2012 IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon), 2-5 December 2012, Kota Kinabalu Sabah, Malaysia
Energy Efficiency Measurements in a Malaysian
Public University
Ahmad Sukri Ahmada,1, Mohammad Yusri Hassana,2, Hayati Abdullaha,3, Hasimah Abdul Rahmana,4,Md. Shah Majida,5,
Masilah Bandib,6
a
Centre of Electrical Energy Systems (CEES), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
b
Office of Asset and Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
maxlyn20@gmail.com1, yusrih@fke.utm.my2, hayati@fkm.utm.my3, hasimah@fke.utm.my4, mdshah@fke.utm.my5,
masilah@utm.my6
of energy, a holistic approach to energy management should
be used. One such approach is through the implementation of
a sustainable energy management program (SEMP) including
best energy management practices and proper measurement
verification procedures [7].
Abstract– Electricity consumption in commercial buildings
requires serious attention as electricity is the predominant energy
source used in these buildings. With the trend of increasing fuel
price, consumers are now using electricity more wisely. This
paper presents the energy management program carried out at
the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM). Various energy savings activities were initiated
since 2010 and the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) is used as an
indicator of buildings’ energy consumption performance during
the energy management program. This program has shown
encouraging resultswith a reduction in the electricityconsumption
and providefurther avenue for continuous energy saving
programs.
II.
At present, environmental sustainability is seen as the way
forward by various parties to make life better without
polluting the environment. The sustainability concept has been
introduced widely in various sectors such as government,
private sector and also in education [8]. The awareness of the
sustainability concept in Malaysia especially in the higher
education institutions is gaining momentum [9]and awareness
programs have been initiated in Malaysia with a view towards
creating a sustainable environment. In line with the
government’s initiative to reduce energy usage in government
buildings, UTM has launched several energy saving initiatives
beginning in 2010 such as ‘Sustainability Campus Campaign’
and ‘Go Green Campaign’ within its campus to reduce the
utility bills. All these programs were implemented in the
faculties, colleges and departments on campus.
Keywords-Energy Effeciency Index; Energy Management
Program; MalaysianPublicUniversity
I.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION
The increase in the number of commercial buildings and
residential area development projects has a great impact to the
national development but it also increases the energy demand.
Recognizing that the development should run in parallel with
environmental sustainability, various policies and methods are
made available to help preserve the environment. Since the
energy crisis in 1970, engineers, architects and building
developers are better equipped to design and maintain
buildings more efficiently to reduce energy consumption and
electricity usage [1]. To encourage sustainable building
practice, The Malaysian Standard MS 1525:2007, Code of
Practice on Energy Efficiency and use of Renewable Energy
for Non – Residential Buildings has been introduced. The
standard briefly describes the engineering, architectural,
landscaping and site planning aspects in designing to optimize
the energy efficiency of a building [2].
One of the sustainability concept that can be well
incorporated to reduce the use of electricity is “The Green
Building” concept, which focuses on increasing the efficiency
of using resources such as energy, water and materials [10].
Energy saving potential can be increased by practising
efficient use of energy and by using energy efficient
appliances. Energy efficiency is simply defined as using less
energy to provide the same services[11, 12] or to do more
work with the same unit of energy [13]. To encourage people
to use energy efficiently, energy efficiency can be promoted
using three instruments, namely Regulation, Technical
Assistance and Recognition or Incentives [14].
The development of Malaysia has also led to the
development and growth of higher-education institutions to
accommodate the growing number of local as well as
international students. Currently, each state in Malaysia has at
least one public or private higher-education institution. The
Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE) and The Malaysian
Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) has urged all
education centres to play their role to save energy [3-5]. This
is in line with the efforts of the Ministry of Energy, Green
Technology and Water (MEGTW) to initiate energy-saving
programs in all government departments [6]. For efficient use
There are also other initiatives that can be implemented to
save energy such as by implementing an Energy Management
Program. Choong [3] proposed 47 key practices for managing
energy in Malaysian universities and these key practices are
categorized into three major phases. The first phase is
“Planning” which is the process of deciding in advance what
should be done to save energy. The second phase is
“Implementing”. During this second phase, all the planning in
phase one is implemented by the management team. The final
This work was supported by Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE),
Malaysia and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) through Research
University Grant (GUP) vot 00G18.
564
TABLE 1 PARAMETERS AFFECTING ENERGY USE IN BUILDINGS[17]
End-Use
1. Air Conditioning and
Space Heating
2. Lighting
3. Power and Process
Factors
1. Occupancy and
Management
2. Environmental Standards
3. Climate
4. Building Design and
Construction
5. Mechanical and Electrical
Equipment
Equation (2). EEI is expressed in kWh/m2. The saving targets
are based on the lowest EEI.
= ()
!"(# )
(2)
Fig.1 ISO50001:2011(E) - Energy Management System[15]
IV.
phase is the “Monitoring and Evaluation” phase. In this final
phase, all the implemented programs are evaluated to observe
the effectiveness of the plan.
This section describes briefly the energy management
program carried out in UTM. The case study however focuses
on the energy saving program carried out at the Faculty of
Electrical Engineering (FKE) since FKE is among the highest
energy consumer in UTM.
Besides, the effective tools for energy management and
saving such as public awareness, energy audit, energy
regulation and energy information has been presented
[16].Another important reference that can be used in
implementing an energy management program is provided by
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) under
the ISO50001:2011(E) – Energy Management Systems –
Requirements with Guidance for Use as shown in Fig. 1.
III.
A. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) has two campuses
located in Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru with approximately
5000 staff and a student population of more than 20,000
including undergraduate and postgraduate students. The UTM
Johor Bahru campus consists of 573 buildings including 14
faculties, 13 student residential colleges, and other offices
such as the library, Information Technology Department and
Facilities Department. Energy consumption in the UTM Johor
Bahru campus is very high due to the large number of
buildings. The energy consumption is different for each
building, and some of the parameters affecting energy use in
buildings are given in Table 1.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDEX
Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) is a tool used to track the
performance of energy consumption. The measurement of EEI
depends on the use of energy in a particular application.
Generally, the EEI can be defined in terms of an energy
component and a factor related to the energy using component
of the organization as given in (1). Examples of factors related
to energy use are as listed below:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
= There are several projects conducted under the UTM’s
Transformation program on energy saving, which focusedon
projects that can be easily implemented and involving low
investment. Electricity tariff study, energy management
awareness campaign, energy consumption monitoring system
and energy efficient lighting retrofits are among the projects
carried out under this program. UTM has also taken the steps
to establish an energy management committee at the
university level. All the members of the UTM Energy
Managements Committee have undergone an Energy Manager
Training conducted by Green Tech Malaysia.
Weight of product produced
No. of item produced
Weight of raw material used
Period of production
Period of plant usage
Floor area of building
No. of in-patient bed per night (hospital building)
No. of occupied room per night (hotel building)
CASE STUDY
(1)
The establishment of this energy management program in
UTM has resulted in UTM receiving the Energy Management
Gold Standard Certification (One Gold Star) under the
ASEAN Energy Management Scheme (AEMAS) in 2011.
This certification requires institutions to establish their energy
For a building, the definition of EEI is tied to the size of
the building and is generally considered as energy used per
unit of building floor area which can be determined using
565
227
EEI (kWh/m2)
250
178
200
150
100
50
0
2009
2010
2011
5,000,000
4,500,000
4,000,000
3,500,000
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
FKE
FKM
FKA
FAB
FS
FKSG
FSKSM
FPREE
FKK
FTI
FPPSM
FKBSK
FBB
FP
258
Energy Consumption [kWh]
300
Faculties
Years
2010
Figure 2: Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) in UTM
2011
Figure 3: Electricity Consumption comparison in Faculties for 2010 and 2011
V.
management system, based on the ISO50001, and to
demonstrate that their Energy Efficiency Index has improved
against an established baseline index. Figure 2 shows the
UTM energy efficiency index for the year 2009-2011. It can
be seen that there is a decreasing trend in energy efficiency
index. The reduction of 21.6% shows that the program
conducted was a contributing factor in reducing energy usage
and cost. The following section highlights the energy saving
activities carried out at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in
the UTM Johor Bahru campus which contributed to the
certification.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
FKE first started the energy management program in 2011
with the establishment of the Faculty’s Energy Management
Committee. The energy efficiency awareness campaign was
then launched by the dean via email to the academic and nonacademic staff. Talks were also held to encourage and support
the campaign. During the campaign, posters, reminders,
stickers and signage were placed at laboratories, offices,
lecture halls and other relevant places. Table 2 shows some
initiative taken to support the campaign.
TABLE 2: ENERGY SAVING STRATEGIES IN THE FACULTY OF
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, FKE
B. Faculty of Electrical Engineering (FKE), UTM
Targeted Place
Energy consumption in the Faculty of Electrical
Engineering (FKE) is currently the highest amongst the other
faculties in UTM as shown in Fig.3. FKE consists of 12 blocks
of lecture rooms, offices, laboratories and centers of
excellence. The electricity usage is mainly for lighting, airconditioning as well as a variety of miscellaneous electrical
loads (MELs) used by staff and students. Lighting is provided
by fluorescent lamps whilst the air-conditioning system
consists of centralized and split units. In 2010, the total energy
consumed by FKE was4,806,676 kWh or RM 1,384,323 with
a monthly average cost of about RM 115,000. For 2011, the
total energy consumed by FKE was about 4,282,163 kWh or
RM 1,292,763 with amonthly average cost of about RM107,
730. Due to these high energy consumption statistics, FKE has
taken initiatives to develop a framework for an energy
management program which include;
Laboratories
Lecture Hall
and
Lecture Room
a)
Establishment of a Faculty Energy Management
Committee.
b) Awareness and energy saving campaign through talks
and online based survey.
c) Energy audit on electrical appliances and a study on
occupant’s behavior.
Office
566
Initiative Taken
1. Switch off lights and computers when
leaving the laboratory
2. Switch off unnecessary lights during
lunch hour or when there are no laboratory
sessions
3. Lit up small area only
4. Use network printer
1. Switch-off spilt unit air-conditioners,
LCD projectors as well
as computer when a class finishes
2. Use lecture rooms with split unit airconditioner only for weekend classes
3. Reallocating classes in the evening so
that the class will be
conducted inside a lecture room with
split unit air-conditioner
1. Switch off lights and computer when
leaving the office
2. Switch off lights and computer during
lunch hour
3. Switch off split unit air conditioner
when leaving the office
4. Switch off all unnecessary lights and
equipment during lunch hour
Energy (kWh)
5,000,000
4,826,942
determined using the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) as given
in (2). Table 3 shows the activity and gross floor area of the
faculty blocks. The EEIs vary depending on the activity
carried out in the blocks and the size of the blocks.
4,806,676
4,800,000
4,600,000
4,400,000
Figure 5 shows the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) for the
faculty buildings in the year 2011. Since the gross floor area
and the energy consumption for each block are different, the
EEI readings for each building vary depending on the
activities held in the particular building. In this case study,
EEI for the year 2011 is taken as the EEI baseline since this is
the first measured EEI for the faculty for each building. It can
be observed that the Radar Laboratories at P18 has the highest
EEI while both P10 and P11 have the lowest EEI in 2011. This
is due to the lighter activities held in both buildings.
4,282,163
4,200,000
4,000,000
2009
2010
2011
Years
Figure 4: FKE's Annual Electricity Consumption
Energy audits were conducted in FKE to determine where
and how savings can be achieved in electricity usage within
the organization. Lighting performances, energy usage
ofcomputers and printers and comfort level in the laboratories
and offices were analyzed. One of the objectives of the
campaign is also to encourage the participation of the whole
FKE community to understand energy consumption pattern
and hence, to maximize efficiency. The energy audit results
can be used to develop an action plan to implement the
activities and increase energy efficiency. To identify the
impact of the energy saving campaign and energy audit
conducted, the energy consumption pattern was recorded for
each block in the faculty using the Electrical Billing
Management System (EBMS). By having this system, the
energy consumption and energy costing can be monitored and
used for analysis.
Further observation of the building energy performance is
continued for the year 2012. Figure 6 shows the EEI for FKE
from January to August 2012. It can be observed that the EEI
shows a decreasing trend for most of the month when
compared to 2011. However, there is an increase in EEI in
February and May due to the semester break and construction
works. Meanwhile, Fig. 7 shows the EEI for each building in
FKE from January to August for 2011 and 2012. It can be seen
that the EEI all buildings is reduced which signifies further
energy saving potentials in FKE.
TABLE 3: MAIN FUNCTION OF FKE'S BUILDINGS
EEI (kWh/m2)
Buildings
1
P02
2
Figure 4 shows FKE’s annual electricity consumption for
the years 2009-2011. There was a reduction of 0.42% for the
year 2010 when compared to the year 2009. However, the
reduction is even greater for the year 2011 with a 10.9%
reduction in annual electricity consumption when compared to
the year 2010. This indicates the results of the energy- saving
campaign and audit carried out in 2011. The energy
consumption performances of the faculty buildings are
3
4
5
6
186
200
No.
7
147
150
100
50
37 42 45
8
9
10
81 85 85
60 71
11
0
12
Blocks
Figure 5: Energy Efficiency Index by buildings in FKE for 2011
567
Function
Administration, Lecturer
Rooms and Lecture Rooms
P03
Laboratories and Lecturer
Rooms
P04
Laboratories and Lecturer
Rooms
P05
Lecture
Rooms
and
Lecturer Rooms
P06
Laboratories and Lecturer
Rooms
P07
Laboratories,
Lecturer
Rooms and Lecture Rooms
P08
Laboratories and Lecturer
Rooms
P10
Laboratories
P11
Laboratories
P15
Laboratories and Lecturer
Rooms
P16
Lecture Hall and Lecture
Rooms
P18
Laboratories
Total Gross Floor Area (m2)
Floor
Area (m2)
5258.96
5594.08
5330.85
2254.63
4782.34
5176.08
5199.64
1483.73
2972.00
1247.46
2972.00
902.99
43174.76
EEI (kWh/m2)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
This work was supported by Ministry of Higher Education
(MOHE), Malaysia and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
through Research University Grant (GUP) vot 00G18.
REFERENCES
[1]
Month
EEI 2011
EEI 2012
Figure 6: Energy Efficiency Index for FKE from Jan-Aug 2012
VI.
[2]
CONCLUSION
This paper has presented the energy management program
conductedat the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia and the results of itsimplementation. The
aim of this program is to reduce energy consumption and also
to initiate the setting up of the EEI baseline for the faculty
buildings. The result has shown that the program conducted
has a great impact on the total faculty’s energy consumption.
The amount of energy saved in 2011 compared to 2010 is
524513 kWh or equivalent to RM 91560 which is
approximately 14% of total energy that UTM saved while a
reduction of EEI among the building in the faculty between
which is 5 % to 14 %.
[3]
[4]
[5]
EEI (kWh/m2)
The continuation of this program and campus-wide
extension of the program will bring about tremendous savings
to the organization. The setting-up of the EEI baseline would
further enhance energy efficiency practice within Malaysian
public universities.
[6]
[7]
150.00
100.00
[8]
50.00
[9]
0.00
P02 P03 P04 P06 P07 P08 P10 P15 P16 P18
+
+
P05
P11
[10]
Blocks
[11]
2011
2012
[12]
Figure 7: FKE Buildings Energy Efficiency Index in Jan- August of 2011 and
2012
[13]
568
S. Moghimi, et al., "Building energy index (BEI) in
large scale hospital: case study of Malaysia,"
presented at the Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS
international conference on Energy and development
- environment - biomedicine, Corfu Island, Greece,
2011.
A. Z. Ahmed, Professorial Lecture "Climate Change,
Gree Technology and Sustainbable Buildings". Shah
Alam: University Publication Center (UPENA)
UiTM, 2009.
C. W. Wai, et al., "Energy Management Key
Practices: A Proposed List for Malaysian
Univerisites," International Journal of Energy and
Environment, vol. 2, pp. 749-760, 2011.
N. S. Yen, et al., "Energy Conservation Opportunities
in Malaysian Universities," Malaysian Journal of
Real Estate, vol. 5, 2010.
N. S. Yen and C. W. Wai, "The Needs to Measure
Energy Awareness in Malaysian Universities," in
International Universities Social Responsibility
Conference and Exhibition 2010, Kuala Lumpur,
2010.
T. H. d. A. Kementerian Tenaga. (2006, 15/12/2011).
The Utility Industries: Shaping The Future.
Available: http://www.kettha.gov.my/node/1008
J. C. Van Gorp, "Maximizing energy savings with
enterprise energy management systems," in Pulp and
Paper Industry Technical Conference, 2004.
Conference Record of the 2004 Annual, 2004, pp.
175-181.
T. Prugh, et al., The Local Politics of Global
Sustainability: Island Press, 2000.
N. Z. Abidin, "Sustainable Construction in MalaysiaDevelopers' Awareness," International Journal of
Social Sciences, vol. 5, pp. 807-814, 2010.
S. C. Chua and T. H. Oh, "Green Progress and
Prospect in Malaysia," Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, vol. 15, pp. 2850-2861, 2011.
P. Murray G, "What is energy efficiency?: Concepts,
indicators and methodological issues," Energy Policy,
vol. 24, pp. 377-390, 1996.
R. Saidur, et al., "End-use Energy Analysis in the
Malaysian Industrial Sector," Energy, vol. 34, pp.
153-158, 2009.
D. S. Julian, "Energy efficiency and the environment:
the potential for energy efficient lighting to save
energy and reduce carbon dioxide emissions at
Melbourne University, Australia," Energy, vol. 25,
pp. 823-839, 2000.
[14]
[15]
Z. A. Manan, et al., "Energy Efficiency Award
system in Malaysia for energy sustainability,"
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14,
pp. 2279-2289, 2010.
ISO5001:2011(E) Energy management systems —
Requirements with guidance for use, I. O. f.
Standardization, 2011.
[16]
[17]
569
A. Al-Mofleh, et al., "Analysis of Sectoral Energy
Conservation in Malaysia," Energy, vol. 34, pp. 733739, 2009.
C. S. Aun, "Energy Efficiency: Designing Low
Energy Building Using Energy 10," Pertubuhan
Arkitek Malaysia2004.