arXiv:1607.01447v1 [nucl-ex] 6 Jul 2016
Direct virtual photon production in Au+Au collisions at
√
sN N = 200 GeV
L. Adamczyk,1 J. K. Adkins,20 G. Agakishiev,18 M. M. Aggarwal,33 Z. Ahammed,50 I. Alekseev,16, 28
D. M. Anderson,44 R. Aoyama,3 A. Aparin,18 D. Arkhipkin,3 E. C. Aschenauer,3 M. U. Ashraf,47 A. Attri,33
G. S. Averichev,18 X. Bai,7 V. Bairathi,29 R. Bellwied,46 A. Bhasin,17 A. K. Bhati,33 P. Bhattarai,45 J. Bielcik,10
J. Bielcikova,11 L. C. Bland,3 I. G. Bordyuzhin,16 J. Bouchet,19 J. D. Brandenburg,38 A. V. Brandin,28
I. Bunzarov,18 J. Butterworth,38 H. Caines,54 M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez,5 J. M. Campbell,31 D. Cebra,5
I. Chakaberia,3 P. Chaloupka,10 Z. Chang,44 A. Chatterjee,50 S. Chattopadhyay,50 J. H. Chen,41 X. Chen,23
J. Cheng,47 M. Cherney,9 W. Christie,3 G. Contin,24 H. J. Crawford,4 S. Das,13 L. C. De Silva,9 R. R. Debbe,3
T. G. Dedovich,18 J. Deng,40 A. A. Derevschikov,35 B. di Ruzza,3 L. Didenko,3 C. Dilks,34 X. Dong,24
J. L. Drachenberg,22 J. E. Draper,5 C. M. Du,23 L. E. Dunkelberger,6 J. C. Dunlop,3 L. G. Efimov,18 J. Engelage,4
G. Eppley,38 R. Esha,6 S. Esumi,3 O. Evdokimov,8 O. Eyser,3 R. Fatemi,20 S. Fazio,3 P. Federic,11 J. Fedorisin,18
Z. Feng,7 P. Filip,18 Y. Fisyak,3 C. E. Flores,5 L. Fulek,1 C. A. Gagliardi,44 D. Garand,36 F. Geurts,38 A. Gibson,49
M. Girard,51 L. Greiner,24 D. Grosnick,49 D. S. Gunarathne,43 Y. Guo,39 A. Gupta,17 S. Gupta,17 W. Guryn,3
A. I. Hamad,19 A. Hamed,44 R. Haque,29 J. W. Harris,54 L. He,36 S. Heppelmann,5 S. Heppelmann,34 A. Hirsch,36
G. W. Hoffmann,45 S. Horvat,54 H. Z. Huang,6 T. Huang,30 B. Huang,8 X. Huang,47 P. Huck,7 T. J. Humanic,31
G. Igo,6 W. W. Jacobs,15 H. Jang,21 A. Jentsch,45 J. Jia,3, 42 K. Jiang,39 E. G. Judd,4 S. Kabana,19 D. Kalinkin,15
K. Kang,47 K. Kauder,52 H. W. Ke,3 D. Keane,19 A. Kechechyan,18 Z. H. Khan,8 D. P. Kikola,51 I. Kisel,12
A. Kisiel,51 L. Kochenda,28 D. D. Koetke,49 L. K. Kosarzewski,51 A. F. Kraishan,43 P. Kravtsov,28 K. Krueger,2
L. Kumar,33 M. A. C. Lamont,3 J. M. Landgraf,3 K. D. Landry,6 J. Lauret,3 A. Lebedev,3 R. Lednicky,18
J. H. Lee,3 X. Li,43 C. Li,39 Y. Li,47 W. Li,41 X. Li,39 T. Lin,15 M. A. Lisa,31 Y. Liu,44 F. Liu,7 T. Ljubicic,3
W. J. Llope,52 M. Lomnitz,19 R. S. Longacre,3 X. Luo,7 S. Luo,8 R. Ma,3 L. Ma,41 G. L. Ma,41 Y. G. Ma,41
N. Magdy,42 R. Majka,54 A. Manion,24 S. Margetis,19 C. Markert,45 H. S. Matis,24 D. McDonald,46 S. McKinzie,24
K. Meehan,5 J. C. Mei,40 Z. W. Miller,8 N. G. Minaev,35 S. Mioduszewski,44 D. Mishra,29 B. Mohanty,29
M. M. Mondal,44 D. A. Morozov,35 M. K. Mustafa,24 B. K. Nandi,14 Md. Nasim,6 T. K. Nayak,50 G. Nigmatkulov,28
T. Niida,52 L. V. Nogach,35 S. Y. Noh,21 T. Nonaka,3 J. Novak,27 S. B. Nurushev,35 G. Odyniec,24 A. Ogawa,3
K. Oh,37 V. A. Okorokov,28 D. Olvitt Jr.,43 B. S. Page,3 R. Pak,3 Y. X. Pan,6 Y. Pandit,8 Y. Panebratsev,18
B. Pawlik,32 H. Pei,7 C. Perkins,4 P. Pile,3 J. Pluta,51 K. Poniatowska,51 J. Porter,24 M. Posik,43
A. M. Poskanzer,24 N. K. Pruthi,33 M. Przybycien,1 J. Putschke,52 H. Qiu,36 A. Quintero,43 S. Ramachandran,20
R. L. Ray,45 R. Reed,25 H. G. Ritter,24 J. B. Roberts,38 O. V. Rogachevskiy,18 J. L. Romero,5 L. Ruan,3
J. Rusnak,11 O. Rusnakova,10 N. R. Sahoo,44 P. K. Sahu,13 I. Sakrejda,24 S. Salur,24 J. Sandweiss,54 A. Sarkar,14
J. Schambach,45 R. P. Scharenberg,36 A. M. Schmah,24 W. B. Schmidke,3 N. Schmitz,26 J. Seger,9 P. Seyboth,26
N. Shah,41 E. Shahaliev,18 P. V. Shanmuganathan,19 M. Shao,39 A. Sharma,17 B. Sharma,33 M. K. Sharma,17
W. Q. Shen,41 S. S. Shi,7 Z. Shi,24 Q. Y. Shou,41 E. P. Sichtermann,24 R. Sikora,1 M. Simko,11 S. Singha,19
M. J. Skoby,15 N. Smirnov,54 D. Smirnov,3 W. Solyst,15 L. Song,46 P. Sorensen,3 H. M. Spinka,2 B. Srivastava,36
T. D. S. Stanislaus,49 M. Stepanov,36 R. Stock,12 M. Strikhanov,28 B. Stringfellow,36 T. Sugiura,3 M. Sumbera,11
B. Summa,34 Z. Sun,23 Y. Sun,39 X. M. Sun,7 B. Surrow,43 D. N. Svirida,16 Z. Tang,39 A. H. Tang,3 T. Tarnowsky,27
A. Tawfik,53 J. Thäder,24 J. H. Thomas,24 A. R. Timmins,46 D. Tlusty,38 T. Todoroki,3 M. Tokarev,18
S. Trentalange,6 R. E. Tribble,44 P. Tribedy,3 S. K. Tripathy,13 O. D. Tsai,6 T. Ullrich,3 D. G. Underwood,2
I. Upsal,31 G. Van Buren,3 G. van Nieuwenhuizen,3 M. Vandenbroucke,43 R. Varma,14 A. N. Vasiliev,35 R. Vertesi,11
F. Videbæk,3 S. Vokal,18 S. A. Voloshin,52 A. Vossen,15 G. Wang,6 F. Wang,36 J. S. Wang,23 Y. Wang,7 H. Wang,3
Y. Wang,47 J. C. Webb,3 G. Webb,3 L. Wen,6 G. D. Westfall,27 H. Wieman,24 S. W. Wissink,15 R. Witt,48 Y. Wu,19
Z. G. Xiao,47 G. Xie,39 W. Xie,36 K. Xin,38 Z. Xu,3 Y. F. Xu,41 Q. H. Xu,40 N. Xu,24 J. Xu,7 H. Xu,23 Q. Yang,39
Y. Yang,23 Y. Yang,7 C. Yang,39 Y. Yang,30 S. Yang,39 Z. Ye,8 Z. Ye,8 L. Yi,54 K. Yip,3 I. -K. Yoo,37 N. Yu,7
H. Zbroszczyk,51 W. Zha,39 Z. Zhang,41 X. P. Zhang,47 Y. Zhang,39 J. B. Zhang,7 J. Zhang,40 S. Zhang,41
J. Zhang,23 S. Zhang,39 J. Zhao,36 C. Zhong,41 L. Zhou,39 X. Zhu,47 Y. Zoulkarneeva,18 and M. Zyzak12
(STAR Collaboration)
1
AGH University of Science and Technology, FPACS, Cracow 30-059, Poland
2
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439
3
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
4
University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
5
University of California, Davis, California 95616
6
University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
7
Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079
2
8
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
9
Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178
10
Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague, 115 19, Czech Republic
11
Nuclear Physics Institute AS CR, 250 68 Prague, Czech Republic
12
Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies FIAS, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
13
Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
14
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai 400076, India
15
Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408
16
Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow 117218, Russia
17
University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India
18
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141 980, Russia
19
Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
20
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055
21
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
22
Lamar University, Physics Department, Beaumont, Texas 77710
23
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000
24
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
25
Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015
26
Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik, Munich 80805, Germany
27
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
28
National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409, Russia
29
National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 751005, India
30
National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101
31
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
32
Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow 31-342, Poland
33
Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
34
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
35
Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino 142281, Russia
36
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
37
Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea
38
Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
39
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026
40
Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100
41
Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800
42
State University Of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
43
Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
44
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
45
University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
46
University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
47
Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
48
United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, 21402
49
Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383
50
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India
51
Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-661, Poland
52
Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
53
World Laboratory for Cosmology and Particle Physics (WLCAPP), Cairo 11571, Egypt
54
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
(Dated: July 7, 2016)
We report the direct virtual photon invariant yields in the transverse momentum ranges 1 < pT < 3
GeV/c and 5 < pT < 10 GeV/c at mid-rapidity derived from the dielectron invariant mass continuum
√
region 0.10 < Mee < 0.28 GeV/c2 for 0-80% minimum-bias Au+Au collisions at sN N = 200 GeV.
A clear excess in the invariant yield compared to the number-of-binary-collisions (Nbin ) scaled p + p
reference is observed in the pT range 1 < pT < 3 GeV/c. For pT > 6 GeV/c the production follows
Nbin scaling. Model calculations with contributions from thermal radiation and initial hard parton
scattering are consistent within uncertainties with the direct virtual photon invariant yield.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Photon production provides a unique observable to
study the fundamental properties of the hot and dense
medium created in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions.
They are produced during all stages of the collisions and
from all forms of the created matter. Due to minimal
interactions with this matter, photons can convey information about the dynamics of the entire time evolution
of the medium [1]. Direct photons are defined to be all
produced photons except those from hadron decays in
3
the last stage of the collision. They include photons produced in the initial stage through hard scattering, those
from thermal radiation, which are photons radiated from
the thermally equilibrated partons and hadrons, fragmentation photons, and those from jet-plasma interactions. Measurements at RHIC [2, 3] and the LHC [4, 5]
have shown that the production of high pT direct photons
in heavy-ion collisions is consistent with the p + p result
scaled by the number of binary nucleon-nucleon collision
(Nbin ) for pT >5 GeV/c. These results indicate that high
pT production is dominated by hard processes.
At 1 < pT < 3 GeV/c thermal contributions from the
hadronic medium and Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) play
a major role [6]. At 3 < pT < 5 GeV/c the interaction of
high energy partons with the QGP (e.g. q+g → γ+q) has
been predicted to contribute a major part of the direct
photon production [6]. An excess of direct photon yields
compared to the Nbin scaled p + p production was found
√
in central Au+Au at sN N = 200 GeV in the pT range
0.4 < pT < 4.0 GeV/c [7, 8] and in central Pb+Pb at
√
sN N = 2.76 TeV for 0.9 < pT < 2.1 GeV/c [5]. The
excess increases exponentially as pT decreases. Moreover,
the azimuthal anisotropy (v2 ) of direct photons has been
found to be substantial in the range 1 < pT < 4 GeV/c in
√
0-20% central Au+Au collisions at sN N = 200 GeV [9].
Model calculations [10, 11] including QGP and
hadronic medium thermal photons describe the excess
√
yields in Pb+Pb collisions at sN N = 2.76 TeV reasonably well, but fail to simultaneously describe the excess
√
yields and large v2 observed in Au+Au at sN N = 200
GeV. This calls for new ingredients in the theoretical
model calculations and new measurements from various
experiments which will provide different systematics and
may shed light on the origin of direct photons in this
kinematic region.
There are two methods for measuring direct photons.
One is the real photon method in which one measures
all inclusive photons and then subtracts the photons
from hadron decays. The other one, used in this article, is the virtual photon method in which one measures virtual photons via their associated dielectron pairs
(γ ∗ → e+ e− ) and then deduces the direct photon from
the relationship between virtual photon and direct photon yields [7]. In the STAR experiment it is very challenging to measure direct photons for 1 < pT < 3 GeV/c
using the electromagnetic calorimeter due to the limitation of the trigger capability at low pT . However, the
STAR detector has excellent capabilities for measuring
dielectrons both in p + p and Au+Au collisions [12–14].
The STAR [15] Time-Of-Flight detector (TOF) with full
azimuthal coverage [16] along with a high rate data acquisition system allows direct virtual photon measurements down to pT of 1 GeV/c in Au+Au collisions at
√
sN N = 200 GeV. These measurements will provide a
direct comparison to the previous measurements in the
same kinematic region, in order to address the above re√
sults for direct photons at sN N = 200 GeV. In this
article, we report measurement of the dielectron contin-
uum and derive the direct virtual photon invariant yields
for 1 < pT < 3 GeV/c and 5 < pT < 10 GeV/c. Comparisons to model calculations with thermal contributions
from the hadronic medium and QGP are discussed.
II.
EXPERIMENT AND DATA ANALYSIS
The data used in this analysis are from Au+Au colli√
sions at sN N = 200 GeV collected by the STAR detector in year 2010 (run 10) and 2011 (run 11). There are
258 million and 488 million minimum-bias (0-80%) events
from run 10 and run 11, respectively, passing data quality assurance and vertex selection. In addition, 220 million central triggered 0-10% events from run 10 are used.
The collision vertex is required to be within 30 cm of
the mean of the vertex distribution along the beam line,
nominally at the center of the Time Projection Chamber
(TPC) [17]. In the plane perpendicular to the beam line,
the collision vertex is selected within 2 cm of the beam
line. To improve the measurement at high pT , we also
use 39 million events from run 11, triggered by the Barrel
ElectroMagnetic Calorimeter (BEMC) [18], in which the
transverse energy deposited in a single tower, with a size
of ∆η × ∆φ = 0.05 × 0.05, is required to be larger than
4.3 GeV. These BEMC triggered events correspond to
6.5 billion minimum-bias triggered events for the dielectron analysis at high pT . The BEMC trigger significantly
enhances the capability of STAR for high pT dielectron
measurement.
The main subsystems used for electron identification
are the TPC and the TOF for the minimum-bias and
central triggered events. With the selection requirements on the particle energy loss (dE/dx) measured by
the TPC [19, 20] and particle velocity (β) measured by
the TOF [21], high purity electron samples were obtained [22]. The electron purity (fraction of true electrons
in the identified electron sample) is about 95% in Au+Au
minimum-bias collisions on average and is pT dependent
from 0.2 to 2.0 GeV/c [13, 14]. The detailed cuts for
electron identification are listed in Ref. [13]. For BEMCtriggered events, the electron (positron) identification for
peT > 4.5 GeV/c uses a combination of TPC and BEMC
information [23] where additional requirements on the
ratio of momentum measured by the TPC to the energy
deposited in the BEMC are utilized and required within
0.3 to 1.5. The electron identification for 0.2 < peT < 2.0
GeV/c utilizes the information from the TPC and TOF,
in the same way as was done for the minimum-bias
events. For peT > 4.5 GeV/c, a multiple-Gaussian function
is used to fit the normalized dE/dx distribution, with
each Gaussian component representing a contribution
from each particle species. The electron purity, obtained
as in Ref. [13], is 78% at peT = 4.5 GeV/c, decreases as peT
increases, and reaches a value of 30% at peT = 10 GeV/c.
The electron purity as a function of peT for 4.5 < peT < 10
GeV/c can be described by a fourth-order polynomial
function −6.57 + 4.69x − 1.06x2 + 0.10x3 − 0.0034x4 , in
4
103
Au+Au 200 GeV 0-80%
2
d2Nee/dMeedpT (GeV 2/c 3)-1 in STAR acceptance
10
peT>0.2 GeV/c, |ηe|<1, |yee|<1
10
1
1.0~1.5 GeV/c × 102
−1
10
10−2
1.5~2.0 GeV/c × 101
−3
10
2.0~2.5 GeV/c × 100
−4
10
2.5~3.0 GeV/c × 10-1
10−5
10−6
10−7
5.0~6.0 GeV/c × 10-1
10−8
6.0~7.0 GeV/c × 10-2
10−9
7.0~8.0 GeV/c × 10-3
10−10
10−11
8.0~9.0 GeV/c × 10-4
10−12
9.0~10.0 GeV/c × 10-5
10−13
0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
Mee(GeV/c2)
FIG. 1. (Color online) Dielectron invariant mass spectra in
√
the low mass range for 0-80% Au+Au collisions at sN N =
200 GeV. The spectra in various pT ranges as indicated in the
figure are scaled by different factors for clarity. The error bars
and the shaded bands represent the statistical and systematic
uncertainties, respectively.
which x = peT /(GeV/c).
The dielectron invariant mass spectra are obtained separately for run 10 and run 11 minimum-bias and central
triggered data sets after background subtraction and efficiency correction. The analysis details for dielectron
measurements from minimum-bias and central triggered
events are presented in Ref. [13]. The final results are
then combined bin-by-bin according to their relative statistical uncertainties. In the mass region we are interested in, the point-to-point systematic uncertainties are
dominated by the acceptance correction for the like-sign
background subtraction. Due to the sector structure of
the TPC, and the different bending directions of positive
and negative charged particle tracks in the transverse
plane, like-sign and unlike-sign pairs have different acceptances. A mixed-event technique is used to obtain
the acceptance correction factor which is applied either
as a function of pair invariant mass (Mee ) and pT or as a
function of Mee only. The differences between the results
from the two correction methods are taken as systematic
uncertainties which are the same and correlated in run 10
and run 11. In addition, a global systematic uncertainty
from the efficiency correction (14%) is also taken into account. It is found that the systematic uncertainties of
the dielectron continua in run 10 and run 11 are comparable. Therefore, the final systematic uncertainties from
the combined data sets are taken as the average of those
from both data sets.
For the BEMC-triggered events the dielectron pairs
are formed from one electron (positron) candidate identified by the TPC and BEMC and the other positron
(electron) candidate identified by the TOF and TPC.
The same procedures used for the minimum-bias data
set are applied to obtain the dielectron continuum signals. The details of the efficiency correction procedures
are the same as reported in Ref. [13]. Two methods are
used to obtain the efficiency. In the first method we use
known hadronic components as input into a Monte-Carlo
simulation. In the second approach we use virtual photons as input. The resulting differences between these
two methods are 4% and are assigned as systematic uncertainties [13]. The efficiency uncertainties in the TPC
tracking, the TOF matching, and the BEMC triggering
contribute to a global systematic uncertainty of 13% for
the dielectron continuum. The trigger enhancement factor is also corrected for and its uncertainty is 1%. The
hadron contamination effect results in a pT dependent
systematic uncertainty of (2-8)%. In the mass region
Mee < 0.14 GeV/c2 the uncertainty on the photon conversion rejection contributes 3% additional systematic
uncertainty for the dielectron continuum. The photon
conversion rejection also removes less than 5% of the dielectron continuum signal for 0.10 < Mee < 0.14 GeV/c2
and this effect is corrected for [13]. The total systematic uncertainty of measured yields is 15-16% which is
independent of Mee and has a slight pT dependence.
The dielectron invariant mass spectrum in this analysis is constructed within the STAR acceptance (peT > 0.2
GeV/c, |η e | < 1, |y ee | < 1) and corrected for efficiency,
where peT is the electron pT , η e is the electron pseudorapidity, and y ee is the rapidity of electron-positron pairs.
The dielectron invariant mass spectra in different dielectron pT ranges are shown in Fig. 1. The results for
pT < 3 GeV/c are the combined results from run 10
and run 11 minimum-bias and central triggered data as
reported in [13]. The results for pT > 5 GeV/c are from
the BEMC-triggered data. The limitation of the dielectron pT reach in these two data sets is due to a large
hadron contamination for electrons at peT > 2 GeV/c
in minimum-bias and central triggered data and a low
trigger efficiency for electrons at peT < 4.5 GeV/c in the
BEMC-triggered data.
The relation between real photon yield and the associated e+ e− pair production can be described as in
Eq. 1 [24, 25],
d2 Nee
2α 1
dNγ
=
L(Mee )S(Mee , pT )
. (1)
dMee dpT
3π Mee
dpT
q
4m2
2m2
Here, L(Mee ) = 1 − M 2e (1 + M 2e ), α is the fine strucee
ee
ture constant, Mee is the e+ e− pair mass, me is the electron mass, and S(Mee , pT ) is a process-dependent factor
accounting for differences between real and virtual photon production. We adopted the same assumption as in
Ref. [7], namely that the factor S(Mee , pT ) is approxi-
d 2Nee/dMeedpT (GeV 2/c3)-1 in STAR acceptance
5
Au+Au 200 GeV (0-80%) 2.0 < pT < 2.5 GeV/c
10-1
(1-r)f c(mee)+rf dir(mee)
r = 0.12 ± 0.01
χ2/NDF = 4.2/4
f dir(mee)
10-2
π0
η
-3
10
η'
10-4
continuum
(1-r)f c+rf dir
continuum
fc
3
ω
φ
0
1.5
a)
f c(mee)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
b)
Mee (GeV/c2)
1
0
0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
c)
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2
1
Mee (GeV/c2)
FIG. 2. (Color online) Panel (a): The two-component fitting
function results for the Au+Au dielectron spectra at 2.0 <
pT < 2.5 GeV/c. The uncertainties in the dielectron mass
spectrum are the quadrature sum of statistical and point-topoint systematic uncertainties. The dot-dashed and dashed
lines represent the normalized cocktail and internal conversion
from direct photons, respectively. The solid line is the fit to
the data in the range 0.10 < Mee < 0.28 GeV/c2 . The light
dashed-line is the extrapolation of the fit function outside
the fit range. The dotted lines represent different cocktail
components. The cc̄ contribution is omitted for clarity. Panel
(b): The data divided by the fit model as a function of Mee .
Panel (c): The data divided by the cocktail component as a
function of Mee .
mately 1 for Mee < 0.3 GeV/c2 , pT > 1 GeV/c. The uncertainty associated with this assumption is expected [26]
to be insignificant compared to the uncertainty in the
data. Therefore, we do not assign any systematic uncertainty for this assumption. For Mee >> me , the factor
L(Mee ) is also unity. Thus the relation becomes
d2 Nee
2α 1 dNγ
≈
.
dMee dpT
3π Mee dpT
(2)
If there is direct real photon production in a given pT bin,
then there should be a corresponding electron pair production which behaves like 1/Mee in the same pT bin, as
indicated by Eq. 2. Thus, the direct real photon production can be derived from the yield of the excess dielectron
pairs.
The direct photon yields are extracted by fitting the
dielectron invariant mass spectra in the low mass region
with two components. In the two-component fitting function (1 − r)fcocktail + rfdir , fcocktail is the shape of the
normalized hadronic cocktail mass distribution within
the STAR acceptance, fdir is the shape of the normalized, internal conversion mass distribution from direct
photons within the STAR acceptance, and r is a fitting
parameter. The first term (1 − r)fcocktail in the fitting
function represents the background, namely the contribution from known hadronic sources. The second term
rfdir represents the signal, i.e. direct photon internal
conversion. The cocktail components are the same as in
Ref. [13]. We normalize both fcocktail and fdir to data
points for Mee < 0.03 GeV/c2 , separately. In this mass
region the shapes of fcocktail and fdir are identical, thus
the fitting function in this mass region is independent of
r. The parameter r can be interpreted as the ratio of direct photon to inclusive photon yields. The range for the
two-component fit to data is 0.10 < Mee < 0.28 GeV/c2 .
Figure 2 shows an example of the two-component fit
for 2.0 < pT < 2.5 GeV/c. We note that there is a
small peak structure at Mee = 0.02 GeV/c2 in the ratio
plots as indicated in panels (b) and (c). This peak could
be due to an imperfect description of the material budget in the photon conversion simulations. To estimate
this effect on our results we varied the range for fcocktail
and fdir to be normalized to the data from Mee < 0.03
GeV/c2 to Mee < 0.05 GeV/c2 . The resulting difference
for the virtual photon yields compared to the default case
is (0.2 − 1.0)% and is included as part of the systematic
uncertainties.
With the r value derived for each pT bin, one can obd2 N dir (pT )
tain the direct virtual photon invariant yield 2πpTγ dpT dy
as a function of pT . The detailed methodology can be
found in Ref. [27].
We fit the dielectron continuum with statistical and
systematic uncertainties. The fit errors contribute to
the statistical uncertainties for the direct virtual photon
yields. Systematic uncertainties for direct virtual photon
yields are mainly from the two-component fit, which is
dominated by the uncertainties in the cocktail and the
fit range. The fitting range uncertainty is estimated by
taking the full difference between the results obtained
by varying the fit range from 0.10-0.28 GeV/c2 , to 0.080.28, and to 0.12-0.28 GeV/c2 . Extending the fit range
to Mee < 0.36 GeV/c2 results in a negligible systematic uncertainty. These ranges are selected based on three
criteria: pT /Mee 1, Mee far enough away from the normalization region (Mee < 0.03 GeV/c), and availability of
the data. The normalization range for fcocktail and fdir
in the two-component fit contributes less than 1% systematic uncertainty, as explained in the previous sections
and shown in Table I. For the cocktail the uncertainties in
the total cross sections for π [28] and charm (cc̄) [29] are
8% and 45%, respectively, independent of pT . For the η
cross section the uncertainties are 30% at pT > 2 GeV/c
when the measurements are available [30], and are taken
to be 56% at lower pT . The large uncertainty for pT < 2
6
TABLE I. Sources and their contributions to the relative systematic uncertainties for direct virtual photon yields in different
centralities. The pT dependent uncertainties for each source are listed as a range. The 15% overall systematic uncertainty,
labelled as “global”, is dominated by the efficiency correction and is pT independent. Contributions from η 0 and ω are negligible.
The difference between the dielectron continuum distributions in run 10 and run 11 results in an overall systematic uncertainty
for each centrality and is labelled as “RunDiff.” The total systematic uncertainties are the quadratic sums of the different
contributions.
source
contribution for 0-80% contribution for 0-10% contribution for 10-40% contribution for 40-80%
fit range
8%
16%
9%
12%
0-18%
0-67%
0-14%
0-15%
π0
η
1-43%
0-242%
1-35%
0-36%
cc̄
0-4%
0-10%
0-3%
0-3%
15%
15%
15%
15%
global
normalization
0.5%
0.2%
0.7%
1.1%
RunDiff
2%
5.5%
3%
2%
total
17-50%
22-252%
17-42%
19-43%
III.
RESULTS
Figure 3 shows the ratio of direct photon to inclusive photon yields compared with the ratio of TAA
scaled Next-to-Leading-Order (NLO) perturbative QCD
(pQCD) predictions to inclusive photon yields. The
d2 σ NLO (pT )
d2 N inc (pT )
curves represent TAA 2πpγT dpT dy / 2πpTγdpT dy showing the
scale dependence of the theory [31] in which TAA is the
d2 σ NLO (pT )
nuclear overlap factor, 2πpγT dpT dy is the pT -differential
invariant cross section for direct photons obtained from
d2 N inc (pT )
Ref. [32], and 2πpTγdpT dy is the inclusive photon pT differential invariant yield. The data show consistency
with NLO pQCD calculations within uncertainties at
1
direct γ
inclusive γ
Au+Au 200 GeV 0-80%
theory scale µ=0.5p
T
theory scale µ=1.0p
T
theory scale µ=2.0p
0.8
T
0.6
fraction =
GeV/c is due to the lack of η meson measurements in the
corresponding pT region. For the default η pT spectrum
at pT < 2 GeV/c, a Tsallis blast-wave model prediction,
with the freeze-out parameters obtained by fitting other
hadrons simultaneously, is used and matched to the measurement at pT = 2 GeV/c [13]. For the systematic uncertainty study, we vary the freeze-out velocity parameter by
hand and keep other parameters unchanged in the Tsallis
blast-wave model, but still match the prediction to the
measurement at pT = 2 GeV/c. The uncertainties in the
cross sections for π, η, and cc̄, mentioned above, result
in uncertainties of 0-18%, 1-43%, and 0-4%, respectively,
decreasing as a function of pT for the direct virtual photon yields for 0-80% Au+Au collisions. Contributions
from η 0 and ω are negligible for the hadronic cocktail,
resulting in a negligible contribution for the systematic
uncertainties. In addition, the 15% overall systematic uncertainty, dominated by the efficiency correction to the
dielectron continuum, is pT independent for the direct
virtual photon yields and does not affect the ratio of
direct photon to inclusive photon yields. Table I lists
sources and their contributions to the systematic uncertainties for the direct virtual photon yields in different
centralities. The total systematic uncertainties are the
quadratic sums of the different contributions.
0.4
0.2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
pT(GeV/c)
FIG. 3. (Color online) The ratio of direct photon to inclusive photon yields compared with the ratio of TAA scaled
NLO pQCD predictions to inclusive photon yields for 0-80%
√
Au+Au collisions at sN N = 200 GeV. The data points for
1 < pT < 3 GeV/c and 5 < pT < 10 GeV/c are from minimumbias data and calorimeter-triggered data, respectively. The
three curves correspond to pQCD calculations with different
renormalization (µR ) and factorization scales (µF ), assuming µR = µF = µ. The error bars and the boxes represent
the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. The
shaded bands on the curves represent the systematic uncertainties for inclusive photon measurements, which are about
15%.
pT > 6 GeV/c. A clear enhancement in data compared
to the calculation for 1 < pT < 3 GeV/c is observed. The
data point at pT = 5.5 GeV/c is about 2.5σ higher than
the calculation.
Figure 4 shows centrality dependence of the invariant
√
yields of direct photons in Au+Au collisions at sN N =
200 GeV. The p+p results are parameterized by a powerlaw function [32], the same one as used in Ref. [8]. The
parameterized distribution is then scaled by Nbin , and
compared to the Au+Au results in different centralities,
as shown by the solid curves. The Nbin values calculated
7
102
102
0-10% ×102
10-40% ×101
0-80% ×100
40-80% ×10-1
Nbin scaled p+p
d2N/(2πpTdpTdy) ((GeV/c)-2)
1
−1
10
−2
10-40% ×101
1
10
−3
10
−4
10
−5
10
10−6
10−7
10−8
0-80% ×10
0
40-80% ×10-1
−1
10
Paquet calculation
10−2
Rapp calculation
−3
10
10−4
10−5
10−6
10−7
10−8
10−9
10−9
Au+Au 200 GeV
−10
10
0-10% ×102
10
d2N/(2πpTdpTdy) ((GeV/c)-2)
10
Au+Au 200 GeV
−10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
pT (GeV/c)
FIG. 4. (Color online) Centrality dependence of the direct
photon invariant yields as a function of pT in Au+Au col√
lisions at sN N = 200 GeV. The solid curves represent a
power-law fit to PHENIX 200 GeV p + p results [8, 32], scaled
by Nbin . The bands on the curves represent the uncertainties in the parameterization and in Nbin . The error bars and
boxes represent the statistical and systematic uncertainties,
respectively.
from a Glauber model for 0-10%, 10-40%, 0-80% and 40√
80% Au+Au collisions at sN N = 200 GeV are 941 ± 26,
391± 30, 292 ± 20, and 57 ± 14, respectively. For 1 <
pT < 3 GeV/c, the Au+Au results are higher than Nbin
scaled p + p results, while at pT > 6 GeV/c the Au+Au
yield is consistent with the scaled p + p expectation. We
note that for 1 < pT < 2 GeV/c, the data points in 010% Au+Au collisions have larger uncertainties and are
also consistent with the scaled p + p expectations.
A comparison between STAR Au+Au data and model
calculations from Rapp et al. [10, 33] and Paquet
et al. [34] is shown in Fig. 5. For the direct photon
production both models include the contributions from
QGP thermal radiation, in-medium ρ meson and other
mesonic interactions in the hadronic gas, and primordial
contributions from the initial hard parton scattering. In
Refs. [10, 33] an elliptic thermal fireball evolution is employed for the bulk medium. Non-thermal primordial
photons from Nbin collisions are estimated from either
a pQCD-motivated xT -scaling ansatz or a parameterization of PHENIX p + p data. The sum of the thermal
medium and primordial contributions for the former case
is shown in Fig. 5. Using a parameterization of PHENIX
p + p reference data would lead to slightly higher direct
photon yields. In addition, a (2+1)-D hydrodynamic evolution (beam-direction independent) is employed for the
bulk medium by Rapp et al. and the results are consis-
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
pT (GeV/c)
FIG. 5. The direct photon invariant yields as a function of pT
√
in Au+Au collisions at sN N = 200 GeV compared to model
predictions from Rapp et al. [10, 33] and Paquet et al. [34] .
The statistical and systematic uncertainties are shown by the
bars and boxes, respectively.
tent with those from the fireball evolution. In Ref. [34]
a (2+1)-D hydrodynamic evolution is employed for the
bulk medium. Comparison of the model and data shows
that in the pT range 1-3 GeV/c the dominant sources
are from thermal radiation while, as pT increases to 5-6
GeV/c, the initial hard-parton scattering becomes dominant. The comparison shows consistency between both
model calculations and our measurement within uncertainties for all the other centralities except 40-80% centrality which includes peripheral collisions, where hydrodynamic calculations might not be applicable.
Since the centrality binning is different between STAR
and PHENIX, it is challenging to directly compare the
invariant pT spectra in each centrality bin without introducing additional systematic uncertainties. Instead,
we integrate the direct virtual photon yields in different
pT ranges, study their centrality dependences, and compare the data from STAR and PHENIX as well as the
theoretical model calculations described above. For the
STAR measurements, we use two pT bins: 1-3 GeV/c
and 1.5-3 GeV/c. For the PHENIX measurements [8],
we use 1-3.5 GeV/c and 1.4-3.5 GeV/c. Different ranges
are selected due to the availability of the data. Theoretical model calculations show that the contribution of
the yield in the pT range 3-3.5 GeV/c is 0.4% to the
yield in the range of 1-3.5 GeV/c . The contributions in
the pT ranges 3-3.5 GeV/c and 1.4-1.5 GeV/c are 25%
to the yield in the range 1.4-3.5 GeV/c. Figure 6 shows
the comparison of the data and the theoretical model
8
10
Excess direct photon yield dN/dy
Au+Au 200 GeV (Min.Bias)
a)
data 1<pT<3 GeV/c
1
data 1.5<pT<3.0 GeV/c
Comparison
χ2 /N DF
Excess yield
STAR data to Rapp
4.26/2
STAR data to Paquet
2.81/2
PHENIX data to Rapp
11.1/2
PHENIX data to Paquet 16.9/2
Total yield
STAR data to Rapp
3.98/2
STAR data to Paquet
2.78/2
PHENIX data to Rapp
12.8/2
PHENIX data to Paquet 15.0/2
10− 1
10− 2
−3
10
Thermal Only
10
Npart
TABLE II. The χ2 /N DF and p-value in central and midcentral collisions between data and model calculations for 1 <
pT < 3 GeV/c.
p-value
0.119
0.245
0.0038
2.2e-04
0.137
0.249
0.0017
5.6e-04
102
b)
Total direct photon yield dN/dy
PHENIX 1.0<p <3.5 GeV/c
T
1
PHENIX 1.4<p <3.5 GeV/c
T
10−1
10−2
Rapp 1<p <3 GeV/c
T
the same physics ingredients [35–38] describe the dilepton measurements [13, 39–42]. Models with additional,
new physics ingredients [43], which attempt to describe
the PHENIX photon data, should be compared to the
world-wide photon and dilepton data for a consistency
check. In the future, more precise measurements of direct photons are needed to further distinguish between
different model calculations.
Rapp 1.5<p <3.0 GeV/c
10−3
T
Paquet 1<p <3 GeV/c
T
Paquet 1.5<p <3.0 GeV/c
Thermal + Primordial
T
IV.
CONCLUSIONS
−4
10
102
10
Npart
FIG. 6. (Color online) The excess [panel (a)] and total [panel
(b)] direct photon yields in different pT ranges as a function of the number of participating nucleons (Npart ) from
STAR (circles) and PHENIX (squares) in Au+Au collisions at
√
sN N = 200 GeV. Model predictions from Rapp et al. [10, 33]
and Paquet et al. [34] are also shown for the excess [panel (a)]
and total [panel (b)] direct photon yields. The statistical and
systematic uncertainties are shown by the bars and boxes, respectively. The Npart value for central 0-10% data is shifted
for clarity.
calculations [10, 33, 34]. Panel (a) presents the excess
yield, which is the direct photon yield with the Nbin
scaled p + p contribution subtracted, in comparison with
the thermal component contributions in the model calculations. Since the p + p references have a large uncertainty, we also compare the total direct photon yield to
the sum of thermal and primordial contributions in the
models, as shown in panel (b). The comparisons indicate
that the model calculations are consistent with our measurements and that the results derived from PHENIX
measurements are systematically higher than our data in
mid-central and central collisions. For the comparisons
between data and model calculations, the χ2 /N DF and
p-value are listed in Table II. Note that the models with
We measured e+ e− spectra and inferred direct photon
√
production in Au+Au collisions at STAR at sN N = 200
GeV. The direct photon measurement based on the virtual photon method is extended to pT of 5-10 GeV/c.
In the pT range 1-3 GeV/c the direct photon invariant
yield shows a clear excess in 10-40% and 40-80% central Au+Au over the number of binary collision scaled
p + p results. In the pT range above 6 GeV/c there is
no clear enhancement observed for all the centralities.
Model predictions which include the contributions from
thermal radiation and initial hard-processes are consistent with our direct photon yield within uncertainties
in central and mid-central collisions. In 40-80% centrality bin, the model calculation results are systematically
lower than our data for 1 < pT < 3 GeV/c.
Acknowledgments
We thank the RHIC Operations Group and RCF at
BNL, the NERSC Center at LBNL, the KISTI Center in
Korea, and the Open Science Grid consortium for providing resources and support. This work was supported
in part by the Office of Nuclear Physics within the U.S.
DOE Office of Science, the U.S. NSF, the Ministry of
Education and Science of the Russian Federation, NSFC,
CAS, MoST and MoE of China, the National Research
Foundation of Korea, NCKU (Taiwan), GA and MSMT
of the Czech Republic, FIAS of Germany, DAE, DST,
and UGC of India, the National Science Centre of Poland,
National Research Foundation, the Ministry of Science,
9
Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia, and
RosAtom of Russia. We thank C. Gale, J. Paquet, R.
Rapp, and H. van Hees for valuable discussions and for
providing the theoretical calculations.
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