ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
1
rmwdum
CONTENTS
trSw-f 11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckEpS ?f
taxGaxGusef;rma&;
?
issue11,DECEMBER,2000
/ General Health
t&ufeSifh t&ufpGJjcif;
2
(usef;rma&; apwref)
Alcohol and Alcoholism
(Health Messenger)
cE<mudk,fay: t&uf. qdk;usdK;oufa&mufr_rsm; (a'gufwm *sdKeoefeD'f/ trftufpftufzf)
Physical Effects of Alcohol
(Dr. Jonathan Nield, MSF)
t&ufaopmaomufpm;jcif;. pdwfykdif;qkdif&mxdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;
(zD;vpf*JvfAif/bDbDpD)
Psychological Effects Of Alcohol Consumption (Philip Galvin, BBC)
tonf;
Liver
(usef;rma&;apwref)
t&ufa=umifhjzpfaom tonf;a&m*g
Alcoholic Liver Disease
(usef;rma&;apwref)
Drink, Drank, Drunk
(ayrfa&mf*sm;pf/ rl;,pfaq;pGJjcif;qdkif&mtxl;uk/ uae'g/)
40
(Pam Rogers, Addiction Therapist, Canada)
/ Health Education
t&ufu rif;udk zrf;rdoGm;+yD/
Alcohol Catches You
(rvifeD rD,m'D/'AvsLtD;atAGDtD;/)
46
(Melanie Meardi, WEAVE)
/ From the Field
Edkzdk;'kuQonfpcef;twGif; t&ufaomufoHk;r_
Alcohol Drinking in Nu Poh Camp
ukojcif;
32
(Health Messenger)
aomufonf/aomufcJhonf/aomufaecJhonf
vkyfief;cGifrS
18
26
(Health Messenger)
usef;rma&;ynmay;
12
(0if;0if;&D/ at-tm&f-pD/ Edkzdk;pcef;/)
(Win Win Yi, ARC, Nu Poh Camp)
52
/ Treatment
t&ufa=umifh tqdyftawmufjzpfr_udk jyKpkaqmif&Gufjcif;
(usef;rma&; apwref)
Managing Alcohol Poisoning (Health Messenger)
awG@qHkar;jref;jcif; / Interview
rEk\vlom;ESifht&uf
People and Alcohol
(eDygayg (ef) tifawmif (ef)/ at-tm&f-pD/)
56
60
(Nipaporn Intong, ARC)
This text has been drafted with financial assistance from the Commission of the European Communities.
The views expressed herein, in no way reflect the official opinion of the Commission.
The procedure, explanations and treatment given in this publication are based on research and consultation with
medical and nursing authorities. They all reflect accepted medical practices. Nevertheless they cannot be considered
absolute and universal recommendations. The authors, the editor and the publisher disclaim responsibility for any
adverse effects resulting directly or indirectly from the suggested procedures, from any undetected errors, or from the
reader's misunderstanding of the text.
2
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
t,f'w
D mhtmabmf
Editorial
cspfcif av;pm;&ygaom pmzwfy&dowfrsm;&Sifh/
Dear Readers,
Edik if rH sm;pGmY t&ufukd vlrq
_ ufqaH &;,rum [lI
r=umc% ac:a0:avh&d=S uygonf? tcrf;tem; tawmfrsm;rsm;/
Oyrm- xdr;f jrm;r*FvmyG/J bG@J ,t
l crf;tem;/ tm;upm;yGw
J ckck
tEdik &f onft
h cg ponfw@kd wiG f 0dik f od@k r[kwf bD,mrygv#if
jynfph jHk cif; r&Sday?
Alcohol is often called the social
drink in many countries. Many occasions
like wedding, graduation or winning a game
are incomplete without a bottle of wine or
beer.
od k @ aomf t&uf o nf v nf ; rl ; ,pf a q;0g;wck
omv#ifjzpfI rsm;pGm okH;pGJcJhygv#if vlwa,muf. um,/
pdwWESifh vlr_aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ydkif;qdkif&mwdk@udk rsm;pGm
xdcdkufapEdkifygonf? EdkifiHtrsm;wGif t&ufpGJjcif; odk@r[kwf
t&ufpGJa&m*gudk t"duusaom vlxkusef;rma&;jy\
emwcktjzpf jrifae=u+yD jzpfonf?
But alcohol is also a drug and if taken
in large quantity, it can cause considerable
harm to the physical, psychological and
social life of a person. In many countries
addiction to alcohol or alcoholism is
considered a major public health concern.
Ttywfusef;rma&;apwrefwGif t&ufaomuf
jcif;ESifh t&ufu vlwa,muf.b0tay: rnfodk@ qdk;usKd;
oufa&mufa=umif;wdk@udk aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf? cE<mudk,f.
ta&;}uD;aom tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfonfh tonf; onf
t&uf tvGet
f u|aH omufjcif;a=umifh qd;k ‡Gm;pGm xdcu
kd Ef ikd I
f
tonf; aumif;pGmtvkyfrvkyfawmhjcif;onf aoapEdkifyg
onf?tonf;.zG@J pnf;ykEH iS ‡
hf if;.vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ta=umif;
tusOf ; r#ES i f h t&uf a omuf j cif ; a=umif h t jzpf r sm;aom
tonf;a&m*gtcsKd@ta=umif;wdk@udkvnf; aqG;aEG;wifjy
xm;ygovdk pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mjyif;xefpmG xdcu
kd af pr_rsm;udv
k nf;
az: jyxm;ygonf?
Tvxkwfr*~Zif;u t&ufpGJjcif;a&m*g/t&uf
pGaJ eoljzpfa=umif; rnfo@kd ojd rifEikd yf EkH iS hf ‡if;wd@k urkd nfo@kd aom
jyKpkuo
k r_rsK;d ay;Edik o
f nfqo
kd nfh toH;k 0ifrnfAh [kow
k rsm;udk
pmzwfow
l ‡
k d tm; r#a0Edik v
f rd rhf nf[k u|erf wd@k ar#mv
f ifyh gonf?
In this current issue of Health
Messenger, we deal with alcohol drinking
and its effects on a person’s life. A vital
organ of the human body - liver - is affected
badly by excessive alcohol drinking and liver
failure can cause death. We also discuss in
brief the anatomy and functions of liver and
some common alcoholic liver diseases. The
psychological impact is also considered.
pmzwfolrsm;tusKd;&Sd=uygapa=umif;qENjyKvsuf/
av;pm;r_rsm;pGmjzifh/
a'gufwm pD&wfempD,m/
t,f'Dwm?
We hope this issue will provide you
with useful information on alcoholism, how
to identify alcoholics, and how to treat and
care for them.
Enjoy your reading!!
Best regards
Dr. Seerat Nasir
Editor
Health Messenger Magazine Program
117/9 Sukhumvit Soi 4, Soi Samaharn, Klongtoey, Bangkok 10110 Thailand.
Tel: 02 656 9370, Tel/Fax: 02 656 8869, E-mail: hmess@loxinfo.co.th
Editor/t,f'Dwm
Dr. Seerat NASIR
Editorial Advisors/t,f'DwmaumfrwD
Dr.Cynthia Maung, Dr. Jerry Vincent, Dr. Jonathan Nield,
Dr. Francois Nosten, Dr. Ann Burton, Philip Galvin
Christine Harmston, Andrea Menefee, Nipaporn Intong
Project Coordinator/!‡dEid _ ;f aqmif‡u
G o
f l
Jerome TURCAS
Development Advisor/zG@H‡zd;a&;twdik yf ifcH
Stephanie COHEN
General Administrator/taxGaxGtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;
Gaetan CHAUVET
Administrator/tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;
Tatiya PROMNGAM
Distribution Manager/jzef@csDa&;refae*sm
Prayad TRAKANSUPAKORN
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
3
?
t&ufeSifh t&ufpGJjcif;
usef;rma&; apwref
vlra_ &;t&aomufo;Hk r_tjzpftodrsm;onft
h &ufonf urBmw0Sr;f aoqk;H r_rsm;eSihf emruse;f jzpfrr_ sm;wGif
wm0ef&v
dS suf &So
d nf// t&ufonftazsm,
f rumwpfcjk zpfonfEiS t
hf wlr;l ,pfaq;0g;wpfrsKd ;jzpfa=umif;udrk l
vlrsm;pGmwd‹
k urod&=Sd uay// T aqmif;yg;wGif t&ufta=umif;/t&ufaomufo;kH r_a=umifjh zpfymG ;vmonfh
jy\emrsm;udt
k usO;f csL;H azmfjyjyD; t&ufpjJG cif;ta=umif;udt
k av;xm;azmfjyrnfjzpfonf//
t&ufonf ta&S@tv,fydkif;ESifh tcsdK@aom
awmif tm&SEikd if rH sm;rSty urBmw0Sr;f vH;k wGi u
f s,u
f s,f
jyef@jyef@ aomufo;kH onfh tazsm,
f rumw&yfjzpfonf//
tazsmf,rumrsm;wGif yg0ifonfht&ufonf tDodkif;
t,fvu
f akd [m odk rh [kwf tDoaem jzpfonf// 0dik /f bD,m
ES i f h t &uf j yif ; rsm;(aygif ; cH t &uf j yif ; rsm;)wd k @ onf
us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@ &&Sed ikd o
f nfh t&ufqikd &f m tazsm,
f r
um yHpk rH sm; jzpfonf/ 0dik rf sm;udk pyspo
f ;D rsm;/ b,f&o
D ;D w‡dk
.t&nfrsm; od@k r[kwf tjcm;aomopfo;D rsm;/ ysm;&nf
od@k r[kwf qefrjS yKvky=f uonf// bD,mrsm;udk rka,mpyg;
(bmvDaphrsm;)rS xkwv
f yk =f u+y;D t&ufyg0ifonfh tcsKd ;rsm;
uJjG ym;=uonf//
t&uftjyif;pm;rsm;rSm oD;ESaH phrh sm; / }uH/ wif
vJ&nf odk@r[kwf opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm;udk tcsOfazmuf
xkwx
f m;onfh ypPn;f rsm;rS aygi;f cHjcif;jzifh &&Sv
d maom jyif;
tm;jrifo
h nfh t&ufrsm; yg&o
Sd nf// t&ufjyif;rsm;rSm *si/f
&rf / 0DpuD / aAm'fum eSihf b&ef'w
D kd rh mS Oyrmrsm; jzpf=u
onf// trsKd ;rsKd ;aom t&ufrsm;t=um;wGif t&ufyg0if
onht
f wdik ;f tq uJjG ym;r_&o
dS nf// bD,mwGif t&uf 5
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f rS 8 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f xd yg0ifonf// 0dik w
f iG f ysr;f r# 10
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f xd/ 0DpuDwiG f t&uf 40 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f yg0ifonf?
edik if H trsm;pkw@kd wiG f t&ufukdf vlra_ &; aomuf
oH;k onfh t&nfwpfct
k jzpf od&=dS uonf// od@k aomf trSef
wu,ftm;jzifh t&ufonfrl;,pfaq;0g;wpfrsdK;yif
jzpfonf// xd@k tjyif t&ufaomufjcif;onf aomufo;kH r_
yrm%t& cE<mud,
k u
f kd tvGet
f rif; xdcu
kd af pygonf//
(use;f rm a&;apwref twJG ( 1 ) ed0k ifbm 1998 )
t&ufEiS hf yk*~dKvw
f pfO;D wpfa,mufcsi;f
yk * ~ d K vf w a,muf t ay:wG i f t&uf .ouf
a&muf r _ r sm;rS m ta=umif ; t&majcmuf c k a y:wG i f r l
wnfaeonf?
4
tjrefEe_ ;f - tcsed w
f u
kd mvwpfct
k wGi;f rSm trsm;tjym;
aomufjcif;onf aoG;a=umxJwiG f t&ufudk ykrd I
kd wm
&Snpf mG use&f pfaponf?
yrm% - wpfO;D wpfa,mufonf t&ufukd ydI
k aomuf
wkid ;f xkad omufo.
l cE<mud,
k af y:wGif ydI
k wke@f jyefr&_ o
dS nf?
tpm;tpm - tpmtdrx
f w
J iG f tpm;taomuf&adS e+yD;
t&ufuadk omufygu aoG;xJo@kd t&ufa&muf&rdS u
_ kd aES;
auG;aponf?
tav;csdef - ayghyg;aom vlwpfa,mufonf tav;
csed yf rkd sm;aom vlwpfa,mufxuf t&uf.oufa&muf
r_rsm;udk csucf si;f ESihf jyif;xefpmG ydrk cdk pH m;&onf?
pdwaf epdwx
f m;- t&ufaomufoHk;+yD;aemuf vlwpf
a,muf. cHpm;r_onf t&ufraomufru
D &Scd ahJ om ol‡
olr. pdwf"gwftaetxm;&SdcJhr_tay:rlwnfI v$rf;rdk;
oufa&mufr&_ o
dS nf? t&uform;wa,mufonf pwif
aomufonfh tcsed rf pS I usqif;aeygu tqH;k owfwiG f
ydI
k pdw"f gwu
f sqif;r_ jzpfrnf?
tjcm;aomaq;0g;rsm;- t&ufudk tjcm;aomaq;0g;
rsm;ESit
hf wl aomufo;kH ygu t&uf. xdcu
kd o
f ufa&mufr_
rsm;udk vnf;aumif;/od@k r[kwf tjcm;aom aq;0g;rsm;.
xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;udkvnf;aumif;/ wkd;jrifhaprnf
jzpfonf? tufpyf &ifaq;jym;rsm;onfyifcE<mud,
k af y:wGif
t&uf u rnf o d k @ xd c d k u f a ponf q k d o nf h t ay:wG i f
uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_wpf&yfukd jyKvkyo
f nf?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
Alcohol and Alcoholism
?
Health Messenger
Alcohol, also known as the social drink, is reponsible for mortality and morbidity all
over the world. Alcohol is a beverage, and many people do not know that it is also a
drug. This article will describe briefly about alcohol, the problems created by its
consumption and will focus on alcoholism.
Alcohol is a widely consumed
beverage all around the world except the
Middle-East and some South Asian
countries. The alcohol in beverages is ethyl
alcohol, or ethanol. Wines, beers, and hard
liquors (distilled spirits) are the widely
available forms of alcoholic beverages.
Wines are made from the juice of grapes,
berries, or other fruits, honey, or rice. Beers
are made from malt (barley grains) and vary
in alcohol contents.
Hard liquors have high concentrations of alcohol which is achieved by
distilling the fermented products of grains,
sugar cane, molasses, or fruit juices. The
example of hard liquors are gin, rum, whisky,
vodka, and brandy. The amount of alcohol
varies among the different drinks. Beer
contains about 5-8% alcohol, wine approximately 10% and whisky 40% alcohol.
In most of the countries alcohol is
known as a social drink. But the fact is that
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
alcohol is a drug. Moreover alcohol intake
can be very harmful to the body (Health
Messenger Issue #1, November 1998).
Alcohol and the individual
The effects of alcohol on a person
depend on six factors:
Speed: drinking a lot in a short period of
time causes the alcohol to remain in the
bloodstream longer.
Quantity: the more a person drinks more
the drinker’s body reacts.
Food: taking alcohol in a full stomach slows
down the passing of alcohol into the blood.
Weight: a lighter person feels the effects of
alcohol sooner and stronger than a heavier
person.
Mood: a person’s feeling after alcohol
consumption is affected by the mood he or
she had before drinking it. A drinker who
starts off depressed usually ends up more
depressed.
5
?
t&ufonf tavhtxzG@J pnf;jcif; jzpfvmEkid yf gonf?
t&ufukd yHrk eS af omufo;kH olrsm;onf rdrq
d EN&dS
onfh oufa&mufru
_ kd cHpm;Ekid &f eftwGuf t&ufukd ykrd I
dk
vdktyfvmwwfonf? c%t=umwGifrl Tokd@wkd;jrifh
toH;k jyKjcif;onf t&ufaomufot
l m; t&ufukd pGv
J ef;
jcif;wpf&yf(t&ufpGJjcif;)tjzpf zGJ@pnf;jzpfay:vmap
ygonf? pGv
J ef;jcif; wpf&yf [lonf aq;0g;wpfck od@k r[kwf
tjcm;aomypPnf;wpfcktwGuf ‡kyfykdif; okd@r[kwf
pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f mt& vdt
k yfr_ wpf&yf jzpfygonf?
t&ufpjJG cif;qko
d nfrmS bmvJ?
t&ufpGJjcif;qkdonfrSm ‡kyfykdif; okd@r[kwf
pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m use;f rma&;rsm;ESiv
hf rl a_ &;/ rdom;pka&;&m
ok@d r[kwv
f yk if ef;cGiq
f idk &f mwm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udak ESmif,
h u
S f
onfw
h idk af tmif t&ufaomufjcif;udk xde;f odr;f ay;Ir&
avmufatmifjzpfaom aomufo;kH jcif;yifjzpfonf?
t&ufpjJG cif;rSm ‡kyyf idk ;f qkid &f mESihf pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m
t&uf t ay:rS D c k d r _ ES p f & yf p vH k ; yg&S d a om pG J v ef ; jcif ;
wpf & yf y if j zpf o nf ? pG J v ef ; jcif ; (aq;pG J j cif ; )qk d o nf h
a0g[m&udk toH;k jyK&mwGif cE<mud,
k .
f yHrk eS v
f yk if ef;&yfukd
xdef;odrf;xm;&efESifh jywfawmufjcif;rSa&Smif=uOfEkdif&ef
aq;0g;wpfrsdK;udktqufrjywftoHk;jyK&ef vdktyfcsuf
wpf&yftjzpfo;kH pG=J uonf?
Tok@d aq;pGrJ _ (pGv
J ef;r_) jzpfay:vm&efupd w
P iG f
tcsuftvufaygif;rsm;pGm Oyrm - rdom;pka&;&m/
vlra_ &;&m/ ok@d r[kwf pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f mwk@d u u‡wpf&yf
tjzpf yg0if=uygonf? Tudp&P yfrsm;udk atmufaz: jyyg
ta=umif;t&mrsm;wGif aqG;aEG;rnf jzpfygonf?
t&ufpjJG cif;. aemufqufwjJG zpf&yfrsm;t&ufpjJG cif;a=umifh aemufqufwjJG y\emrsm;
trsm;tjym;&So
d nf? ‡if;wd@k rmS atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf?
• ‡kyyf idk ;f qkid &f m (pmrsuEf mS 12/ )
• pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m (pmrsuEf mS 18/ )
• vlra_ &;&m (pmrsuEf mS 46 ESihf 52/)
ukojcif;?
t&ufpjJG cif;udk uko&mwGif jy\emudk tod
trSwjf yKjcif;rS pwifonf? t&ufpjJG cif;onf jiif;qkrd E_ iS hf
yl;wGJjzpfay:avh&Sdonf? xkdolonf pGJaejcif;jy\emukd
t&ufpjJG cif;. tqifrh sm; u|r;f usio
f rl sm;u t&ufpjJG cif;onf tqif(h 3)qift
h & jzpfay:vmonf[q
k o
dk nf? tqifrh sm;onf
tcsed u
f mvwpfc=k um+yD;rSom jzpfymG ;onf?
tqifh (1) u|Eyfk w
f @kd vl@tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f &Sd tcsKd @aomvl}uD;rsm;onf yGv
J rf;}uHK}udKufro
S m t&ufukd aomuf
=uonf? jy\em pwifrr_ mS wpfO;D wpfa,mufu zdp;D r_rsm;udk ajzazsmufap&ef ok@d r[kwf aeomxkid o
f m tem;
,l&ef t&ufukd toH;k jyKjcif;rS pwifvmygonf? r=umcifrmS yif ae@w"l0 &ifqidk af e&aom b0. tcuftcJrsm;udk
&ifqidk &f eftwGuf xko
d o
l nf t&ufukd vkt
d yfvmygonf? t&ufaomufoo
l nf ol‡olr. tavhtusit
hf ay:
rdom;pkEiS o
hf il ,fcsi;f rsm;xHrS cGiv
hf w
$ rf _ (em;vnfr)_ &&S&d ef jyKvkyv
f mygonf? xko
d o
l nf r=umc% qko
d vdk
t&uftvGet
f u|aH omufvmEkid yf gonf?
tqif(h 2) xko
d o
l nf qufvufI t&ufaomufaejcif;jzifh cE<mud,
k o
f nf t&ufukd vkt
d yfcsuw
f cktjzpf
ajymif;vJjzpfxeG ;f vmonf? t&ufaomufjcif;onf xko
d .
l b0wGif ta&;t}u;D qH;k tpdwt
f ykid ;f jzpfvmygonf?
t&ufaomufolonf aemufwpf}udrft&ufaomuf&eftwGuf rnfonfhtcsdef/ rnfonfhae &mjzpfrnfudk
pD r H & ef t wG u f tcsde fE Sifh pGr f; &nft rsm;tjym;ud k toH k ;jyK&ygonf ? xk d o l o nf vk yf ief ;rS r=umc%
ysufuGufvmygonf? tcsdefwkdif;vdkvdkyif jy\emwpfpHkw&m&Sdaeonfudk xdkolonf qufvufI jiif;qkdae
qJyifjzpfonf?
tqif(h 3) t&ufpjJG cif;. aemufq;kH tqifw
h iG f jy\emonf tjcm;olrsm;twGuf &Si;f vif;em;vnfvmygonf?
,ck tcgwiG f t&ufaomufjcif;udk vH;k 0xde;f csKyfIr&awmhyg? t&ufaomufol t&ufaomuf&eftwGuf tvGef
trif; pGv
J ef;r_jyif;xefae+y;D cE<mud,
k o
f nfvnf; t&ufr&Sv
d #if raeEkid jf zpfvmygonf? xko
d o
l nf rdom;pk ok@d r[kwf
rdwaf qGtaygi;f toif;rsm;rS owdrjyKrdap&ef ta0;od@k r=umc% oGm;a&mufavh &Syd gonf?
6
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
Alcohol can be habit-forming
People who drink alcohol regularly
may need more and more alcohol to feel a
desired effect. After a while, this increased
use causes the drinker to form an addiction
to alcohol. An addiction is a physical or
mental need for a drug or other substances.
What is alcoholism?
Other drugs: taking alcohol along with
other drugs may increase the effects of
alcohol or of the other drugs. Even
aspirin makes a difference in how
alcohol affects the body.
Alcoholism is the uncontrolled
consumption of alcoholic drinks that
interferes with physical and/or mental health,
and social, familial, or occupational
responsibilities.
Alcoholism is a type of addiction
with both physical and psychological
dependence on alcohol. Addiction is referred
to as a need to continue using a drug to
maintain normal body function and to avoid
withdrawal.
Several factors, e.g. familial, social
or psychological may play a role in its
development. These will be discussed in the
following articles.
Stages of alcoholism
Experts say that alcoholism develops in three stages. These stages happen over a
period of time.
Stage I. Some adults in our society drink alcohol on occasions. Trouble begins when
the person begins to use alcohol to relieve stress or to relax. Soon the person needs
alcohol to face the day-to-day pressure of life. The drinker begins to make excuses to
family and friends about his/her drinking habits. The person may become drunk often.
Stage II. As the person continues to drink, the body develops a need for more and
more alcohol. Drinking becomes the most important part of the person’s life. The
drinker spends much time and energy planning as to where and when to have the next
drink. The person is often absent from work. All the while, the person continues to
deny that there is a problem.
Stage III. In the final stage of alcoholism, the problem is clear to other people. The
drinking is now totally out of control. The drinker is strongly addicted to the drink and
the body is very much dependent. The person often goes away from family and friends
without notice.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
7
?
t&ufpjJG cif;.vuQ%m&yfrsm;? (TudpP&yfrsm;onf yk*~dKvw
f pfO;D rSwpfO;D tay: rlwnfI uGjJ ym;Ekid yf gonf? )
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
8
xko
d o
l nf t&ufukd rsm;jym;pGm aomufo;kH avh&dS onf? od@k aomf t&uf.wefc;kd owWrd sm;udk yHrk eS f xuf
ydI
k jyojcif;rsKd ; rawG@&yg?
ae@pOfyif t&ufukd vdt
k yfae+yD; od@k r[kwf vHak vmufaom vkyif ef;rsm;vkyaf qmif&eftwGuf t&ufukd
r=umc%toH;k jyK&ef vdt
k yfaeonf?
t&ufaomufjcif;tay: xde;f csKyfru
_ if;rJv
h monf? t&ufuq
kd ufvufraomuf&ef rpGr;f aqmifEidk af wmhyg?
(od@k )t&ufaomufonft
h wkid ;f twmESihf ta&twGuu
f akd vsmch s&ef rpGr;f aqmifEidk af wmhyg?
wpfa,mufwnf; t&ufaomufvmonf?
t&ufaomuf&eftwGuf ta=umif;jycsurf sm;jyKvkyf vmonf? (Oyrm- waeukef tvkyf vky+f yD;aemuf
tiftm;jyefjznf&h ef/ tdrt
f rd;k rk;d +yD;onft
h wGuf tif;tm; jyefjznf&h ef ponf/ )
t&ufaomufjcif;ESihf wqufwnf;yif rSwOf m%f qH;k &_;H r_jzpf&yfrsm; (rnfonft
h &mrS pOf;pm;I r&jcif;)
t&ufaomufjcif;ESihf wpfquf wnf;wGif t=urf; zufrr_ sm;jzpfvmonf?
vlra_ &;ESihf rdom;pkqufqaH &;rsm;wGif jzpfap/ vkyif ef;cGiq
f idk &f m wm0ef&rdS r_ sm;Yjzpfap 0ifa&muf
aESmif,
h u
S v
f monf?
tvkycf iG Yf ra&mufjcif; ponfh tjyKtrlqidk &f m jy\emrsm;?
&Si;f vif;az: jyEkid jf cif;r&So
d nfh jyKrljcif;qkid &f m tajymif;tvJrsm;?
t&ufEiS o
hf ufqidk af eonfh tjyKtrl rsm;udk zk;kH uG,&f ef }udK;pm;vmonf?
t&ufaomufjcif;udk [ef@wm;vm onft
h cg wku
d cf u
dk &f ef }udK;yrf;vmonf?
tpm;taomufukd pm;aomuf&ef vspv
f sL‡_vmonf?
rdr.
d &kyyf ikd ;f qkid &f m toGit
f jyiftay: vspv
f sL ‡_vm onf?
ysKd @vmjcif;?
tefvmjcif;?
eHeufcif;wGif cE<mud,
k f wkeaf ejcif;?
0rf;Aku
d x
f rJ S emusiv
f mjcif;?
=uGuw
f ufjcif;?
xHjk cif;ESiu
hf sijf cif;?
rsuEf mS wGif txl;ojzifh ESmacgi;f wGif eD&v
J mjcif;?
pdw&f w
_ af xG;vmjcif;?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
Consequences of alcoholism
There are several consequences of
alcoholism. They are as follows:
· Physical (page 12 )
· Psychological (page 18 )
· Social (pages 46,52 )
Treatment
Treatment for the person with
alcoholism begins with the recognition of the
problem. Alcoholism is associated with
denial. The person does not admit the
addiction problem and the person believes
that there is no need for treatment. Most
people with alcohol dependence go for
treatment under pressure from family and
friends as they do not feel that they need
treatment. The problem should be discussed
face to face with the drinker when he/she is
not drunk. Once the problem has been
recognized, total abstinence from alcohol is
the only effective treatment. Complete
recovery is achieved after detoxification,
rehabilitation, and aftercare or follow-up.
Detoxification is the first phase of
treatment. This is a treatment designed to
free an addict from his drug habit. Alcohol
is withdrawn slowly under close supervision
Symptoms of alcoholism (these may vary from person to person)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The person get used to a high consumption of alcohol and does not show any
more the usual effects of alcohol
Need for daily or frequent use of alcohol for normal functions of the body
Lack of control over drinking, with inability to discontinue or reduce the amount
and number of drinking
Drinking alone
Makes excuses to drink (e.g. getting strength after whole day’s work, finish
roofing a house etc.)
Episodes of memory loss associated with drinking (black outs)
Episodes of violence associated with drinking
Interference with social and family relationships or occupational responsibilities
Behavioral problems such as missing work
Unexplained mood changes
Tries to hide alcohol related behavior
Tries to fight when being prevented from drinking
Neglect of food intake
Neglect of physical appearance
Nausea
Vomiting
Shaking of the body in the morning
Abdominal pain
Cramps
Numbness and tingling
Redness in the face (particularly the nose)
Confusion
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
9
?
0efcjH cif;rjyKacs? xd@k twl xko
d o
l nf ukor_wpfpw
kH pf&m
rvdktyf[k ,Hk=unfaeonf? t&uftay: rSDckdpGJvef;ol
vltrsm;pkrSm ,if;wkd@taejzifh ukor_vkdtyfonf[k
cH,jl cif;r&So
d jzifh rdom;pkEiS hf taygi;f toif;rsm;. zdtm;
ay;r_atmufrmS om ukor_c,
H &l ef oGm;=uonf? ol‡olr
t&ufraomufonfhtcgrSom olESifhrsufESmcsif;qkdif
jy\emudk aqG;aEG;r_jyKoifo
h nf? jy\em&Sad =umif; tod
trSwfjyKonfESifhw+ydKifeuf t&ufudk vHk;0a&Smif=uOf
vdkufjcif;onf txda&mufqHk; ukor_jzpfonf? tqdyf
tawmufrsm;udk z,f&mS ;ypfjcif;/ jyefvnfae&mcs xm;jcif;
ESihf aemufqufwJG apmifah &Smufro
_ @dk r[kwf tcsed yf idk ;f ESihf
awG@qHkppfaq;r_jyK+yD;onfh aemufrSom tjynfht0jyef
vnfaumif;rGev
f mr_w@dk ukd &&Srd nfjzpfonf?
10
tqdyftawmufz,f&Sm;jcif;onf ukor_.
yxrtqifhjzpfonf? ukor_onf vlem. aq;pGJjcif;
tavhtusifhrS vGwfajrmuf&ef &nf&G,faqmif&Gufjcif;
jzpfonf? aq;0efxrf;. teD;uyfuGyfuJr_atmufwGif
t&uf u d k jznf ; jznf ; jcif ; avsmh c s+yD ; t&uf
jywfawmufonfh vuQ%mrsm;udk xdef;csKyf&eftwGuf
pdw+f idraf q;ESihf tdyaf q;rsm;udk r=umc% toH;k jyKonf?
tqdyt
f awmufajzjcif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh 4 &ufrS 7
&uftxd =umwwfonf?tjcm;aom aq;bufqkdif&m
jy\emrsm;ud k ppf a q;ay;&ef vd k t yf o nf ?
tm[m&"gwfr#w+yD; ADwmrif"gwf jznfhwif;xm;onfh
tpm;tpmrsm; &&Sd&ef ta&;}uD;onf? pdwfusjcif;
odk@r[kwf pdwfaepdwf xm;qkdif&m tajymif;tvJrsm;
yl;wGjJ zpfay:r_uv
kd nf; uko oifo
h nf?
t&ufta=umif; tjrif &_yaf xG;r_rsm;
trSew
f u,fta=umif;t&mrsm;
vlvwfykdif;ESifh touf}uD;ykdif; yk*~dKvfrsm;
wG i f o m t&uf a omuf j cif ; jy\em
ay:aygufEkdifonf?
t&ufonf pGaJ paom aq;wpfrsKd ;jzpfonf? ,if; udt
k oH;k jyKol
rnf o l r qd k t&uf a =umif h j zpf a om jy\emwpf & yf
ay:ayguEf idk yf gonf?
bD,mudkaomufjcif;onf t&ufpGJolwpf
a,muf rjzpfapEkdifyg?
bD,mtygt0if rnfonfh t&uf tazsmf,rumyif rqkd
tavhtxay:aygurf _ jzpfvmEkid yf gonf? bD,maomufjcif;onf
t&ufpjJG cif;od@k OD;wnfEidk o
f nf?
t&uf r aomuf x m;ol wpf a ,muf
uJ h o d k @ yif t&uf a omuf x m;ol w pf
a,mufonfowdxm;+yD;um;udk
armif;Ekdifonf?
t&uf o nf wk e f @ jyef a qmif & G u f r _ r sm;ud k aES ; auG ; aponf h
qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk aESmifh,Sufygonf? t&ufaomufxm;ol
wpf O D ; wpf a ,muf o nf ol ‡ ol r uk d , f y k d i f tE W & m,f
uif;&Si;f a&;twGuyf if +cdr;f ajcmufr_ &Sad e+yD; vrf;ay:wGif &So
d nfh
vlwidk ;f . tE &W m,f uif;&Si;f a&;udyk g +cdr;f ajcmufaeygonf?
t&ufaomufjcif;jy\em &Sdaeolrsm;
onf t+rJ w ap wpf O D ; wn;f o m
aomufwwfonf?
vlra_ &;t& t&ufaomufwwfol trsm;tjym;wGif qk;d 0g;aom
t&ufaomufjcif; jy\emrsm; &So
d nf?
t&ufaomufjcif; jy\emwpf&yf&Sd&ef
vlwpfa,mufonfae@pOf t&ufaomuf
&rnf?
t&ufa=umifh jy\em&Sad eol tcsKd @aomolrsm;onfwae@jcm;
wae@jcm;jcif;om aomufwwfonf? tcsKd @onf &ufowWywf
tm;vyf&ufrsm;wGio
f m aomufwwfonf? jy\em&Sad eaom
t&ufaomufoltm;vHk;wGif wlnDaom tcsufrSm t&ufudk
vdt
k yfaejcif;yifjzpfonf?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
Confusions about Alcohol
Facts
Only middle aged and older people
can develop drinking problems.
Alcohol is an addictive drug. Anyone who uses it can
develop a drinking problem.
Drinking beer cannot make a person
an alcoholic.
Any alcoholic beverage, including beer, can become
habit-forming. Drinking beer can lead to alcoholism.
A person who has been drinking can
drive just as carefully as a person who
has not.
Alcohol slows down reactions and interferes with
judgement. A person who has been drinking is a threat
to his/her own safety and to the safety everyone else
on the road.
People with drinking problems
always drink alone.
Many “social drinkers” have serious drinking
problems.
A person must drink every day to
have a drinking problem.
Some people with drinking problems drink only every
alternate day. Some drink only on weekends. What
all problem drinkers share is a need for alcohol.
of medical staff. Tranquilizers and sedatives
are often prescribed to control alcohol
withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification
usually takes 4 to 7 days, and examination
of other medical problems is necessary. A
balanced diet with vitamin supplements is
important. Depression or other associated
mood disorders should be treated.
Alcohol recover or rehabilitation
programs support the affected person after
detoxification to maintain abstinence from
alcohol. Counseling, psychological support,
nursing, and medical care are usually
available within these programs. Health
education about the disease of alcoholism
and its affects is part of the therapy.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
depression
impotence (erectile dysfunction)
fetal alcohol syndrome in the baby
born to an alcoholic woman
high blood pressure
increased incidence of cancer
insomnia
nutritional deficiencies
suicide
alcoholic dementia (see page 23)
Complications
•
•
•
•
•
acute or chronic pancreatitis
alcoholic cardiomyopathy
alcoholic neuropathy
bleeding oesophageal varices
cirrhosis of liver
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
11
?
t&ufrS jyefvnfoufomjcif;okd@r[kwfjyef
vnf x l a xmif j cif ; ?tpD t pOf o nf t&uf u d k vH k ; 0
a&Smif=uOfjcif;udk xde;f odr;f Ekid &f eftwGuf tqdyf tawmuf
z,f&Sm;+yD;onfhtcgwGif xkdyk*~dKvftm; taxmuftul
jyK&efyifjzpfonf?wkdifyifESD;aESmjcif;/ pdwfykdif;qkdif&m
taxmuftuljyKjcif;/ jyKpkapmifha&Smufr_ jyKjcif;ESifh
aq;0g;ukor_rsm;udk trsm;tm;jzifh TtpDtpOfxw
J iG f
&&SdEdkifonf? t&ufpGJr_a&m*gESifh ,if;.oufa&muf
r_rsm;ta=umif; use;f rma&;ynmay;r_rsm;onf ukor_.
tpdwt
f ykid ;f wpfcjk zpfonf?
t&ufa=umifh wpfpw
kH pf&mjzpfaeolukd
rnfo@dk ulnD rnfenf;?
aemufqufwJG ‹_yaf xG;r_rsm;
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
&kwfw&ufodk@r[kwf emwm&Snfyefcvf&D;,m;pf
a&mifjcif;?
t&ufa=umifjh zpfaom ESv;kH ‡uGuo
f m;qkid &f m a&m*g/
t&ufa=umifjh zpfaom tm‡Hak =umqkid &f m a&m*g?
tpmrsK‡
d yGeaf oG;jyefa=umi,fueG ,
f ufazgi;f yG&mrS
aoG;xGujf cif;?
tonf; ‡uGyjfcif;?
pdwu
f sjcif;?
yef;aojcif;? (vdiw
f H wif;rmvmatmif rpGr;f aqmif
Ekid jf cif;?)
t&ufpo
JG l trsKd ;orD;arG;zGm;vmaom uav;i,f
wGit
f &ufa=umifjh zpfaomoaE<om; a&m*g?
aoG;aygicf sed jf rihrf m;jcif;?
uifqmjzpfEe_ ;f rsm;jym;vmjcif;?
tdyrf aysmjf cif;/
t[m&qkid &f m csKd @wrhJ r_ sm;/
rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd owfaojcif;?
t&ufa=umifjh zpfaomowdarha&m*g(0rfepfuD aumf
qyfaumfzf qif'&ke;f )( pmrsuEf mS 23 ud=k unfyh g/)
• t&ufa=umifjh zpfEidk o
f nfh xdcu
dk rf r_ sm;ta=umif;udk
•
•
xdo
k El iS hf at;aq;pGmajymjyyg? ol‡olr t&ufaomuf
rxm;onft
h cgro
S m xdo
k u
l kd pum;ajymyg?
ol‡olr. aumif;usKd ;twGuf oifrnfr# av;
av;eufeufcpH m;&onfukd xdo
k t
l m;ajymjy+yD;
ulnrD u
_ kd urf;vSr;f yg?
t&ufjzwfjcif;onf rnfo@kd aumif;a=umif; cHpm;wwf
atmif t&ufaomufot
l m; ulnyD g?
t&ufaomufot
l m; rnfonft
h yk pf rk sm;u ulnD
Ekid o
f nf qko
d nfo
h wif; tcsut
f vufrsm;udk ay;yg?
xko
d t
l m;tultnD&,l&ef tm;ay;tm; ajrSmufjyK
vkyyf g?
t&ufa=umifh jy\emwpf&yf&adS eol wpfpw
kH pfa,mufEiS hf
rjyKvkyf &rnft
h csurf sm;
• t&ufaomufxm;olwpfO;D ESihf rnfonft
h cgr#
•
•
•
•
um;rarmif;ygEiS ?hf
t&ufr;l aeolwpfpw
kH pfa,mufEiS hf jiif;cHjk cif;
rjyKvkyyf gEiS ?hf
xko
d w
l pfa,muf.t&ufaomufjcif;jy\em
udak jymqko
d nft
h cgwiG f Ekid x
f ufp;D eif;onfh
avoHrsKd ;ESihf rajymqkyd gEiS ?hf
t&ufaomufot
l jyKtrlrsm;twGuf tjcm;
olrsm;xH ta=umif;jycsurf vkyyf gEiS ?hf
t&ufaomufo.
l tjyKtrlrsm;twGuf oifrh mS
wm0ef&o
dS nf[k r,lqygEiS ?hf
cuf q pf
aq;jzwfjcif;
=uGuw
f ufjcif;
xHo
k mG ;jcif;
usijf cif;
12
tcsed =f umjrifph mG oH;k cJah om tcsK@d aomrl;,pfaaq;0g;rsm;( Oyrm-t&uf/tifzuf
wrDe;f ponfrsm;) udk toH;k jyKaejcif;rS ‡kww
f &uf &yfypfvu
kd jf cif;/
xdo
k @kd &yfvu
kd jf cif;jzifah q;jzwfjcif;vuQ%mtrsm;tjym;jzpfay:vmapEdik o
f nf?
wm&Snu
f sKH @omG ;jcif;/ vuQ%mtjzpf =uGuo
f m;rsm; emusipf mG usKH @omG ;jcif;/
cE<mud,
k .
f tpdwt
f ykid ;f wpf&yfwiG f todcpH m;r_wpf&yfavsmeh nf;jcif;/ od@k r[kwf
qH;k &_;H jcif;?
pl;&Saom cHpm;r_wpfrsKd ;/
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
How to HELP someone with an alcohol
problem
What NOT to do with someone with an
alcohol problem
• Talk calmly with the person about the
harm that alcohol can cause. Talk to the
person when he or she has not been
drinking.
• Tell the person how deeply you feel for
his/her well being and offer to help.
• Help the drinker to feel good about
quitting.
• Give the drinker information about
groups that can help.
• Encourage the person to get help.
• Never drive with a person who has been
drinking.
• Do not argue with someone who is
drunk.
• Avoid using an “I’m-better-than-you”
tone of voice when talking about the
person’s drinking problems.
• Do not make excuses to others for the
drinker’s behaviour.
• Do not feel that you are responsible for
the drinker’s actions.
Withdrawal:
Cramps:
Numbness:
Tingling:
sudden stoppage of the use of certain drugs after taking them
for long time (alcohol, amphtamine etc.) which may cause
several sign symptoms.
spasmodic contraction of the muscle characterized by chronic
contraction.
less or no sensation of a part of the body
pricking sensation.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
13
?
cE<mudk,fay: t&uf.
qdk;usdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;
a'gufwm *sdKeoefeD'f trf tufpf tufzf
t&ufukd wpf}udrw
f nf;ESihf trsm;tjym;aomufo;kH ol od@k r[kwf tenf;i,fr#uykd if t+rJwap r=umc%
aomufo;kH olw@kd wiG f cE<mud,
k x
f cd u
kd yf supf ;D jcif;ESihf vlra_ &;qkid &f m jy\emrsm; jzpfymG ;ap+yD; vkyif ef;ukd
xdcu
dk jf cif;ESihf tcsed Ef iS ahf iG tv[\ qH;k ‹H;_ jcif;wd@k ukd jzpfaponf? Taqmif;yg;wGif t&uf a=umifh
cE<mud,
k af y: jzpfay:aponfh tE W&m,f&o
dS nfh xdcu
dk o
f ufa&mufrr_ sm;udk tusO;f r# aqG;aEG;xm;ygonf?
t&ufukd aomufo;kH +yD;aemuf csucf si;f qko
d
vdk ,if;onf cE<mudk,fudk xdckdufaponf? rsKdcsvdkuf
+y;D aemuf tpmrsK‡
d yGe/f tpmtdrEf iS hf tlw@kd udk wku
d ‡
f u
kd f
xdcu
dk zf suq
f ;D onf? umvwm&Snpf mG aomufo;kH jcif;
onf tpmrsK‡
d yGeaf &mifa&m*gukd jzpfapEkid o
f nf? t&uf
onf tonf;udk jzwfIpD;qif;vmaomaoG;tm; wm;
qD;ydwq
f @kd +y;D tonf;udx
k cd u
kd yf supf ;D aponf? xd@k aemuf
tpmrsKdjyGef ywfvnf&Sd aoG;jyefa=umuGef,ufudk
yG i f h x G u f a pI tvG , f w ul '%f & m&&S d v mEd k i f + yD ;
tvGeftrif;aoG;xGufum toufudkyif qHk;‡H_;r_
jzpfapEkid o
f nf?
t&ufonf tpmtdrf. tem;owfrsm;udk
wku
d pf m;jcif;jzpfap+yD; tpmtdr.
f twGi;f bufe&H w
H iG f
yGiahf e aom temrsm; od@k r[kwf rmIxdv#ief maom
temrsm;ud k j zpf a y:apygonf ? tpmtd r f . tem;
owfrsm;onf tpmudak cs&eftwGuf pGe@f xw
k x
f m; aom
tufqpfrsm;rS tpmtdru
f kd rxdcu
dk af p&ef umuG,rf _
jyKvk y f o nf ? vl w pf a ,muf tpmpm;vk d u f w k d i f ;
tpmtdrrf t
S ufqpfrsm;onf tpmESit
hf wl temrsm;udk
xdawG@r_jyKvmojzifh temwpfckonf emusifr_ESifh
yHk (1) tif'pk d ukyrf eS af jymif;jzift
h pmrsK‡
d yGeaf tmufyik d ;f &Sd aoG;jyefa=umrsm;}u;D aejcif;udk
awG@jrif&yHk/ TyHkwGif awG@&aom aoG;jyefa=umrsm;onf ‡kwfw&uf
aoG;,dpk ;D qif;r_tE &W m,f txdu
k t
f avsmufenf;yg;onf/
Fig. 1 Oesophageal varices seen through the
endoscope. White varices like these have been shown
to have a relatively low risk of immediate bleeding.
14
ysd K @jcif ; wd k @ ud k jzpf a pygonf ? ,if ; uJ h o d k @ jzpf a y:r_ u d k
uk o r_ r &S d v #if temwpf c k o nf uif q mtjzpf o d k @
ajymif;vJjzpfay:Ekid o
f nf?
tonf;onfcE<mudk,f. oef@&Sif;a&;pufrsm;
yHk (2) tpmrsK‡
d yGeaf oG;a=umuGe,
f ufukd uko+y;D aemufawG@&yH/k
Fig. 2 Oesophageal varices after treatment
xJrS wpfckyifjzpfonf? ‡if;onf a&ppfpumuJhodk@
aqmif&u
G o
f nf? tonf;onf aoG;udk ppfay;&eftwGuf
wm0ef,o
l uJo
h @kd pm;aomufxm;aom "gwyk pPn;f rsm;
ud k v nf ; oef @ &S i f ; r_ j yKvk y f o nf ? tonf ; onf
Tvk y f i ef ; ud k vk y f a qmif & mY t&uf u J h o d k @ aom
"gwk y pP n f ; tenf ; i,f r #ud k &S i f ; xk w f & m wG i f
xd x d a &muf a &muf aqmif & G u f E k d i f y gonf ? od k @ aomf
"gwkypPnf;trsm;tjym;udk tcsdefESifhtr# tqufrjywf
ppfxw
k af e&ygu ‡if;onfpufwpfcu
k o
hJ @kdyif ydwq
f @kdrj_ zpf+y;D
uGx
J u
G f +ydKusysupf ;D rnfjzpfonf? t&ufonf tqdyw
f pf
rsdK;jzpf+yD; tonf;uom ,if;tqdyfrxdcdkufatmif
jyKvkyEf idk o
f nf? od@k aomf tonf;ud,
k w
f idk yf ifv#if ,if;
t qdyaf =umifh xdcu
dk yf supf ;D Ekid +f yD; tonf;a&mifjcif;/ t
onf;‡uGyjf cif;ESihf aemufq;kH wGif tonf;onf tvkyf
rvkyfawmhyJ toufqHk;&_H;onftxd jzpfapEkdifonf?
tu,f I vl w pf O D ; wpf a ,muf o nf tonf ; ud k
tvG e f t rif ; rxd c k d u f r S D t&uf a omuf j cif ; ud k
&yfwef@vdkufygu tonf;onf rdrd. ysufpD;aeaom
tykdi;frsm;udk rdrdbmom jyefvnfjyKjyifEkdifpGrf; &Sdonf?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
Physical Effects
of Alcohol
?
Dr. Jonathan Nield, MSF
A large amount of alcohol drunk at one time, or a smaller amount taken
often, can cause damage to the body as well as creating social problems, affecting
work, and wasting of time and money. This article will discuss in short the harmful
effects alcohol causes to the body.
Alcohol affects the body right after
it is being consumed. It damages the
oesophagus, stomach and intestine directly
after swallowing. Long time drinking can
cause oesophagitis. The blood flow through
the liver may be blocked by alcohol,
damaging the liver. Other veins around the
oesophagus then open up (oesophageal
varices) and can be easily injured and bleed
severely, causing death.
Alcohol causes erosion of
the stomach lining that may result
in ulcers or sores inside the
stomach. The lining provides
protection to the stomach from the
acids that are excreted to digest
food. An ulcer causes pain and
nausea every time the person eats
because the stomach acids along
with the food come in contact with
the sore. If left untreated, an
ulcer can develop into cancer.
and break down. Alcohol is a poison made
safe by the liver, but the liver can also be
damaged, causing hepatitis, cirrhosis and
finally liver failure and death. If a person
stops drinking before the liver has become
too damaged, the liver has the ability to
repair itself but if the person continues to
drink then the liver will become so damaged
that the person will die. Other internal
organs that are affected by long-term
alcohol abuse include the heart, lungs,
pancreas and spleen.
The liver is one of the
body’s cleaning machines. It acts
like a filter. The liver is responsible for filtering the blood and
cleaning out chemicals that have
been ingested. It can do this quite
effectively with small amounts of
chemicals like alcohol. However
over time if it has to continually
filter large amounts of chemicals,
like a machine it will get clogged
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
15
?
od k @ aomf xk d o l o nf quf v uf I aomuf a eygu
tonf ; onf tvG e f t rif ; ysuf p D ; vmrnf j zpf + yD ;
,if;a=umifyh if xko
d o
l nf toufq;kH &_;H rnfjzpfonf? um
v=umjrifph mG t&ufudk tvGet
f u|aH omufjcif;a=umifh xd
cku
d Ef idk af om tjcm;aom ud,
k w
f iG ;f t*F g&yfrsm;rSm ESv;kH /
tqkw/f yefcvf&;D ,m;pfEiS hf o&uf&u
G w
f @dk yg0ifonf?
ADwmrifat/ADwmrif0rf;(okid &f mrif;) ADwmrif
bDo&D;(Ekdif,pif)ESifh ADwmrifbDppf(yef&Da'gufpif)ESifh
zdk;vpftufqpfrsm; tm;vHk;onf umvwm&SnfpGm
t&ufpaJG omufo;kH aeolrsm;xJwiG f vHak vmufpmG r&Sad y?
(csKd @wahJ er_jzpf&efyrkd I
kd tvm;tvm&So
d nf/)Tod@k jzpf& jcif;
rSmt&ufa=umifhtlvrf;a=umif;wpfav#mufrS t[m&
"gwpf yk ,
f &l mwGif jy\emrsm;&Sjd cif; od@k r[kwf tonf;xJ
wGio
f akd vSmif&mY jy\emrsm;&Sjd cif;wk@d a=umifyh if jzpfonf?
(twGt
J rSw1f -1998ud=k unfyh g)yefcvf&;D ,m;pfa&mifjcif;
onfvnf; t&uftvGet
f u|aH omufo;kH r_. uGi;f quf
jzpfonf?
t&uftenf;i,fukd wpfae@v#if wpf}udr/f ESpf
}urd x
f ufyI
kd aomufygu aoG;aygiu
f kd wufapI ausmuf
uyf/rsuv
f ;kH ESiEhf v
S ;kH wd@k ukd xdcu
kd yf supf ;D r_jrifrh m;vm+y;D wpf
qufwnf;rSmyif ESv;kH cke&f yfwef@jcif; (ESv;kH a&m*g cHpm;r_)ESihf
avjzwfjcif;jzpfr_ ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmonf? t&ufudkr=um
c%qdo
k vdk aomufo;kH jcif;jzifh umvwpfc=k um&Snyf gu
,if;onfvnf; ESv;kH =uu
G o
f m;udk wku
d ‡
f u
kd x
f cd u
dk f ysupf ;D
aponf(ESv;kH ‡uGuo
f m;qkid &f ma&m*g/)?
cE<mud,
k .
f vufrsm;/ ajcaxmufrsm;Y&Sad om
tm&Hka=umrsm;onf t&ufa=umifh ysufpD;Ekdifonf?
(y,f&DzD;&,fvfesl&kdyoD- vufrsm;/ ajcaxmufrsm;&Sd
tm‡Hak =umqkid &f m) t&ufonf OD;aESmufay:wGif !d;_ vs
zd p D ; r_ u d k jzpf a ponf ? t&uf t enf ; i,f r #onf
tdyfpufr_udk taESmuft,Sufjzpfap+yD;/ trsm;tjym;
aomufygu rSwOf m%fukd qH;k &_;H aponf? t&ufukd wpf
}udrw
f nf;ESihf trsm;tjym;aomufygu todOm%fq;kH &_;H r_
(owd v pf a rsmjcif ; )jzpf a p+yD ; / ,if ; od k @ jzpf j cif ; onf
tqdyt
f awmuf tvGet
f u|jH zpfjcif;a=umifh aoqH;k &jcif;
ta=umif;rsm;teuf tjzpftrsm;qH;k ta=umif;&if; jzpf
onf? tpm;udk aumif;rGepf mG pm;onfh vltrsm;wGiyf if
t&ufa=umifh ADwmrifcsdK@wJhr_ (txl;ojzifh ADwmrif
bD0rf;)yl;wGJ jzpfay:vsu&f &dS m OD;aESmufwiG f tjcm;jyif;xef
aom xdcu
dk rf v
_ nf; jzpfygG ;apygonf?
umv&Sno
f nfh twkid ;f twmwpf&yfxd t&uf
tvGet
f u|aH omufjcif;onf aoG;eDOrsm; (,if;wd@k ukd ydI
k
t&G,t
f pm;}uD;rm;aponf/) tay:xdcu
dk rf &_ +dS yD; OD;acgi;f /
16
vnf y if ; / tpm+rd K ‡yG e f / tpmtd r f / tonf ; ES i f h
yefcvf&;D ,m;pf wd@k wiG u
f ifqmjzpfrt
_ E &W m,fjrifrh m;vm+y;D
wDbaD &m*gEiS hf tjcm;aom ul;pufa&m*gtcsKd @ jzpfymG ;r_
tE &W m,fjrifrh m;vsu&f o
dS nf?
t&ufonf a,musmF ;rsm;wGif yef;aor_ujkd zpf
ap+yD; tcsKd @rmS a0S;aphrsm; usKH vSo
D mG ;jcif;ESihf +rHKjcif; wd@k ukd
jzpfaponf? t&uftrsm;tjym;aomufjcif;onf trsKd ;
orD;rsm;wGif rsKd ;atmifru
_ kd avsmeh nf;aponf? ud,
k 0f ef
aqmifaepOfumvtwGi;f t&ufaomufjcif;onf oaE<
om;qkdif&mt&ufa=umifhjzpfaoma&m*gpk (tufzfat
tufp)f udk jzpfymG ;apEkid o
f nf?
t&ufa=umifjh zpfaom oaE<om;qkid &f ma&m*gpk
qko
d nfrmS t&uftvGet
f rif; rsm;pGmaomu jf cif;a=umifh
arG;&mygcsdK@,Gif;r_jzpfay: jcif;rsm;twGuf toHk;jyKaom
trnfowfrw
S jf cif;yif jzpfonf? oaE<om;. zG@H +zdK;}uD;
xGm;r_trsm;tjym;onf yxrqH;k vtenf;i,f tawm
twGif; t&ufaomufrnfqkdygu OD;aESmufykdif;qkdif&m
xdcu
dk rf E_ iS hf ‡kyyf idk ;f qkid &f m csKd @,iG ;f r_ jzpfay:Ekid af jc wpf&yf
&Sad eonf?
t&ufonf wkad wmif;aom umvtwGi;f aysmf
&$ifr_udkay;aomfvnf;a&&SnfumvwGifrl wpfpHkwpf
a,mufukd ,if;u owfjzwfEidk o
f nf? xk@d a=umift
h &uf
aomufjcif; ta=umif;t&mudk vlrsm;u *&krlrdoifhyg
onf?
yHk (3) ab&D,rfrsKcd s+y;D aemuftyd pf a&;"gwrf eS w
f iG f tpmrsK‡
d yGeaf tmufyikd ;f &Sd
}uD;rm;aeonfh aoG;jyefa=um uGef,uf.yHkpHudk awG@jrif&yHk/
Fig.3 A barium swallow X-ray showing the typical
appearance of multiple lower oesophageal varices.
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
Vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamin),
vitamin B3 (niacin) and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) and folic acid are all more likely to be
deficient in chronic alcohol drinkers. This
may be due to alcohol causing problems of
absorption from the intestine or storage in
the liver (Hmess issue #1, 1998). Pancreatitis is also linked to excess alcohol intake.
More than one or two small drinks
a day cause the blood pressure to rise with
damage to the kidneys, eyes and heart and
an increased occurrence of heart attacks and
“stroke”. Drinking alcohol frequently for a
long time also damages the heart muscle
directly (cardiomyopathy).
shrinking of the testicles and infertility.
Women’s fertility is also reduced by high
alcohol intake and drinking during pregnancy
can cause Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS).
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is the term
used for birth defects caused by drinking too
much alcohol. Much of the development of
the foetus takes place during the first few
months and if the mother drinks during that
time, there is a risk of brain damage and
physical deformities.
Although alcohol gives a short term
happiness, it can kill someone in the long run.
So people should be careful about drinking
alcohol.
Nerves are damaged by
alcohol (peripheral neuropathy).
Alcohol is a depressant for the
brain. A little alcohol causes
sleep disturbance and more
causes memory loss. Alcohol in
large amount at one time causes
loss of consciousness and is the
commonest cause of death from
toxic overdose. Other serious
damage to the brain is caused by
vitamin deficiency (especially
vitamin B 1 ) due to alcohol
consumption even in people eating well.
Too much alcohol over
a long time affects red blood cells
(making them larger), increases
the risk of cancer of the head,
neck, oesophagus, stomach, liver
and pancreas and increases the
risk of developing TB and some
other infections.
Alcohol causes impotence in men and, in some,
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
17
?
cE<mudk,f. uGJjym;jcm;em;aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ay: t&uf. xdckdufr_tcsdK@ta=umif; -tusOf;csKyf
yg;pyf tpmrsKdjyGef tpmtdrftlvrf;a=umif; yefcvf&D;,m;pftonf;ESvHk; aoG;vnfywfr_tm&Hka=umrsm; OD;aESmuf-
uifqm*
tpmrsK‡
d yGeaf &mifjcif;/ uifqm*/ aoG;a=umuGef,ufrS aoG;xGufjcif;*?
tpmtdrfa&mifjcif;/ uifqm*?
0r;fysufjcif;/ aoG;,dkpD;qif;jcif;/ ADwmrifrsm;tm; pkyf,lEkdifr_ r&Sdjcif;?
0rf;ysufjcif;/ yefcvf&D;,m;pfa&mifjcif;*/ uifqm*?
tonf;a&mifjcif;/ tonf;‡uGyjf cif;/ tonf; tvkyrf vkyjf cif;*/ uifqm*?
‡uGuo
f m;rsm; ysupf ;D jcif; (ESv;kH ‡uGuo
f m;qkid &f ma&m*g)?
aoG;aygifcsdefjrifhrm;jcif;/ (rsufvHk;ESifh ausmufuyf* ysufpD;jcif;/ ESvHk;a&m*g*/ avjzwfjcif;*)?
tm&kHa=um jyifyt*F grsm;ysufpD;jcif;// pGrf;aqmifEdkifr_ avsmhusvmjcif;/(yef;aojcif;/)?
tdyfpuf&mwGiftaESmuft,Sufjzpfjcif;/rSwfOm%fqHk;&_H;jcif;/ OD;aESmufqkdif&ma&m*g (bD0rf;
csKd @wjhJ cif;)/ pdwyf yl efjcif;/ pdwu
f sjcif;/ pdwaf &m*g(pdw!
f ;_d jcif;)/t&ufa=umifh ‡kww
f &uf tqdyf
tawmufjzpfjcif;*?
a0S;aphao;i,fvmonf/ rsdK;ratmifjcif;?
om;tdrfyHkrSef "rRwmaoG;qif;r_ &yfqkdif;oGm;onf?
rsKd;Otdrfao;i,fvmonf/ rsdK;ratmifjcif;?
udk,f0efaqmifjcif;- uav;i,fusHKvSDonf/ rsufESmajymif;vJjcif;&Sdonf / ESvHk;qkdif&mjy\emrsm;?
aoG;aoG;eD;Orsm; t&G,ftpm;}uD;vmonf?
ckcHtm;wDbD*a&m*gykdrdkjzpfyGm;onf? ul;pufa&m*grsm;ydkrdkjzpfyGm;onf?
‡uGuo
f m;rsm;emusiv
f monf/ a&mif&rf;vmonf? (‡uGuo
f m; a&m*g)?
*(toufq;kH &_;H Ekid o
f nf)
t‡k;d rsm;vG,fulpGm usKd;Ekdifonf?
Summary of some effects of alcohol on different parts of the body
Mouth:
Oesophagus:
Stomach:
Intestine:
Pancreas:
Liver:
Heart:
Circulation:
Nerves:
Brain:
Testicles:
Uterus:
Ovaries:
Pregnancy:
Blood:
Immunity:
Muscles:
Bones:
18
cancer*
oesophagitis, cancer*, bleeding from varices*
gastritis, cancer*
diarrhoea, bleeding, vitamins not absorbed
diarrhoea, pancreatitis*, cancer*
hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver failure*, cancer*
muscle damage (cardiomyopathy)
high blood pressure (eye and kidney*damage, heart attack*, stroke *)
damage (peripheral neuropathy), impotence
sleep disturbance, memory loss, encephalopathy
(B1 deficiency), anxiety, depression, psychosis, acute alcohol poisoning*
small, infertile
menstruation stops
small, infertile
baby small, face changes, heart problems
large red blood cells
more TB*, more infections
painful, swollen (myopathy)
break more easily
(* causes death)
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
yHk (4) toJa&m*gwiG jf zpfavhjzpfx&Sad om vuQ%mrsm;ESihf prf;oyfawG@&cdS surf sm;?
Fig. 4 COMMON SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF LIVER DISEASE
vuQ%mrsm;/ Symptoms
pdw‡
f y_ af xG;aeonf/
Mental confusion
ua,mifuwef;jyKral jymqdak eonf/
Delirium tremens
cHwGif;ysufaeonf/(pm;csifpdwfukefcrf;aeonf/)
Loss of appetite (anorexia)
prf;oyfawG@&cdS surf sm;/
Signs
OD;a%Smufydkif;a&m*g/
Encephalopathy
tom;0g/
Jaundice
ysKd@aeonf/
Nausea
tom;0g+yD; ,g;,Honf/
Jaundice & itch
Edk@tHk}uD;aeonf/
Gynaecomastia
toJ}uD;rm;aeonf/
Hepatomegaly
o&uf&Guf }uD;rm;aeonf/
Spleenomegaly
0rf;Adu
k ef musiaf eonf/
Abdominal pain
a&zsOf;/
Ascites
0rf;Adkufazgaeonf/
Abdominal swelling
us,faeaomaoG;jyefa=umrsm;/
Dilated veins
vufwkefaeonf/
Tremor
vdifqdkif&mpdwf ukefcrf;aeonf/
Loss of libido (sexual dysfunction)
ajcusif;0wfa,gifaeonf/
Swelling of ankle
vufacsmif;rsm; wkefcgaeonf/
Tremor
rwfwwf=um=um&yfygu
ajcaxmufazga,gifvmonf/
Dependent oedema
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
19
t&ufaopmaomufpm;jcif;.
pdwfykdif;qkdif&mxdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;zD;vpf*JvfAif(bDbDpD)
?
t&ufonf rl;,pfaq;0g;wpfrsdK;jzpfonf? tjcm;aom aq;0g;trsm;tjym;uJhodk@yif ‹if;onf aq;pGJjcif;(pGJjcif;)udk
jzpfay:aponf? t&ufaomufoHk;r_onf aomufoHk;oltm; &kyfykdif;qkdif&mwGifomruyJ pdwfykdif;qkdif&mwGifvnf;yJ
xdcdkufoufa&mufr_&Sdonf? TuJhodk@aom oufa&mufr_rsm;onf 0rf;enf;jcif; odk@r[kwf pdwfusjcif;rS t=urf;zufr_txd
trsdK;rsdK;aomqdk;usKd;rsm;udkjzpfay:apEkdifonf? t&uftvGeftu|HaomufoHk;r_.
pdwfykdif;qkdif&mxdcdkufoufa&mufr_ta=umif; yHkpHrsdK;udk Taqmif;yg;wGif tusOf;csHK;IaqG;aEG;az: jyxm;ygonf?
t&uftvGet
f u|aH omufo;kH r_onf vlwpfO;D
wpfa,muf. pdwu
f se;f rma&;ay:wGif tvGet
f rif; xdcu
dk f
r_rsm;jzpfay:aponf?t&ufudktenf;i,fr# aomuf
oH;k jcif;a=umifh pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m xdcu
kd o
f ufa&mufrr_ sm;onf
tenf;tusO;f od@k r[kwf tao;pm; xdcu
kd f oufa&mufr_
t&uf?
OD;a%Smuf?
alcohol
brain
tpmtdrf?
stomach
aoG;?
blood
yHk (5) OD;a%Smufudk t&ufu rnfodk@xdcdkufapEdkifa=umif;udkjyaom
jzpfpOfvrf;a=umif;/
Fig.5 Pathway showing how alcohol affects the brain
rsm; jzpfaponf? odk@aomf =umjrifhaom tcsdefumv
twkdif;twmwpfckwGif tvGeftu|HaomufoHk;r_onf
r=umc%qdo
k vdjk yefvnfuo
k I r&Ekid af omtvGet
f rif;
jyif;xefonfh ab;xGufqdk;usdK; oufa&mufr_rsm;qDodk@
OD;wnfvsu&f o
dS nf? t&ufpaJG eolwpfO;D . rdom;pkonf
vnf;aumif;/ xkdol. oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh taygif;taz:
vkyfazmfudkifbufrsm;wdk@onfvnf;aumif;/ xkdol.
t&ufukd tvGet
f u|aH omufo;kH r_a=umifh oufa&muf
r_ t m; tm;vH k ; vd k v d k y if cH p m;=u&onf ? t&uf p G J
aeolrsm;onf ,cifuuJhodk@ tvkyf rvkyfEkdif awmhyJ
ol ‡ ol r . ud k , f & nf u d k , f a oG ; ajymif ; vJ v mjcif ; /
ol‡olronf txD;useq
f efvmjcif;ESihf r=umc% qdo
k vdk
ol‡olr ta=umif;udk tjcm;olrsm;u ajymae+yD okd@
r[kwf ol‡olrtm; epfematmif }udK;yrf;ae=uonf
ponf j zif h awG ; awmrd a ewwf o nf ? (,H k r S m ;vG e f
oHo,pdw)f
t&ufonf OD;aESmufu tvkyv
f yk o
f nfh vrf;
a=umif;rsm; (vkyif ef;rsm;)tay:wGif oufa&muf r_&o
dS nf?
t&uf t enf ; i,f r #0if o nf h t cgwG i f ay#mf & $ i f r _
t&omwpfcu
k kd zefw;D vdu
k o
f nf? xk@d twl wcsKd @aom
olrsm;tm; ‡if;wdk@. &Sufpdwfudk ausmfv$m;ap+yD;
tjcm;olrsm;ESihf ykrd v
kd ,
G u
f pl mG a&maESmjcif;/ pum;ajymqkd
jcif;rsm;jzpfay:vmonf? ,if;od@k aom tusKd ;ouf a&muf
t&uftvGet
f u|aH omufo;kH r_. t"dupdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m xdcu
kd o
f ufa&mufrr_ sm;pdwu
f sqif;jcif;?
pdwaf epdwx
f m;ajymif;vJjcif;?
ud,
k &f nfu,
kd af oG;ajymif;vJjcif;?
t=urf;zufjcif;?
vlrt
_ okid ;f t0kid ;f rS a&Smif=uOfjcif;?
r&So
d nfukd t&S[
d k xifrw
S rf mS ;aejcif;?
20
pdwyf yl efjcif;?
ua,mifuwrf;v_y&f mS ;ajymqkjfd cif;?
• ,kex
f ifa=umifxifjzpfjcif;/rSm;,Gi;f pGmwGucf sujf cif;?
• ,krH mS ;vGeo
f o
H ,pdw/f pdwaf &m*g?
• jyif;xefpmG wkev
f y_ af jcmufjcm;apjcif;rsm;?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
Psychological Effects Of
Alcohol Consumption
?
Philip Galvin, BBC
Alcohol is a drug, and like many other drugs it creates dependence. It not only affects
the person physically but also mentally. These effects can vary from sadness or
depression to violence. The various psychological (mental) effects of alcohol abuse
are briefly discussed in this article.
Excessive alcohol intake has very
harmful effects upon a person’s mental
health. Drinking alcohol in small quantities
causes little or minor psychological effects.
However excessive drinking over a long
period of time will lead to very serious and
often irreversible side effects. The effect of
constant and excessive drinking is felt by all
of the community. The family of an
alcoholic, his/her friends and fellow
workers are all affected by his/her excessive
drinking of alcohol. The alcoholics can not
work as before, his/her personality changes,
he/she becomes isolated and often paranoid
(thinking others are talking about him/her
or are trying to hurt him/her).
Alcohol affects the way the brain
works (functions). In small doses it creates
a feeling of happiness and allows some
people to come over their shyness and then
speak and mix with others more easily. It is
because of these effects that alcohol is often
termed a “social drug” and is usually taken
in social situations. It really is a problem
when a person loses his/her ability to
control his/her drinking habit. One common
definition of an alcoholic is someone who is
unable to stop at one drink, cannot control
him/herself and continues drinking until he/
she becomes unconscious (blackout). It is
not only a person who drinks everyday but
can be someone who gets drunk 2 or 3 times
a week.
As alcohol acts on the brain, many
of the side effects of alcoholism are psychological (mental). Alcohol damages the brain;
in small quantities the damage is minimal and
no long-term effects are felt. However
Major psychological effects of alcohol abuse:
Depression
Mood changes
Personality changes
Violence
Social isolation
Hallucination
Anxiety
Delirium tremens:
• illusions
• paranoia
• convulsions
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
21
?
r_a=umifhyif vlr_a&;qkdif&m aq;wpfrsdK;tjzpf ac:a0:
avh&SdonfESifhtwl vlr_a&;udpP&yfrsm;wGif t+rJwap
ygavhygx&So
d nf? vlwpfO;D wpfa,mufonf ol ‡olr.
aomufo;kH jcif;tavhtxudk xde;f csKyfEidk o
f nfh pGr;f &nf
qH;k &_;H aomtcgwiG rf l ‡if;onf trSew
f u,fyif jy\em
wpf&yfjzpfvmonf? t&uf pGaJ eolwpfa,mufjzpfonf[k
jyXmef;owfrw
S Ef idk o
f nfh udp&P yfwpfcrk mS wpfpw
kH pfa,muf
onf aomufo;kH r_wpf&yfukd &yfwef@&ef raqmif&u
G Ef idk f
awmhjcif;jzpfonf? ol‡olr bmom xdr;f csKyfEidk rf _ r&Sd
awmhyJ xko
d o
l nf owdarhavsmo
h nfw
h idk f tqufrjywf
aomufaejcif;yifjzpfonf? ae@pOf&ufqufaomufae
onfh olrsm;wGifomruyJwpfywfv#if ESpf}udrfoHk;}udrf
aomufonf[k qkdolrsm;xJwGifvnf; t&ufpGJonfh
vuQ%mrsm;awG@&onf?
t&uf o nf OD ; aES m uf a y:wG i f xd c d k u f
oufa&mufr&_ dS jcif;a=umifh t&ufpv
JG ef;r_. ab;xGuf
tusdK; trsm;pkrSm pdwfykdif;qkdif&menf;vrf;rsm;ay:wGif
jzpfay:vsuf&Sdonfudk vG,fulpGm owdjyKrdEkdifonf?
t&uf o nf OD ; aES m uf u d k zsuf q D ; ypf o nf ? t&uf
tenf;i,fr#onf tedrfhqHk;zsufqD;r_udk jzpfapEkdif+yD;
wm&S n f o uf a &muf r _ vuQ % mrsm;ud k rawG @ &S d & yg?
rnfo@kd jzpfap t&uf pGaJ eolrsm;onf a,bk,s tm;jzifh
OD;aESmufxdckdufr_wpfpHkwpf&mudk cHpm;ae=u&onf?
,if;xdckdufr_rSm udk,f&nfudk,faoG;ajymif;vJr_tenf;
i,fjzpfonfrSpI t"du rSwfOm%frsm; qHk;&_H;jcif;ESifh
rdrdukd,fukdrdrd rnfolrnf0g jzpfrSef;rodonfhwkdifatmif
jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdonf? OD;aESmufwpf&SL;rsm;wGif t&ufu
zsuq
f ;D jcif;a=umifh OD;aESmuf. tcsKd @aomvkyif ef;rsm;rSm
vnf; xdcu
kd rf &_ o
dS nf? tusKd ;qufwpf&yftaejzifh t&uf
pGo
J rl sm;onf‡if;wd@k . xde;f !SEd idk o
f nfch pH m;r_rsm; qH;k &_;H p
22
jyKvmonf?‡if;wd@k .rSwOf m%frsm;vnf;usqif;vmonf?
ud,
k &f nfu,
kd af oG;qkid &f m t"du ajymif;vJcsurf sm;vnf;
ay:aygufvmonf? ,if;tcsufrsm;udk xkdolwdk@ESifheD;pyf
olw@kd u owdjyKrdvm=uonf?a,bk,s tm;jzifh pdw"f gwf
El;nHah omvlwpfa,mufonf wpfqif+h y;D wpfqifh qdo
k vdk
yk d I yk d I =urf ; wrf ; vmr_ / &ef v d k r _ jzpf v mwwf o nf ?
xked nf;wlpmG aysm&f i$ pf mG aewwf+yD; taygi;f toif; a&mif;
&if;rsm;ESifh cspfcifwwfol wpfOD;wpfa,mufonf xkd
vkyif ef;rsm;rSwjznf;jznf;pGe@f cmG vmum pdw"f gwu
f sqif;r_
jzpf v monf ? rnf o d k @ aom ud k , f & nf u d k , f a oG ;
qkid &f majymif;vJrj_ zpfap/ ,if;od@k ajymif;vJr_ jzpfjcif;onf
trsm;tm;jzifh tEkwv
f uQ%m aqmifonf/ od@k r[kwf
xd c k d u f r _ j zpf w wf o nf / vl w pf O D ; wpf a ,muf t m;
t&ufpjJG cif;rS cHpm;&jcif;&Sd r&Sq
d o
dk nfukd jyXmef;Ekid o
f nfh
xda&mufaom enf;vrf;wpf&yfrSm xdkol.rdom;pkESifh
oli,fcsi;f rsm;tm; xko
d l od@k r[kwf olrwGif r=umcifurS
ajymif;vJr_rsm; &Sdr&Sdqkdonfudk ar;jref;&efESifhxkdol‡
olronf ydI
k wpfo;D wpfjcm; aevmwwfjcif;/vG,u
f pl mG
pdwv
f y_ &f mS ;wke@f jyefwwfjcif;/ od@k r[kwf xdk ol‡olrudk
tjcm;olrsm;u ,Hk=unfr_r&Sdjcif; [lonfh cHpm;csuf
rsm;jzpfymG ;aejcif; &Srd &Su
d kd ar;jref;=unfo
h ifo
h nf?
apmapmu !$e;f qko
d uJo
h @kd yif t&ufukd tenf;
i,fr#omaomufo;kH jcif;onf vlrsm;tm; aysm&f i$ rf _ cHpm;
apjcif;/ auseyfa&mif&h rJ w
_ pfpw
kH pf&mud&k &Sjd cif;/ rdr.
d tod
pdwfESifhpOf;pm;xdef;csKyfjcif;rsm; avsmhyg;vmaponf?
t&uftvGeftu|HaomufoHk;r_wGif pdwf0ifpm;p&m
aumif;aom tcsut
f vufrsm; teufwpfcrk mS t&uf
tenf;tusO;f r#uo
kd m aomufo;kH aomtcgY jzpfay:vm
aom cHpm;r_rsm;onf t&uftrsm;tjym;udk yHrk eS af omuf
oH;k r_jyKaomtcgwiG f awG@&&dS csurf sm;ESihf trsm;tm;jzifh
vH;k 0O\Hk ajymif;jyefjzpfaeayonf? t&ufpaJG eolrsm;rSm
t+rJwap aysm&f i$ cf pH m;&rnft
h pm; 0rf;enf;jcif;/ pdwu
f s
jcif ; rsm;jzpf a vh j zpf x &S d + yD ; xk d o l w k d @ onf ol w d k @ .
b0vdktifqENrsm;udk a&mifh&JEkdifr_enf;yg;vmjcif;rsm;udk
cHpm;vm=u&onf? xk@d twl yifyef;EGr;f e,frr_ sm; jzpfay:
vm+yD; wpfcgwpf&HwGifrl t=urf;zufvmwwfonf?
tvGet
f u|H tiftm;oH;k pGrJ _ jyKvm=uonf?
wpfpw
kH pfa,mufaomolonf ESpt
f a&twGuf
wpfpw
kH pfcx
k w
d idk af tmif =umjrifah om umvwpf&yfwiG f
t&ufukd tvGet
f rif;aomufo;kH r_jyKcJ+h yD;aemuf t&uf
aomufjcif;udk ‡kww
f &ufjzwfvu
kd yf gu ol‡olronf
t&ufjywfjcif;. vuQ%mrsm;udk cHpm;&rnfjzpfonf?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
alcoholics generally suffer brain trauma that
can be anywhere from slight personality
changes to major memory loss and a
complete loss of identity. As alcohol destroys
brain tissue so certain functions of the brain
are affected. As a result, alcoholics begin to
loss their sense of balance, their memory
begins to fail and major personality changes
occur which are noticed by those close to
them. A generally mild tempered person may
gradually become more and more
aggressive, whereas a happy and fun-loving
person more withdrawn and depressed. Any
personality change that occurs, is usually
negative and/or harmful. An effective way
to determine whether a person is suffering
from alcoholism is to ask the person’s
family and friends if he/she has changed
recently, has become more isolated, becomes
easily irritated or if he/she feels that others
do not trust him/her.
As mentioned earlier, alcohol taken
in small doses makes people feel happier,
more content and less self-conscious. One
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
of the interesting facts about alcohol abuse
is that the feelings one has when taking small
amounts of alcohol are almost completely
reversed when large amounts are regularly
consumed. Instead of feeling happy,
alcoholics are often sad/depressed; they feel
less content with their lives, become
frustrated and occasionally violent.
When someone has been drinking
alcohol heavily for a long period of time (a
number of years) and suddenly stops
drinking he/she will suffer from withdrawal
symptoms. The initial symptoms of alcohol
withdrawal are tremors of hands and feet,
agitation, nausea and sweating. The
withdrawal symptoms become worse over
time and if alcohol is not taken can become
extremely serious. The more serious
symptoms include:
• hallucinations (seeing or/and hearing
things that are not there)
• illusions (i.e. objects appear distorted,
a crack in the wall may begin to look like
a snake etc)
• epileptic seizures
These symptoms worsen and after
about 2 days will progress to a stage called
“delirium tremens”.
These symptoms can be life threatening and the most effective antidote is to
administer alcohol in small doses. If an
alcoholic wishes to stop drinking they need
to do it slowly, preferably with the help of a
medical personnel. There are medications
23
?
t&ufjywfawmufr.
_ tpOD;vuQ%mrsm;rSm vufacsmi;f
rsm;ESifh ajcacsmif;rsm;wkefcgaejcif;/ pdwfv_yf&Sm;vmjcif;/
ysKd @tef+yD; ac|;xGuv
f eG jf cif;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? t&uf
jywfjcif;. vuQ%mrsm;rSm tcsed =f umonfEiS t
hf r# ykI
d
qd;k vmwwfonf? tu,fI t&ufudk raomufyJ aeygu
pdk;&drf&avmufatmif vGefrif;pGm jyif;xefr_ jzpfvm
Ekid o
f nf? ykrd kd qd;k 0g;vmaom vuQ%mrsm;rSm• xifa,mifxifrmS ;jzpfjcif; (xkad e&mwGif r&Sad omt&m
rsm;udk jrif&jcif;/ =um;&jcif;)?
• rSm;,Gi;f pGm xifjrifrjd cif; (t&m0wWKrsm;onf rdrd
a&S@wiG f aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;jcif; od@k r[kwf yHpk aH jymif;
vJ+yD;jrif&jcif;/ eH&w
H iG &f adS om tufa=umif;wpfct
k m;
a‡rGwpfaumifEiS w
hf o
l nf[k pxifvmjcif; ponf)ESihf
• 0uf&;l jyefouJo
h @kd ta=umqGv
J mjcif;rsm;?
Todk@aom vuQ%m&yfrsm;onf ykdrdkqdk;0g;
vm+yD; ESpf&ufcef@t=umwGifrl ('DvD&D,rf;x&D;rm;ef)
ua,mifuwrf;v_yf&Sm;ajymqdkjcif; [kac:aom tqifh
wpfco
k @kd a&muf&o
dS mG ;rnfjzpfonf?
Tod k @ aom vuQ % m&yf r sm;rS m touf
tE W & m,f +cd r f ; ajcmuf r _ & S d E k d i f + yD ; ,if ; ud p P t wG u f
txd a &muf q H k ; ajzaq;rS m t&uf t enf ; i,f r #ud k
wkdufay;&efyifjzpfonf?tu,fI t&ufpGJaeol wpfOD;
onf t&ufaomufjcif;udk jzwfvdkygu jznf;!Sif;pGm
aqmif&u
G &f ef vdt
k yfygonf? txl;ojzifh aq;ynm&Sif
24
wpfOD; wpfa,muf. tultnDudk &&Sdaqmif&Guf&ef
vdktyfygonf? t&ufjywfawmufjcif;vuQ%mrsm;udk
oufomapEkdifonfh aq;rsm; &Sd=uygonf? odk@aomf
Taq;0g;rsm;rSm t+rw
J ap&&SEd idk rf _ r&SEd idk yf J ,if;aq;0g;rsm;
wkdufau|;toHk;jyK&eftwGufvnf; avhusifh+yD; aq;
0efxrf;rsm;uom wku
d af u|; oifyh gonf?
t&ufaomufoHk;r_umvwm&Snfvmjcif;.
oufa&mufrw
_ pfcrk mS t&ufa=umifrh w
S Of m%farhavsmjh cif;
(ud k q maumh / qyf u d k ; ppf - pd w f a &m*g)/ vuf i if ;
ud p P & yf r sm;ud k arh a vsmh j cif ; rsm;ud k jzpf a y:aponf ?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
('Dv&D ,
D rf;w&D;rm;ef) ua,mifuwrf;jzpfr.
_ xl;jcm;aomp‹du
k v
f uQ%mrsm;rSm• tcsed u
f mvudk owdrrlrjd cif; (rnfonft
h csed q
f o
kd nf rodjcif;) ywf0ef;usit
f ajctaeudk
*&krjyKrdjcif;(xko
d o
l nf tvGet
f rif; pdw&f y_ af xG;r_jzpfae+yD; ckEpS /f &uf/ v/ em&Drsm;udk rod&adS wmhjcif;/
ok@d r[kwf rnfonfah e&mod@k a&muf&adS eonfukd rod&adS wmhjcif;)?
• xkv
d el monf pd;k &draf =umuf&@G aH e+yD; atmf[pfaumif; atmf[pfaernf? *emr+idrjf zpfaernf?
• vlwpfu,
kd v
f ;kH tvGet
f rif; v_ycf gaeonf?
• oli,ftrd u
f s,v
f mjcif;?
• ESv;kH ckeEf e_ ;f jrefvmjcif;?
• aoG;aygicf sed w
f ufvmjcif;?
• vlemonf tvGet
f rif; pdwv
f y_ &f mS ;(a'goxGu)f aewwfjcif; ponfw@kd jzpfonf?
Delirium tremens is characterized by:
• disorientation in time (does not know the time), environment (the person
is extremely confused, does not know the day/month/year or where
they are).
• the patient may be fearful and shouting, restless.
• extreme shaking of the body.
• dilatation of pupils.
• tachycardia.
• raised blood pressure.
• the patient may be very agitated.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
25
?
Ta&m*gonf trsm;tm;jzif h uk o Ir&Ek d i f a wmh y J
OD;aESmufusKH vSo
D mG ;jcif; od@k r[kwf ao;i,fvmjcif;a=umifh
jzpfyGm;onfh tajctaewpf&yfyif jzpfonf? Todk@
jzpf&jcif;rSm ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm=umatmif t&ufukd tvGef
tu|H aomufo;kH jcif;a=umifyh ifjzpfonf? xkv
d el mrsm;onf
tvGeftrif; rSwfOm%f qHk;&_H;jcif;rsm; cHpm;&Ekdifonf?
trsm;tm;jzifh rdrw
d @kd .trnfo@dk r[kwrf rd rd nfonfah e&m
a&mufaeonfudkrod&Sdawmhjcif; rsm;ESifhtwl rdrd.
rdom;pk0ifrsm;udk rrSwfrdawmhjcif;rsm; jzpfay:wwf
onf?xdo
k w
l @dk onf cE<mud,
k f tm; xde;f !d&S mY tvGef
trif; cufcJvm+yD; ‡if;wdk@vrf;av#mufaomtcgY
vJusjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf ajcaxmufudk um;+yD;
av#mufavhav#mufx &Sdonf? vlemrsm;onf vlr_
tokdif;t0kdif;ESifhavsmfnDpGm qufqHjyKrl&rnfh tjyKtrl
rsm;udk owdjyKaqmif&u
G jf cif;rsm; avsmeh nf; vmonf?
olw@kd onf vlxt
k =um; wGif pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m rtDrvnf
jzpfaprnfh udp&P yf wpfpw
kH pf&mudk ajymaumif;ajymrnf
odk@r[kwf jyKvkyfaumif;jyKvkyfrnf? xkd@twl olwdk@.
wpfudk,fa& oef@&Sif;a&;udk jyKvkyfEkdifjcif;r&Sdacs? xkdodk@
jzpfay:vmjcif;onf t&ufpaJG er_. jyif;xefaom tqifh
wpf&yfyif jzpfonf? TuJo
h @kd rSwOf m%fcsKd @,iG ;f r_. tpOD;
vuQ%mrsm;udk owdjyK=unfhrdEkdif+yD; ykdrdk jyif;xefpGm
qdk;&Gm;r_ rjzpfvmcif ukor_jyKvkyf Ekdfifonf? (t&uf
aomufru
_ kd avsmch sjcif;jzif/h )?
cufqpf
0uf‹
f ;l jyefta=umqGrJ _ wkecf gjcif; -
‡kww
f &uf0uf‡;l jyefwufjcif;/ od@k r[kwf 0uf‡;l jyefvuQ%mjyefvnfay:ayguf
vmjcif;?,if;jzpfpOfwiG f jzpfymG ;onf qko
d nfEiS hf todpw
d yf sujf ym;jcif; ok@d r[kwf
qH;k ‡H;_ jcif;/ yHrk eS rf [kwaf om ‡uGuo
f m;v_y&f mS ;jcif; ponfw@kd jzpfay:onf?
ol@tvdt
k avsmuf wqwfqwfwek jf cif; ?(a=umuf&‡
HG jcif;/ pdwq
f ;dk jcif;/ csr;f at;jcif;/
‡kyyf idk ;f qkid &f mtm;enf;jcif;wd@k a=umifjh zpfonfh wkejf cif;rsKd ;) ok@d r[kwf nifompGm
wkecf gjcif;?
aq;jzwfjcif;vuQ%mrsm; - umvwm&Snpf mG oH;k pGcJ ahJ om tcsKd @aomaq;0g;rsm;udk r&&Sad omtcgY od@k r[kwf
&yfvu
kd af omtcgY ayguaf yguv
f maom ‡kyyf idk ;f qkid &f m vuQ%m&yfrsm;?
pdwv
f y_ &f mS ;jcif; *%Smr+idrrf E_ iS yhf ;l wGjJ zpfay:aeaom pdwyf yl efrt
_ qifw
h pf&yfjzpfonf/
ysK@d jcif;rESp+f rdK@z,
G jf zpfaom cHpm;r_w&yf/ trsm;tm;jzifh 0rf;Adu
k yf ikd ;f wGijf zpf+yD; tefvv
k k
jzpfaewwfonf?(tcsKd @rmS tefypfvu
kd w
f wfonf?)
ESv;kH ckeEf e_ ;f jrefjcif; ESv;kH ckeEf e_ ;f v#ijf refvmjcif;jzpfonf?
26
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
that can ease the
withdrawal symptoms.
However, these medications are not always
available and need to be
administered by trained
medical staff.
Long term effect
of alcohol intake leads
to alcoholic dementia.
This is usually irreversible
(cannot be cured) and is a
condition that is caused by
the atrophy (shrinkange or
becoming smaller) of the
brain. This is due to
excessive alcohol intake over many years.
Patients may suffer from severe memory loss,
often do not remember their own name or
where they are and may not recognize
members of their families. They have great
difficulty in maintaining balance and walk
with their feet wide apart to prevent
themselves from falling over. The patients
may be less aware of socially appropriate
behavior, they may say or do something
embarrassing in public and be unable to care
for their hygiene. Obviously this is an
extreme stage of alcoholism. The initial
symptoms of this type of dementia can be
recognized and treated (by decreasing
alcohol intake) before it becomes too
severe.
Epileptic seizures:
the sudden attack or recurrence of epilepsy which is character
ized by episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal
muscular, functions etc.
Tremors:
involuntary trembling or quivering.
Withdrawal symptoms: physical symptoms that appear after withdrawal of some drugs
which has been administered for a long time.
Agitation:
a state of anxiety accompanied by restlessness.
Nausea:
an unpleasant sensation, mostly in the abdomen which may end
up in vomitting.
Tachycardia:
rapid heart beat.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
27
?
tonf;
usef;rma&;apwref
tonf;onf cE<mud,
k w
f iG f touf&iS &f eftwGuf r&Srd jzpfvt
kd yfaomt*F g&yfrsm;teufrS wpfcjk zpfonf? ,if;onf
tpmacsjcif;ESihf tpmokad vSmifjcif;wd@k wGif ta&;}uD;aom tpdwt
f ykid ;f wpfct
k jzpf aqmif&u
G o
f nf? tonf;wGif
aq;0g;rsm; od@k r[kwf a&m*gwpfcck ak =umifh xdcu
dk cf yhJ gu cE<mud,
k u
f kd qk;d &Gm;pGmxdcu
dk af ponf? Taqmif;yg;wGif
tonf;. wnfaqmufyEkH iS hf vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk jynfph pkH mG tusO;f csKH ;I az: jyxm;ygonf?
tonf;onf eD!akd &mif&o
dS nfh }uD;rm;aom*pf
vif;wpfcjk zpfonf? ‡if;onf tlord rf sm;. tpdwt
f ykid ;f ESihf
tpmtdrfwdk@tay:bufwGif&Sd+yD; 0rf;Akdufykdif;.nmbuf
tay:bufjcrf;wGif 0rf;&ifumtajrS;yg; 'kdif,mz&rf.
atmufbufwiG f wnf&o
dS nf?
tonf;udkt"dutcef;}uD; ESpfcef;(tpdwf
tykid ;f ) jzifh cGjJ cm;xm;onf? ,if;wk@d ukd nmbuftcef;ESihf
b,f b uf t cef ; [k ac:onf ? nmbuf t cef ; onf
b,fbuftcef;xuf ajcmufqcef@ydk}uD;+yD; nmbuf
ausmufuyf. tay:bufwiG f wnf&o
dS nf? b,fbuf
tcef;onf tpmtdrfay:wGif wnfaeonf? nmbuf
ab;cef ; ud k a o;i,f a om tcef ; av;ES p f c k t jzpf
xyfrcH jJG cm;xm;&m,if;wd@k rmS pwk&ef;ykaH v;axmift
h cef;ESihf
aum'dwt
f cef; [lIjzpfonf? (yHu
k kd =unfyh g)?
tonf;. vkyfief;aqmifwm ,lepfrsm;rSm
tonf;rS aoG;pD;qif;vmaom tonf;aoG;jyefa=umcGJ
wpfckpDyg0ifonfh tem;ig;ck odk@r[kwf ajcmufck&Sdaom
vd k j AL; ac: tcef ; i,f a v;rsm; jzpf o nf ? ,if ; vd k
0rf;&ifum tarS;yg;/
Diaphragm
tonf ; /
Liver
Stomach
tpmtdrf?
yHk (6) tonf;.wnf&SdaeyHk/
Fig.6 The position of the liver
28
jAL;rsm;wGiftonf; uvyfpnf;rsm; yg&Sd+yD; ,if;wdk@udk
a[ywpfqv
J f od@k r[kwf a[ywdq
k u
dk [
f ak c:onf? (yHu
k kd
&_yg)
tonf;. vkyif ef;pOfrsm;
tonf;wGif vkyif ef;aygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGm&So
d nf?
t"duvkyif ef;rsm;wGif atmufygw@kd yg0ifonf?
1? tpmcsuf v k y f a om onf ; ajc&nf x k w f
vkyjf cif;ESihf odak vSmifjcif;//
tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;onf onf;ajc&nfukd xkwv
f yk f
onf? onf;ajc&nfwGif tpmxJYygaom tqD"gwfudk
ajczsu&f mwGif ulnaD y;onfh Akid ;f aqmhac: onf;ajcypPn;f
yg0ifonf? onf;ajcypPn;f rsm;udk tlord af &mufonfw
h idk f
jyefvnf pky,
f +l yD; Tod@k tm;jzifh ,if;wk@d ukd xyfrI
H toH;k
jyKEkid o
f nf?
tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;rSaeI onf;ajc&nfukd
ao;i,faom‡yGefrsm; okd@r[kwf vrf;a=umif;rsm;jzifh
,laqmifvmonf? ,if;‡yGerf sm;onf ydrk }k du;D rm;aom ‡yGef
rf sm;tjzpf zG@J pnf;vm+y;D ,if; ‡yGe}f u;D rsm;tm;vH;k onf yifr
tonf;vrf;a=umif;[kac:aom }uD;rm;aom ‡yGe}f uD;
wpfcq
k o
D @dk qufo,
G 0f ifa&mufonf? ,if; yifrtonf;
vrf;a=umif;rS onf;ajctdwfqDodk@ qpfpwpf'yf ac:
‡yGet
f w
d v
f rf;a=umif;jzifh qufo,
G af y;onf? onf;ajc
tdww
f iG f onf;ajc&nfukd odak vSmif+yD; jyif;tm;aumif;
jcif;udk jzpfay: aponf?
vlwpfOD;wpfa,muf tpmpm;aomtcgwGif
onf;ajctdwo
f nf ‡if;xJ&d S onf;ajc&nfud k ‡yGet
f w
d v
f rf;
a=umif;rSwqifh yifronf;ajc‡yGeo
f @dk jyefvnf !Spx
f w
k f
vku
d +f yD; ,if;rSwqifh onf;ajc&nfukd *sLtd'k eD rf tlord f
vrf;a=umif;. yxrqH;k tydik ;f qDo@kd ,laqmifomG ;onf?
tlord .
f yxrqH;k tykid ;f wGif onf;ajc&nfonf tpmESihf
a&maESm oGm;onf?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
L i v e r
Health Messenger
The liver is one of the vital organs of the body. It plays an important part in digestion
and storage. The body is affected badly if the liver is weak because of infection or drugs.
This article will give a brief description of the structure and functions of the liver.
The liver is a large gland of a
dark-red colour. It is situated under the
diaphragm in the upper part of the abdomen
on the right side and above the stomach and
part of the intestines.
The liver is divided into two main
lobes (portions): the right lobe and the left
lobe. The right lobe is six times larger than
the left lobe and is situated above the right
kidney. The left lobe lies over the stomach.
The right lobe is further subdivided into a
small quadrate lobe and a small caudate lobe.
The functional units of the liver are
five or six sided lobules each of which
contains a branch of the hepatic vein that
drains blood from the liver. The lobules
contain the liver cells known as the hepatic
cells or hepatocytes.
Functions of the liver
The liver has many functions. The
main functions include:
1. Manufacturing and storing bile.
The liver cells make the bile. The bile
contains bile salts which help the fat in the
food to be digested. Bile salts are reabsorbed
further down in the intestine so that they can
be used again.
Small tubes or ducts take the bile
from the liver cells. They join to form larger
tubes, until they all end into one large tube
called the common hepatic duct. The cystic
duct joins the common hepatic duct to the
gall bladder, where the bile is stored and
concentrated.
When a person eats, the gall bladder
squeezes the bile back through the cystic
duct to the common bile duct which takes
the bile into the duodenum (the first portion
of small intestine). The bile mixes with the
food in the duodenum.
Bile also contains bilirubin. It is a
yellow waste made out of damaged red
blood cells which are usually destroyed in
the spleen. The spleen then puts the
atmufydkif;aoG;jyefa=umr/
Inferior vena cava
b,fbuftcef;/
Left lobe
nmbuftcef;/
Right lobe
aum'dwftcef;/
Caudate lobe
onf;ajctdwf/
Gall bladder
yHk (7) u)tonf;.a&S‡ydik ;f rsuEf mS jyif/
Fig. 7 a) Anterior surface of the liver
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
av;cef;&Sdonfhtcef;/
Quadrate lobe
c) tonf;.aemufbufrsufESmjyif/
b) Posterior surface of the liver
29
?
onf;ajc&nfwiG f bDv‡
D b
l if ac: onf;ajc&nf
ESiq
hf idk af omypPn;f rsm; yg0ifonf? ,if;onf o&uf&u
G f
xJwiG f trsm;tm;jzifh zsuq
f ;D jcif;jyKaom aoG;eDOrsm;.
tykid ;f tprsm;jzifh jyKvyk x
f m;aom t0ga&mifpeG @f ypf tenf
wpfrsKd ;jzpfonf? xk@d aemufwiG f o&uf&u
G o
f nf aoG;xJo@kd
bDv‡
D b
l ifukd jyefxnfo
h nf? tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;onf
aoG;xJrS bDv‡
D b
l ifukd xkw,
f +l yD; ,if;udk aysm0f ifEidk f
atmifjyKvkyu
f m onf;ajc&nfxo
J @kd ,if;tm; a&maESm
vdu
k o
f nf? bDv‡
D b
l ifonf 0rf;oGm;&mwGif tnpfta=u;
rsm;ukd tndKa&mifjzpfap&ef wm0ef,o
l nf?
2? o=um;udk odak vSmifjcif;ESihf aoG;xJ‹dS o=um;yrm%udk
xde;f csKyfjcif;//
tpmpm;+yD;aemuf ay:w,faoG;jyefa=umudk jzwfvsuf
tonf;od@k vmaomaoG;wGif tlvrf;a=umif;rS pky,
f x
l m;
aom o=um;"gwEf iS jhf ynf0h vsu&f o
dS nf? o=um;yrm%
onf cE<mud,
k w
f iG f &So
d ifo
h nfxuf ydI
k rsm;jym;ygu ,if;
rsm;jym;aom o=um;yrm%udk z,f&Sm;&efESifh ,if;udk
od k a vS m if & ef t wG u f y ef c vf & D ; ,m;pf r S xG u f & S d a om
tif q l v if ac: a[mf r k e f ; "gwf w pf r sd K ;rS wqif h
(yefcvf&D;,m;pfrSwqifh) yefcvf&D;,m;pf. owif;
yd@k csuu
f kd tonf;u vufc&H ,lonf? tu,fI o=um;
yrm% enf;rnfqv
kd #if qef@usib
f ufukd jzpfay:aponf?
,if;tcgwiG f yefcvf&;D ,m;pfonf tifqv
l ifuadk v#mx
h w
k f
+yD; tonf;onf aoG;xJodk@ o=um;tcsdK@udk jyefxnfh
ay;onf? Tod@k tm; jzifh cE<mud,
k &f dS o=um;yg0ifru
_ kd
xde;f !drS _ jyKvkyo
f nf?
onf;ajc‡yGe/f
Bile duct
A[dkaoG;jyefa=um/
tonf;uvyfpnf;/
Central vein
3? tom;"gwEf iS hf tjcm;ypPnf;rsm; xkwv
f yk jf cif;// //
tonf;onf cE<mudk,frSvkdtyfaom tom;"gwfudk
xkwfvkyf&eftwGuf t"duae&mjzpfonf? T tom;
"gwrf sm;udk tlvrf;a=umif;wGif tpm;tpmrsm;rS wqifh
pky,
f x
l m;aom ypPn;f rsm;jzifh wnfaqmufonf? ,if; pky,
f l
vdu
k af omypPnrf sm; onf ay:w,f aoG;jyefa=umrSwqifh
tonf;qDo@kd a&muf&o
dS nf? ,if;wk@d teuf t,fjALrif
ac: tom;"gwfwcsdK@onf aoG;a=umrsm;twGif;wGif
aoG;Y a&udx
k ed ;f xm;Ekid &f ef ulnD aqmif&u
G o
f nf? y&kw
d if;
tcsKd @ukd tonf;wGif xkwv
f yk +f yD; ,if;wGif wjcm;aom
vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;ud k aqmif & G u f a p&m zd k u f A &D ; Ek d * sif .
aoG;cJ&mwGif aqmif&u
G jf cif;vnf; tygt0if jzpfonf?
tu,fI tonf;onf aumif;rGepf mG tvkyf
rvkyfv#if xdkolwGif a&azmjcif;ESifh a&zsOf;}uD;jcif;/
‡uGuo
f m;rsm; avsmeh nf;qH;k &_;H jcif;ESihf aoG;,dpk ;D jcif;rsm;
jzpfymG ;Ekid o
f nf? (pmrsuEf mS 38 udk ‡_yg/)
tonf;ESihf onf;ajc‹yGef tvkyrf vkyjf cif;rsm;?
tonf;onf a&m*gtrsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh xdcu
dk Ef idk yf g onf?
Oyrmtonf;a&mifjcif; - &kwfw&uf okd@r[kwf emwm&Snf
Akdif;&yfpftonf;a&mifjcif;?
tonf ; ‡uG y f j cif ; -(emwm&S n f t onf ; a&m*g)?
t&ufa=umifhjzpfonfh tonf;jynfwnfem?
uifqm -a[ywdkrm;/tonf;usLrm?
onf;ajc‡yGeaf &mifra_ =umifh emusijf cif;/ ‡kww
f &uf onf;
ajc‡yGet
f rd rf sm;a&mifjcif;ESi‡
hf yGeyf w
d q
f @kdjcif;a=umifjh zpfaom
tom;0ga&m*g/
ay:w,faoG;jyefa=um/
Portal vein
Hepatocytes
tonf;aoG;v$wfa=um/
Hepatic artery
yHk (8) u) tonf;vdkAsL;wckudk uef@vef@jzwf jrif&yHk/
Fig 8 a) Cross section of a liver lobule
30
c) tonf;vdkAsL;wck. uef@vef@jzwftydkif;udk rSefbDvl;jzifh =unfhpOf/
b) Cross section of a liver lobule under microscope
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
bilirubin back into the blood. The liver cells
then take it out of the blood, change it to
make it soluble, and then mix it into the bile.
The bilirubin is responsible for the brown
color of stool.
2. Storing sugar and controlling
the amount of sugar in the blood.
The blood which comes to the liver through
the portal vein after eating is full of sugar
absorbed from the intestine. If the amount
is far more than the body needs, the liver
receives messages from the pancreas
(through a hormone called insulin) to remove
much of the sugar and store it. The
opposite happens if sugar level is low. The
pancreas produces less insulin and the liver
puts some sugar back into the blood. In this
way the sugar level in the body is maintained.
enlargement in males; some toxins may
damage the brain causing mental
disturbances or unconsciousness.
Disorders of the liver and bile ducts
The liver can be affected by many
diseases like:
Hepatitis: acute or chronic viral
hepatitis.
Cirrhosis (chronic liver disease):
alcoholic cirrhosis.
Liver abscess.
Cancer: Hepatoma (tumour of the liver).
Biliary colic, acute cholecystitis and
obstructive jaundice.
3. Manufacturing proteins and
other substances.
The liver is the main place for producing the
proteins the body needs. These proteins are
built up from the substances which the
intestine absorbs from the food, and which
come to liver through the portal vein. Some
of these proteins (albumin) help the blood
to hold water inside the blood vessels. Other
proteins made in the liver have other functions, including blood clotting (fibrinogen).
If the liver does not work properly,
the person may develop oedema and ascites
(see page 38), wasting of muscles and
bleeding.
4. Removing toxins, poisons,
drugs, and hormones, etc. from the blood.
The liver destroys many poisons, toxins,
drugs and hormones etc. which enter the
blood. If the liver is not in a good working
condition, some drugs may be harmful even
in ordinary doses; hormones may stay in the
blood and cause some effects like breast
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
yHk (9) tonf;}uD;jcif;ESifh o&uf&Guf}uD;jcif;/ (emwm&Snf tonf;a&m*gwGif
awG@&yHk/)
Fig. 9 Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in chronic
liver disease
31
?
4? tqdyftawmufrsm;/ tqdyfrsm;/ aq;0g;rsm;ESifh
a[mfrek ;f rsm; ponfw@dk udk aoG;xJrS z,f&mS ;jcif;?
tonf;onf aoG;xJwiG f a&muf‡adS eaom rsm;jym;
vSaom tqdyrf sm;/tqdy&f adS om t&m0wWKrsm;/ rl;,pf
aq;0g;rsm;ESiahf [mfrek ;f rsm; ponfw@dk ukd zsuq
f ;D ypfonf?
tu,fI tonf; aumif;pGmtvkyv
f yk Ef idk o
f nfh tajc
taeY r&Sv
d #if tcsKd @aom aq;0g;rsm;onf omrefaq;csed f
wGifyif tE W&m,f&Sdaumif;&Sdrnf? a[mfrkef;rsm;onf
aoG;xJ wGif =um=um&SdaeEkdifvm+yD; a,musFm;rsm;wGif
&ifom;}uD;xGm;vmjcif;uJhodk@aom tcsdK@aom ouf
a&muf r _ r sm;ud k jzpf a pEk d i f o nf ? tcsd K @aom tqd y f
tawmufypPn;f rsm;onf OD;aESmufukd xdcu
dk yf supf ;D Ekid +f yD;/
,if;zsufqD;r_a=umifh pdwfykdif;qkdif&m rwnf+idrfr_rsm;
od@k r[kwf owdarharsmjcif;rsm;udk jzpfapEkid f onf?
tu,fI oifonf tonf;a&m*g ok@d r[kwf tom;0ga&m*g&o
dS nf[k oHo,&Syd gu atmufygupd P&yfrsm; jzpfrjzpf
&SmazG=unfyh g?
1? tonf;wnfaqmufykH yHrk eS rf &Sjd cif;?
• emusijf cif; od@k r[kwf tonf;udk xdv#ief mjcif;?
• tonf;wGif zl;a&mifjcif; ok@d r[kwf t}udwt
f cJ‡jdS cif;?
2? onf;ajc‡yGerf sm; ydwq
f @dkjcif;?
• tom;0gjcif;?
• qD;ta&mif&ifjh cif;?
• 0rf;ta&mifazsmjh cif;?
3? tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm; ‡if;wd@k . vkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmif&eftwGuf ysuu
f u
G jf cif;?
• tom;0gjcif;?
• cE<mud,
k w
f pf‡‡;rsm;twGi;f t&nf&adS ejcif;? a&azmjcif;ESihf a&zsO;f ?
• ‡uGuo
f m;rsm; avsmu
h somG ;jcif;?
• aoG;,dpk ;D jcif;?
• todOm%ftjynft
h 0qH;k &_;H jcif; odrk [kwf yHrk eS rf [kwaf om pdwyf idk ;f qkid &f m tajctae?
4? aoG;+ydKuGjJ cif; tu,fI tom;0gjcif;&Sad ecJv
h #if
• aoG;eDtm;enf;a&m*g?
• o&uf&u
G }f uD;jcif;?
5? tonf; od@k r[kwf cE<mud,
k .
f tjcm;aom tykid ;f rsm;wGif ul;pufa&m*gjzpfjcif;?
• tzsm;wufjcif;/ rtDromjzpfjcif;?
• ud,
k t
f ylcsed jf rifrh m;jcif;?
• aoG;ckeEf e_ ;f jrefjcif;?
• tqkwaf &mifa&m*g/ iSuzf sm; od@k r[kwf cE<mud,
k t
f wGi;f a&m*gy;kd ysEH @HS jcif;/ qkid &f mvuQ%mrsm;ESihf
awG@&cdS surf sm;?
6? ay:w,faoG;jyefa=umtwGi;f zdtm;jrifrh m;jcif; vuQ%mawG@&cdS surf sm;?
• a&zsO;f ?
• tpmtdrEf iS hf tlvrf;a=umif; qkid &f maoG;,kpd ;D r_/ tu,fI ,if;wd@k xw
J iG f aoG;jyefa=umrsm;
aygux
f u
G yf gu trsm;tm;jzifh aoG;tefavh&o
dS nf?
tonf;. jzpfavhjzpfx&Sad om a&m*gtcsKd @ukd aemufyidk ;f aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif aqG;aEG;rnf jzpfygonf?
32
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
If you ever suspect liver disease or jaundice, try to find out if there is:
1. Liver structure abnormality:
• pain or tenderness of the liver
• swelling of or lumps in the liver
2.
•
•
•
Obstruction of the bile ducts:
jaundice
dark urine
pale stools
3.
•
•
•
•
•
Failure of the liver cells to do their work:
jaundice
fluid in the body tissues — oedema and ascites
wasting of muscles
bleeding
loss of full consciousness or abnormal mental state
4. Haemolysis, if jaundice is present:
• anaemia
• enlarged spleen
5.
•
•
•
•
Infection in the liver or other parts of the body:
fever, malaise, etc
raised temperature
rapid pulse
symptoms and signs of pneumonia, malaria or speticaemia
6. Signs of high pressure in the portal vein:
• ascites
• gastrointestinal bleeding usually with vomitting of blood if one of these veins bursts.
Some of the common diseases of the liver will be discussed in the next articles.
yHk (10) tom;0gaeaomvlem/ ta&jym;ESifhrsufjzLom;wGif t0ga&mifazsmhazsmh&Sdaeonf/
Fig. 10 Patients with jaundice. The skin and sclera have a pale yellow colour.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
33
?
t&ufa=umifhjzpfaom tonf;a&m*g
usef;rma&;apwref
umvtwef=um t&ufaomufo;kH jcif;onf tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;udk ysupf ;D apI ul;pufa&m*gukd
jzpfapedik o
f nf// ,if;ESiw
hf qufwnf;wGif t&ufa=umifh jzpfaom tonf;a&m*gukd jzpfay:aponf//
tonf;a&mif&rf;jcif; ( tonf;a&mifa&m*g ) onf tonf;xJwiG jf zpfymG ;aom yxrqH;k ajymif;vJr_
jzpfonf// xd@k aemuf tonf;udk tqDz;kH v$r;f r_rmS wd;k vmjy;D aemufwiG rf l tonf;‹uGyaf &m*g jzpfvmonf//
tonf;a&mifa&m*gESifh tonf;‡uGyfa&m*g
wd‡
k onf trsm;tm;jzifh tjzpfrsm;aom tonf;a&m*grsm;
jzpf=uonf// t&uftvGeftu|Haomufjcif;a=umifh
‡kww
f &uf od@k r[kwf emwm&Snt
f onf;a&mif&rf;jcif;
onf t&ufa=umifjh zpfaom tonf;a&mifa&m*gjzpfonf?
,if;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh eSpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm t&uf tvGef
tuH|aomufjyD;aemuf jzpfyGm;onf// t&uftoHk;jyKr_
=umavav/ t&ufaomufo;kH onfyh rm% rsm;avav
tonf;a&m*gjzpfymG ;E_e;f jrifrh m;avavyif jzpfonf?
t&ufaomufoHk;r_a=umifh cHwGif;ysufr_udk
jzpfymG ;aponf// t&ufonf t[m&"mwfukd axmufyHh
ray;ojzifh r=umrDwiG f t[m&cdsK w
h rhJ r_ mS wd;k wufjzpfymG ;
vmedik o
f n/f/ t[m&cdsK w
h rhJ .
_ &v'fa=umifv
h nf; tonf;
a&m*g jzpfyGm;wwfonf//odk@ aomf tDoaem(t&uf .
"mwkaA'trnf) .tqdy&f adS omoufa&mufro
_ nfvnf;
a&m*gujkd zpfaponf//
tonf;‡uGyfjcif;onfa&m*g.aemufqHk;t
qifyh ifjzpfonf// a&m*gEiS t
hf ajctae txdu
k t
f avsmuf
wd;k yGm;jzpfay:r_r&dv
S #if vuQ%mjyor_&v
dS rd rfh nf r[kwaf y?
tu,fI vuQ%m&Sdvmv#if a&m*ga&S@wdk;vmr_rSm
wqifch si;f wd;k vmaernfjzpfonf//
t&ufukd toD; od@k r[kwf taphrS jyKvkyx
f m;aoma=umifh ,if;onf tpm;tpmwpfcjk zpfonfukd
omreftm;jzif,
h =kH unfr&_ o
Sd nf/ o‡
kd aomf,if;onftpm;tpmr[kwaf y?cE<mud,
k .
f r&Srd jzpfvt
kd yfaom t[m&
"mwfukd t&ufu trSew
f u,fjywfvwfaponf// t&ufwiG u
f ,fv&kd D (1 *&rfj'yfx]k 7 uDvu
kd ,fv&kd D ) yg0if
aoma=umifh ,if;u pGr;f tifukd xkwv
f yk o
f nf// odk ah omfvnf; cE<mud,
k w
f pf&LS ;rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&efEiS hf
jyefvnfjyKjyif&ef vdt
k yfaomrnfonf"h mwkypPn;f rS ,if;wGirf yg0ifay// t&uftvGet
f u|aH omufjcif;onf
AD w mrif ES i f h o wW K "mwf r sm;jywf v wf r _ u d k jzpf a paom ta=umif ; &if ; wpf & yf jzpf o nf / /t&uf o nf
tlvrff;a=umif;wpfav#muf tem;owfrsm;udk zsufqD;ypfonfESifhtwl odkif&mrif/ zdk;vpf tufqpf/ ADwm
rifbw
D EJG iS hf tqDxw
J iG af ysm0f ifaeaom ADwmrif (at/ 'D /tD; / au )wdk u
h pkd yk ,
f jl cif;rSm avsmeh nf;vmonf//
t&ufpaGJ eol wpf a,mufonf tpm;udk enf;enf;r#om pm;oH;k onf// ta=umif;rSm tpmajctzJ@G tpnf;rSm
zsuq
f ;D cHxm;&jcif;a=umifh jzpfonf// od@k r[kwf olonf pm;xm;aomt[m&"mwfrsm;udk oifw
h ifh avsmuf
ywfpmG raqmif&u
G ef ikd jf cif;a=umifyh i f jzpfonf// 0rf;av#mjcif;/ cHwiG ;f ysujf cif;ESit
hf &uftvGet
f uGsaH omufjyD;
r=umc%qdo
k vdk tefxw
k jf cif;wd@k a=umifh t[m&"gwrf nDr#ru
_ kd t&ufpo
JG o
l nf cHpm;&edik o
f nf// tcsKyf tm;jzifh
t&ufpjGJ cif;onf wjznf;jznf;jcif;jzpfaeaom iwfrw
G jf cif; yHpk w
H pfrsKd ; jzpfEikd o
f nf//
34
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Health Messenger
Long time alcohol consumption can cause infection and damage to the liver cells,
giving rise to alcoholic liver diseases. Inflammation (hepatitis) is
the first stage of changes that take place within the liver, and
progresses to fatty liver and then cirrhosis.
Hepatitis and cirrhosis are the most
common alcoholic liver diseases. Alcoholic
hepatitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the liver induced by alcohol abuse.
It usually occurs after years of excessive
drinking. The longer the duration of
alcohol use and the larger the quantity of
alcohol consumed, the greater the chance
of developing liver disease.
Due to alcohol consumption, loss of
appetite occurs and as alcohol provides no
nutrients, malnutrition may develop later.
Liver disease may occur as a result of the
malnutrition. But the poisonous effect of
ethanol (chemical name of alcohol) can cause
liver disease too.
Cirrhosis is the final phase of the
disease. Symptoms may not be present until
the disease is relatively advanced and if
present, develop gradually.
What is cirrhosis of liver?
Cirrhosis is a chronic liver disease,
that slowly destroys the liver cells in all parts
of the liver. Fibrous scar tissues develop and
very few new liver cells grow, all these slowly
destroying the structure and function of the
yHk (11) b,frSnmodk@--yHkrSeftonf;/ tqDzkH;aeaomtonf;/
tonf;‡uGyaf &m*g jzpfaeaomtonf;/
Fig. 11 From left to right this picture shows a
normal liver; a fatty liver; a cirrhotic liver
yHkrSeftonf;/
Normal liver
tonf;‡uGyjfcif;/
Cirrhosis
There is a common belief that since alcohol is made from fruit or grain, it is
a food. But it is not. Alcohol actually starves the body of essential nutrients. As
alcohol consists of calories (1gm = 7 kcal), so it produces energy. But it does not
contain any of the chemical substances that are needed to build and repair body
tissues. Alcohol abuse may be a common cause of vitamin and mineral deficiency.
Alcohol damages the intestinal lining and reduces the absorption of thiamine, folic
acid, and vitamin B12 and also the fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). An alcoholic
may eat less or, because the digestive system is disrupted, may be unable to process
properly the nutrients that are eaten. Alcoholics may also suffer nutritional
imbalances because of diarrhoea, loss of appetite, and vomiting that often
accompany heavy drinking. In short, alcoholism can be a form of slow starvation.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
35
?
tonf;‹uGyaf &m*gqo
kd nfrmS bmvJ/
tonf;‡uGyaf &m*gqo
kd nfrmS tonf;.tpdwf
tydkif;tm;vHk;&Sd tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;udk ajz;!Sif;pGm
zsuq
f ;D aom emwm&Snt
f onf;a&m*g jzpfonf// tr#i&f dS
aomtrm&Gwfwpf&SL;rsm;onf zGH@jzdK;vmItenf;i,f
r#aom tonf;uvyfpnf;topfrsm;om }uD;xGm;vm
onf// Tt&mtm;vH;k onf tonf;.wnfaqmufyEkH iS hf
vkyfief;rsm;udk ajz;!Sif;pGmzsufqD;onf// tr#ifygaom
trm&Gwfwpf&SL;rsm;udk aumvdyf*sifac: tjzLa&mif
tDvufpwpfaysmah jymif;wpf&LS ;rsm; pkyjkH cif;jzifh zJ@G pnf;onf?
Twpf&SL;rsm;rSm aoG;axmufyhHr_r&SdyJ aoaeaom
odk@r[kwf ysufpD;aeaom tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;.
ae&mwGif tpm;xd;k 0if=uonf//
t&uftrsm;tjym;toHk;jyKjcif;onf tonf;
‡uGyaf &m*gjzpfaponfh t"duta=umif;&if; jzpfonf//
tjcm;aomta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm ul;pufa&m*grsm;onf
onf;ajc&nfp;D qif;r_rsm;qdik &f m a&m*grsm;ESihf csKd @,iG ;f csuf
rsm;(onf;ajc‡yGefusOf;jcif; odk@r[kwf ydwfqdk hjcif;/)/
oH"mwfEiS hf a=u;eDpyk ,
f rl _ jrifrh m;vmjcif;wd@k yif jzpfonf?
t&ufa=umifhjzpfaomtonf;a&m*gonf vlvwfydkif;
t&G,fwGiftrsm;qHk;jzpfay:onf// i,f&G,faomolrsm;
ESiv
hf =l uD;rsm;wGiv
f nf; jzpfeikd af cs&o
dS nf//
tonf;tvkyfrvkyfjcif;.ta&;=uD;aomxdcu
kd f
oufa&mufrr_ sm;onf atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfay:vmonf?
• tonf;onf t,fvjALrifuo
hJ kd ah om tom;"mwf
rsm;udkvHkavmufpGmrxkwfvkyfygu a&azmjcif;
ESifha&zsOf;jcif;rsm;udk jzpfay:apEdkifygonf//
• tu,fItonf;onfa[mfrkef;rsm;udk acszsufjcif;
rjyKygua[mfrek ;f rsm;yg0ifrt
_ qifo
h nf tvGet
f rif;
jrifv
h mjyD; vlem.vdiyf ikd ;f qdik &f mvuQ%mrsm;ajymif;
vJrj_ zpfaponf// Oyrmtm;jzifh a,musFm;vlem
rsm;wGif *dkifeD*dkrufcsD;ac: &ifom;=uD;rm;vmjcif;/
Todkjhzpf&jcif;rSm tonf;rS zsuq
f ;D ypf&rnfhtpD wd*k siEf iS hf
y‡k*d supf wH;k wd.
k v$r;f rd;k r_a=umifjhzpfonf/
a&m*gjzpfpOfEiS hf ukor_qikd &f m vuQ%m&yfrsm;
vlwpfa,mufwiG f tonf;‡uGyaf &m*g &Sad om
tcg tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm; aoqH;k oGm;onf// umv
=um&Sn+f yD;onfah emuf tonf;wGif tvkyu
f kd aumif;rGef
pGm vky&f eftwGuf vHak vmufaomtonf; uvyfpnf;
rsm; r&Sad wmhay//
yHk (12) tonf;‡uGyaf eaoma,muFsm;}u;D wOD;wGif rde;f rozG,f
Edk@tHk}uD;aeyHk/
Fig. 12 Gynacomastia in an adult male with liver
cirrhosis
tqDrsm; tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;xJwiG f ajz;!Si;f pGm0ifa&mufvmaomtajctaewpfco
k nf tonf;
tqDz;kH jcif;yifjzpfonf// omrefuse;f rmaom tonf;wpfcw
k iG f tqDrmS ig;&mcdik ef ekS ;f ( tav;csed f tm;jzifh )
yg0ifonf// tqDz;kH aom tonf;.tav;csed if g;q,f&mcdik ef ekS ;f r#onf tqDjzpfonf//
tonf;tqDz;kH jcif;udk awG &h onfh ta=umif;&if;rsm;rSm
1// cE<muf,
k .
f tjcm;tpdwt
f ydik ;f rsm;rS tonf;odk t
h qD&&Srd r_ mS ‡kww
f &uf wd;k wufvmjcif;?
2// tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;rStqDpeG @f ypfjcif;twGuv
f t
kd yfaomtom;"mwftxdu
k t
f avsmufuif;rJjh cif;?
3// tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;tm;jzifh tqDz@GJ pnf;r_rmS wd;k yGm;vmjcif; ESihf
4// tonf;uvyfpnf;rsm;rS tqDjzdKcJrG _ enf;vmjcif;?
t&ufaomufo;kH jcif;/ wDbaD &m*g/ iwfrw
G jf cif;/ wpfpw
kH pf&maomaq;0g; (wufx&mqdu
k u
f vif;/
pwD;‡ku
d f ) qD;csKd ESihf t0vGejf cif;wdk w
h iG f tonf;tqDz;kH jcif;onf jzpfavhjzpfx&So
d nf//
36
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
liver. Fibrous scar tissues are formed by
deposition of collagen (white elastic tissue).
These tissues do not have any blood supply
and replace the dead or damaged liver cells.
Excessive alcohol use is the main
cause of cirrhosis. Other causes include
infections, diseases and defects of the bile
drainage system (such as biliary stenosis or
obstruction) and increased iron and copper
absorption. Alcoholic cirrhosis mostly
affects middle-aged adults; the younger and
the older people are also at risk.
and may cause further damage to the liver.
• If liver does not metabolize toxins from
the intestines, these toxins may stop the
brain working properly.
Course of the disease and clinical features
Management of the symptoms
When a patient has cirrhosis, liver
cells die. After a long time there are not
enough liver cells for the liver to function
properly.
The following very important effects
of liver failure occurs:
• If the liver does not produce enough
proteins like albumin this causes oedema
and ascites.
• If the liver does not metabolize hormones,
their levels get too high and cause changes
in the sexual characteristics of the patient.
For example, breast enlargement in male
patients (gynacomastia). This is due to
the influence of oestrogen and
progest erone, which are not destroyed
by the liver.
• If liver does not metabolize drugs, the
effects of some drugs last a very long time
Cure is not possible. The first line of
treatment includes stopping alcoholic drinks,
high protein diet (except in cases of encephalopathy) with vitamin supplements and
adequate rest.
Ascites is managed by less salt intake
and the intake of diuretics.
Some surgical management is needed
to take care of other problems like bleeding
oesophageal varices or draining ascitic fluid.
It is best to refer the patient to the hospital.
Complications
•
•
•
•
•
bleeding oesophageal varices
portal hypertension
hepatic encehphalopathy
mental confusion
coma
Expectations (prognosis)
There is more chance of survival if
the patient stops drinking before the disease
becomes severe. In advanced cirrhosis with
severe liver dysfunction, 50% of patients
survive for 2 years.
Fatty liver is a condition where fat is infiltrated in the liver cells. A normal and
healthy liver contains 5% of fat (by weight) and with a marked fatty liver nearly 50%
of the weight is fat. Fatty liver occurs because of:
1. sudden increase in mobilization of fat from the other part of the body to the liver,
2. relative lack of protein necessary for release of fat from the liver cells,
3. increased fat formation by the liver cells, and
4. decrease breakdown of fat by liver cells.
Fatty liver is common in alcohol ingestion, tuberculosis, starvation, certain
drugs (tetracyline, steroids), diabetes, and obesity.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
37
?
• tonf;onf aq;0g;rsm;udkacszsufjcif; rjyKvkyfygu
tcsdKhaomaq;0g;rsm;. tmedoifrsm;onf umv
wm&Snpf mG =um&Snv
f medik jf yD; tonf;udk ydI
k ysupf ;D r_
jzpfapedkifygonf//
• tonf;onf tlvrf;a=umif;wpfav#mufrS tqdyf
tawmufrsm;udkacszsufjcif;rjyKvkyfygu
xdktqddyftawmufrsm;onf OD;aESmufaumif;pGm
tvkyf vkyjf cif;udk &yfqikd ;f ypfeikd o
f nf//
qifyh mG ;a&m*grsm;
• tpmrsK‡
d yGeEf iS q
hf ikd af om aoG;a=umus,af eonfh
•
•
•
•
aoG;jyefa=umuGe,
f ufraS oG;xGujf cif;?
tonf;aoG;a=umtwGi;f zdtm;jr‡ifjh cif;?
tonf;a=umifjh zpfaom OD;aESmufa&m*g?
pdw‡
f y_ af xG;jcif;?
arsmjcif;?
a&m*gvuQ%m&yfrsm;tm; jyKpak pmifah &Smufjcif;
ukor_onf rjzpfedkifyg// aq;ukor_. yxrqHk;
ta=umif;t&mwGif t&ufaomufo;kH jcif;udk &yfypfjcif;/
yHk (13) tonf;‡uGyjf cif;ESihf tonf;uifqm&Sv
d el mwGif tvGet
f rif;qd;k
&Gm;aeaom a&zsOf;a&m*g/
Fig. 13 Severe ascites in a patient with cirrhosis
and hepatoma.
38
ADwmrifaxmufyHhay;jcif;ESifhvHkavmufpGmtem;,ljcif;
ESit
hf wl tom;"mwf t[m&udk rsm;rsm;pm;aomufjcif;/
( OD;aESmuftm‡kaH =uma&m*grw
S yg; ) wd@k yg0ifonf//
qm;ud k a v#mh p m;jcif ; ES i f h qD ; &$ i f a omaq;ud k
aomufjcif;jzifh a&zsOf;a&m*g rjzpfatmif xdrf;csKyf
xm;Edik o
f nf?
tcsKd ch pGJ w
d rf E_ iS q
hf ikd af om jyKpkuo
k jcif;udk tpm
rssK‡
d yGeEf iS q
hf ikd af om aoG; jyefa=umuGe,
f ufraS oG;xGujf cif;
odk@r[kwf a&zsOf;rSt&nfrsm;pkyfxkwfjcif;uJhodk@ tjcm;
jy\emrsm;wGif aqmif&u
G &f ef vdt
k yfonf// aq;‡Ho
k @kd
vlemudk v$aJ jymif;ay;yd@k jcif;onf taumif;qH;k jzpfonf//
ar#mv
f ifch su&f jdS cif;
(a&m*gEiS yhf wfoufI jzpfEidk af jcudk tuJjzwfjcif;)
a&m*gjyif;xefrvmrDwGif vlemonf t&uf
aomufjcif;udk &yfvu
kd yf gu u,fwifEidk &f ef tcGit
hf a&;
ydI
k &Sv
d monf// tvGejf yif;xefaom tonf;tvkyrf vkyf
awmhonfah &m*gu|r;f aeaom tonf;‡uGyaf &m*g jzpfymG ;
aeol 50 &mcdkifE_ef;onfom aemufxyf ESpfESpfcef@
touf&iS f aeEdik o
f nf//
yH k (14) t&ufa=umifh tonf;‡uGyfjcif;jzpfaeaom TvlemwGif
0rf;Adu
k af &S‡ydik ;f tay:,HaoG;jyefa=umrsm;ay:vGiv
f su&f o
dS nf/
Fig. 14 Superficial abdominal veins are
prominent in this patient with alcoholic cirrhosis
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
tonf;‹uGyjfcif;a&m*g. vuQ%mrsm;/
0rf;Adu
k yf ikd ;f Ya&mif&rf;jcif;/
( a,bk,stm;jzifyh xrqH;k vuQ%m )
ud,
k t
f av;csed af vsmjh cif;/
tefjcif;/
yef;aojcif;/
aoG;tefjcif;
ajcaxmufrsm;a&mif&rf;jcif;/
tm;enf;jcif;/
ysKd jh cif;/
"rRwmvmonfu
h mvrsm;Y aESmuf,u
S jf cif;/
vdiu
f pd YP pdw0f ifpm;r_enf;yg;jcif;/
0rf;rnf;rnf;oGm;jcif;/(uwW&map;uJo
h kd rh nf;jcif;/)
tonf;‹uGyjf cif;a&m*g. vuQ%mawG@&cd S surf sm;/
ao;odrv
f mjcif;? Tt&monf yxrY rxif&mS ;ay// odk ah omf r=umrD ,if;onf tvGejf yif;xefvmonf//
vufarmif;rsm;ESiyhf ck ;kH rsm;wGif txif&mS ;qH;k jzpfonf// (,if;udk tonf;ysupf ;D jcif;tm;jzifh jzpfay:aponf//)
ajcaxmufEiS hf ausmufuek ;f rsm;Ya&azmjcif;//
a&zsO;f a=umifh 0rf;Adu
k yf ikd ;f Y tvGet
f rif; azma&mif=uD;rm;vmjcif;//
o&uf&u
G f =uD;xGm;vmonf// ( ,if;onf ay:w,faoG;jyefa=umzdtm; jrifw
h ufaoma=umifh jzpfonf//
odk ah omf o&uf&u
G u
f kd =uD;apaom tjcm;ta=umif;rsm;vnf; &So
d nf? )
owdjyK&rnfh tcsuEf pS cf su?f
1// tonf;onf r=umc% =uD;avh=uD;x jzpfavhr&Syd g //
2// a&m*g.aemufq;kH tqifh a&mufonfw
h ikd af tmif tom;0gjcif; jzpfavhr&Syd g//
Symptoms of cirrhosis
swelling of the abdomen
(usually the first symptom)
weight loss
vomiting
impotence
vomiting blood
swelling of the legs
weakness
nausea
disturbance in menstrual periods
loss of interest in sex
malaena (black tarry stool)
Signs of cirrhosis
Wasting. This is not marked at first; but later it is very severe. It is most marked in
the arms and shoulders, and this is caused by liver cell failure.
Oedema of the legs and back.
Very swollen abdomen caused by ascites.
The spleen is enlarged, this is due to high portal vein pressure; but there are often
other causes for an enlarged spleen as well.
Note two things:
1. The liver is often not enlarged.
2. Jaundice is not common until late in the disease.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
39
?
How Oedema and Ascites occur?
Oedema is the excessive accumulation of fluid, usually causing swelling. This is
caused by low protein in the blood from liver cell failure. Usually the protein produced by liver (mainly albumin) holds the fluid inside the blood vessels. If there is not
enough protein in the blood, the fluid then goes through the vessel walls and fill the
space between tissues.
Ascites is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. This is due to increased pressure in the portal vein and low protein in the blood. The formation of
scar tissue presses on the portal vein and increases the pressure in the vein. The vein
therefore becomes overfilled and stretched. The low protein in the blood and the
overstretched veins cause imbalance between inward and outward pressure in the
small blood vessels, causing fluid from the vein to fill the peritoneum.
a&azmjcif;ESihf a&zsO;f wdk o
h nf rnfuo
hJ kd jh zpfymG ;oenf;/
a&azmjcif;onf t&nf tvGet
f rif; pkyrkH r_ sm; wd;k yGm;vmjcif;jzpfjy;D trsm;tm;jzifh a&mif&rf;jcif;udjk zpfay:fonf/ tonf;
tvkyrf vkyjf cif;rS aoG;xJY tom;"mwfenf;yg;jcif;jzifh ,if;udk jzpfaponf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh tonf;( t"dutm;jzifh
t,fjALrif ) u xkwv
f yk af om tom;"mwfonf aoG;a=um‡
yGerf sm;twGi;f t&nfuq
kd ,
GJ x
l m;onf// aoG;xJY
tom;"mwf vHak vmufpmG r&Syd gu wpf&LS ;ae&mvGwrf sm;odk h aoG;‡yGeaf =umrsm;rS t&nfrsm; xGuo
f mG ;onf/
a&zsO;f onf 0rf;wGi;f acgi;f Y t&nfrsm; pkyv
kH mjcif;yif jzpfonf/ ,if;onf ay:w,faoG;jyefa=umwGif zdtm;wd;k vmjcif;ESihf
aoG;xJY tom;"mwfenf;yg;jcif;wd@ak =umihf jzpfonf/ trm&Gww
f pf&LS ;rsm;pkyv
kH mjcif;onf ay:w,f aoG;jyefa=umrsm;
ay: Y zd v mI aoG ; jyef a =umxJ w G i f z d t m;wd k ; vmaponf / / xd k h a =umif h aoG ; jyef a =umonf
ydkIaoG; rsm;jynfhvmumqef@xGufvmonf// aoG;xJwGiftom;"mwfenf;yg;jcif;ESifh ydkIqef@xGufvm aom
aoG;jyefa=umrsm;u ao;Ii,faom aoG;a=um‡
yGerf sm;xJ&dS t0iftxGuzf t
d m;wdk =h um;wGif rnDr#r_ukd jzpfaponf?
,if;zdtm; rnDr#ru
_ aoG;jyefa=umxJrt
S &nfukd xGuv
f map+yD; TxGuv
f maomt&nfonf tltarS;yg;.
vkyif ef;udk &yfqikd ;f apum a&zsO;f a&m*g jzpfaponf?
40
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
cufqpf
OD;aeSmufqikd &f ma&m*g tltaj‹;yg
r ;tpmacsjcif; ( ZD0jy v
k yk o
f nf ) ZD0jzpfpOfwnfaqmufjcif;jzpfpOfavmifusG r;f jcif;jzpfpOf-
OD;aESmufwiG f wpfpw
kH pf&mysupf ;D oGm;jcif;a=umifjh zpfaom a&m*gjzpfonf‡if
/ ;wGif
OD;aESmufvyk if ef;rsm; edru
hf svmonf/
,if;onf yg;v$maom tajr;‡
yg;jzpfjy;D 0rf;Adu
k yf ikd ;f vd%
_ af cgi;f wGif wnf&dS onf/
,if;xJwiG &f adS om t*F gtm;vH;k udk zH;k tkyx
f m;onf/
tpmacsonf/
(ZD0ajymif;vJr_rsm; aqmif&u
G o
f nf/ t[m&rsm;udk ZD0jzpfpOfokd h toH;k jyK onf/ )
cE<mud,
k t
f wGi;f wGif jzpfay:vmaom "mwkwek @f jyefrt
_ m;vH;k pkaygi;f xm;onfh
udpw
P pf&yfjzpfonf/ ,if;wGiw
f nfaqmufjcif;ESihf avmifu|r;f jcif;wk@d yg0ifonf/
cE<mud,
k t
f wGi;f wGi"f mwk"mwfaygi;f rsm;xkwv
f yk jf cif;twGu"f mwfjyKr_ tm;vH;k udk
qdv
k o
kd nf/ TjzpfpOftwGuf pGrf;tifvt
kd yfonf/
t&m0wWKypPn;f rsm;udk pGe@f ypfjcif;/ j'yfaygi;f rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJypfeikd af omZD0qdik &f m
zsuq
f ;D r_jzpfpOfwpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif pGr;f &nfay:ayguv
f monf/
tpmrs‹yG
d K eq
f ikd &f maoG;jyef
a=umi,fueG ,
f uf}uD;jcif;- tpmrs‡yG
d K e.
f atmufq;kH ydik ;f wGi&f adS om aoG;jyefa=umtcsKd @us,v
f mjcif;/=u;D vmjcif;?
yef;aojcif; &kyyf ikd ;f qdik &f modk rh [kwpf w
d yf ikd ;f qdik &f mtcsuaf =umifjh zpfapaoma,muFsm;. vdif
qdik &f mvSyl &f mS ;r_ukd jy;D ajrmufatmif rpGr;f aqmifeikd jf cif;?
qD;&$iaf q; qD;xGu&f jdS cif;ud‡if
k jr w
h ifay;aom aq;0g;wpfrsKd ;?
uwW&myrmndKrnf;aom odk rh [kwf uwW&muJo
h kd rh nf;eufaomt&m/wiG ;f xGuaf usmufr;D aoG;
udk aygi;f cHjcif;jzifh &&Sad om ap;yspyf spf t&nfwpfrsd K;?
onf;ajc‹
yGeu
f sO;f jcif;
od@k r[kwf ydwq
f @kd jcif; onf;ajc‡
yGef usO;f ajrmif;jcif;?
Encephalopathy:
any degenerative disease of the brain, in which the brain
function becomes lower.
Peritoneum:
a thin membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers
most of the organs inside it.
Metabolize:
to undergo metabolism.
Metabolism:
a total of all the chemical reactions that take part in the
body, consisiting of anabolism and catabolism.
Anabolism:
it is the total of reactions that produce chemical compounds for
buliding up the body. For this process, energy is necessary.
Catabolism:
any destructive metabolic process in which substances are
converted to excreted compounds. It releases energy.
Oesophageal varices: dilatation of some veins at the lower end of the oesophagus.
Impotence:
inability to accomplish the male sexual act, caused by physical or
psychological factor.
Diuretics:
any drug that increases the excretion of urine.
Tarry:
dark-brown or black colour like tar. Tar is a semisolid liquid
obtained from distillation of bituminous coal.
Biliary stenosis or
obstruction:
narrowing of the biliary duct.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
41
?
aomuf o nf / aomuf c J h o nf / aomuf a ecJ h o nf
ayrfa&mf*sm;pf/ rl;,pfaq;pGJjcif;qdkif&mtxl;uk/ uae'g/
'kuQonfpcef;rsm;wGit
f &ufo;kH pGrJ E_ iS yhf wfoufI olr.tawG@t}uKH rsm;udk pma&;olu aqG;aEG;wifjyxm;ygonf//
xkt
d awG@t}uHKrsm;udk e,fjcm;wavsmuf rl;,pfaq;pGjJ cif;ukor_oifwef;rsm; zGiv
hf pS cf phJ Ofu &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfygonf?
olwdk@oHa,mZOf&Sdoludk rsufESmcsif;qdkif 0dkif;I
xd k i f a e=uonf ? ol . rd o m;pk / ol . t&if ; ES D ; qH k ;
rd w f a qG r sm; ES i f h b moma&;qd k i f & macgif ; aqmif /
wa,mufcsif;u olwdk@. om;/ cifyGef;/ nDtpfudk/
oli,fcsi;f jzpfaomol@ukd t&ufaomufjcif;udk &yfwef@&ef
vdkvm;a=umif;ajymcJh=uonf? &yfwef@Edkif&eftwGuf
tultnDrsm;udk &,l&ef ajymcJ=h uonf?
ol ae@pOft&ufaomufvmcJo
h nfrmS ESpEf pS =f um
cJjh yD? olr rnfr#0rf;enf;r_ cHpm;&a=umif;/ ol.use;f rma&;
twGuf rnfr#yyl ifaomua&mufc&hJ a=umif; ol.rdcifu
yH k (15) aq;pG J j cif ; uk o r_ avh u sif h a &;ES i f h tvk y f ‡ H k a qG ; aEG ; yG J /
zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;/yifrfa&m*sm;pfrS rdef@cGef;w&yf ajym=um;aeyHk/
Fig. 15 The opening ceremony of the addiction therapy
training and workshop. Pam Rogers is delivering a
speech.
ajymonf? ol.zcifjzpfou
l ol@a=umifh rdom;pk rnfr#
t&Suf&cJh&a=umif;ajymonf? ZeD;jzpfolrSm pdwfqdk;
aeonf? tu,fI t&ufukd qufaomufaecJv
h #if ol.
ZeD;tjzpf raeEkid af wmha=umif; ajymonf? bmoma&;
acgif;aqmifu bmoma&;/ vlr_a&;rsm;ESifh uif;uGm
oGm;cJah om ol@ twGuf pdwrf aumif;pum;rsm; qdo
k nf?
tcspq
f ;Hk rdwaf qGrsm;u ol@ukd cspcf ifyga=umif;/ od@k aomf
vnf; oli,fcsi;f tjzpf a&S‡udk qufrjzpfEikd af wmha=umif;
ajymvm=uonf? ol.nDi,fjzpfolrSm tudkjzpfol.
t}uD;tus,af jymif;vJomG ;r_ukd em;rvnfEikd af tmifjzpf
42
aeonf? 0rf;enf;jcif;ESihf pd;k &drrf u
_ kd nDjzpfov
l nf; cHpm;ae&
onf?
qdik ;f rqifAh rkH qifb
h t
J m;vk;H . qef@usif ajymqdjk cif;
udk cH&aoma=umifh =um;=um;jcif; olonf tvGef tht
H m;
oifo
h mG ;I a'govnf;jzpfro
d nf? t&ufEiS fh ywfoufI
bmrS jy\emr&So
d a,mif [efaqmifz@kd ol}udK;pm;onf?
t&uf a omuf j cif ; ud k ol r&yf v d k a o;yg? qif a jc
trsdK;rsdK;ay;I xdrf;Edkifrnfr[kwfrSef; ol@ESvkH;om;u
odaeaom uwdrsm;udk ay;cJhonf? t&ufonf ol.
rdwfaqGjzpfonf? olqHk;‡H_;cJh&onfrsm;udk arhaysmuf
Edik &f efEiS hf pdwyf sut
f m;avsm+h iD;aiG@jcif;rsm; rcHpm;
&avatmif t&ufu ol@udk ulnDcJhonf? ol.
oli,fcsif;rsm;tm;vkH; t&ufaomuf =uonf?
vkyf&ef aumif;aomt&mjzpfonf? olt&uf
jzwfcJhv#if bmawG jzpfvmrvJ? ol bmvkyf
oifo
h vJ?
ouU&mZf 2000 {+yDv ESihf arvwGif e,fjcm;
a'owav#mufY yxrOD;qHk;t}udrftjzpfr;l ,pf
aq;pGjJ cif;ukor_qik d &f moif=um;avhusifhaqG;aEG;yGJ
oifwef;rsm; zGifhvSpfjzpfcJh=uonf? txufwGif
az: jycJah om tjzpftysuaf v;rSm oifwef;om;
rsm;ud,
k w
f ikd yf g0ifxm;aomZmwfvrf;wdu
k av;rsm; xJrS
wck j zpf y gonf ? Toif w ef ; rsm;ud k trsKd ; om;
use;f rma&;ESiyhf nma&;aumfrwDrS }u;D r‡;I usi;f yjcif;
jzpfonf? Arm'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m uae'g&HykHaiGrS T
pDru
H ed ;f twGuf aiGa=u; axmufycHh o
hJ nf?
e,f j cm;a'owavsmuf oG m ;vmEd k i f a om
tcG i f h t a&;ud k u|ef r &cJ h o nf ? Toif w ef ; rsm;rS
rsm;Edik o
f avmuf rsm;pGmaom vlrsm;udk tusKd ;tjrwf
taotcsm&&Sad p&ef u|erf ESiu
hf se;f rma&; aumfrwDw@kd
vkdvm;cJh=uygonf? trsdK;orD;rsm;/ trsdK;om;rsm;/
vli,frsm;/ rdom;pkrsm;xHodk@a&muf atmif u|efrwdk@
vdkvm;cJh=uygonf? vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;0efxrf;rsm;/ aq;
0efxrf;rsm;/ q&m‡q&mrrsm;ESihf pcef;acgi;f aqmif rsm;
twGuf Toifwef;rsm;udk zGichf =hJ uonf? &nf&,
G cf surf mS
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
Drink, Drank, Drunk
?
Pam Rogers, Addiction Therapist, Canada
Pam Rogers discusses her experience on alcohol use in the refugee camps which she gathered
during Addiction Therapy Training Workshops along the border.
They sat in a circle facing their loved
one. Each member of the family, his close
friends, and his spiritual leader tell their son,
husband, brother, friend, that they want him
to stop drinking. To get some help to stop.
The man has been drinking every day
for two years now. His mother tells him how
sad she feels, how worried she is for his
health. His father tells him how he has
brought shame to the family. His wife is
angry. She tells him she can no longer be his
wife if he keeps drinking. His spiritual leader
mourns the loss of the man’s connection to
his religion and community. His best friend
loves him but cannot continue the friendship.
His little brother does not understand how
his big brother has changed so much. He
too feels sad and afraid.
At first the man is surprised and
angry to be confronted by so many at once.
He tries to pretend he has no problems with
alcohol. He doesn’t want to stop. He gives
excuses and promises he knows in his heart
yHk (17) aq;pGJaeol rdom;pk0ifwa,mufta=umif;udk rdom;pk0dkif;jzifh
aqG;aEG;aeyHk/( u&ifvl@tzGJ@tpnf;)
Fig. 17 Family discussion about an addicted family
member (Karen community)
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
yHk (16) rl;,pfaq;0g; ynmay; tvky‡
f akH qG;aEG;yG/J armfupJ cef;/ ar/ 1999/
Fig. 16 Drug education workshop at Mawker camp.
May, 1999
he cannot keep. The alcohol is his friend.
It helps him to forget his losses and not to
feel bored with his life. All his friends drink.
It is something to do. What would happen
if he stopped? What should he do?
In April and May, 2000, the first
Addiction Therapy Training Workshops was
organized along the border. The story above
is just one example of a role-play exercise
practiced by the trainees of the workshop.
The National Health and Education
Committee (NHEC) presented these
workshops. The project was funded by the
Canada Fund for Burmese Refugees.
I had the opportunity to travel along
the border. The NHEC and I wanted to
ensure that as many person as possible
would benefit from these trainings. We
wanted to reach women, men, youth, and
families. The workshops were developed for
community workers, social workers,
medics, teachers and camp leaders. The purpose was to provide education related to
alcohol abuse and help them plan ways to
deal with addiction in their communities.
43
?
t&ufpjJG cif;ESiq
hf ufE,
G af om A[kow
k ynmay;r_rsm;
jzef@a0&efESifh rdrdESifhqdkifaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd
t&ufpaJG eolrsm;udk rnfo@kd tultnDay;&rnf qdo
k nfh
tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfvkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf tul
tnDay;&efw@kd jzpf=uonf?
xdkif;jrefrm e,fjcm;wavsmufrS ywfoufol
rsm;tm;vk H ; oif w ef ; ud k wuf a &muf c J h = uonf ?
e,ftm;vHk;rS wufa&mufvmolrsm;onf 5 &uf=um
oifwef;udk vma&muf cJ=h uonf? oifwef;rsm;tm;vk;H udk
vltiftm;tjynfh0qkH;jzifhwufcJh=uonf? u|efrwdk@
xdawG@cGifh&cJhaom pdwfyg0ifpm;=uolrsm;xJwGif 34
&mcdkifESkef;rSm trsdK;orD;rsm;jzpf=u+yD; 23 &mcdkifESkef;rSm
vli,frsm; jzpf=uonf? wae&mwGiq
f v
kd #if oifwef;om;
30 wuf a&mufcI
hJ avhvmol 250 txd &Scd o
hJ nf?f
t&ufEiS yhf wfoufaom ar;cGe;f rsm; rsm;jym;pGm
xGuaf y:vmcJo
h nf? u|erf wd@k od&cdS &hJ onfrsm;u pmzwf
olrsm;udk tHt
h m;oifph &m jzpfapEdik o
f vd/k jzpfcsirf v
S nf;
jzpfapygvrd rhf nf?
u|efrwdk@ awG@qkHav@vmcJ@&or# a,bl,stm;
jzifh vltrsm;tpGq
J ;kH aom rl;,pfaq;0g;rSm t&uf jzpfae
ygonf?tjcm;rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;(w&m;0ifESifhw&m;r0if
yHk (18) tkyfpkvdkufaqG;aEG;r_rsm;wdk;wufjzpfxGef;vsuf&Sdonf/
Fig. 18 Group discussion in progress.
ESpfrsdK;pvkH;) rpGJ=u[k rqdkvdkyg? vltrsm; ta=umuf
qk;H aom rl;,pfaq;0g;rsm;rSm ,mrm; (,mbm;) ESihf bde;f
od@k r[kwf bde;f jzLrsm; jzpf=uonf?
oifwef;rsm;wGif vltrsm; bma=umifh t&uf
aomuf=uovJ qkdaomta=umif;tcsufrsm;udk &SmcJh
=uI rsm;aomtm;jzifh a,muFsm;rsm; txl;ojzifh
vl i ,f r sm;onf t&uf u d k tvG e f t u|H a omuf a vh
&Sad =umif; awG@c=hJ u&onf?
44
pdwfysuf+iD;aiG@zG,faumif;aom 'kuQonfb0/
cufc=J urf;wrf;aomtajctaeESihf rnfo@l u=kd unf=h unfh
ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhvSojzifhcHpm;&aom pdwfusa&m*g
wd@k onf t&ufaomufjcif;. t"duusaom ta=umif;
tcsurf sm;jzpf=uonf? xd@k tjyif olw@kd . tdraf xmifO;D pD;
b0rSav#musomG ;jcif;a=umifh cHpm;&aom cHpm;csurf sm;
udv
k nf; a,muFsm;trsm;pku az: jy ajymqdck =hJ uonf?
trsKd ;orD;rsm;url t&ufaomufjcif;. tusKd ;quftjzpf
rdom;pktwGif; pdwfusjcif;ESifh pdwfzdpD;r_rsm;udk wdk;yGg;
vmaponf[k &ifzGifhcJh=uonf? wa,mufu ,ckvdk
ajymcJ h y gonf ? “ t&uf a omuf o l trsm;pk [ m
a,musFm;awGyg/ odk@aomfvnf; olwdk@t&ufaomuf
oH;k r_a=umifh rde;f rawGrmS pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m emusn;f r_awG
jzpf&ygw,f/” vli,ftrsm;pkurl aysm&f i$ rf /_ pdwv
f y_ &f mS ;r_ukd
&SmazG&efEiS hf aumif;rGeaf omcHpm;csuu
f kd &&Sad oma=umifh
t&ufaomuf=uygonf[k ta=umif;tcsufrsm;tjzpf
ajym=uonf?
t&uf p G J a eol u d k vuf c H & ef jiif ; y,f j cif ; ES i f h
&Supf &mtjzpfowfrw
S jf cif;wd@k t=um;rS ‡ke;f xGuv
f m
Edkifatmif vl@tzGJ@tpnf;taejzifh rnfodk@ aqmif&Guf
ay;EdkifrnfvJqdkonfudk u|efrwdk@ tajz&Smzdk@ }udK;pm;cJh
=uygonf ?
t&uf p G J a ejcif ;
jy\emud k
xd y f w d k u f & if q d k i f a jz&S i f ; &ef t wG u f vl @ tzG J @
tpnf;taejzifh xdt
k &Htwm; }uD;udk rnfo@kd rnfykH
+zKd c G J y pf E d k i f r nf h t a=umif ; vl w d k i f ; u yg0if
aqG;aEG;cJh=uonf? oifwef;om;rsm; wifjycJh
=uaom ajz&Sif;Edkifrnfh enf;vrf;rsm; teufrS
tcsKd @rmS atmufyg tcsuw
f @kd jzpf=uonf?
• ynmay;ydkpwmESihf vufurf;pm apmifrsm;
jzef @ a0jcif ; /t&uf a omuf j cif ; a=umif h jzpf a y:
vmrnfh qdk;usdK;rsm;ESifh ywfoufI vlxkudk
ynmay;&ef aumfrwDwckwnfaxmifjcif;?
• ausmif ; rsm;wG i f t&uf E S i f h rl ; ,pf a q;0g;
wm;qD;umuG,af &; ta=umif; oif=um;ay;jcif;?
• t&uf. qd;k usKd ;udk cHpm;ae&aom rdom;pkrsm;twGuf
axmufyrhH a_ y;rnfh tzG@J rsm; wnf axmifjcif;/
• ta&;t}uD;qH;k enf;vrf;rSm xdt
k a=umif;udk ajymqd&k ef
vdktyfjcif; jzpfonf? t&ufpGJaejcif; ta=umif; udk
zH;k uG,rf xm;zd@k vo
kd nf? t&ufpaJG eolukd tjypf wifonfh
tjyKtrlrsdK;ESifh t&Suf&aprnfhtjyKtrlrsdK; rjzpfapbJ
aEG;axG;pGmESifh ulnDajz&Sif;ay;rnfh vl@tzGJ@ tpnf;
jzpf&rnf?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
Trainees from all
areas of the Thai-Burma
border attended the training.
Participants came from all
over for the 5 days training.
The trainings were attended
to the maximum. Of all the
participants we reached, 34%
were women and 23% were
youth. In one of the places,
we had 250 observers as well
as the 30 trainees.
Many questions arose yHk (19) &Srf;vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif aq;pGJaeol rdom;pk0ifwa,mufta=umif;udk rdom;pk aqG;aEG;yGJ
about alcohol. What we jyKvkyfaeyHk/
found out may or may not Fig. 19 Family discussion about an addicted family member in
Shan community.
surprise you.
According to all the people we providers (bread winner) for the family.
surveyed the most commonly abused drug Women mentioned tha the effects of alcohol
is Alcohol. This is not to say that other drugs abuse added stress and pressure in their
drugs are not used illegaly. The survey families. One person in the survey said it this
showed that the drugs that most people fear way. “The majority of addicts are men.
are Yama (yaba) and opium or heroin.
Because of this, women are mentally ill”.
In the workshops, we discovered The youth mentioned peer pressure,
that it was mostly the men and particularly excitement, feeling good as the reasons for
young men who drank to the excess.
drinking alcohol.
The main reasons were the boredom
We tried to find out how the
of camp life, the hardship of the conditions, community boosted alcohol abuse through
and the feelings of depression about denial and shame. Everyone discussed how
everyone’s situation. Beyond this, the men the community could break through this to
expressed the loss of their normal roles as confront the problem. Some of the solutions
offered by the trainees included:
• publishing educational posters
and pamphlets, setting up
committees to educate the public
about the negative affects of
alcohol abuse,
• to teach alcohol and drug
prevention in the schools,
• to set up support groups for
families.
• Perhaps the most important way
was to just talk about it. Not to
yHk (20) pcef;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh ausmif;q&mrsm;onf rJacgifcg;pcef;YjyKvkyfaom
hide it but as a community to
rl;,pfaq;0g;ynmay; tvky‡
f kH aqG;aEG;yGw
J iG f wufa&mufaeyH/k ({+yD/ 1999/)
Fig. 20 Camp elders and teachers attended drug eductaion workshop
embrace and solve the alcohol
at Mae Khong Kha camp, April, 1999.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
45
?
yH k ( 21) tk y f p k t zG J @ 0if w a,muf r S t vk y f ‡ H k a qG ; aEG ; yG J w G i f t pD & if c H p m
wifoGif;jcif;/ rJacgifcg;pcef;/
Fig. 21 Workshop report from a group member. Mae Khong
Kha camp.
oifwef;udk pdwfyg0ifpm;pGmwufa&mufvmcJh=u
aomolrsm;a=umifh atmifjrifpGm+yDd;ajrmufoGm;cJhonfh
tjcm; aom vkyaf qmifrw
_ ckrmS olw@kd . ud,
k yf ikd f rl;,pf
aq;0g;wdkufzsufa&;yHkpH jzpfonf? rl;,pfaq;pGJjcif;udk
aq;0g;jzifh ukoEdkifonf qdkaom t,ltqa[mif;udk
olwdk@y,fcJh=uonf? aq;pGJaeolESifh vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifh vl@ tzGJ@tpnf;u aq;pGJaeol
rsm;udk aq;orm;ESihf t&uf orm; b0rS vGwaf jrmuf
atmifrnfuo
hJ @kd ulnED ikd o
f nfqkd jcif;udk olw@kd &mS azGawG@&dS
cJ=h uonf?
rl;,pfaq;pGJaeoludkulnD&ef taumif;qHk;enf;
vrf;rSm vlwikd ;f yg0ifun
l jD cif; jzpfa=umif; oifwef;om;
rsm; od&o
dS mG ;cJ=h uonf// rnfoal wG yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G &f ef
vdt
k yfonfukd olw@kd u wifjy cJ=h uonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;
ukor_ u|rf;usifol/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmif/ q&m‡
q&mrrsm;/ vlra_ &; 0efxrf;rsm;/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;
ynm oif=um; ay;ol q&mrsm;/ *DwESiyhf ef;csq
D &mrsm;/
tm;upm;enf ; jyrsm;/ ‡k d ; &m aq;uk o jcif ; ynm
u|r;f usio
f /l aq;0efxrf;rsm;/ tyfpu
kd f ynm&Sirf sm;/ tESyd f
ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh pHepfuseaom pDpOfr_rsm;/ pDrHcef@cJGa&;
qdik &f mrsm;ESihf axmufyu
Hh n
l rD r_ sm;twGupf cef;acgi;f aqmif
rsm;vnf; yg0if&efvt
kd yfa=umif; wifjycJ=h uygonf//
TuJo
h @kd y;l aygi;f yg0ifonft
h pkta0;u vlrt
_ zG@J
tpnf;twGi;f rStajctaersm;udk ajymif;vJvu
kd jf cif;jzifh
rl;,pfaq;pGaJ eolrsm;ESihf vl@tzGt
hJ pnf;wckv;kH udk t&uf
aomufoHk;olrsm;tjzpfrS jyefvnf aumif;rGefvm&ef
twGuu
f n
l ED ikd rf nf?vlwikd ;f udk u‡wckpD ay;vdu
k jf cif;
jzpfonf?f rd om;pkEiS hf vl@tzG@J tpnf; vufwiG ;f od@k wm0ef
rsm;udjk yefay;vdu
k jf cif;jzpfonf? trsKd ;om; use;f rma&;ESihf
46
ynma&; aumfrwDtaejzifh vdt
k yfaomypPn;f rsm;ESihf
rl;,pfaq;pGJukor_ u|rf;usifol ynm&Sif rsm;
yH h y d k ; ul n D ay;jcif ; jzif h ta&;ygaom tcef ; rS
yg0if E d k i f o nf [ k ol w d k @ ,l q =uonf ? rl ; ,pf
aq;jzwfolrsm;udkjyefvnf
xlaxmif&efoifwef;ay;onfah vhusiahf &; Xmewck
xlaxmifay;&efukd tcsKd @u qENjyK =uonf?
u|ef r wOD ; wnf ; .cH p m;r_ t jzpf a jym&v#if
vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;wckvkH; jyKjyif ajymif;vJa&;udk
vl w d k i f ; u pd w f y g0if p m;pG m yg0if aqmif & G u f
ae=uonf u d k awG @ &aomtcg u|ef r pd w f v _ y f
&Sm;cJh&ygonf// u|efr.tawG@t}uKHt& vlr_tzGJ@
tpnf;u rajymif;vJcJhv#if rl;,pfaq;pGJaeoltzdk@
vlaumif;jyefjzpfvm&ef tcGifhta&; r&Edkifyg? aq;‡kH
odk@r[kwf t&ufjzwf&mae&mwGif rl;,pfaq;0g;ESifh
t&uf u d k xd k o l o nf jzwf I &aumif ; &Ek d i f r nf ?
odk@aomfvnf; ol.tdrfwGif ,ciftwdkif; a&G;cs,f&ef
=uD;rm;aom tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &SdaecJhygu ola&G;cs,fcJh
zl;aom rl;,pfaq;0g;vrf;a=umif;udk ol jyefa&G; ygvrd rhf nf?
uk o a&;twG u f r [k w f b J yH h y d k ; ay;&ef t wG u f o m
aq;ynm&S i f r sm;tm;tok H ; jyKjcif ; u rl ; ,pf a q;0g;
ESifht&ufpGJaeoltwGuf a&G;cs,fp&m ydkI us,fjyef@ap
ygvd r f h r nf ? vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; u pd w f t m;xuf o ef r _
jyif ; xef o nf E S i f h t r# tm;vk H ; twG u f jyef v nf
aumif;rGev
f mr_rmS ydI
k atmifjrifrnf jzpfygonf?
aemufqkH;taejzifhajym&v#if vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;rS
cspcf ifav;pm;jcif;cH&ol trsm;pkrmS t&ufpo
JG El iS hf aq;
pGJolrsm;jzpf=u+yD; ,cktcg jyefvnfaumif;rGefae=u+yD
jzpfonf? u|erf wd@k oifwef;rsm;. tH=h o p&mtaumif;qk;H
tcsufwckrSmowWdjzpfonf? owWd&Sdvm=uojzifh tcsKd@
olrsm;onf olw@kd .b0Zmwfa=umif;rsm;udk u|erf wd@k ukd
ajymjy&JcJh=uonf? rnfolrqdk rl;,pfaq;pGJol jzpfEdkif
a=umif;udk olw@kd . ajymjycsurf sm;u u|erf wd@k ukd n$ejf y
aeonf?
t=uifem/ arwWm/ tm;ay;ulnDr_/ *‡kpdkufr_
ESihfcdkifrmaomqkH;jzwfcsufrsm;jzifh rl;,pfaq;pGJaeol
tjzpfrS rnfo@kd rnfykH jyefvnfaumif;rGev
f mEkid af =umif;udk
u|ef r wd k @ od j rif E d k i f & ef ul n D c J h y gonf ? xd k t &mrsm;
tm;vk;H onf oif.vufxw
J iG f &Syd gonf?
"gwf y H k r sm;ud k yif r f a &m*sm;pf E S i f h a pmbmewf b wf p f
wd@k rSaus;Zl;jyKonf?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
?
problems without judgement and shame.
Another achievment of the
workshops was the design of their own
community addiction programmes by the
participants. They rejected the myth that
addiction can be medically “cured”. Together
they discovered how the community could
help their addicts stay free of drugs and
alcohol.
The trainees realized that the way to
help addicts best was through each
community’s participation. They identified
those who was needed for cooperation.
Suggestions included trained addiction
counsellors, religious leaders, teachers,
social workers, vocational teachers to learn
new trades, music and art teachers, athletic
coaches, traditional medicine practitioners,
medics, acupuncturists, massage therapists
and of course camp leaders to organize,
administrate and support.
This whole, integrated approach can
help the addicts and the community recover
from alcohol abuse by changing the
conditions in the community. It gives
everyone a role. It puts the responsibility
back into the hands of the family and
community in a healthy way. They felt that
the NHEC could play a big role by
providing materials and international
addiction trainers. Some suggested an
addiction rehabilitation training centre be
yH k ( 23) u&if e D p cef ; 2 wG i f rl ; ,pf a q;0g;ynmay;aqG ; aEG ; yG J E S i f h
tvky‡
f akH qG;aEG;yGw
J iG w
f ufa&mufaeaom jynforl sm;. wpdww
f a'o/
yH k ( 22) rJ & if r avmif p cef ; rl ; ,pf a q;0g; ynmay;aqG ; aEG ; yG J E S i f h
tvky‡
f akH qG;aEG;yGw
J iG f jynforl sm;wufa&mufaeyH/k
Fig. 22 People attended drug education discussion and
workshop at Mae Ra Ma Luang camp.
established by the NHEC.
Personally, I was excited to see the
commitment of all the participants to
community rehabilitation. It is my
experience that unless the community
changes, the addict doesn’t have a chance
to recover. He may be free from alcohol and
drugs in the detoxification centre or
hospital. But unless there are strong
alternatives in place in his home, he will
return to his drug of choice. To use the
medical professionals as a support rather
than a cure will give a wider range of choices
for the alcoholic and drug addict. The
stronger the community, the more
successful the recovery for all.
Finally, the most impressive members
of your communities are the alcoholics and
addicts who are already recovering. The
most wonderful part of our workshops was
the courage that some of these people had
to tell us their stories. It showed us that
anyone could become addicted.
It helped us see how people can
recover from addiction with love,
compassion, support, care and determination. And that is in your hands.
Photos courtesy of Pam Rogers and Saw
Barnabas, NHEC.
Fig. 23 Portion of the people attending the drug education discussion and workshop at Karenni camp 2.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
47
t&ufu rif;udk zrf;rdoGm;+yD/
rvifeD rD,m'D('AvsLtD;atAGDtD;)
t&ufukd vlw@kd ok;H pGv
J mcJ=h uonfrmS ESpaf xmifaygi;f rsm;pGm =umcJ+h yDjzpfonf? ,Ofaus;r_ "avhx;k pH H
tawmfrsm;rsm;ESiu
hf ;kd uG,,
f =Hk unfr_ tawmfrsm;rsm;wd@k . ta&;=uD;aomtpOftvmyGrJ sm;wGif t&ufonf
rygrjzpfaom t&mwckjzpfonf? vlra_ &;yGrJ sm;Y aomufo;Hk =uI aq;0g;tjzpfEiS v
hf nf; ok;H pG=J uonf?
Taqmif;yg;onf t&ufp&JG jcif; ta=umif;tcsurf sm;ESihf t&ufpjJG cif;. tusK;d qufrsm;tay: t"dxm;I
az: jyygvrd rhf nf?
t&ufonf vlwkd@ trsm;qkH;oHk;pGJr_jyKaom
rl;,pfaq;0g;wrsK;d jzpfygonf? t&ufonf tifzufwrDef
od@k r[kwb
f ed ;f jzLESihf bmrS rxl;jcm;ay? tjcm;aomrl;,pf
aq;0g;rsm;ESihf rwlyJ uGjJ ym;oGm;apaom wckwnf;aom
tcsurf mS Edik if t
H awmfrsm;rsm;Y t&ufonf w&m;0ifuek f
ypPnf;w&yf tjzpf wnf&Sdaeygonf? w&m;0ifukef
ypPnf; jzpfaoma=umifh tvG,fwulESifhus,fjyef@pGm
&&SdEkdifygonf? urBm=uD;. a'otawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
t&ufonf vlra_ &;t& vufco
H ;Hk pGjJ cif; cH&Ivnf; ydI
k
tE W&m,f =uD;rm;aeygonf?
t&ufukd vltrsm;pka‡G;cs,af omufo;Hk &jcif;
ta=umif;tcsurf sm; rsm;jym;pGm ‡Syd gonf? rl;,pfaq;0g;
wcktaeESihf t&ufonf vluakd umif;rGeaf omcHpm;csu/f
tyef;ajyapaom cHpm;r_EiS hf ud,
k u
fh ,
kd u
f kd ,k=H unfpw
d f
csr_rsm; jzpfapygonf? t&ufaomufokH;jcif;udk vlr_
tzGJ@tpnf;. tcef;u‡wcktaejzifh vufcHaecJh=u
jcif;a=umifh wpkw
H a,mufonf t&ufjzifh {nfch aH omyGJ
wcko@kd wufa&mufpOf raomufvakd =umif; jiif;y,fjcif;u
r,Ofaus;aom tjyKtrlwcktjzpf owfrSwfcH&rnfh
48
taetxm;rsKd;ESifh }uKHawG@&ojzifh aomufokH;&jcif;
rsK;d jzpfavh‡o
dS nf? xdo
k @kd }uHKawG@&aomt=udrf rsm;vm
onfEiS t
hf r# t&ufupkd v
JG rf;pdwu
f ayguzf mG ;vmI xdk
olonf vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;awG@qyHk u
JG srS aomufjcif;udk apmifh
vdrrhf nf r[kwaf wmhy rJ rd zd mom wa,mufwnf;aecsed f
wGiyf if rSerf eS af omufjcif; tpjyKvmvdrrhf nf?
tcsKd@olrsm;onf olwdk@.cHpm;csufrsm;udk arh
aysmuf a p&ef t wG u f t&uf u d k a omuf o k H ; =uonf / /
vltcsK@d onf olw@kd .b0wGif emusn;f zG,f cHpm;r_aygi;f
rsm;pGmESihf }uHKawG@c&hJ +yD; xdck pH m;csurf sm;udk arhaysmuf ypf
&efvt
dk yfI t&ufonf yuwd tajctaerSerf S xGuf
cGmajy;xGufoGm;Ekdif&ef ulnDay;Ekdifaom rl;,pfaq;0g;
jzpfonf? tcsKd@olrsm;onf pdwftm;i,fwwf=uI
t&ufuolw@kd ukd ud,
k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd ,k=H unfru
_ kd jzpfaponf?
t&ufpjJG cif;onf a&m*gwckjzpfonf? xdak &m*g
wGif ,Ofaus;jcif;/ r,Ofaus;jcif;/ vlrsKd;pkESifh pD;yGg;a&;
ponf h abmif o wf r S w f c suf w d k @ r&S d a y? rnf o l r qd k
t&ufpjJG cif;a&m*gukd awG@}uHKcHpm;&Ekid o
f nf[k qdv
k jkd cif;
jzpf o nf ? tcsKd @ aom ,Of a us;r_ a vh x k H ; pH r sm;wG i f
t&ufpGJjcif; qdkaom a0g[m& r&Sday? odk@aomfvnf;
xdkteufudkyif &nf!$ef;aom pum;tokH;tE_ef;rSm
tvGew
f &mrS &Si;f vif;ygonf? ‡if;rSm “t&ufu rif;udk
zrf;rdomG ;jyD/ jyefvw
$ af wmhrmS r[kwb
f ;l ” qdak ompum;
jzpfygonf?
t&ufaomufjcif;onf a&m*gwckjzpfonf
qdjk cif;udk em;vnf&ef tvGecf ufcyJ gonf?tb,fa=umifh
qkdaomf a&m*gwckqdkonfESifh vlwpfa,mufrS wpf
a,mufo@dk ul;pufjzpfyg;G wwfaom cE<mud,
k w
f iG f jzpfygG ;
aoma&m*grsdK;(Oyrm -tdyfcsftdkifAGD/)? odk@r[kwf ul;
pufjcif;a=umifh r[kwyf J jzpfygG ;vmwwfaom uifqm uJh
od@k aom a&m*grsK;d udo
k m pOf;pm;rdwwf=uI jzpfonf? t
&ufpjJG cif;onf vlra_ &;ESihf pdwyf idk ;f qdik &f m a&m*gwck jzpf
ygonf? vlwpfa,mufrw
S pfa,mufo@kd jyef@E@HS jcif;rsK;d rjzpf
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
Alcohol Catches You
Melanie Meardi, WEAVE
People have used alcohol for thousands of years. For many cultures and religions,
alcohol is an integral part of important ceremonies, it is consumed in social
gatherings, and it is used for medicinal purposes. This article will focus
on the causes and consequences of alcoholism.
Alcohol is the drug that people abuse
the most. Alcohol is no different from amphetamines or heroin; the only aspect that sets
it apart from other drugs is that in most countries it is a legal substance. As a legal substance it is easily and widely available. In
most part of the world alcohol is socially acceptable and therefore all the more dangerous.
There are many reasons why people
choose to drink alcohol. As a drug, alcohol
makes people feel good, relaxed and confident. Since drinking alcohol is an accepted
social activity, the person may often find him/
herself in situations where it is being served
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
and to refuse the hospitality would be considered impolite. Over time an addiction to alcohol may develop and the person will not wait
for a social gathering to drink but will begin to
drink regularly even when he/she is alone.
Some people drink to forget about their
sufferings. Some people have so much pain in
their lives that they need to forget about that
pain and alcohol is a drug that can help a person escape from reality. Others have low
self-esteem and alcohol gives them confidence.
Alcoholism is a disease that has no
cultural, ethnic or economic boundaries, which
means that anyone can suffer from alcoholism.
In some cultures, the word alcoholism does
not exist but the words to describe it are very
relevant: ALCOHOL CATCHES YOU AND
IT WON’T LET YOU GO.
It is difficult to understand how drinking alcohol is a disease; because when people
think of diseases they think of physical illnesses that can be transmitted from one person to another person for example HIV, or a
disease that someone may develop such as
cancer. Alcoholism is a social and psychological disease. It cannot be spread from one
person to another but the alcoholic can negatively affect the lives of all the people around
them and over time if the alcoholic is not treated,
they will most likely die from the long-term
physiological effects of alcohol.
49
Ekdifyg? odk@ao1fvnf; t&uform;rsm;onf
olw@kd . ywf 0ef;usirf S vlrsm;.b0udk tenf;ESit
hf rsm;
xd c k d u f a pyg onf ? tu,f I xd k t &uf o rm;onf
tcsed =f umvm onfw
h ikd f ukojcif;rcHc&hJ ygu ok;H pGcJ ahJ om
t&ufa=umifh ZD0urRykdif;qdkif&mrsm; tcsdef=umjrifhpGm
xdcu
kd yf supf ;D r_ a=umifh toufq;Hk ‡_;H r_ jzpfvmEdik pf &m
‡Syd gonf?
t&ufpGJjcif;.tusKd;qufrsm;rSm rnfonhft&mrsm;
jzpfygoenf;/
tcsdef=umjrifhpGmt&ufpGJaeol wpfa,muf
tjzpf o d k @
a&muf o G 1 ;apjcif ; ES i f h
quf E G , f a eaom ZD 0 urR yd k i f ; qd k i f & mES i f h
cH p m;csuf y d k i f ; qd k i f & m
jyoemrsm;
trsm;tjym;&Sdygonf?
tcsd K @aomtcsuf r sm;uk d aqG ; aEG ; cJ h + yD ;
jzpfygonf? xdktcsufrsm;tjyif t&ufonf
vl r _ a &;qk d i f & ma&m*gwck j zpf ygonf ?
t&uf p G J j cif ; onf
aomuf o k H ;
ol.cE<mudk,fESifhpdwfusef;rma&;wdk@udkom
tusKd;oufa&mufaponf r[kwfbJ ol.
vlra_ ygi;f oif;qufqaH &;qdik &f m e,fy,f ESihf
rdom;pkb0udyk g tusK;d oufa&mufapygonf?
aygif;oif; qufqHa&;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;/
Oyrm-tdrfwGif;t=urf;zufr_/ vdifqufqHr_
qd k i f & m rS m ;,G i f ; aomusL;vG e f r _ E S i f h uav;
ol i ,f r sm;ud k t Ek d i f u sif h r _ / vspf v sL‡_ r _ w d k @ onf
t&ufpjJG cif;ESihf &Hzef&cH g qufpyfaeygonf?
t&uform;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufaeol trsm;pkonf
pd k ; &d r f y l y ef j cif ; / td y f r aysmf j cif ; / pd w f v _ y f & S m ;jcif ; ES i f h
pdwu
f sa&m*gw@kd cHpm;ae&a=umif; okawoejyKcsurf sm;
t& awG@&&dS onf? xdo
k w
l @kd onf &Hzef &Hcgqo
kd vdk olw@kd rmS
tjypf&o
dS nfqo
kd nfh jyif;xefaom cHpm;csurf sKd ; od@k r[kwf
jyif;xefaoma'gojzpfjcif;rsK;d cHpm;&I t&ufpaJG eolukd
tjypfay;'%fcwfjcif; jyKvkyfvdk=uonf? xdka'goonf
olw@k.
d uav;rsm;ESiv
h f yk if ef;cGirf v
S yk af z:udik b
f ufrsm;tay:wGif
oGm;a&mufayguu
f w
JG wf=uonf?
t&ufpjJG cif;a=umifjh zpfay:vmaom rdom;pkt
ay: tusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm;rSm tvGerf ‡
S w
_ af xG;vSI tm;
vk;H udt
k ao;pdwaf z: jy&efrmS rdom;pkwckjcif;onf uGjJ ym;
jcm;em;r_&Sdaoma=umifh cufcJygonf? t&ufpGJjcif;onf
50
t&ufpaJG eolwOD;wnf;udo
k m tusK;d oufa&mufaponf
r[kwb
f J ol.ywf0ef;usirf v
S rl sm; txl;ojzifh teD;pyfq;Hk
olrsm;tay:vnf; tusK;d oufa&mufrj_ zpfapyg onf?
wcgw&HwiG f t&ufonf vlwpfa,mufukd t
=urf;zufol od@k r[kw‡k
f id ;f pkid ;f oljzpfatmif jyKvkyEf ikd I
f xdo
k l
onf xdt
k =urf;zufru
_ kd rdr.
d rdom;pk0if Oyrm-cifyeG ;f /ZeD;
od@k r[kwo
f m;orD;rsm;tay:od@k r#m;OD;vSnw
hf wf=uygonf?
jypfr_usK;vGefoltrsm;pkrSm jypfr_usK;vGefcsdefwGif t&uf
aomufxm;=ua=umif; tar&duefEikd if rH S avhvmawG@&dcS suf
tawmfrsm;rsm;u az: jycJ=h uonf? xdjk ypfrr_ sm;wGif vl
owf r _ / &efp‡kd u f E S u f r /_ rk ' d r f ; r_ / rd o m;pk t wG i f ;
t=urf;zufrE_ iS hf uav;oli,frsm;udk ESyd pf uf!iS ;f yef;r_w@kd
yg0ifygonf?
jypfru
_ sK;vGecf &H olrsm;udk ar;jref;csurf sm;rS awG@
&Sdcsurf sm;t& 51‡aom cH&olrsm;uom usL;vGeo
f rl sm;
onf t&ufaomufxm;=uonf[k,kH=unfa=umif;
qkx
d m;aomfvnf; &Jpcef;od@k wdik =f um;cJah om t=urf;zuf
r_rsm;. 42‡wGif t&uf yg0ifywfoufaea=umif; tar&d
uefEkdifiHrS vlr_tz@GJtpnf; qdkif&mtay: tajccHaom
avhvmcsurf sm;wGif awG@&d&S ygonf?
t&ufaomufjcif;ESihf t=urf;zufru
_ sK;vGejf cif;
wd@k onf puf0idk ;f wcktwGi;f vnfywfaeouJ@o@kdjzpfae onf?
t&uf r aomuf c sd e f w G i f t&uf o rm;onf ol c spf
aomolrsm;tay:wGiu
f sK;vGerf cd ahJ om t=urf;zufrt
_ wGuf
=u;D pGmaomaemifw &&Sdaumif;&&Sdaernf jzpfaomfvnf;
t&ufaomufro
d nfEiS hf xdck pH m;csurf sm;tm;vk;H arhaysmuf
oGm;jy;D puf0idk ;f twGi;f od@k jyefvnfa&muf&do
S mG ;um jzpf‡;dk
jzpfpOftwdik ;f jzpfysuaf ejyefvrd rhf nf?t=uifem/ arwWmESihf
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
What are the consequences of alcoholism?
There are many physiological and emotional problems related to long-term alcohol
abuse. Some of them have already been
dicussed. Apart from these,
alcoholism
is a social disease. Alcoholism not only affects
the physical and mental health of the person,
but also his familial and social life. Social problems, such as
domestic violence, sexual
assault, and childhood abuse and neglect are
often related to alcoholism.
It has been found that many partners
of alcoholics suffer anxiety, insomnia, tension and depression. They often feel a strong
sense of guilt or anger and want to punish the
addict, which they may take out on their children or colleagues at work.
The effects of alcoholism on the family are very complex, and it is difficult to accurately outline all of them since each family is
different. Alcoholism does not only affect the
person who is suffering from it but also all the
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
people around them, especially the people closest to them.
Sometimes alcohol can make a person violent or aggressive and the person may
direct that violence towards other family
members such as a husband/wife or children.
Several studies in America showed that most
of violent offenders were drinking at the time
of the offense. The offenses
included
homicide (killing someone), assault (beating),
sexual offenses (rape etc.), marital violence
and child abuse.
In a community-based study in
America it was found that 42 percent of violent crimes reported to the police involved alcohol, although 51 percent of the victims interviewed believed that their attackers had been
drinking.
Alcohol drinking and violence may
form a vicious circle. When sober, the alcoholic might feel very sorry for hurting the people
they love but those feelings are
51
oH o &mrS
vG w f a jrmuf a tmif
ul n D a xmuf y h H r _ a y;&ef r S m tvG e f c uf c J y gonf ?
tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf olwdk@ cspfcifolwpfa,mufwGif
jy\emwck & S d a e+yD qd k o nf u d k rd o m;pk u
vuf c H j cif ; rjyKvd k = uyJ xd k j y\emES i f h ywf o uf I
vnf;zGi[
hf ajymqkv
d jdk cif;r&S=d uay?od@k r[kwx
f o
kd @kd t&uf
orm; jzpfomG ;jcif;rSm olw@kd a=umifo
h m jzpfonf[k cH,l
xm;wwf=uonf?wcgw&Hqdkv#if t&ufaomufjcif;
a=umifh jzpfay:vmaomjy\emrsm;udk t&uform;
rodatmif olw@kd u umuG,af y;avh &S=d uonf? Oyrm
tm;jzifh olw@kd . cifyeG ;f /ZeD;/om;orD;jzpfol rl;aeaom
a=umifh tvkyfroGm;EkdifaomtcgrsKd;wGif tvkyf&SifxH
oG m ;I
tjcm;ta=umif ; t&mwck a =umif h
tvk y f r vmEk d i f & onf h t a=umif ; vd r f v nf c G i h f y ef
ay;jcif;rsKd;/ ta‡uG;rsm;udk vdkufI ay;qyfjcif;rsKd;/
t&ufrrl;cifuxuf t&ufrl;ae csdef wGif *‡kpdkufr_
yd k a y;jcif ; rsd K ;wd k @ jzpf o nf ?
ol w d k @ cspf c if o l .
tjypf r sm;ud k v l r _ q uf q H a &;e,f y ,f w G i f zk H ; uG , f z k d @
}udK;pm;vdkaoma=umifh txufygtjyKtrlrsm;udk olwdk@
jyKvky=f uonf?
t&uform;. rdom;pkta&;OyuQmjyKr_ &Snf
=umvmjcif;u rdom;pktwGi;f tu|r;f w0if cspcf ifaer_ukd
aemufq;kH wGif ysujf ym;oGm;apEdik yf gonf?
ukd ausmv
f m$ ;Edik &f ef twGuf tcsed Ef iS hf pGr;f tm; trsm;}uD;
vd k y gonf ? xd k o l E S i f h y wf o uf a eol tm;vk H ;
xdktcsdefumvtwGif; pdwf&Snf&efESifh em;vnfr_ &Sd&ef
vdt
k yfygonf?
t&ufpJGjcif;uJhodk@aomudpPrsKd;udk jy\em
r[kwfyg qdk+yD; jiif;qdkjcif;rsdK;onfwOD;wa,mufcsif;/
rdom;pktwGif;/vlr_a&;acgif;aqmif/
bmoma&;acgif ; aqmif /
tpd k ; &rS
pI
EdkifiHawmf.acgif;aqmiftxd tqifh toD;oD; wGif
&S d E d k i f y gonf ? xd k o d k @ r,l q awmh a om Ed k i f i H t awmf
rsm;rsm;wGif t&ufjzwf&eftwGuf vdt
k yfaom axmuf
yHrh r_ sm; ay;jcif;/ t&ufpaJG eol.rdom;pkukd taxmuftyHh
ay;jcif; uJo
h @kd aom vkyaf qmifay;r_rsm; &Sad e+yD jzpfonf?
EdkifiHtm;vHk;ESifhtcsdK@"avhxHk;pHrsm;twGuf jzpfrvm
ao;jcif;onf uHraumif;ao;jcif;[k qd&k rnf xifonf//
vlwdkif;em;vnf&ef ta&;}uD;aomtcsufrSm
t&ufpjJG cif;onf t&ufpo
JG u
l o
kd m tusKd ;oufa&muf ap
onfr[kwb
f J ol.ywf0ef;usirf S vltrsm;udyk g tusKd ;
oufa&mufaponf qko
d nft
h csuEf iS hf t&ufpaJG ejcif;udk
ausmfv$m;Edkifatmif }udK;pm;olukd ulnDyHhydk;r_ay;&eft
wGuf wOD;wa,mufcsi;f rSmomru vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;wGiyf g
wm0ef‡o
dS nf qdo
k nft
h csuf jzpfygonf?
t&ufpaJG ejcif;udk b,fvakd usmjf zwfEikd yf govJ/
vlra_ &;qdik &f ma&m*gwckjzpfjcif;a=umifh
t&ufpGJaejcif;udk vdktyfaom pHepfwus
aq;0g;ukor_ESifh yHhydk;r_rsm;jzifh aysmufuif;
apEdkifygonf// tjcm;olrsm;. tulnDrygbJ
ESit
hf &ufjzwfEikd o
f rl mS odyrf &Sv
d yS g?
tu,fI t&ufpaJG eolwpfO;D onf
t&uf jzwf&ef pdwfqkH;jzwf+yD qdkygpdk@/ ol@udk
cspfcifolrsm;. yHhydk;r_ESifh cGeftm;udk vdktyf
ygonf? t&ufpGJjcif;rS oG,f0dkufpGm cHpm;ae
=u&olrsm;.tultnDuv
kd nf; vdt
k yfygonf?
t&ufpGJonftxdjzpf&atmif vlodrcHbJ
zkH;uG,fxm;aom jyoemrsm;&SdEdkifI t&uf
jzwfjcif; atmifjrifap&eftwGuf xdkjyoem
rsm;udk az:xkwaf qG;aEG;oifyh gonf? tu,fI
xkjd yoemrsm;udk xkwaf z: jcif;rjyKcJv
h #if xdo
k l
onf t&ufjyefaomufEikd yf gonf? t&ufpjJG cif;
52
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
forgotten when they drink and the cycle will
repeat itself. An alcoholic may neglect his/her
family directly or indirectly by not being capable of supporting the family both emotionally and financially. It is very difficult to
support an alcoholic because often the family
may not want to accept that their loved one
has a problem and might be too embarrassed
to talk about it or may feel they are to be blamed
for the alcoholics behaviour. Sometimes the
partners of the alcoholics prevent the drinker
from seeing the problem resulting from alcohol
consumption. For example, when the partner protects the alcoholic by making false excuses to employers for absenteeism, by paying off debts, or by being more attentive when
the spouse is drunk than when they are sober.
All these they do to cover their partner’s fault
from the society.
Continuous neglect of the family can
finally break up the relationship among the the
family members.
How can alcoholism be overcome?
Since it is a social disease,
alcoholism may be overcome through appropriate counseling and therapy. Not many people
with alcohol problems can stop drinking without the help of others. If the person is commit-
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
ted to stop drinking, he/she needs strength and
support from the people who care about him/
her and help from people who have also suffered from
alcoholism. There may be
underlying problems that cause the alcoholism and those problems have to be addressed
if the treatment is to be successful. If the
underlying problems are not worked out then
the person will most likely start drinking again.
Overcoming the addiction to alcohol takes a
great deal of energy and time, everyone
involved in the healing process should have patience and understanding.
Denial of a problem such as
alcoholism can exist at different levels, from the individual, family, community leaders,
religious groups, government, to the leaders
of a country. Many countries have mechanisms
in place to support therapy for alcoholics as
well as support families of alcoholics. Unfortunately this is not the case for all countries and
certain cultures.
What is important to understand is that
alcoholism is not a disease that only affects
one person but also everyone around them and
it is the responsibily of both the individual and
society to support efforts of overcoming alcoholism.
53
Edkzdk;'kuQonfpcef;twGif; t&ufaomufoHk;r_
0if;0if;&D/ at-tm&f-pD/ Edkzdk;pcef;/
Edkzdk;'kuQonfpcef;wGift&ufaomufoHk;jcif;onf jy\emwck jzpfaeygonf?vlrsm;onf ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh
t&ufudkaomufoHk;=uI tyef;ajz&eftwGufvnf; aomufoHk;=uonf?Taqmif;yg;wGif Edkzdk;pcef;rS
olr.tawG@t}uHKrsm;udk 0if;0if;&Dupmzwfolrsm;odkh r#a0ay;xm;ygonf?
pcef;wGif vlrsm; bma=umifh t&ufudkaomufokH; =u
ygoenf;/
t&ufudkaomufoHk;=ujcif;onf ta=umif;
trsd K ;rsd K ;a=umif h jzpf y gonf ? pd w f " gwf u saomtcg/
pdwx
f w
J iG ‡
f y_ af xG;ae+y;D pdwrf =unfvifaomtcg/ qk;H ‡_;H
r_rsm;ESi}hf uHKawG@c+hJ yD; ar#mv
f ifch surf sm;uif;rJah eaom tcg
rsm;wGif aomuf=uonf//a=umuf‡@HG jcif;/‡Su‡
f @HG jcif;rsm;
yaysmufap&ef aomufoHk;=uonf? vkyfaqmifr_tcsdK@
atmifjrifpGm+yD;pD;oGm;aomtcg aomufoHk;=uonf?
tyef;ajzvdkonfhtcgaomufoHk;=uonf? "avhxHk;pH
wcktaejzifh aomufo;kH =uonf?
pcef;.pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;rSm tvGew
f &mrS
wif;usyv
f eG ;f onf[k tcsKd @vrl sm;u ,lq=uonf? pcef;
tjyifxu
G I
f tvkyv
f yk u
f ikd cf iG hf r‡Sad oma=umifh rdom;pk
twGi;f aiGa=u;tcuftcJEiS hf }uHKawG@=u&onf? tusKd ;
quftaejzifhpdwf"gwfus=uonf? pdwfnpf=uonf?
xdt
k cgwiG f xGuaf ygut
f aejzifh t&ufuo
kd ;kH pG=J uonf?
twdwu
f mvu }uKHawG@c&hJ aom qH;k ‡_;H r_rsm;/
0rf;enf;zG,ftjzpftysufrsm;udkacwWc%
54
arh a ysmuf a p&ef twG u f t csd K @aomol r sm;onf
t&ufuakd omufo;kH =uonf? ypPn;f OpPmrsm;qH;k ‡_;H jcif;/
rdom;pk0if od@k r[kwf aqGrsKd ;rsm; qH;k ‡_;H jcif;wd@k onf olw@kd ukd
}uD;pGmaomemusirf _ ay;cJo
h nf?
‡Su‡
f @HG jcif;/a=umuf‡@HG jcif;wd@k ukd qef@usi&f ef
twGuf &Jaq;wifonft
h aejzifh tcsKd @ow
l @kd onft&ufukd
oHk;pGJ=uonf? e*dkrlvu at;aq;pGmESifh+idrf;csrf;pGm
aewwf
=uaomf v nf ;
tcsd K @onf
t&uf a omuf + yD ; aomtcg tvG e f r S &ef v d k I
&ef‡mS vmwwf=uonf?
tcsdK@aomtm;upm;yGJrsm;/ tcrf;tem;rsm;
atmifjrifpmG usi;f y+yD;pD;oGm;jcif; txdr;f trSwt
f jzpfEiS hf
vnf; t&ufukd aomufo;kH =uonf?
waeukef yifyef;pGm tvkyf vkyu
f ikd +f yD;=uaom
tcg tyef;ajzonfhtaeESifh tcsdK@olrsm;onf taygif;
toif;rsm;ESit
hf wl t&ufaomufwwf=uonf? xdt
k cg
t&uftwGuf aiGuek rf a_ =umifh rdom;pktwGi;f wGif jy\
emrsm; t+rJvv
kd kd jzpfavh&v
dS monf?
pcef ; twG i f ; &S d
'k u Q o nf t rsm;pk r S m
u&ifvrl sKd ;rsm;jzpf=uonf? vdyjf ymac: jcif;/ r*FvmyGrJ sm;
tv‡yGrJ sm;usi;f yjcif;/ wOD;ESiw
hf OD; 0dik ;f 0ef;uln+D y;D
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
Alcohol Drinking in Nu Poh
Camp
Win Win Yi, ARC, Nu Poh Camp
Drinking alcohol is a problem in Nu Poh camp. People drink for many reasons and
to relax. In this article Win Win Yi shares some experiences from Nu Poh camp.
Why do people drink alcohol in the camp?
There are several causes for using alcohol. Because some people feel depressed
or confused and are in a state of utter desolation, to overcome fright or shyness, after successfully accomplishing some tasks,
for relaxation or as a custom.
Some people consider that the rules
and regulations of the camp are too strict. They
can not go and work outside the camp causing
economic problems in the family. Consequently
they feel depressed and confused. As an
outlet they consume alcohol.
People drink alcohol to forget temporarily their miseries and losses they faced in
the past. The loss of property or families and
relatives give them too much pain.
To gather courage against fear and shyness, some people use alcohol. Although gentle
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
and peaceloving most of the time, some people
became quarrelsome and aggressive after
having alcohol.
As a part of celebration of victory in
some sport events or some ceremonies, people
drink alcohol.
After working hard, some men take
alcohol with friends to get relaxed after day’s
work. So that there may always be argument
in the family for spending money on
alcohol.
The majority of the camp residents are
Karen and in Karen tradition, such as
summoning the spirit of a dead person by occult
means, wedding ceremonies, giving charity, volunteering to build a house, roofing house before
rainy season, farewell party , there are always liquor as a part of the occasion.
55
td r f a qmuf a y;=ujcif ; / rd k ; rusrS D td r f r d k ; ay;=ujcif ; /
E_wq
f ufy/JG ygwyD rJG sm;usi;f yjcif; ponfh u&ifvrl sKd ;wd@k .
"avh x H k ; pH r sm;wG i f t&uf o nf tpOf t +rJ v d k v d k
ygavh&o
dS nf?
b,foal wGt&ufaomuf=uovJ?
t&ufaomufo;kH oltrsm;pkrmS q,fausmo
f uff
rsm;ESifhvlvwfydkif;wdk@jzpf=u+yD; xdktxJwGif trsdK;orD;
tenf ; i,f y gonf ? a,bl , stm;jzif h ajym&vsif
vl v wf y d k i f ; ES i f h touf } uD ; ol w d k @ onf txuf w G i f
az: jycJh+yD;aom ta=umif;tcsufrsm;a=umifh t&ufudk
aomuf o k H ; =uonf ? vl i ,f t rsm;pk r S m prf ; oyf + yD ;
aomuf=unfv
h adk oma=umif‡
h if;/ tcsK@d rmS vl}uD;rsm;udk
twkckd;vkdI‡if;/ taygif;toif;rsm; ajr‡mufyifh
ay;r_ a =umif h ‡ if ; / t&uf a omuf = uonf ? pcef ;
0ef x rf ; tcsK@d v nf ; t&uf u d k aomuf o k H ; =u+yD ;
tcsKd@qkdv#if wm0efcsdeftwGi;frSmyif aomuf=uonf?
wm0efcsdeftwGif; t&ufaomufjcif;onf Oya'udk
azgufzsufjcif;jzpfI tusifh jzpfoGm;Edkifygonf// tcsKd@
touf = uD ; ol r sm;onf t&uf u d k aq;0g;tjzpf E S i f h
rS0D aJ omufo;Hk =uaomfvnf; raomuf&v#if raeEdik af om
t&uf . aus;u|ef t jzpf a&muf & S d a eol t csKd @ vnf ;
&S=d uonf?
t&ufEiS t
hf =urf;zufr_
wpk H w a,muf o nf t&uf u d k tvG e f t u|H
56
aomufokH;vmygu ywf0ef;usifudk owdrrlrdawmhbJ
ywf 0 ef ; usif ES i f h r d o m;pk t wG i f ; wG i f jyoemrsm;
zefw;D vmwwf=uonf? vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;wGif rdom;pkudk
t&Suw
f uJt
G usK;d enf; jzpfaponf? ZeD;ESio
hf m;orD;rsm;
twGuf taxmuftyHjh zpfatmif tvkyf vky&f rnht
f pm;
taygif;toif;rsm;ESifh 0dkif;zGJ@aomufpm;I tcsdefjzKef;
jcif;udk ESpfoufvmonf// &efvkdjcif; ydkrsm;vmonf?
xdkuJhodk@jzpfvm&jcif;onf rdom;pktwGif;rS uav;
ol i ,f r sm;. pd w f u d k xd c d k u f a pEd k i f o nf ? rd o m;pk
twGi;f rSjyoemrsm;onf ygw0f ef;usif tdref ;D csi;f rsm;udk
taESmift
h ,Sujf zpfapEdik o
f nf?t&ufa=umifh jzpf&aom
t=urf;zufrr_ sm;udk trsm;qk;H cH&olrsm;rSm trsK;d orD;rsm;
ESihf uav;oli,frsm;jzpf=uonf?rde;f rudk ‡du
k Ef u
S jf cif;/
ud,
k o
fh m;orD; ud,
k *f ‡krpku
d jf cif;wd@k onf t&ufaopm
aomufo;Hk jcif;. tusK;d qufrsm; jzpfvmEdik o
f nf?
t&ufa=umifhjzpfay:vmaom jyoemrsm;udk
umuG,fEkdif&eftwGuf t&uf.qdk;usKd;udk vlwdkif; od
oifhonf? xdk@a=umifh t&ufa=umifhjzpfvmEdkifaom
qd k ; usKd ; rsm;ES i f h ywf o uf I tod y nmay;r_ u d k yd k I
vkyfoifhonf?t&ufESifhywfoufI Oya'azgufzsufol
rsm;udk pcef;tkyfcsKyfolrsm;u ,ckxufydkI wduspGm
ta&;,loifo
h nf? tkycf sKyforl sm;taejzifh t&ufa&mif;
0,fr_udk xdef;csKyf&efusKd;pm;cJh=uaomfvnf; t&uf
tvG e f t u|H a omuf + yD ; jy\emzef w D ; ae=uol r sm;
&S d a eqJ y if jzpf o nf ? t=urf ; zuf r _ r sm;wG i f xd c d k u f
epfemaom trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh uav;rsm;udk trsKd;orD;
a&;&mtzGJ@rS oGm;a&mufawG@qkH+yD; tm;ay;r_rsm;udk
aqmif‡u
G af y;Ekid v
f #if ydI
k aumif;rnf jzpfygonf?
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
Who drinks alcohol?
Most of the drinkers are teenagers and
middle-aged persons and just a few are women.
The middle-aged and older persons generally
drink alcohol because of the above mentioned
causes. Most of the teenagers try alcohol to
know more about it, some follow the elders
and a few start it encouraged by intimate friends.
Some staff of the camp also take alcohol even
on duty hours. Drinking on duty is an offence
and could become a habit of breaking the law.
Though some old men use alcohol as a medicine, there are some who became the slaves of
alcohol.
own
children may be the consequences
of alcohol consumption.
To prevent the problems caused by
alcohol, everybody must understand the disadvantages of alcohol. Therefore education about alcohol abuse should be provided
more clearly. The authority of the camp must
take action more specifically against the lawbreakers. Though the authority tried to control the situation, there are still some people
causing trouble after drinking excessive alcohol. It would be better if Women Affairs Organization could visit and provide some encouragement to the affected women and children.
Alcohol and violence
One who drinks alcohol excessively become unaware of his surroundings and may create problems with the neighbours and in the family. He puts the family in utter disgrace in his society. Instead of working for
supporting
wife and children, he likes to spend most of his
time with other men drinking alcohol and become more quarrelsome. This can affect the
children’s mind. Problems in the family can disturb the neighbors. Women and children are the
ones to suffer the most from violence caused by
alcohol. Wife beating and not caring for one’s
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
yHk (24) 0if;0if;&D/ vlxkusef;rma&;ynmay;ol/ at-tm&f-pD/
"gwyf -kH a'guw
f m pD&wf empD,m/
Fig. 24 Win Win Yi, Community Health Educator,
ARC. Photo by: Dr. Seerat Nasir
57
t&ufa=umifh tqdyftawmufjzpfr_udk
jyKpkaqmif&Gufjcif;
usef;rma&; apwref
t&ufudk tvGeftu|HaomufokH;jcif;udk t&ufa=umifh tqdyftawmufjzpfr_tjzpf owfrSwf=uonf/xdkodk@jzpfjcif;u
aomufoHk;ol. cE<mudk,fydkif;qdkif&mudk xdcdkufapEdkifjyD; tvsiftjrefukorSKudk vdktyfygonf/
Taqmif;yg;u xdkodk@jzpfvmcJhvsif aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonfrsm;udk az: jyay;ygvdrfhrnf/
t&ufaomufro
_ nf A[dt
k m&Hak =umpHepfukd Ed;k
=um;r_ avsmeh nf;vmatmifjyKvkyo
f nf? xko
d ufa&muf
r_rsm;onf vlwpfO;D csi;f pDtvku
d f cGjJ cm;r_&o
dS nf? t&ufukd
wpf}udrEf pS }f udrrf # tenf;i,faomufo;kH ‡HEk iS hf tjyKtrl
ajymif;vJjcif; tcsKd @ukd awG@jrifEidk o
f nf? umv=umjrifph mG
aomufoHk;onfhaemufykdif;wGif aoG;xJY t&ufyg0ifr_
jyif;tm; jrifhrm;vmonfESifhtwl t&ufaomufol.
tjyKtrlrsm;onfvnf; ajymif;vJvmonf? t&uf
aomufol. tjyKtrlrsm;onf rlrrSefjzpfvm+yD; vrf;
av#muf&mwGiv
f nf;aumif;/ pum;ajymqkd &mwGiv
f nf;
aumif;/ jy\emay:ayguv
f mEkid o
f nf? aemufq;kH wGirf l
pdwpf rG ;f &nfEiS hf ‡kyyf idk ;f qkid &f m pGr;f &nfrsm; twGi;f usus
zsuq
f ;D aESmuf,u
S cf &H +y;D xko
d o
l nf owdarharsmonfh wkid f
jzpfay:vmEkid o
f nf?
onf owdarharsmaeygu jyifyvlemXmeodk@ o,f,lykd@
aqmif&ef pDpOfyg?
jyKpkuo
k jcif;
touf ‡ S L vrf ; a=umif ; yG i f h a ejcif ; wpf & yf u d k
xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufyg?
vlemonfowdvpfaeygu od@k r[kwf tefrnfyh kH
ay:aeygu ol ‡ ol r tm; jyef v nf o uf o maprnf h
taetxm;wGif xm;&Syd g?
tu,fI vlem. tajctaeonf pkd;&drfp&m
&Syd gu aq;‡Ho
k @kd yd@k ay;yg?
jyKpkuo
k r_. &nf&,
G cf suf
t"du &nf‡,
G cf surf mS touf‡LS vrf;a=umif;
yGiahf ejcif;udk aocsmap&efyif jzpfonf? tu,fI vlem
t&ufa=umifh tqdyt
f awmufjzpfr.
_ vuQ%mrsm;ESihf prf;oyfawG@&Scd surf sm;vlem touf‡‡&mwGif t&ufe@H &aewwfonf?
vlemonf tefaumif;tefaernf?
vlemonf owd r&wpfcsuf &wpfcsujf zpfaejcif; ok@d r[kwf vH;k 0owdvpfaejcif; jzpfaeayvdrrhf nf? vlemonf
owd jyef&vmonfw
h idk f r=umciftwGi;f rSmyif xyfrI
H owdvpfomG ;rnfjzpfonf?
owdvpfarsmjcif;. tapmqH;k tqihrf sm;/
vlemonf toufuk d jyif;jyif;‡‡aevdrrh f nf?
rsuEf mS pGwpf +kd yD; aoG;a&mifvr$ ;f aernf?
vufaumuf0wfaoG;ckeEf e_ ;f onf tm;tjynfjh zifh jyif;xefpmG wd;k aernf?
owdvpfjcif;. aemufyikd ;fd tqifrh sm;
aoG;ckeEf e_ ;f onf jrefvmrnf/ od@k aomf tm;enf;vmrnf?
touf‡LS r_onf ajz;n‡if;vmonf?
vlem. rsuEf mS onf crf;ajcmufvm+yD; azmif;yGyG ok@d r[kwf zl;a&mifonfh o‡mef&v
dS monf?
rsuv
f ;kH rsm;onf eD&v
J m+yD;/ oli,ftrd rf sm; us,v
f mrnf?
58
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
Managing Alcohol
Poisoning
Health Messenger
Excessive alcohol consumption is considered as alcohol poisoning. It can cause
physical harm to the person and needs immediate attention. This article will provide
the necessary measures to be taken in case of alcohol poisoning.
Alcohol consumption depresses the
central nervous system. The effects vary from
person to person. One or two small drink may
produce a slight change in mood. The
behaviour of the drinker changes with the increased concentration of alcohol in blood after
drinking for a long time. The behaviour of the
drinker becomes abnormal and there may be
problem in walking or talking. Finally, the
mental and physical abilities are deeply disturbed and the person may become unconscious.
Treatment
Maintain an open airway.
If the patient becomes unconscious or
vomiting is likely, place him/her in the recovery position.
If in doubt about the patient’s condition,
remove to hospital.
Aim of the Treatment
The main aim is to ensure open airway. Arrange removal to O.P.D. if the patient
is unconscious
Symptoms and signs of alcohol poisoning
Patient’s breath may smell of alcohol
Patient may be vomiting
Patient may be partly unconscious or totally unconscious. The patient may come back to
consciousness but again may go unconscious quite quickly.
In early stages of unconsciousness:
Patient will be breathing deeply
Face will be moist and flushed
Pulse will be bounding and full
In later stages of unconsciousness:
Pulse may become rapid but weak
Breathing will be shallow
Patient’s face will become dry and look puffy or swollen.
Eyes will be red and pupils may be dilated
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
59
jyefvnfoufomaprnft
h aetxm;
The Recovery Position
1? vlem. ab;bufwiG f axmifrh eS u
f susae&mY &iftyk af e&mESihf wef;wef;wGif ud;k vuRcef@tuGmY 'l;axmuf xkid yf g?
vlem.acgi;f udk oifb
h ufo@kd rsuEf mS rlap+y;D ar;‡k;d udk a‡S‡od@k xde;f xm;Ekid &f eftwGuf acgi;f udk aemufbufo@kd vSeq
f yJG g?
1.Kneel upright at right angle to the patient’s side, about nine inches away and chest level. Turn
the head towards you and tilt it back keeping the jaw forward.
2? oifEiS t
hf eD;qH;k vlemvufarmif;udk ab;bufwiG f xm;&Syd g? vlem. vuf0g;udk wifyg;atmufwiG f xm;&Syd g? jzpfEidk yf gu
vufz0g;udk tay:vSefxm;yg? tjcm;vufwpfzufrS vufzsHudk &ifbwfa&S‡ay:wGif qGJ,lwifxm;yg? oifESifh
ta0;bufwiG &f adS om ajcaxmufukd 'l;qpfatmuf od@k r[kwf ajcusi;f 0wfatmufru
S ikd +f yD; oifb
h ufo@kd qG,
J u
l m oif
ESit
hf eD;wGi&f adS om ajcaxmufay:wGif uef@vef@jzwfwifyg?
2.Place the patient’s arm nearest to you by the side. Place the patient’s hand under the buttock,
palm upwards if possible. Bring the other forearm over the front of the chest. Holding the far leg
under the knee or ankle bring it towards you and cross it over the near leg.
3// vlem. acgi;f udk vufwpfzufjzifh tumtuG,af y;+yD; axmufurl j_ yKyg? tjcm;aom vufwpfzufjzifh oifEiS hf
ta0;qH;k bufwiG &f adS om wifyg;ae&mY &Sad om t0wfrsm;udk qkyu
f ikd +f y;D oifb
h ufo@kd vlemtm; jrefjrefq,
JG yl g? vlemtm;
ab;apmif;taetxm;wGif oif. 'l;ESihf uef@vef@xm;+yD; axmufual y;yg?
3.Protect and support the patient’s head with one hand. With the other hand, grasp the clothing
at the hip furthest from you and pull the patient quickly towards you. Support the patient on the
side against your knees.
60
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
4? vlem. cE<mud,
k u
f kd oif. 'l;jzifh axmufurl _ jyKvkyf xm;+yD; acgi;f udk avvrf;a=umif;yGiahf eapjcif; aocsm&eftwGuf
jyefvnfxed ;f !Syd g?
4.Still supporting the patient’s body againt your knees, re-adjust the head to ensure that the
airway is open.
5? vlem.tay:qH;k vufwiG ‡
f adS om vufarmif;udk cE<mud,
k f tay:ykid ;f tm; axmufuEl idk f onfh taetxm;wpf&yf
jzpfap&eftwGuf auG;xm;ay;yg?
5.Bend the patient’s uppermost arm into a convenient position to support the upper body.
6? vlem. tay:bufwiG &f adS om ajcaxmufukd 'l;qpfwiG f auG;jcif;jzifh aygiu
f kd a&S‡bufo@kd aumif;pGm xGuv
f map+yD;
atmufykdif;cE<mudk,fudk xdef;!dSr_jyKvkyfyg?
6.Carefully pull the other arm out from under the patient, working from the shoulder down.
7? tjcm;aom vufarmif;wpfbufudk vlem. atmufrS *&kwpkdufqGJxkwfyg? xkdodk@ qGJxkwf&mwGif ykcHk;rSp+yD;
atmufbufodk@ v_yf&Sm;ay;yg? ,if;vufudk vlemESifh t+ydKifxm;&Sdjcif;jzifh aemufbufodk@ rawmfwq vdSrfhus
roGm;&eftwGuf umuG,rf j_ yKvkyyf g?
7.Leave it lying parallel to the patient to prevent the casualty rolling on to the back.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
61
rEk\vlom;ESit
hf &uf
eDygayg (ef) tifawmif (ef)/ at-tm&f-pD/
Ekzd ;kd 'kuQonfpcef;rS vlo;Hk OD;udk pma&;olu awG@qkaH r;jref;cJyh gonf?
Taqmif;yg;rSm t&ufEiS yhf gwo
f ufI olw@d .
k tjrifrsm;/ tawG@t‹uHrsm;ESif t
h =u‹
H ycsurf sm;udk wifjyxm;jcif;
jzpfygonf?
t&ufukd b,fwek ;f urSraomufco
hJ l uzd;k /
zdwfac:cJh=uonf? olu jiif;qdkcJhI ol.rdwfaqGrsm;u
ol@udk avSmifajymifcJh=uonf? “aomufaomufpm;pm;
uzd;k onf Ekzd ;kd pcef;wGif qdik w
f qdik u
f kd ydik q
f ikd o
f l vl @ rif ; om;/ raomuf r pm; vl @ iEG m ;” qd k o nf r S m
qdik yf ikd &f iS w
f a,mufjzpfygonf? touf 31ESpf &S+d yDjJ zpfjyD; ol@rw
d af qGrsm;. t,ltqjzpfygonf? ol@ukd avSiaf jymif
uav;ESpaf ,muf&o
dS l tdraf xmif&iS w
f a,muf jzpfonf? [m;wdu
k cf =hJ uonfh xdo
k w
l @kd ukd ol pdwrf qd;k cJyh g? rdwaf qG
ud;k uG,,
f =kH unfrt
_ & rlqvifvrl sK;d wa,mufjzpfonf? tjzpf qufvufaygi;f oif;cJyh gonf? wcgw&HwiG f rdwaf qG
rl;,pfapwwfaom t&ufEiS hf ygwo
f ufonfh rnfonfh topfrsm;ESihf pwifou
d ‡rf;I xdo
k w
l @kd u ol@ukd t&uf
t&nfudkrS ol.woufwGif w=udrfwcgr# raomufcJh aomuf&efzdwfac:aomtcg usef;rma&; raumif;I
bl;ay?
t&uf raomufyga=umif;/ ol ajymcJhonf?
aomuf p m;ae=uaom xd k o l w d k @ twG u f
olraomufaomfvnf; bD,mwykvif;zd;k udak wmh
ay;cJo
h nfyif? Edzk ;dk pcef;wGirf l rnforl #o@l ukd t&uf
aomuf & ef rzd w f a c:=uay?tb,f a =umif h
qdkaomf woufwmvHk;wcgr# t&ufudk rxdcJh
bl ; aom ol . ta=umif ; ud k pcef ; wG i f
aexdkif=uaom ol.rdwfaqGrsm;u odae=uI
jzpfonf?
atmuf y gtcsuf r sm;rS m ywf 0 ef ; usif .
aph a qmf r _ u d k rnf o d k @ ud k i f w G , f a jz&S i f ; &ef
ol.t=u‡
H y csurf sm; jzpfygonf?
yHk (25) Edkzdk;'kuQonfpcef;
oif o nf w}ud r f w cgr# t&ufraomufcJh
Fig. 25 Nu Poh Camp
bl
;
ol
j
z
pf
ygu t&ufraomufb;l a=umif;/t&ufuakd omuf
t&ufraomufcjhJ cif; ta=umif;&if;rsm;/
csipf w
d v
f nf; r&Sad =umif; xdo
k w
l @kd ukd ajymjyyg?
xd
@
k
o
@
k
d
a
jymvs
u
o
f
m;ES
i
fh twif;t=uyf wdu
k w
f eG ;f
ol.b0udk zsuq
f ;D ypfvrd rhf nfjzpfaom t&ufukd
raomuf&ef bmoma&;u ol@ukd oif=um;qk;H rcJyh gonf? aecJ h y gv#if usef ; rma&;raumif ; I q&m0ef u
t&ufaomufow
l OD;onf b0wGif atmifjrifru
_ rkd &&SEd ikd /f t&ufraomuf&ef ajymxm;a=umif; ajymyg?
t&ufaomufcJhjyD; ,QKtcsdefwGif t&ufjzwf&ef
vltrsm;.av;pm;jcif;udv
k nf; r&&SEd idk /f rSeu
f efonfh
qEN
&S
c
d
y
h
J
gv#if t&ufjzwfvakd =umif;ESihf xdq
k ;Hk jzwfcsuu
f kd
‡yrlqufqrH r_ sm;udk r‡yvkyEf idk o
f nfomru rdom;pkEiS hf
vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;wGiv
f nf; tok;H 0ifow
l a,mufrjzpfEidk f rysucf siaf =umif; ajymjyyg? oifu qk;H jzwfcsuf cdik cf ikd rf mrm
jzifh jiif;qdak ecJyh gv#if jyefaomuf&ef 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu
k w
f eG ;f ae=u
[k olu ajymcJo
h nf?
olrsm; vufavsmo
h mG ;=uygvrd rhf nf?
i,f
‡
G
,
f p Of w G i f t&uf u d k jzwf E k d i f a tmif
ywf0ef;usi.
f aphaqmfru
_ rkd nfo@kd ausmv
f eG Ef ikd rf nfenf;/
‡ud;pm;yg? tb,fa=umihfqdkaomf oif.usef;rma&;
aumi;f r G e f a tmif
arG ; jrL&ef E S i f h
Armjynf & S d ol . ‡G m wG i f a ecJ h p Of u uk e f w if jyef v nf
,mOfarmif;olwOD;tjzpf toufarG;cJyh gonf?xdu
k mvu b0udktopfwzef jyefp&eftwGuf tcsdef ydk &ygonf?
t&ufpJGaeoltrsm;tjym;ESifh awG@qkHcJhI xdkolwdk@u touf}uD;cgrSqdkygv#if tajymif;tvJrsm; ‡yvkyf&ef
olw@kd EiS t
hf wl wcGuw
f zvm; 0ifE&J$ eff tjrJvv
kd kd ol@ukd twGuf tcsed f aemufus aeygvrd rhf nf?
62
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
People and Alcohol
Nipaporn Intong, ARC
Three persons from Nu Poh camp were interviewed about alcohol, how they look at
it, their own experiences and suggestions
Kapo, who never drank alcohol
Kapo owns a shop in Nu Poh camp.
He is 31 years old, married and has two children. He is a Muslim by religion. He never
drank any alcoholic beverage.
Reasons for not drinking alcohol
His religion taught him not to drink alcohol because it will ruin his life. He says that
no one can succeed in life if drink alcohol,
can not gain respect from people, behave properly, and be useful to family and the community.
not was a cow. He forgave them for this and
never took it personally. He was still friendly
with those people. Sometimes when he met
new people and if they asked him for a drink,
he told them that he had health problem and
could not drink. He also gave friends money to
buy a bottle of beer to share among them. In
the camp, nobody offers or asks him to drink
because his friends here know that he has never
touched alcohol in his life.
Followings are his suggestions to handle
with peer pressure.
If you never drink before, tell them that
you never drink and you do not want to drink.
If they insist, tell them you have health
problem and doctor does not allow you to
drink.
If you used to drink and now you want
to quit drinking, tell them that you want to quit
and stay firm to your decision. Friends will
give up asking you to drink if you are strict.
Try to stop drinking when still young
because it is early to restore your health and
start a new life. If stop after becoming old, it
will be too late to change any thing.
Messages to refugee friends
uzd;k Kapo
How to cope with peer pressure
When he was in his village in Burma,
he worked as a truck driver. During his working career, he had many friends who were alcoholic and always asked him to join them for
a drink. He refused to drink and his friends
made fun of him. According to his friends a
person who drank was a player and who did
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
He would like to encourage all refugee friends to quit alcohol drinking for several
reasons:
• Loss of money due to an unnecessary
expenditure.
• Not good for one’s health.
• Not good for the family, society and
community.
63
'kuQonfrw
d af qGrsm;udk ajymvdak omowif;pum;rsm;/
t&uf a omuf j cif ; ud k p G e f @ vG w f & ef t wG u f
'kuQonfrdwfaqGrsm;udk tm;ay;wdkufwGef;&jcif;rSm
ta=umif;tcsut
f awmfrsm;rsm;a=umifh jzpfygonf?
• b0wGif t"duvdt
k yfcsurf [kwaf om t&uf
twGuf ukeu
f srr_ sm;rSm aiGq;Hk ‡_;H r_rsm;jzpfjcif;?
• use;f rma&;twGuf raumif;jcif;?
• rdom;pk/aygi;f oif;qufqaH &;ESihf vlrt
_ odik ;f
t 0 d k i f ; w d k @ t w G u f
aumif;aomvuQ%mr[kwfjcif;?
• t&ufpaJG eolwa,mufonf ol. vkyif ef;
wm0efrsm;udk ausyeG af tmifraqmif‡u
G Ef idk b
f J
wm0ef,&l r_rsm;wGiv
f nf; ratmifjrifwwf=uyg?
• bmoma&;ESiv
hf nf; qe@u
f siyf gonf?
(txl;ojzifhtpPvmrfbmom/)
• rsK;d qufopfvil ,frsm;twGuf pHjyvl}uD;wa,muf
rjzpfEkdifyg?
t&uf u d k w m;qD ; &ef E S i f h x d r f ; csKyf & ef t wG u f
t=u‹
H ycsurf sm;/
'k u Q o nf t rsm;pk t&uf u d k o k H ; pG J = ujcif ; rS m
qif;&Jjcif;/ 0ifaiGr&Sjd cif;(tvkyrf &Sjd cif;)/ ar#mv
f ifch surf sm;
uif;rJhjcif;ESifh pdwfusjcif;wdk@a=umifh jzpfonf[k olu
ajymqdck o
hJ nf? t&ufukd wm;qD;&efEiS hf xdr;f csKyf&eftwGuf
olwifjyaom t=u‡
H ycsut
f csK@d rmS t&uf a &mif ; csjcif ; tay: wif ; usyf a om
pnf;rsn;f pnf;urf; Oya'rsm; csrw
S yf g?
t&ufaomufjcif;onf use;f rma&;/ rdom;pkEiS hf
vlrt
_ odik ;f t0kid ;f wd@k twGuf bmr# tusK;d r‡ya=umif;
vltrsm;udk A[kow
k ay;yg?
apm*v, f Saw Ghale
vkyaf ejyDjzpfonf? rdwjf zpfaqGjzpfEiS hf aygi;f oi;fqufqaH &;
wdk@onf ol@tzdk@ t&ufudk pwif aomufjzpfapaom
ta=umif ; &if ; rsm; jzpf = uonf ? yxrOD ; qk H ; t}ud r f
t&uf u d k paomuf p Of u t&uf . t&omud k ol
vk H ; 0r‡ud u f c J h y g? tif r wef r S q d k ; ygonf [ k ol u
jyef a jymjycJ h o nf ? od k @ aomf vnf ; t}ud r f 30 r#
aomufjy;D aomtcg ‡udupf ‡yvmI r&yfEikd cf ahJ wmhyg? 8
ESpf =umatmif aomufjzpfco
hJ nf? taygi;f toif;rsm;ESihf
oGm;twl vmtwl wwGw
J JG aecJu
h m wa,mufwvSnhf
0,fwu
kd cf =hJ uonf? y#r;f r#jcif; tm;jzifh wvwGif 10 }urd rf S
23 }ud r f t xd aomuf c J h o nf ? t&uf u ol @ ud k
ay#mf ‡ ‡if a pjcif ; / tyef ; ajyapjcif ; rsm; jzpf a pI
&ifqikd ‡
f uHawG@ae&aom aomuwd@k ukd arhaysmuf ap&ef
ulncD o
hJ nf[k olu ajymjycJo
h nf? taomuf vGeo
f mG ;jyD;
aemuf a e@reuf td y f & mrS x aom tcsd e f w G i f
&Da0r_uckd pH m;ae&jcif;/ tvkyv
f yk u
f ikd v
f pdk w
d f r‡‡djcif;/
EkH;csdaejcif;ESifh rnfonfhtay:wGifrS tm‡kHpl;pdkufr_
xm;Ir&jcif ; wd k @ jzpf w wf a =umif ; ud k v nf ; ajymjycJ h
ao;onf?
vGecf ahJ om tESp2f 0 ausmu
f pI t&ufaomufjcif;udk
&yfco
hJ l apm*v,f/
t&uf a omuf j cif ; ud k p G e f @ v$ w f & ef jzpf a pcJ h a om
ta=umif;rsm;/
apm*v,f o nf E k d z d k ; pcef ; rS a usmif ; q&m
wa,muf j zpf y gonf ? touf 48 ES p f & S d + yD jzpf j yD ;
rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf oHk;&rnfhaiGxJrS
tdraf xmif&I
dS cav; 6 a,muf (om; ESpaf ,muf/orD; ol . t&uf z d k ; twG u f xk w f , l t oH k ; ‡yaerd j cif ; ud k
av;a,muf)&Syd gonf?
tjypf&Sdonf[k cHpm;vmrda=umif; olu ajymjycJhonf?
t&ufr;l vmaomtcg vltrsm;u ol@ukd avSmifajymif
t&uf a omuf j zpf c J h & jcif ; ta=umif ; rsm;ES i f h ol . [m;wdu
k jf cif;udk ol cHc&hJ onf? vlrt
_ zG@J tpnf;u ol@ukd
tawG@t‹uHrsm;/
toH;k r0ifaom t&uform;tjzpf owfrw
S cf =hJ uonf?
olpum;ajymaomtcg rnforl # ta&;w,l em;axmif
touf20 t‡‡,fwiG f apm*v,f t&ufuk d pwif vdkjcif; r&SdcJh=uay? vltrsm;u ol@udk av;pm;or_
aomufjzpfcyhJ gonf? xdt
k csed u
f ausmif;q&m tvkyu
f kd r&S=d uawmhyJ olonf rdbESpyf g;ESio
hf @l ro
d m;pkukd t&Suf
64
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
• Alcoholics cannot perform their duties
and fail to be responsible.
• Against religion (particularly Islam).
• Not good example/model for the next generations.
Suggestions on alcohol prevention & control
He said that many people/refugee
drank alcohol because of poverty, lack of income (jobless), and lack of hope and depression. He proposed some suggestions for
alcohol prevention and control:
Make strong law or restrictions on alcohol selling.
Educate people that drinking is not
good for their health, family, and community.
Saw Ghale who stopped drinking over 20
years ago
Saw Ghale is a teacher in Nu Poh
camp. He is 48 years old now, married and
have 6 children (2 sons and 4 daughters).
His experiences and reasons for drinking
Saw Ghale started drinking alcohol
when he was 20 years old. He was a teacher
at that time. Maintaining friendship and social
causes were the only reasons for his drinking.
When he tried alcohol for the first time, he did
not like the taste. It was bitter he said. After
drinking for 30 times, he started liking it and
could not stop drinking. He had been drinking
with his friends for 8 years before quitting it.
He would go around with friends and they
would take turns to buy alcohol. He drank an
average of 10-23 times per month. He said
that alcohol made him happy, relaxed, and
helped him forget all troubles he had. After
drinking a lot while he got up the next morning,
he felt dizzy, did not feel like working, felt tired
and could not concentrate on anything.
Saw Ghale said that he felt guilty for
taking away money from his family’s food and
clothes. People made fun of him and laughed
at him when he got drunk. The community stigmatized him as an alcoholic. Nobody paid attention to him when he talked. People did not
respect him and he was a shame for his parents and family. He also felt pity for himself.
He got a nice wife and family. They asked him
to stop so did his parents. He quit drinking
alcohol when he was in his village. Up to this
time, it is over 20 years that he never touched
alcohol.
How to handle with the desire to drink and
peer pressure
He lost his friends after he stopped
drinking and they teased him. Some of them
still called him and offered him a drink, but he
told them that he did not want to drink any more.
He had to keep saying “no” so many times to
his friends to make them
believe that he
really meant it. He also had to struggle with his
own desire to go back and drink again. He
did not go to any
treatment centre. His
strong will-power prevented him from drinking again and pulled him out of the desire. He
said the support from family, parents, and the
praise he received from the community for his
quitting alcohol comforted him to stay away from
drinking.
Messages to fellow refugees about alcohol
drinking
Saw Ghale said that quitting alcohol
would improve your work, life, health, and community respect. You will bring
happiness
to your family, relatives, and parents. People
who want to quit have to have a very strong
mind to overcome their own desires and pressure from friends. Start
Reasons for quitting drinking
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
65
&apolwa,muf jzpfapcJo
h nf? ol@u,
kd o
f v
l nf;
oem;vmrdonf? xdt
k csed u
f ol@wiG f vdrmR a&;jcm;&Sad om
ZeD;onfEiS hf rdom;pk &Sad ecJ+h yD jzpfonf? rdom;pku ol@ukd
t&ufraomufyg&efawmif;yefcJh=uovdk rdbESpfyg;
uvnf ; ajymcJ h = uonf ? ol . &G m wG i f a epOf xd k t csd e f
uwnf;u t&ufaomufjcif;udk ol pGe@f vw
$ cf o
hJ nfrmS
,cktcsed x
f q
d v
kd #if ESpaf ygi;f 20 ausmcf +hJ y?D wpufuav;rS
rxdchJ rwd@k cahJ wmhay?
t&ufaomufcsifpdwfESifh ywf0ef;usif.aphaqmfr_udk
rnfo@kd udik w
f ,
G af jz‹‹if;rnfenf;/
t&ufraomufawmhonfh tcsdefrSpI t&uf
orm;rd w f a qG r sm;u ol E S i f h taygif ; toif ; rvk y f
=uawmh y J ol @ ud k oem;p&mowW 0 gtjzpf p=u
aemuf=uonf? tcsK@d u t&ufaomuf&ef vmac:avh
&Sd=uao;aomfvnf; raomufvdkawmha=umif; tpOf
wpd k u f ol jiif ; cJ h o nf ? trS e f w u,f t&uf
raomufvakd wmha=umif;udk ol@rw
d af qGt&uform;rsm;
,H=k unf&eftwGuf “raomufawmhb;l ” qdo
k nfh “Ed;k ”
qkad ompum;udk t}udrrf sm;pGm ol ajymcJ&h onf? xd@k twl
ol.&ifrmS jzpfay:aeaom t&uf0ikd ;f qDo@kd jyefomG ;+yD;
jyef a omuf c sif p d w f u d k v nf ; csKd ; ES d r f E d k i f a tmif ol
‡ud;pm;cJh&onf? rnfonfh aq;ukor_ XmeudkrS ol
av;pm;cH&r_w@kd wiG f wd;k wuf ajymif;vJvmvdrrhf nf[I
l
olu ajymcJo
h nf? rdr.
d rdom;pk/ aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;ESihf
rdbESpyf g;wd@k uv
kd nf; aysm‡
f ‡if=unfE;l r_ukd jzpfapvdrrhf nf?
rdrd. &ifrSjzpfaom t&ufaomufcsifpdwfESifh ywf0ef;
usi.
f aphaqmfrw
_ @kd ukd ausmv
f m$ ;Edik &f eftwGuf t&uf
jzwfvo
kd w
l iG f oHr%d pdw"f gw&f ‡d&ef vdyk gonf? ajz;ajz;csi;f
av#mI
h aomufjcif;jzifh tp‡y+y;D t&ufta=umif; rawG;
rdap&efESifh taygif;toif;a[mif;rsm;ESifh jyefrwGJrd
ap&efw@kd twGuf pdwu
f kd ESp‡
f ryfxm;Edik af tmif tvkyf
wckcu
k kd ‡ud;pm;&SmazG vkyu
f ikd o
f ifah =umif;udv
k nf; olu
ajymcJyh gao;onf?
t&uf wm;qD ; a&;ES i f h
t}u‹
H ycsurf sm;/
xd r f ; csKyf a &;twG u f
urBmay:&Sd Edik if t
H awmfrsm;rsm;wGif t&ufonf
us,fjyef@pGm toHk;‡yjcif;udk cHae&jcif;a=umifh vlrsm;
t&ufaomufjcif;rS &yfwef@=uap&efrmS cufcyJ gonf[k
olu ajymcJo
h nf? ae&mwumwGif t&ufukd a&mif;cs
ae=uonf? vltrsm;uvnf; aomufoHk;=uonf?
tu,fI t&ufa&mif;csaer_udk rwm;qD;EdkifcJhygv#if
vltrsm;udk t&ufaomufjcif;rS rnfodk@r# wm;qD;
Edkifvdrfhrnf r[kwfyg[k olu xifjrifcsuf ay;cJhonf?
&Gmrsm;wGif t&ufudk csuf=uonf? Tpcef;wGifyif
0if a iG & vrf ; wck t jzpf t&uf u d k csuf a e=uonf ?
'k u Q o nf r sm; t&uf u d k a omuf o H k ; ae=ujcif ; rS m
pdwf"gwfusjcif;/ jy\emrsm;&Sdaejcif;/ tvkyftudkif
r&S d j cif ; ES i f h tcsKd @ rS m wcsd e f u aomuf c J h = u+yD ; ,ck
jyefaomufv=kd ujcif;wd@k a=umifh jzpfonf[ak jymcJo
h nf?
t&ufaomufjcif;udk &yfco
hJ nfrmS wESp=f umcJ+h yDjzpfaom
'pf(cf)qif/
roGm;cJyh g?ol.oHr%dq;kH jzwfcsuu
f t&uf jyefaomuf
jzpfjcif;rS ol@udk wm;qD;EdkifcJhI t&uf aomufcsifpdwf
EG H t wG i f ; rS ol @ ud k qG J x k w f E d k i f c J h o nf ? rd o m;pk .
taxmuftyHh/ rdbESpfyg;. tm;ay;r_ESifh vlr_todkif;
t0dkif;. 0rf;yrf;wom‡udqdkr_wdk@u t&ufESifhol@udk
a0;oGm;ap&eftwGuf rsm;pGmtqifajyapcJo
h nf[k olu
ajymjycJo
h nf?
t&ufaomufjcif;ESiyhf gwo
f ufI b0wl'u
k Qonfrsm;udk
ajymvdkaompum;rsm;/
t&ufaomufjcif;udk pGef@v$wfvdkufjcif;jzifh rdrd.
tvkyftudkif/ usef;rma&;/ rdrd.b0ESifh vlrt
_ odik ;f t0dik ;f .
66
'pf(cf)qifonf Edzk ;kd pcef;rS oef@&‡if;a&;vkyo
f m;
wOD ; jzpf y gonf ? touf 51 ES p f & S d + yD jzpf + yD ;
tdraf xmif&iS w
f OD;jzpfI cav;ESpaf ,muf &Syd gonf?
t&ufaomufjzpfcahJ om ta=umif;rsm;/
i,fpOfuwnf;uyif 'pf(cf)qifonf t&ufukd
jrnf;prf;cJhzl;ygonf? i,fpOfumvu tazjzpfolESifh
OD;av;rsm;twGuf t&uf0,fay;cJh&jcif;onf ol@udk
t&ufaomufjcif;ESifh eD;pyfapcJhonf? trSefwu,f
t&ufudk taygif;toif;rsm;ESifh tcsdefrSefrSef pwif
aomufokH;cJhonfrSm touf 30 t‡G,f wGif jzpfjyD;
xdt
k csed u
f ukepf nfo,fy@kd rq
_ ikd &f mvkyif ef;wGif tvkyf
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
from decreasing the amount of drinking little by
little first and try to find some jobs or work to
keep yourself busy so that you do not have
much time to think about alcohol and hang
around with friends.
Suggestions on alcohol prevention & control
He said it is difficult to stop people from
drinking as it is widely used in most of the countries of the world. They sell it everywhere.
Many men also drink it. If we cannot stop
people from selling alcohol, we will not be able
to prevent people from
drinking. Alcohol
is produced in the villages, even in the camps
as a source of income. Refugees are drinking
alcohol because they feel depressed, have
problems, no job, and some used to drink before and just want to drink.
Dickson, who stopped drinking for one year
Dickson 'pf(c)qif
Reasons for quitting drinking
Dickson is a Sanitarian in Nu Poh
camp. He is 51 years old now, married and
has 2 children.
Reasons for drinking
Dickson tasted alcohol when he was
young. He used to go buy alcohol for his father and uncles and that is how he know about
drinking alcohol. He was 30 years old when
he really started drinking alcohol and drank
regularly with his friends. He did transportation business at that time. He said once he became drunk he started to talk very loud and
got angry easily. His voice
bothered
neighbours. He once argued with a man from
another village and hurt him. However, he never
hurt his wife or children when he got drunk.
When he moved to Nu Poh camp, he continued drinking. He drank an average of half a
bottle to one bottle each time. He drank frequently with friends in the camp to celebrate
something and share feeling when there is a
problem.
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
He stopped drinking alcohol a year ago due to
some health problems. He acquired gastritis
from drinking alcohol. He always got severe
stomach pain whenever he drank alcohol. So
he took it seriously and decided to stop drinking alcohol. Another reason was his age. He
is getting old and does not want to have many
diseases at the old age. He heard and read
many stories about alcoholic people who
make their lives miserable and made the
mistake of drinking alcohol. Dickson said that
he did not want his son to drink alcohol.
How to handle with peer pressure
He said just keep saying “no” to them.
Messages to refugee friends
To drink a little bit is good, but too much is
not good.
67
vkyu
f ikd af ecJyh gonf? olonf t&ufr;l vmv#if pum;udk
tvG e f u s,f a vmif p G m ajymwwf I tvG e f v nf ;
a'goxG u f v G , f w wf o nf [ k ajymjycJ h o nf ? ol .
us,af vmifaompum;oHu tdref ;D yg;csi;f rsm;udk taESmifh
t,S u f j zpf a pcJ h o nf ? wcguqd k v #if tjcm;&G m rS
vl w a,muf E S i f h tjiif ; tck H j zpf = uI xd k o l u d k
‡ku
d Ef u
S cf zhJ ;l onf? od@k aomfvnf; ZeD;ESio
hf m;orD;rsm;udrk l
t&ufrl;vmonfhtcg w}udrfwcgrS r‡kdufcJhbl;yg[k
ajymjycJ h o nf ? Ek d z d k ; pcef ; ud k ajymif ; a‡$ @ vmcJ h j yD ;
aemufyikd ;f wGiv
f nf;olonft&ufukd qufaomufco
hJ nf?
ysrf ; r#jcif ; tm;jzif h wcgaomuf v #if yk v if ; w0uf r S
wykvif;txd aomufavh&cdS o
hJ nf? pcef;wGif wpkw
H ckaom
yGv
J rf;obif usi;f yonft
h cgrsK;d ESihf jyoemwckc&k v
dS mcJI
h
&ifziG ahf 0r#cpH m;=uonfh tcgrsK;d wd@k wiG f r=umc%qdo
k vdk
taygif ; toif ; rsm;ES i f h t&uf a omuf j zpf c J h o nf [ k
ajymjycJo
h nf?
t&ufjzwf&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcscJhonf? xdk@jyif tjcm;
ta=umif; wckrmS ol.touft‡‡,fa=umifh jzpfonf?
toufuav;&vm+yjD zpfI touf}u;D vmcsed w
f iG af 0'em
rsKd;pHk cHpm;&rnfudk ol rvdkvm;ay? t&uform;wdk@.
rdrw
d @kd zgomzefw;D aomrdrw
d @kd b0 ta=umif;rvSyrkH sm;ESihf
usL;vGerf ad vh&=dS uaom trSm;waxmifta=umif;rsm;udk
ol zwfz;l =um;zl;cJo
h nf? ol.om; jzpfol t&uform;
jzpf o G m ;rnf u d k ol rvd k v m;a=umif ; 'pf ( cf ) qif u
ajymjycJo
h nf?
ywf0ef;usi.
f aphaqmfru
_ kd rnfo@kd ajz‹‹if;rnfenf;/
“ig t&uf r aomuf a wmh b l ; uG m ” qd k o nf h
pum;udk xyfcgwvJvJ ajymyg[k olu ajymcJo
h nf?
b0wl'u
k Qonfrsm;udk ajymvdak ompum;/
t&uf a omuf j cif ; ud k pG e f @ v$ w f & ef jzpf a pcJ h o nf h
ta=umif;rsm;/
“t&uf q d k w m enf ; enf ; aomuf & if a umif ;
ygw,f/ 'gayrJh rsm;vm&ifawmh raumif;awmhb;l ”
usef;rma&;jy\emtcsKd@a=umifh vGefcJhaom
wESpu
f pI olonf t&ufaomufjcif;udk &yfypfco
hJ nf?
t&ufaomufjcif;a=umifh tpmtdrftcsOfaygufjcif;
a&m*gukd ol &&Scd o
hJ nf? t&uf aomufvu
kd w
f ikd ;f t+rv
J v
kd kd
0rf;Adu
k ef musirf a_ 0'emudk cHpm;cJ&h onf? xd@k a=umifh xdo
k @kd
jzpfvmjcif;udk ayg@ayg@wefwef oabmrxm;&JawmhbJ
"gwfyHkrsm;uddk eDygaygef tifawmef(at-tm&f-pD) rS
aus;Zl;jyKygonf?
Photos courtesy Nipaporn Intong, ARC
t&ufudk owdxm;I aomufoHk;yg?vlr_a&;t& aomufoHk;r_wpf&yfrSonf t&ufpGJvef;olwpfOD;tjzpf
jzpfrvmygapESi?hf
• t&ufukd xde;f csKyfI r&Ekid af vmufatmif aomufo;kH jcif;onf toufukd qH;k &_;H Ekid yf gonf?
• t&uftrsKd ;tpm; tm;vH;k onf t&ufpv
JG ef;r_w@kd ukd jzpfapEkid o
f nf? bD,m/ 0kid Ef iS hf 0DpuDtm;vH;k wGif t&ufyg
ygonf? ,if;wd@k tm;vH;k onf rsm;rsm;ESihf tcsed =f umpGm aomufygu oif.b0ESichf E<mud,
k u
f kd zsuq
f ;D Ekid yf gonf?
BEWARE OF ALCOHOL. FROM A SOCIAL DRINKER DON’T BECOME
AN ALCOHOLIC.
•
•
68
The effects of uncontrolled drinking can be fatal.
All kinds of alcohol can lead to alcoholism. Beer, wine and whisky all contain alcohol and
all, in large doses and over time, can damage your life and body.
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
ar;cGef;(10)ck
1? t&ufpGJjcif; qdkonfrSm bmvJ?
2? trsdK;tpm;rwlaom rl;,pfaponfht&nfrsm;rSm
bmvJ?
3? yg;pyf/ 0rf;wGif;uvDpmrsm;/ a0S;aphESifh ESvHk;wdk@tay:
t&uf.tusdK;oufa&mufr_rsm;udk az: jyyg?
4? t&ufpGJjcif;a&m*g. vuQ%m 5 rsdK;udk az: jyyg?
5? t&ufpGJjcif;. aemufqufwGJtusdK;quf 5 ckudk
az: jyyg?
6? t&ufpGJjcif;a=umifhjzpfaom toJa&m*grsm;rSm
rnfonfht&mrsm;jzpfygoenf;?
7? Oesophageal Varices qdo
k nfrmS bmvJ?
8? t&ufpGJaeolwa,muf cHpm;ae&onfht"duusaom
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mtusdK;oufa&mufr_ tcsuf 5
csufudk az: jyyg?
9? t&ufpGJjcif;. t"du tusdK;qufrsm;rSm
rnfonfht&mrsm; jzpfoenf;?
10? Delerium Tremens qdo
k nfrmS bmvJ?
ol.p‡dkufvuQ%mrsm;rSm rnfonfht&mrsm;
jzpfygovJ?
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
Ten Questions
1. What is Alcoholism?
2. What are the different types of
alco-
holic beverages?
3. Name the effects of alcohol on mouth,
intestine, testicles and heart.
4. Mention 5 symptoms of alcoholism.
5. Name 5 complications of alcoholism.
6. What are the alcoholic liver diseases?
7. What are oesophageal varices?
8. Name 5 major psychological effects of
alcohol abuse.
9. What are the main consequences of alcoholism?
10. What is delerium tremens? What are its
characteristics?
69
ar;cGe;f 10 cktwGuf tajzrsm;
(trSwf 10 )
Answers to Ten Questions
(issue 10)
1? cE<mudk,fxJwGifuvyfpnf;tkyfpkwpkaygufzGm;vmr_
a=umifh jzpfay:vmaom tusdwfwck odk@r[kwf zl;a&mif
aom temwckudk usL;rm; [kac:onf?
1. Tumour is a lump or swelling formed by
the growth of a group of cells inside the
body.
2? bDEdkif;usL;rm;ESifh r,fvpf*eifhusL;rm;?
2. Benign tumour & malignant tumour.
3? aq;‡Gu}f uD;ESihf t&ufaopmoH;k pGrJ /_ uGr;f pm;jcif;/
aea&mifjcnf/ touf/ vdif/ rsdK;EG,fpk//
3. Tobacco/alcohol use, chewing betel leaves
and areca nuts, sunlight, age, gender, race.
4. Change in bowel and bladder habits, a sore
that does not heal with proper care, thickening or lump in breast or other part of the
body (any three of the seven warning signs).
4? tlrsm;tygt0if 0rf;wGif;uvDpmrsm;ESifh ausmufuyf
wGif yHkrSefvkyfaqmifr_r[kwfaom tajymif;tvJwckck
jzpfvmjcif;?aocsm*‡kwpdu
k u
f ak omfvnf;temrusuf
jcif;? &ifom;Yvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;aom cE<mudk,f
tpdwftydkif; wckckwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ tzktusdwf
rsm; jzpfay: jcif;? (owday;onfhvuQ%m 7 csufxJrS
rnf
onfh 3 csufrqdkajzEdkifygonf?)
5? usef;rmaponfh tpm;taomufrsm; pm;aomufjcif;?
aq;vdyfaomufjcif;udk &yfjcif;? t&ufaomufjcif;udk
&yfjcif;?
6? [du
k yf gwif;‡‡if;(aoG;wd;k a&m*g) qdo
k nfrmS 140‡90
odk@r[kwf xdkxufydkaomaoG;zdtm; (bDyD) udkqdkvdkyg
onf?
7? ESvHk;tm;enf;jcif;/ ESvHk;a=umif h&ifbwfatmifhjcif;/
emwm‡‡nf ausmufuyftm;enf;jcif;/ avjzwfjcif;/
8? rrsdK;Otdrf yHkrSeftvkyfvkyfaejcif;ESifh vHk;0tvkyf rvkyf
awmhonfh =um;umvtajymif;tvJukd uvdik rf ufx&pf
[k &Hzef&Hcg ac:=uonf?
9? t‡d;k yGjcif;// ESv;kH a&m*g// qD;rxde;f Edik jf cif;// rde;f rt*F g
(od@k )rde;f rud,
k t
f acgi;f wGi‡
f w
k w
f &ufyal vmifrc_ pH m;
&jcif;? (od@k ) ‡kww
f &uf,m;,Hjcif;ESihf vdiq
f ufq&H mwGif
emusifr_ a0'em cHpm;&jcif;//
5. Change diet, stop smoking, stop
ing alcohol.
drink-
6. Hypertension means a blood pressure of
140/90 or more.
7. Cardiac failure, angina pectoris, chronic
renal failure, stroke.
8. The transition from regular ovarian function to its absence is often called the
climectaric.
9. Osteoporosis, heart disease, urinary incontinence, acute burning or itching of the
vulva or vagina, painful sexual intercourse.
10. Osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing’s
sarcoma.
10? atmhpw
f ,
D pkd mudrk m;? acsm(f ef)'‡dpk mudrk m;? tD0if;(pf)
pmudkrm;?
70
trSwf=11 'DZifbmv 2000 ckESpf?
apwref
Note:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
Distance
Learning
Health
Magazine
ISSUE 11, DECEMBER, 2000
71