The challenge consists in curbing the trend of increasing energy consumption without accepting losses in the quality of life. This can be achieved on the one hand by an amelioration of final energy efficiency and on the other hand by a shift in energy consumption behaviour.
Technical energy efficiency measures comprise activities that provide for an increase in energy efficiency by technical improvements, therefore contributing to a reduced energy input for a given service demand.
But if the service demand itself increases, this leads generally to an increased energy demand despite technical energy efficiency measures.
The measures having an impact on behaviour are starting with service demand by trying to influence the energy consumption behaviour of selected customer groups in a way to provide incentives for energy saving behaviour.
Both areas of activity have to be covered to tap the full energy saving potential.

After having achieved a multitude of successful results in energy saving within the Viennese municipal administration, the energy division has co-ordinated the development of the first comprehensive energy efficiency programme for the City of Vienna.
The Urban Energy Efficiency Programme (SEP) comprises and co-ordinates more than 100 single measures, providing guidelines for the city’s consumer-side energy policy up to 2015.
The Urban Energy Efficiency Programme represents a milestone in the energy policy of the City of Vienna.
Efficient use of energy will make Vienna more competitive, especially in the face of rising energy prices.
This is to the benefit of everyone, because saving energy always implies saving costs!
The following factors recommend higher energy efficiency: economic: e.g. lower energy supply costs, value appreciation of real estate, long-term competitive advantages ecological: e.g. lower consumption of resources, climate relevance, air quality advertising effect: e.g. Vienna as model eco-city socially equitable: energy efficiency contributes towards securing access to energy services for all levels of population.

Within the framework of drafting the Urban Energy Efficiency Programme, the energy situation in Vienna was analysed and energy-saving potentials were assessed. In 2003 final energy consumption amounted to 135,040 TJ
(37,511 GWh). This corresponds to an increase by 24 %.
While coal was almost completely eliminated over the past ten years, all other sources of energy exhibited continuously rising consumption rates.
The most pronounced rise in percentage terms was observed for renewable energy sources, even though these sources are (still) of little significance in terms of volume.
Final energy consumption broken down by sector shows the following picture:
34 % private households accounting for 46,436 TJ
31 % traffic and transport accounting for 41,495 TJ
24 % public and private services accounting for 32,068 TJ
12 % manufacturing and agriculture accounting for 15,040 TJ
As regards the increase in energy consumption in volume terms since
1993, it becomes evident that energy demand rose in all sectors.
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Fig. End energy consumption by sector in the BAU scenario 1993-2015 in TeraJoules
Source: Statistics Austria, own calculations

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Fig: End energy consumption by sector in the energy saving scenario 1993-2015
Source: Statistics Austria, own calculation
A “business as usual” (BAU) scenario and an energy-saving scenario were drawn up with the objective of assessing the impact of different measures on energy consumption up to 2015. For this purpose, Vienna University of
Technology developed a model that permits mapping of the energy consumption of each year up to 2015 as a function of technical and economic parameters. The BAU scenario starts out from the assumption that no further energy policy measures will be implemented up to 2015. Against this background energy consumption is set to rise by 12 % (about 1% annually) in the analysed period 2003 to 2015. The highest rate of increase is observed in the traffic and transport sector; the latter, however, is not covered by this concept, but treated separately in the Master Plan on Traffic and Transport.
Total household consumption is set to increase by +3 % between 2003 and
2015. In 2015, about 83 % of final energy supply will be used for room heating, the preparation of hot water and cooking.
With a +21 % increase between 2003 and 2015 the private services sector accounts for the highest rate of consumption growth after the traffic and transport sector.
With the improvements proposed in the catalogue of measures energy consumption growth would only rise by +7 % in the energy-saving scenario. This corresponds to annual energy savings of 640 TJ (180 GWh) in comparison to the BAU scenario in the period 2003 to 2015.

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Fig . End energy consumption by sector in the energy-saving scenario 1993–2015
Source: Statistics Austria, own calculations
The measures of the SEP have been developed specifically for the following sectors: households, private services, public services, industry and manufacturing.
Further sectors are agriculture and traffic & transport; for measures and instruments regarding the latter, however, the interested reader is specifically referred to the Master Plan on Traffic and Transport.
SEP comprises more than 100 specific activities in the following areas:
• Provision for energy related aspects in urban and spatial planning
• Continuation of awareness creation with final customers
• Increase of building refurbishment rates and quality
• Qualitative energetic improvement of new buildings
• Efficiency increase in heating and cooling technology
• Increased market penetration and use of energy efficient devices and promotion of energy efficient technologies for circulating pumps, elevators, ventilators and lighting
• Increased use of waste heat potential in industrial installations
• Energy management
The structure of the SEP implicates that similar activities may be arranged for several sectors, but they differ considerably regarding their implemen-

tation and responsibilities. This is the case for the promotion of energetic refurbishment of buildings that is an important issue in several sectors. But the implementation of this activity requires different strategies according to each sector.
To act as a model the Viennese Municipal Administration has set the following targets:
• Sustainable savings in its own sphere of action of 15 GWh / year
• Stabilisation of power consumption
• Reduction of power consumption for public lighting by 5 %
• Increased energy management for own assets
• Promotion of low energy buildings (funding)
• Increased focus on energy efficiency criteria in all tendering procedures of the City of Vienna (especially in the sector “buildings”).