outputs produced in the completed project should be
indicated.
1.1.8 The estimated duration of construction and operational phases should be given.
1.1.9 Total estimated investment capital and the percentage of investment capital for
environmental protection within the development should be identified.
1.2 Site description
1.2.1 The location of all components of the project and of socio – economic structures
(e.g. residence areas, cultural heritage, historic buildings) as well as their
geographic relation should be described.
1.2.2 The area of land occupied by each of the permanent project components should be
quantified and shown on a scaled map.
1.2.3 The area of land required temporarily for construction should be quantified and
mapped.
1.3 Wastes
1.3.1 The types and quantities of waste matter and other residual material which will be
produced in construction and operation phases of the project should be estimated.
1.3.2 The methods by which the wastes and residual materials obtained, handled and
treated should be indicated in relation with the routes of disposal of them to the
environment.
2. Baseline conditions of socio – economic aspects and consideration of alternatives
2.1 Baseline conditions of socio – economic aspects
2.1.1 A comprehensive demographic survey on population size and population
composition in terms of age, gender, and migration as well as surveys of the local
resources should be undertaken for all sites and over different seasons, different
times of the day.
2.1.2 The socio – economic conditions (e.g. community structure, lifestyles, traditional
customs of local residents) and social infrastructure (e.g. access to health services,
education, housing, roads and communications, etc) should be described.
2.1.3 A description of social and cultural institutions and their relationships to
community and regional life should be provided.
2.1.4 Economic activities including industry, agriculture development, transportation,
mineral development, tourism development, commercial and employment data
and allocation of labour as well as type of local livelihood should be indicated.
2.1.5 For projects involving the displacement of people and businesses, the current uses
of land where the development will take place and the intended uses of land
within the project should be identified. Particularly, current uses of lands and
resources for traditional purposes by Indigenous people should be described.
2.1.6 Any structures or sites of historical, archaeological, architectural or other
community or culture importance in areas of the development should be
described.
2.1.7 The methods to investigate socio – economic baseline conditions should be
disclosed and carried out in appropriate ways. To illustrate, sources of data on the
existing environment should be fully referenced. Any important gaps in such data
as well as the solutions to cope with these gaps during the assessment should be
explained.
2.2 Consideration of alternatives
2.2.1 The realistic alternatives of sites should be described with key both positive and
negative socio – economic impacts. The reasons for choice of the proposed
project should be explained.
2.2.2 The alternative processes, designs and operating conditions should be taken into
account during the process in which the proposed project was developed and be
implemented.
3
Identification and evaluation of key impacts
3.1 Impact identification
3.1.1
All stakeholders who are likely to be affected by the project’s implementation
should be clearly identified. Also, the benefits and burdens of all stakeholders, which are
results of the project’s implementation, should be identified. Furthermore, the distribution
and access to project benefits to the poor, women and vulnerable groups including
children, indigenous and tribal people, ethnic minorities, illegal settlers, disabled people,
new and old immigrants should be emphasized.
3.1.2 Any
direct/indirect;
secondary/cumulative;
short/medium/long
term;
permanent/temporary; positive/negative impacts of proposal development on
demographic, socio – economic aspects over three phases of the project (under
construction, construction, operation) should be clearly described. Particular,
emphasis should be given to several effects as follows:
•
The impacts of induced development due to controlled and uncontrolled
population influx during project construction and operation in the area of proposed
development as well as the surrounding area that causes increased unpermitted
housing number; overburdens on existing local infrastructure and public services;
pressure on existing institutions to take over social security; disruption of local
lifestyles and customs, etc.
•
The negative impacts of social conflicts such as conflicts between workers from
outside regions and local employees and the community or potential competition
for natural resources, especially water rights (e.g. water used for downstream
irrigation diverted to cool boilers, etc).
•
The effects of changes in demographic features and disruption of social and
cultural values.
•
The impacts of loss or modification of historic, cultural and aesthetic features.
•
The effects on indigenous people, for instance their rights in relation to land and
resources uses; their socio – economic and cultural integrity and their socio –
economic status and livelihood.
•
The impacts of involuntary resettlement that are probably related to
impoverishment risks such as loss of agricultural land; loss of means of livelihood;
loss of fixed property or access to common property; loss of identity and culture;
social disarticulation and decline in standard of living of resettled people, etc.
•
The effects of resettlement in association with gender issues including women’s
equal property rights in the case of compensation; women’s vulnerability to
increased social evils and violence due to displacement.
•
The impacts on labour conditions and retrenchment issues involving layoffs of
workers because of privatization or restructuring; children labour and employment
discrimination.
•
The impacts on local community health outcomes and working conditions of
employees in the construction of the project (e.g. potential transmission of
infectious diseases due to poor sanitation in work camps and other pollution
arising from implementation of the project).
3.1.3 Any community safety risks and vulnerabilities resulting from abnormal events,
accidental and natural hazards and other activities (e.g. avian hazards or aircraft
hazards from transmission lines and towers) throughout project construction and
operation as well potential risks of access to structural elements or components of
the project (e.g. high voltage wires; transmission towers and lines) should be
described.
3.1.4 The possibilities of transboundary socio - economic impacts of proposal
development should be described.
3.1.5 Key socio – economic impacts should be determined and selected for more
assessments. The rationale for such choices should be explained.
3.1.6 Socio – economic impacts should be identified using a systematic and transparent
methodology such as project specific checklists, matrices, panels of experts,
consultations, etc. The reasons for using them as well as any difficulties
encountered and uncertainties in the results should be discussed.
3.2 Prediction of impact magnitude
3.2.1 The geographic extent, duration, frequency, reversibility and probability of
occurrence of each of key socio – economic effects should be identified.
3.2.2 The methods used to predict socio - economic impact magnitude and their
rationales should be described.
3.3 Assessment of impact significance
3.3.1 The significance of potential key anticipated socio – economic impacts should be
assessed in terms of its compliance with relevant legal requirement and standards
and its importance to affected stakeholders and the general community.
3.3.2 The choice of standards, assumptions and value systems used to assess
significance should be justified.
3.4 Mitigation
3.4.1 For projects requiring acquisition or use of lands or compulsory displacement of
people, a Resettlement Plan during project implementation and operation should
be planned and incorporated in EIA report.
3.4.2 As necessary an Indigenous People’s Development Plan that draws up specific
measures to eliminate adverse impacts of the project should be submitted together
with EIA report.
3.4.3 The
rational,
feasibility,
advantages/disadvantages
and
frequency
of
implementation of mitigation measures should be clearly described.
3.4.4 Social mitigation measures in relation with power projects should generally
include:
• Impact avoidance measures which are frequently applied at the project planning and
design stage to reduce or avoid predicted impacts by alternative strategies or
locations; changes to the project design and lay out; etc.
• Mitigation measures, which are implemented to eliminate a source of impact or reduce
its intensity.
• Compensation measures applied for impacts that cannot be mitigated and for residual
impacts of the project after implementation of mitigation measures by compensation.
• Enhancement measures that help to improve existing social conditions not directly
affected by the projects.
3.4.5 Measures to prevent and respond to accidents and unexpected adverse socio economic impacts should be planned.
3.4.6 There should be a clear record of the commitment of the developer and other
responsibilities for implementation of all mitigation measures for socio –
economic impacts presented in EIA report. Details of how the mitigation
measures will be implemented and function over the time span for which they are
necessary should also be given.
4
Environment management plan and auditing and public consultation
4.1 Environmental management plan and auditing
4.1.1 Environment management plan should be proposed to check the socio - economic
impacts of the development and their conformity with the predictions within the
EIA report. EMP is developed from the information of part 1, 2 and should
include summary information on all socio – economic impacts, mitigation
measures for these effects; funding and time scale for implementation;
implementing and auditing organisations.
4.1.2 Auditing programs should be planned for the proposed development. The socio –
economic impacts should be audited with appropriate frequency to inspect their
spatial and temporal changes. The inspected areas should be mapped and
explained in compliance with current legal standards.
4.2 Public consultation
4.2.1 All groups consulted for proposed project should be identified.
4.2.2 The participation of project related groups including local residents, affected
individuals and groups, local officials, NGOs and other interested parties should
be encouraged and incorporated at early stages of project, namely scoping and
preparation of EIA report as well as in implementation phases of the project.
4.2.3 Multiple consultations means such as public meetings, interviews, dialogue,
surveys, public notice, and newspaper notification should be provided to collect
opinions and concerns on the project and its implications and be appropriate to
local people.
4.2.4 The processes of public participation should be documented in details (e.g.
number of meetings; place and timing of meetings; the issues discussed; etc).
4.2.5 All opinions for or against from the People’s committee and the commune
committee of the Fatherland Front or participants in the diaglogue between the
local community and project owner(s) should be presented.
5
Communication of results
5.1 Layout
5.1.1 The documents should be logically organised and clearly structured.
5.1.2 All sources of data should be properly referenced.
5.1.3 The structure of EIA report should satisfy the regulatory requirements as follows:
•
Introduction
•
Chapter 1: Summary of project
•
Chapter 2: Environmental and socio – economic baseline conditions
•
Chapter 3: Environmental and socio – economic impacts evaluation
•
Chapter 4: Mitigation measures
•
Chapter 5: Environmental management plan and auditing
•
Chapter 6: Public consultation
•
Conclusion, suggestion and commitments
5.2 Presentation
5.2.1 The presentation of socio – economic components should be comprehensive but
concise, avoiding irrelevant data and information. All relevant documents should
be enclosed as appendices to the EIA report.
5.2.2 Information should be presented in non – specialists language. The presentation
makes effective use of tables, figures, maps, photographs and other graphics.
5.2.3 All analyses and conclusion about socio – economic aspects should be adequately
supported with data and evidence.
5.2.4 The definition of technical terms, acronyms and initials should be provided. The
usage of consistent terminology should be ensured throughout the documents.
5.3 Non – technical summary
5.3.1 The EIA report should include a non – technical summary of the main findings
and conclusions of the study, avoiding technical terms, detailed data and scientific
discussion.
5.3.2 The summary should contain a brief description of the project and the
environment, all main impacts discussed as well as the proposed mitigation
measures to eliminate such impacts. Additionally, it should include a brief
explanation of the methods used to collect and analyse data and the accuracy and
confidence of such methods.
Appendix C. QUALITY OF EACH SUBCATEGORY BY ASSESSMENT GRADE
Q 1.1
Q 1.1.1
Q 1.1.2
Q 1.1.3
Q 1.1.4
Q 1.1.5
Q 1.1.6
Q 1.1.7
Q 1.1.8
Q 1.1.9
Q 1.2
Q 1.2.1
Q 1.2.2
Q 1.2.3
Q 1.3
Q 1.3.1
Q 1.3.2
Q 2.1
Q 2.1.1
Q 2.1.2
Q 2.1.3
Q 2.1.4
Q 2.1.5
Q 2.1.6
Q 2.1.7
A
7
21
21
8
13
5
3
5
14
15
5
2
12
11
2
2
2
6
10
10
2
10
10
4
1
B
10
4
4
1
7
6
2
5
4
2
7
4
2
1
8
8
8
4
7
6
1
4
0
5
5
C
8
0
0
0
2
4
4
2
3
5
5
7
2
3
7
7
7
6
3
4
4
5
2
2
6
D
0
0
0
3
0
8
6
3
0
0
4
7
3
4
8
8
8
6
1
2
9
1
2
1
10
E
0
0
0
7
3
2
10
10
4
3
4
5
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
7
3
2
10
1
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
NC
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
7
1
0
%A-B
0.68
1
1
0.36
0.8
0.44
0.2
0.4
0.72
0.68
0.48
0.24
0.56
0.48
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.68
0.64
0.12
0.56
0.4
0.36
0.24
%C-D
0.32
0
0
0.12
0.08
0.48
0.4
0.2
0.12
0.2
0.36
0.56
0.2
0.28
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.48
0.16
0.24
0.52
0.24
0.16
0.12
0.64
%E-F
0
0
0
0.28
0.12
0.08
0.4
0.4
0.16
0.12
0.16
0.2
0.04
0.04
0
0
0
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.36
0.2
0.16
0.48
0.12
% NC
0
0
0
0.24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q 2.2
Q 2.2.1
Q 2.2.2
Q 3.1
Q 3.1.1
Q 3.1.2
Q 3.1.3
Q 3.1.4
Q 3.1.5
Q 3.1.6
Q 3.2
Q 3.2.1
Q 3.2.2
Q 3.3
Q 3.3.1
Q 3.3.2
Q 3.4
Q 3.4.1
Q 3.4.2
Q 3.4.3
Q 3.4.4
Q 3.4.5
Q 3.4.6
A
8
10
7
2
3
3
7
0
5
4
2
2
2
0
0
0
1
3
2
0
1
2
4
B
2
0
3
5
4
7
7
1
3
6
6
6
5
7
8
7
6
1
0
2
8
12
2
C
5
5
4
6
9
8
7
1
3
5
4
4
4
2
2
2
7
2
1
5
6
4
4
D
1
1
2
9
9
5
3
0
9
6
7
7
8
7
6
7
5
0
0
4
5
2
5
E
0
0
0
3
0
2
1
20
5
4
3
4
5
7
8
8
5
2
0
12
5
5
5
F
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
3
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
5
NC
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
22
0
0
0
0
%A-B
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.28
0.28
0.4
0.56
0.04
0.32
0.4
0.32
0.32
0.28
0.28
0.32
0.28
0.28
0.16
0.08
0.08
0.36
0.56
0.24
%C-D
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.6
0.72
0.52
0.4
0.04
0.48
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.48
0.36
0.32
0.36
0.48
0.08
0.04
0.36
0.44
0.24
0.36
%E-F
0
0
0
0.12
0
0.08
0.04
0.92
0.2
0.16
0.24
0.24
0.24
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.24
0.12
0
0.56
0.2
0.2
0.4
% NC
0.36
0.36
0.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q 4.1
Q 4.1.1
Q 4.1.2
Q 4.2
Q 4.2.1
Q 4.2.2
Q 4.2.3
Q 4.2.4
Q 4.2.5
Q 5.1
Q 5.1.1
Q 5.1.2
Q 5.1.3
Q 5.2
Q 5.2.1
Q 5.2.2
Q 5.2.3
Q 5.2.4
!"#$%"
!"#$%$&"
!"#$%$("
"
A
9
10
10
5
8
7
6
10
13
9
10
3
11
4
5
2
4
4
B
7
8
6
7
5
5
8
9
7
10
10
8
8
3
2
4
3
7
C
6
4
5
7
6
6
7
5
3
6
5
9
6
6
7
6
6
11
D
1
1
2
3
3
4
2
0
0
0
0
5
0
8
8
8
8
3
E
0
0
0
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
3
5
4
0
F
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
%A-B
0.64
0.72
0.64
0.48
0.52
0.48
0.56
0.76
0.8
0.76
0.8
0.44
0.76
0.28
0.28
0.24
0.28
0.44
%C-D
0.28
0.2
0.28
0.4
0.36
0.4
0.36
0.2
0.12
0.24
0.2
0.56
0.24
0.56
0.6
0.56
0.56
0.56
%E-F
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.08
0
0
0
0
0.16
0.12
0.2
0.16
0
% NC
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
&"
'"
*"
#"
("
("
'"
)"
("
'"
("
&"
("
&"
("
)"
*"
*"
&"
+"
+"
'"
)"
)"
'$**"
)$++"
)$%-"
'"
)$),"
)$&("
'$%+"
)$%("
)$%-"
'$+*"
)$&-"
)$&-"