LEADING
THE
ENERGY TRANSITION
ELECTRICITY STORAGE
Insights from SBC Energy Institute FactBook
SBC Energy Institute
IEA Workshop on Energy Storage
September, 2013
1
Electricity storage
SBC Energy Institute is a non-profit organisation that promotes
understanding of key global energy issues
INSTITUTE IDENTITY
TECHNOLOGIES ADDRESSED
 Focused on crossover technologies related to
the energy space
 Founded in 2011
 Registered in the Netherlands as a non-profit
organization
 Governed by its own Board Members, including
external people:
 Claude Mandil, Former Executive Director of the
International Energy Agency
 Dr. Adnan Shihab-Eldin, Former OPEC Acting
Secretary General.
 Focus 2013 on Electricity Storage and
Hydrogen-based conversion technologies
2
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
Electricity storage
Integrating intermittent sources of energy requires additional flexibility
resources and results in a new momentum for electricity storage solutions
WIND & SOLAR GENERATION VS. DEMAND IN NORTHERN GERMANY
MW, December 2012 on the 50Hertz Operated Grid
VARIABILITY & NONCONTROLABILITY
14,000
GENERATES SURPLUS
&
DEFICIT
12,000
12,000
10,000
10,000
8,000
8,000
6,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
4,000
0
0h
6h
12h
18h
24h
2,000
Focus on 27th December
0
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Solar PV
Source:
Wind
Demand
SBC Energy Institute Analysis based on 50Hertz data archive (Wind and Solar Actual In Feed 2012, Control Load 2012)
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
3
Electricity storage
Electricity storage is a three-step process that consists in withdrawing
electricity from the grid, storing it and returning in it at a later stage
STORAGE SYSTEM PROPERTIES
E1
Withdrawal
1/ CHARGE
P1
2/ STORE
E2
E4
E5
Injection
1
Charging can be
seen as a form of
consumption and is
characterized by
the rate at which
energy can be
withdrawn (power)
and the time
needed to start
(ramping rate).
Source:
E3
3/ DISCHARGE
P2
2
Storing phase
adds the timeshifting dimension
and is
characterized by
the amount of
energy the system
can store (energy
being equal to
power multiplied by
time).
3
Discharging can
be seen as a form
of power
generation and is
characterized by
the rate at which
energy can be
injected (power)
and the time
needed to start
(ramping rate).
SBC Energy Institute Analysis
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
4
Electricity storage
Electricity storage technologies vary in maturity depending on their
conversion principles
Capital requirement x Technology risk
TECHNOLOGY MATURITY CURVE
Flow batteries
Lithium-ion batteries
Molten salt
Supercapacitor
Flywheel (low speed)
Sodium-sulfur (NaS) batteries
Superconducting magnetic
energy storage (SMES)
Adiabatic CAES*
Compressed air
Hydrogen
energy storage
Synthetic natural gas
(CAES)
Legend
A Fact Card illustration.
Mechanical storage
Electro-chemical storage
Thermal storage
Electrical storage
Chemical storage
Research
Note:
Source:
Development
Demonstration
Deployment
Pumped hydro
storage (PHS)
Mature Technology
Time
* CAES: compressed air energy storage.
SBC Energy Institute Analysis
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
5
Electricity storage
Electricity storage technologies features have to match application
requirement
ELECTRICITY STORAGE APPLICATIONS
Discharge Time vs. Power requirements (MW)
Discharge Time
ELECTRICITY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
Discharge Time vs. Power capacity (MW)
Discharge Time
Hydrogen & synthetic natural gas
Intermittent balancing
Month
Month
Power fleet optimization
Day
Hydrogen fuel cells
Day
Batteries
(conventional &
flow batteries)
Black start
services
Hour
Power quality
Minute
Minute
Long duration
flywheels
Transmission & distribution
investment deferral
Hour
Operating reserve
High power
supercapacitor
Second
1
10
1000
100
Power requirement (MW)
0.1
Efficiency
Source:
Compressed air
energy storage
(CAES)
High energy
supercapacitor
High power flywheels
Second
0.1
Pumped hydro
storage (PHS)
1
Superconducting
magnetic energy
storage (SMES)
10
85-100%
100
70-85%
1000
Power rating
45-70%
30-45%
SBC Energy Institute Analysis; EPRI (2010), “Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options”, Bradbury (2010), “Energy Storage Technology
Review”
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
6
Electricity storage
Except pumped hydro storage, electricity storage deployment is only
nascent
TOTAL ELECTRICITY STORAGE
CAPACITY
MW, 2012
ELECTRICITY STORAGE CAPACITY EXCLUDING
PUMPED HYDRO STORAGE
MW, 2012
Pumped hydro
storage
Flywheel Hydrogen
Thermal-based
3%
12%
~45 MW
~170 MW
0%
~4MW
~127,000 MW
Other storage
~1,366 MW Technologies
Other
battery
Compressed
air energy
storage
29%
~400 MW
20%
~274 MW
2%
~32 MW
Flow
battery
32%
~441 MW
Sodium-sulfur (NaS)
battery
99% of storage is pumped hydro
Note:
Source:
* CAES: compressed air energy storage.
SBC Energy Institute Analysis based on Bloomberg New Energy Finance database extracted on 12th April 2013; Jun Ying (2011); “The future of
energy storage technologies and policy”
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
7
Electricity storage
Research, Development & Demonstration is buoying to sidestep the main
obstacles of each technology
SUMMARY OF MAIN DRIVERS OF R,D&D AXIS BY TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
1
2
3
PUMPED HYDRO
STORAGE
COMPRESSED AIR
ENERGY STORAGE
BATTERIES
HYDROGEN &
4
SYNTHETIC
NATURAL GAS
Source:
DRIVERS
− Facilitate intermittent integration
− Sidestep site availability issues
− Avoid/limit natural gas use
− Sidestep site availability issues
− Increase power & energy density
− Lower costs & increase lifecycle
− Reduce environmental impact
− Adjust hydrogen technologies to intermittent needs (production, storage,
end-uses)
SBC Energy Institute Analysis; EPRI (2010), “Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options”, Bradbury (2010), “Energy Storage Technology
Review”
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
8
Electricity storage
The economics of electrical storage are affected both by technological
features and applications, making them difficult to assess
MAIN PARAMETERS OF ELECTRICITY STORAGE FULL COST
APPLICATION
REQUIREMENTS
Matching with technology
features to determine
available options.
Power capacity (MW)
TECHNOLOGY PARAMETERS
Power costs* ($/MW)
Energy costs ($/MWh)
Fixed O&M costs ($/MW)
Storage duration (h)
Variable O&M costs ($/MWh)
Response time (min)
Efficiency (%)
Total capital costs =
(Power costs + Energy
Cost * Storage duration) * Power capacity
Annual O&M costs =
Fixed O&M * Power capacity
+ Variable O&M *
Energy delivered
Frequency of discharge
(cycles/year)
Replacement costs ($/kW/Y)
Cycling life (cycles number)
Operating parameters
impact the feed-in
electricity price.
Note:
Source:
Electricity price
Annual replacement costs
if life cycle < number of discharges
Annual electricity costs
TOTAL CAPITAL
COSTS
ANNUAL
OPERATION
COSTS
Discounted
PRESENT
COSTS*
* Power costs include storage device costs, balance of plant costs and power conversion costs.
** O&M: operation & maintenance except electricity price. Include gas price for compressed air energy storage.
SBC Energy Institute Analysis
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
9
Electricity storage
The capital cost of a storage device per unit of power (MW) and per energy
capacity (MWh) varies significantly between technologies
CAPITAL COSTS PER UNIT OF POWER
$/kW
CAPITAL COST PER UNIT OF ENERGY
$/kWh
6,000
50,000
5,000
2,500
4,000
2,000
3,000
1,500
2,000
1,000
1,000
500
0
0
PHS CAES NaS Flow Li-Ion FW
Batteries
Note:
Source:
SC SMES
H2
PHS CAES NaS
Flow Li-Ion
Batteries
FW
SC
SMES
PHS: pumped hydro storage; CAES: compressed air energy storage; Li-ion: lithium-ion battery; FW: flywheels; SC: supercapacitor; H2: hydrogen
SBC Energy Institute Analysis; EPRI (2010), “Electricity Energy Storage Technology Options”, Bradbury (2010), “Energy Storage Technology
Review”
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
10
Electricity storage
As with the economics, the environmental impact of electricity storage is
difficult to evaluate
IMPACT CATEGORIZATION
Impact categorization
GHG* emissions
Land use
Water use
Direct
No GHG emissions except
conventional CAES**
Depends on energy density & power
density of storage technologies
Can be high for Conventional PHS***
& CAES**
Lifecycle: Construction
Depends on the energy intensity and
the way it is produced. Some issues
with batteries
Depends on the energy intensity and
land use during construction. No major
issues
No major issues outside CAES** salt
caverns construction
Lifecycle: Operation
Depends on storage efficiency and
GHG emissions of upstream energy
Depends on land footprint of electricity
stored and storage efficiency
Depends on water use of electricity
stored and storage efficiency
Induced
Positive:
− Maximize intermittent renewable or nuclear production;
− Avoid using peak power plants.
Negative:
− Increases energy losses in the system (to be compared on a lifecycle basis with alternative solutions).
Environmental and social impacts vary according to the
technology and might hinder development in some cases
Note:
Source:
* GHG: greenhouse gas; ** CAES: compressed air energy storage; *** PHS: pumped hydro storage.
SBC Energy Institute Analysis; NREL (2012), “Renewable Electricity Futures Study – Volume 2: Renewable Electricity Generation & Storage
Technologies”
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
11
Electricity storage
Recent studies suggest batteries are difficult to deploy as a large-scale
storage solution because of their high energy intensity
RATIO OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY STORED IN THE LIFETIME OF THE STORAGE DEVICE TO
ITS EMBODIED PRIMARY ENERGY
MJ/MJ
250
240
210
200
150
100
50
10
6
3
3
2
Li-ion
NaS
Vanadium
redox
Zinc bromide
Lead-acid
0
Compressed
Pumped
air energy hydro storage
storage
Note:
Source:
The graph displays the ratio of electrical energy stored over the lifetime of a technology to the energy needed to build it. Stored energy over the
lifetime depends significantly on the cycling life, the efficiency and the depth of discharge.
Charles J. Barnhart (2013), “On the importance of reducing the energetic and material demands of electrical energy storage”
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.
12
Electricity storage
SBC Energy Institute
Thank you very much!
Electricity Storage FactBook available for download
http://www.sbc.slb.com/SBCInstitute.aspx
Hydrogen-based energy storage solutions Report to
be released in Q4 2013
For more information:
Benoit Decourt
BDecourt@slb.com
+33 (0)6 77 01 04 82
13
©2013 SBC Energy Institute. Permission is hereby granted to reproduce and distribute copies of this work for personal or nonprofit educational purposes. Any copy or extract has to refer to the copyright of SBC Energy Institute.