___________________________________________________________________________
2012/SCSC/WKSP/007
Risk Assessment in the IECEE CB Scheme
Submitted by: IEC
Workshop on Developing a Harmonised
Electrical Equipment Regulatory Risk
Assessment Tool
Singapore
15-16 May 2012
Risk Assessment in the
IECEE CB Scheme
APEC EE JRAC Workshop Developing a Harmonised
Electrical Equipment
Regulatory Risk Assessment
Tool –
Dennis CHEW
Regional Director
IEC-APRC Singapore
May 15 - 16 2012, Singapore
IEC Structure
IEC COUNCIL
Full Member National Committees
Management
Advisory
Committees
CENTRAL OFFICE
(The Executive)
COUNCIL BOARD
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
(IEC Officers)
STANDARDIZATION
MANAGEMENT
BOARD (SMB)
Management of
consensus International
Standards work
MARKET
STRATEGY
BOARD (MSB)
Technology watch /
market priorities
Technical Committees
Technical Advisory Committees
Industry Sector Boards
CONFORMITY
ASSESSMENT
BOARD (CAB)
Management of Conformity
Assessment operations
and systems
IECEE
IECEx
IECQ
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1
The CAB & Conformity Assessment Systems
CAB - Conformity Assessment Board
IECEE
IECEx
System for Conformity
Testing and Certification of
Electrotechnical Equipment
and Components
System for Certification to
Standards Relating to
Equipment for use in
Explosive Atmospheres
IECQ
Quality Assessment System
for Electronic Components
CB Scheme
Ex Equipment
CB-FCS
CB
FCS
Scheme
Ex Services
Processes
Ex Personnel
HSPM
PV Programme
Active &Passive
components
E3 Energy
Efficiency
Hazardous
Substances
Avionics
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What is the IEC?
Founded in 1906 the INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (IEC) is
the leading global organization that prepares and
publishes International Standards for all
electrical, electronic and related technologies –
collectively known as “electrotechnology”.
The IEC also
Th
l operates
t Conformity
C f
it Assessment
A
t
Systems that provide third party testing and
certification to products and systems against its
International Standards.
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What is the IECEE System?

Fully integrated in the IEC, based in Geneva

Founded in 1985

Based on the principle of Multi Lateral Agreement

Operates third party C.A. Schemes and Programmes

Facilitate trade and provides easy access to the Global
Market

Promotes harmonization but takes into account National
Differences
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APEC EE JRAC Workshop – May 15 - 16 2012, Singapore
IECEE Member Bodies by Economies
Finland
Malaysia
Slovakia
France
Mexico
Slovenia
Austria
Germany
N th l d
Netherlands
S th Africa
South
Af i
Bahrain
Greece
New Zealand
Spain
Belarus
Hungary
Norway
Sweden
Belgium
India
Pakistan
Switzerland
Indonesia
Poland
Thailand
Ireland
Portugal
Turkey
Israel
Romania
Ukraine
Chi
China
I l
Italy
Russian Federation
United Arab Emirates
Colombia
Japan
Saudi Arabia
United Kingdom
Croatia
Kenya
Serbia
United States
Czech Rep.
Korea Rep. of
Singapore
Denmark
Libya
Argentina
Australia
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
53 Participating Economies
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IECEE Membership

IECEE is a voluntary C.A. System of National
Member Bodies that fully represent
electrotechnical
l
h i l interests
i
in
i their
h i economies
i

Government, industry, testing laboratories, academia,
retailers, consumer groups…

Membership – one Member Body per economy MB



Unlimited number of Certification Bodies - NCBs
Unlimited number of Testing Laboratories – CBTLs
Unlimited number of Manufacturer’s Testing
Laboratories - MTLs
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Members of the IECEE System
The Members of the IECEE System are:

53 Member Bodies - 1 per Economy

75 Certification Bodies - 1 or more per Economy

359 Testing Laboratories - 1 or more per Economy

47 ACTLs

2219 Manufacturer’s Testing Laboratories
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The IECEE CB Scheme and FCS Scheme
In recognition of the need to facilitate international trade in
electrotechnical equipment, and components primarily
intended for use in homes,
homes offices
offices, workshops healthcare facilities
and similar locations, for benefit of consumers, industries,
authorities etc, and to provide convenience for
manufacturers and other users of the services provided by
various National Certification Bodies (NCBs), two international
Schemes are operated by the IECEE, known as the:
 CB Scheme
 CB-FCS Full Certification Scheme
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IECEE Conformity Assessment Schemes

The IECEE Schemes are based on the principle of
mutual recognition (reciprocal acceptance) by its
worldwide members of test results for obtaining
certification or approval at national level.

The IECEE Schemes in the last decade have naturally
evolved and become « de facto » the most accepted
proof of compliance by many Economies’ Authorities
and Regulators as the passport to entry their markets
without further testing.
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IECEE facilitates International Trade
The IECEE Schemes are intended to
reduce obstacles to international trade
which arise from having to meet different
national certification or approval criteria.
criteria
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National
IECEE
facilitates
Differences
International Trade
Where national standards are not yet
completely based on IEC standards,
declared national differences are taken
into account.
However, successful operation of the
Scheme presupposes that national
standards are reasonably harmonized
with the corresponding IEC standards.
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6
The
scope
the CB
Scheme
Scope
ofofthe
IECEE
System
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Household Appliances
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Safety-Performance-Environmental
Safety
IEC Standards for
electrical safety
Energy efficiency Environmental
IEC Standards for energy Protection
efficiency
IECEE H
Hazardous
d
Substances Program
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The CB Scheme and CB-FCS Processes
CB-FCS
Sample request
CB requests sample(s) and sets the testing
programme
Testing
CBTL’s Staff performs the measuring and
testing programme
Inspection
CB’s Staff performs the Factory Inspection
Evaluation
CB’s Staff evaluates the Test Report
Decision
CB’s officer takes the Certification decision
Licence
CB issues the CB Test Certificate and Test Report
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IECEE System in action
Conformity
NCB- Certification
Body A
issuing
Analyzing…
Assessment
Typetest
test
Type
Certificate
program
program
Laboratory
Test
Report
Conformity
Assessment
National
National
Report
differences
differences
Factory
applicable) Inspection
(if(if
applicable)
Factory
Audit Report
National
differences
National
differences
(if applicable)
Testing…
(if applicable)
Application
documents
APPLICANT
Conformity
Assessment
Factory
Certificate
Audit Report
Conformity
Assessment
Report
Auditing…
Factory
Audit Report
National
differences
Factory
(if applicable)
NCB Economy B1
15 working days
Recognizing
Market
Regulators
NCB Economy B2
Retailers/Vendors
Buyers
Recognizing
NCB Economy B3
Recognizing
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IECEE Membership
400
350
300
250
Countries
Certification Bodies
Testing Laboratories
200
150
100
50
0
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IECEE CB Scheme…a success story
70'000
60'000
50'000
40'000
30'000
20
000
20'000
10'000
'0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Certificates re-issued over the publication of new editions of standards
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 Energy Consumption
 Energy Performance
 Noise Level
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The use of the IECEE System…
 Ensures that the
product are safe
 Prevents redundant
testing
 Facilitate trade
 Support regulatory
policies
…provides a competitive edge!
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Way forward in 2012




More Affiliate Plus economies



Training on regional basis /Virtual training
Expand
p
mentoring
g programme
p g
Cooperation with regional bodies
Reach out to Pacific Islands and West
Africa
Adoption event with ISO
New benefits in conformity assessment
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History of the Affiliate Programme

In 2001 IEC had stable membership (since
1906!) but membership requirements were
1906!),
deterring developing economies

World Trade Organization was looking for
ways “to ensure effective participation of
Members, and particularly of developing
economy Members
M b
in
i [international
[i t
ti
l
standardization organizations] activities.”

The IEC found a unique approach to
ensuring that participation.
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IECEE AFFILIATE ECONOMIES
Removing trade barriers
Through its global reach, the IEC Affiliate
E
Economy
P
Programme
results
lt in
i increased
i
d
awareness, use and adoption of IEC International
Standards in developing and newly industrialized
economies. It also helps develop trade with these
new markets, as participants adopt IEC
International Standards and use the IEC
Conformity Assessment Systems, in particular
IECEE, the IEC System of Conformity Assessment
Schemes for Electrotechnical Equipment and
Components
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IECEE AFFILIATE ECONOMIES
Benefits
This is of particular interest to industry,
which can export to and import from these
areas with the assurance that their products
and services will operate safely and
efficiently.
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IECEE AFFILIATE ECONOMIES
Benefits
This is also of particular interest to Affiliate
Economies, which can set the basis in their
own economies to build the necessary
Conformity Assessment structures to
ensure that importing
p
g electrical goods
g
are
compliant with IEC International Standards
in terms of safety and efficiency.
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The IECEE CB Scheme….m…

Ensures that the products
are safe and efficient

Minimizes the risk to
property and persons

Contributes to the
environmental aspects &
public health

Supports regulatory
policies
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THANK YOU!
Any question?
www.iecee.org
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Technical Committee 61
SAFETY OF HOUSEHOLD
AND SIMILAR ELECTRICAL
APPLIANCES
IEC approach to Risk Assessment
Standards Methodology
Singapore - 2012-05-15
Derek Johns
Chairman
IEC/TC 61
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Contents





Aim

Conclusions
Guides
Types of Standards
Fire Hazard Risk Reduction
Accessible Surface Temperature Risk
Reduction
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Contents





Aim

Conclusions
Guides
Types of Standards
Fire Hazard Risk Reduction
Accessible Surface Temperature Risk
Reduction
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Aim of Risk Assessment at the microlevel

To achieve a level of tolerable risk

Balance between absolute safety and demanded
performance of the appliance




Suitability of purpose
Benefit to the user
Cost effective
Conventions of society concerned
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Methodology

Identify the hazard usually via risk analysis










Electric shock
Mechanical
Explosion
Ionising and Non-ionising radiation
Fire
Temperature
Biological and Chemical
Unattended operation
Electricity supply system faults
Other
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Risk analysis
Using risk analysis – a lack of incident
history does not equate to low risk
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Solutions

Assess the level of harm caused by the hazard




Slight (reversible short term)
High (reversible long term)
Serious (irreversible – possibly death)
Apply a risk reduction solution to the design
 Inherently safe design measures
 Safeguarding
 Information for use to cover residual risk
 Training
 Clear instructions
 Use of protective equipment
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Contents





Aim

Conclusions
Guides
Types of Standards
Fire Hazard Risk Reduction
Accessible Surface Temperature Risk
Reduction
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Guides

IEC Guide 116 - Guidelines for safety related risk
assessment and risk reduction for low voltage
equipment

ISO/IEC Guide 50 - Safety aspects — Guidelines
for child safety

ISO/IEC Guide 51 - Safety aspects — Guidelines
for their inclusion in standards

ISO/IEC Guide 71 - Guidelines for standards
developers to address the needs of older persons
and persons with disabilities

IEC Guide 117 - Electrotechnical equipment –
Temperatures of touchable hot surfaces
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19
Contents





Aim

Conclusions
Guides
Types of Standards
Fire Hazard Risk Reduction
Accessible Surface Temperature Risk
Reduction
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Types of Standards
Basic safety publications - publication on a specific safetyrelated matter,, applicable
pp
to many
y electrotechnical p
products

IEC 60695 series, IEC 60664 series, IEC 61508 series

Group safety publications - publication covering all safety
aspects of a specific group of products within the scope of two or more
product TCs

IEC 61010 series, IEC 60825, IEC 61558 series
t d d on ffundamental
d
t l principles,
i i l
Horizontal standards - standard
concepts, terminology or technical characteristics, relevant to a number of
technical committees and of crucial importance to ensure the coherence of
the corpus of standardization documents

IEC 60050 series (IEV), IEC 60417 database
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Types of standards

Product safety publications - publication
covering all safety aspects of one or more products
within the scope of a single product TC






IEC 60204 series (machines)
IEC 60335 series (appliances)
IEC 60598 series (luminaires)
(
)
IEC 60601 series (medical electrical equipment)
IEC 60745 series (hand-held tools)
IEC 60950 series (IT equipment)
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Contents





Aim

Conclusions
Guides
Types of Standards
Fire Hazard Risk Reduction
Accessible Surface Temperature Risk
Reduction
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of the Information Technology Agreement
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Fire Hazard in Appliances - Example

Motor start capacitor in refrigerator
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Fire Hazard in Appliances - Example

Fan heater
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Fire Hazard Risk Reduction

Selected parts of the IEC 60695 series of
basic safety standards are used

This allows for



An end-product test option
A material pre-selection test option
These options are alternatives to reduce
the fire hazard risk posed by appliances
they are not equivalents
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Which end-product test option
standard is used ?
Test standard used is:
IEC 60695-2-11 Fire Hazard Testing –
Part 2-11: Glowing/hot wire based test methods
– Glow-wire flammability test method for end
products
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Risk Assessment
For appliances, the glow-wire test severity is
selected according to the risk presented by a
given type of appliance. The fire hazard risk
is assessed based on three criteria
–
Whether the appliance is attended or
unattended during normal use;
–
The rms value of current passing through an
electrical connection during normal use;
–
The proximity of non-metallic material to such
connections.
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Selection of Test Severity

For all appliances and regardless of current a minimum
severity of 550 °C is specified as being applicable to nonmetallic material.
material

For attended appliances the break point current is 0,5 A for
testing non-metallic material in proximity to a connection
–
–

Severity is 750 °C if the current > 0,5 A
Severity is 650 °C if the current ≤ 0,5 A
For unattended appliances the break point current is 0,2 A
for testing non-metallic material in proximity to a connection
–
–
Severity is 850 °C and 750 °C if the current > 0,2 A
Severity is 650 °C if the current ≤ 0,2 A
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Consequential Testing
 If the test specimen emits flames during the
application of the glow-wire, the consequential fire
hazard created may necessitate further tests using
other ignition sources such as a needle-flame
applied to those parts which are reached by the
emitted flames.

For unattended appliances, the reported
results off the 750 °C and 650 °C glow-wire
tests related to the test specimen are used
to decide whether further fire hazard tests
are necessary
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Material Pre-selection test option
standards

IEC 60695-2-12,
60695 2 12 Glow-wire
Glow wire flammability index
(severities selected from 550 °C, 650 °C, 750 °C or
850 °C depending on the glow-wire test severity
specified in IEC 60335-1)

IEC 60695-2-13, Glow-wire ignition temperature
((severities selected from 675 °C or 775 °C
depending on the glow-wire test severity specified
in IEC 60335-1 for the consequential test decision
for unattended appliances
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25
Material Pre-selection test option for
the Needle Flame Test

IEC 60695-11-10, 50 W Flame Tests
 HB40 classification required as a pre-
selection option for the 550 °C glow-wire
test
 At least V-1 classification required for the
pre-selection option for the needle flame
test
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Which Option to Choose

The choice of option (end product test or
material pre-selection) is not specified in
IEC 60335-1

The choice is strictly a commercial decision
to be made by the appliance manufacturer
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26
Options to Avoid the Consequential Test

Use the g
glow-wire ignition
g
temperature
p
prep
selection option;

Use the 50 W flame test pre-selection option;

Use of V-1 rated flame barriers;

Appropriate placement of parts with respect to
current carrying connections.
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Contents





Aim

Conclusions
Guides
Types of Standards
Fire Hazard Risk Reduction
Accessible Surface Temperature Risk
Reduction
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of the Information Technology Agreement
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Temperature Hazard in Appliances Example

Under bench glass oven door

11 Days after oven door contact
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Temperature Hazard in appliances Example

Hair straightener
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28
Accessible Surface Temperature Risk
Reduction

Selection of surface temperature rise limits
for non-functionally heated surfaces

Non-functionally heated surfaces are:
 Non-functional surfaces that can be
touched when the equipment is operated
during normal use
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Which Document is Used ?

The document used for guidance on surface
temperature rise selection is


IEC Guide 117: Electrotechnical equipment –
Temperatures of touchable hot surfaces
The data in this Guide is based on

ISO 13732-1: Ergonomics of the thermal
environment — Methods for the assessment of
human responses to contact with surfaces —
Part 1: Hot surfaces
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Risk Assessment

The temperature rise limits are selected based on:



Persons expected to touch the surface

Thermal inertia of surface material, (product of
density, thermal conductivity and specific
thermal capacity)

Acceptable burn threshold
Expected Touch time
Texture of surface (smooth or not smooth). For
rough surfaces 2 °C is added to the smooth
surface threshold upper limit
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Selection of temperature rise limits

Persons expected to touch the surface are
selected from healthy adults, people with physical
disabilities and children

Expected Touch times are generally selected from
0,5 s to 15 s depending on the persons expected
to touch the surface

Burn thresholds for short contact periods (up to
10 s) are given as spreads because knowledge of
the boundary between a non-burn and onset of a
burn is incomplete
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Relationship between burn threshold
and contact period
Surface temperature spreads ‐ touch times for different materials
Surface ttemperature °C
100
90
1
2
80
70
3
60
50
40
0.1
0.5
1
10
15
60
100
1000
10000
600
Contact period (s)
100000
28800
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Burn Threshold Spreads

The key to the data shown in the previous
slide is




1 Plastics and wood
2 Ceramics, glass and stone material
3 Uncoated metal
The burn threshold for water is derived
from the lower limit of the burn threshold
spread established for uncoated metal
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Selection of Limits Within a Spread

For healthy adults, elderly people and
people with physical disabilities, a figure in
the middle of the spread can be chosen

For children,
F
hild
a figure
fi
more towards
t
d the
th
lower end of the spread should be chosen.
For products specifically made for
children, the value on the lower end of the
spread is used.
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Probability and Consequences of
Touching

The higher the probability of touching a hot surface,
the more should a figure towards the lower end of
the spread be chosen

The lower the probability of touching a hot surface,
the more can a figure towards the upper end of the
spread be chosen

The more severe the consequences of touching a
h t surface,
hot
f
the
th more essential
ti l that
th t a figure
fi
towards
t
d
the lower end of the spread shall be chosen

The less severe the consequences of touching a hot
surface, the more a figure towards the upper end of
the spread can be chosen
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Contents





Aim

Conclusions
Guides
Types of Standards
Fire Hazard Risk Reduction
Accessible Surface Temperature Risk
Reduction
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Conclusions

The micro
micro-risk
risk assessment applied to
specify safety requirements in
international standards


is robust

compliments the macro-risk assessment
for product selection requiring enhanced
regulatory intervention
leads to prudent solutions to address
identified hazards
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T-Factor Conclusions
 The two examples given show how some of the
macro-risk
macro
risk assessment T factors are addressed
 T-Factor: Product is likely to be used by
unsupervised children
 T-Factor: Product that has hot accessible nonworking surfaces
T Factor: Product is commonly used locally in
 T-Factor:
an unattended mode but classified
internationally as used attended
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P-Factor Conclusion
 P-Factor :The applicable international
standard is considered to be inadequate
 Solution: Become involved with the
IInternational
t
ti
l standards
t d d process and
d
make the standards adequate
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Thank you for your attention.
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