Wave Optics
Propagation, interference and diffraction of waves
Axel Kuhn, Oxford 2016
Paul Ewart’s lecture notes and problem sets:
https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/research/
combustion-physics-and-non-linear-optics/teaching
Intro
1
Wave Optics – Literature
Brooker, Modern Classical Optics
Hecht, Optics
Klein and Furtak, Optics
Smith, King & Wilkins, Optics and Photonics
Born and Wolf, Principles of Optics
Intro
2
Wave Optics – Outline
What’s it all about?
Revision of geometrical optics
Propagation of waves
Fourier methods
➙ Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral, theory of imaging
Diffraction-based optical instruments
➙ 2-slit, grating, Michelson and Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Dielectric surfaces and boundaries
➙ multilayer (anti)reflection coatings
Polarized Light
Intro
3-1
Wave Optics – Outline
What’s it all about?
Revision of geometrical optics
Propagation of waves
Fourier methods
➙ Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral, theory of imaging
Diffraction-based optical instruments
➙ 2-slit, grating, Michelson and Fabry-Perot Interferometer
Dielectric surfaces and boundaries
➙ multilayer (anti)reflection coatings
Polarized Light
Intro
3-2
What’s it all about?
Imaging
Visualization (projection, lithography)
Spectroscopy
Matter-wave propagation & imaging
Lasers and applications
Modern devices
(opto-electronics, display technology, optical coatings,
telecommunication, consumer electronics)
Intro
4
What’s it all about?
Intro
Astronomical observatory, Hawaii, 4200m above sea level.
5
What’s it all about?
Hubble space telescope, 2.4 m mirror
Intro
6
Classical Optics – Relevance
7
fruit fly
What’s it all about?
Optical Microscope
Intro
8
What’s it all about?
CD/DVD player optical pickup system
Intro
9
What’s it all about?
cutting & welding
photo lithography
Intro
10
What’s it all about?
Coherent Light ➙ Laser Physics
spectroscopy
metrology (clocks)
quantum optics
quantum computing
laser nuclear ignition
medical applications
engineering
telecommunication
Intro
11
Geometrical Optics – Revision
Fermat’s principle (shortest path)
reflection & refraction
spherical & thin lenses
paraxial approximation
lensmaker’s formula
combining lenses
principal planes
optical instruments
Aperture and field stops
Pinhole camera ➙ wave optics
Geometric
12
Geometrical Optics – Revision
Ignoring the wave nature of light
Basic theory for optical instruments
Fermat‘s Principle
Light propagating between two points follows a path, or
paths, for which the time taken is an extremum (minimum)
Geometric
13
Geometrical Optics – Revision
focussing with
spherical surfaces
parallel bundles
↓
image sphere
object sphere
↓
image sphere
Geometric
14
Geometrical Optics – Revision
u
v
Focal point
axis
Focal point
thin lens formula
Geometric
15
1
1
1
+ =
u v
f
Principal planes
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Geometric
16-1
Principal planes
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
location of
equivalent thin lens
Geometric
16-2
Principal planes
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
location of
equivalent thin lens
Geometric
17
Principal planes
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
lens
system
1
1
1
+ =
u v
f
Geometric
v
u
thin lens equation applies with u and v
measured from the two principal planes
18
Compound microscope
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Objective magnification =
v/u
Eyepiece magnifies real image of object
Geometric
19
Astronomical telescope
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
angular magnification = β/α
Geometric
20-1
Astronomical telescope
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
angular magnification = β/α
Geometric
20-2
Astronomical telescope
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
angular magnification = β/α = fo/fE
Geometric
20-3
Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Galilean telescope
.3.4 Telescope (Galilean)
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igure 1.6
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angular magnification = β/α
3.5 Telescope
(Newtonian)
Geometric
21-1
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Geometrical Optics – Instruments
Galilean telescope
.3.4 Telescope (Galilean)
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igure 1.7
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igure 1.6
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3.6 Compound Microscope
angular magnification = β/α = fo/fE
3.5 Telescope
(Newtonian) !
Geometric
!
"
21-2
!%
#
Apertures and Field Stops
Aperture stop
Field stop
limiting the
Intensity
limiting the
field-of-view
Geometric
22-1
Apertures and Field Stops
er
th
t
g
e
n
m
e
l
a
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d
a
foc upil
p
e
c
an
r
t
n
=
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.
Aperture stop
Field stop
o
n
f/
limiting the
Intensity
limiting the
field-of-view
Geometric
22-2
Camera Obscura
optimum pinhole size
contradicts expectations from
geometrical optics
from Hecht, Optics
Geometric
23
The Wave Nature of Light
Maxwell’s equations ⟼ waves
/
k
u
equivalence to matter waves
c. t-2
a
.
ox men
.
s
plane and spherical waves
ic frag
s
y
.ph uhn#
2
energy flow / intensity
w e/k
w
w
/ eopl
/
:
p
basic interference
htt cts/p
ta
n
o
c
Huygen’s principle
Fraunhofer diffraction & resolution limit
EM waves
24