Kennesaw State University 30th Annual High School Model United Nations General Assembly First Committee March 25­26, 2016. Kennesaw, GA Email: ​
ksuhsmun2016@gmail.com Dear Delegates, We are very pleased to welcome you to the 30th Annual High School Model United Nations conference at Kennesaw State University. My name is Lisa Smith, and I am honored to serve as your Director for the General Assembly First Committee on disarmament and international security. I am currently a sophomore, dual majoring in International Affairs and Modern Languages and Culture: German Studies. I have a concentration in Diplomatic and International Service and I am pursuing a minor in French and Francophone Studies. I hope to pursue graduate studies in either Germany or France after I complete my undergraduate studies, and hope that whatever career I end up choosing takes me all over the world. I have been a member of KSU’s MUN team for a year and a half and the Model African Union team for a year, competing in a total of four conferences so far. I have thoroughly enjoyed my experience, and participation in model simulation teams has become one of my passions. I served as assistant director of the European Commission at the 29th annual HSMUN conference at KSU last year, so this will be my second time serving as staff and I am so very looking forward to it. I am excited to meet you all and work with you, and hope that you have as wonderful an experience as I have had with model simulation teams. Serving as my assistant director is ​
Utku Sahin (Victor). Victor is a sophomore from Turkey who is enrolled as an international student. He is a Computer Science major. He has participated in high school MUN in his home country and also participated in SRMUN in fall 2015, representing Cuba Also joining us as Chair is Christina Bridges. She is a freshman here at Kennesaw, majoring in Psychology with a minor in Spanish. She is planning to seek both her Master's and Doctorate in School Psychology (possibly Clinical for her Doctorate track.) With this, she plans to become a school psychologist. At Kennesaw, she is involved in many different activities such as Global Leadership Exchange and Model United Nations. She joined Model UN at the beginning of the semester and says it has been an exhilarating experience. She’s always liked discussing global issues passionately, and says, “ now I can do it at a semi­professional level where you don't cause dinner table arguments.” The topics under discussion for GA First Committee are: I.
Confronting the self­proclaimed Islamic State through military, political, ideological and economic means II.
Increasing women’s participation in peace­building This background guide will serve as a basis to briefly introduce these topics, and should by no means be your only resource in preparing for this conference. Please use as many scholarly resources as possible beyond what this background guide provides to conduct your research. Please also be familiar with the work and current operations of the GA First Committee. The purpose of this committee is to write resolutions dealing primarily with disarmament and international security. Each country delegation within this committee is expected to submit a position paper which covers both of the th​
agenda topics, ​
due by 11:59 pm on March 6​
, 2016​
. If there are two delegates representing the same country, they must formulate only one paper. If a second paper is submitted, it will not be considered. Information for properly formatting the position papers as well as valuable advice for writing a quality paper can be found on pages 24­28 of the Delegate Resource Guide. Delegates are reminded that papers should be no longer than two pages in length. Citations should be in footnote format​
. Furthermore, plagiarism in an academic setting is unacceptable and will nullify any score for the paper in question.​
The objective of a position paper is to present the diplomatic position of your country on both agenda topics as closely as possible to how an actual diplomat would present the position of th​
his or her native state. Again, the position paper is ​
due​
​
by 11:59 pm on March 6​
, 2016 We wish the best of luck in your pre­conference preparation and at the conference itself. Remember that more you prepare and research, the higher the quality of the debate and resolution writing will be in session. We hope that you will get the most you can out of this experience! History of the General Assembly First Committee The General Assembly is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, established in 1945 with the ratification of the United Nations Charter. The General Assembly is comprised of all 193 Member States, and has the power discuss any matter “within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter,” and to make recommendations to Member States or the Security 1​
Council regarding those matters.​
Though these recommendations are only suggestions and are not binding, resolutions put forth by this body often have a strong influence on how Members act. Primarily, the General Assembly functions to review reports of the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council; advise international political cooperation; foster international cooperation in social, economic, cultural, educational and 2 health fields; and to promote peace between nations.​
Article 22 of the UN Charter gives the General Assembly (GA) the power to establish subcommittees as needed to help it perform its functions. Given the broad and diverse range of topics the GA can cover, they exercised this st​
nd
power to create the following six subcommittees: 1​
Committee­Disarmament and International Security; 2​
rd​
th​
Committee­ Economic and Financial; 3​
Committee­ Social, Cultural and Humanitarian; 4​
Committee­Special th​
th​
2
Political and Decolonization; 5​
Committee­ Administrative and Budgetary; and 6​
Committee­ Legal.​
The GA First Committee is responsible for dealing with disarmament and threats and challenges to peace in the global community. It is charged with creating resolutions to address these challenges and making recommendations for Member States and the Security Council. This committee works closely with the United Nations Disarmament Commission and the Geneva­based Conference on Disarmament to address all matters pertinent international security and disarmament, including matters with the scope of the Charter, matters pertinent to other organs of the UN, to “the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security”, and matters 3 concerning cooperation in disarmament or regulation of arms.​
The GA First committee is often criticized to be ineffective as its resolutions are not binding and cannot enforce anything, however the committee has made a considerable number of achievements since its establishment. The Committee has accomplished treaties that ban biological and chemical weapons through resolutions such as the convention on the prohibition of the development, production and stockpiling of bacteriological (biological) and toxin weapons and on their destruction (A/C.1/65/L.20), and the convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction (A/C.1/65/L.23). It continues to 4,5 ​
progress towards banning nuclear testing and eliminating nuclear weapons altogether.​
In its sixty­first session, the committee passed resolutions “condemning surplus weapon stockpiles” and reaching an agreement on collaboration to trace black market arms, working to build the needed trust between nations to implement necessary measures to 6 ​
make progress.​
Finally, significant progress has been made in the disarmament of conventional weapons and small arms­­“banning certain weapons with indiscriminate effects; curbing use of cluster munition and mines; taking action on proliferation of small arms and light weapons, and setting global rules governing the trade in conventional 4 ​
weapons through the recent Arms Trade Treaty.”​
Several key resolutions addressing conventional weapons were th​
51
passed in the First Committee’s 65​
session. ​ 1
​
Charter of the United Nations​
, Chapter III, IV ​
http://www.un.org/en/charter­united­nations/index.html “What We Do: The General Assembly.” ​
United Nations Foundation. http://www.unfoundation.org/what­we­do/issues/united­nations/the­general­assembly.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/ 3 ​
General Assembly of the United Nations: Disarmament and International Security ​
http://www.un.org/en/ga/first/index.shtml 4 ​
General Assembly of the United Nations: Adress to First Committee on Disarmament and International Security. http://www.un.org/pga/70/2015/10/15/adress­to­first­committee­on­disarmament­and­international­security/ 2 ​
However, as pointed out by Mr. Mogens Lykketoft, President of the UN General Assembly, despite these achievements, “a quick look around our world today, also demonstrates very clearly that there remain simply far too many weapons in circulation – weapons that are fuelling deadly conflicts and incredible instability.” Unfortunately, as weapons are being eliminated, more are being invented and produced. There are numerous challenges facing the First Committee, hindering progress. It will take “concerted diplomatic efforts combined with renewed political 4
will” to face them. ​
We implore you to always keep in mind the duties and mission of the First Committee as you conduct your research, as well as its accomplishments and challenges. As you tackle the topics under discussion and search for solutions, find innovative ways to address the challenges the First Committee has been facing. Again, use this information and the sources provided as a guide, but you must go much more in depth to have truly effective debate and negotiations. Good luck in your research! I. Confronting the self­proclaimed Islamic State through military, political, ideological and economical means “...our hopes and the world's hope for peace are in danger. Because everywhere we look, militant Islam is on the march. It's not militants. It's not Islam. It's militant Islam.” Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel, UN General Assembly 69th meeting Introduction In early June 2014 the world was shocked by news of the fall of Mosul, the third largest city in Iraq, to militants loyal to an organization called the Islamic State in Iraq and al­Sham, or ISIS. Local Iraqi forces, weakened by a combination of corruption, equipment shortages and absenteeism, were forced on a rout by the vastly outnumbered yet better organized jihadi militants with the support of the local Sunni population. By the end of the month, the organization had declared the establishment of a "caliphate" ­ a state governed in accordance with Sharia by God's deputy on Earth, or caliph, and renamed itself the Islamic State. Since then, the group has been a source of worldwide attention with its atrocities towards the local civilian population, gruesome public executions of hostages, and notably, the November 2015 attack on French soil that cost the lives of 130 innocents.​
,
Origins What is known as ISIS today was founded as a network in Iraq by a jihadi named Abu Musab al­Zarqawi in late 2004, as an extension of the Islamist terrorist organization al­Qaeda, which became to be known as al­Qaeda in Iraq. The group started to take advantage of the Syrian conflict between Bashar al­Assad’s regime in Syria and rebels to establish itself after al­Qaeda leader Zahrawi’s call to focus on Syria. In the summer of 2013, the group officially splintered off al­Qaeda by defying Zahrawi’s orders with its declared merger with another al­Qaeda related group, the Nusra Front, to form a new group named Islamic State of Iraq and al­Sham.​
In January 2014, the group captured the Iraqi city Fallujah, and declared the establishment of an an Islamic emirate in the city. After this first power grab, ISIS managed to spread its control over a considerably large area in just a few months, exploiting the power vacuum created by the Syrian civil war and religious conflict between Sunni and Shia. Even though its first notable invasion in January 2014 marked the beginning of the group’s rapid spread, it was not the beginning of the violent Islamic militantism in the region. Origins of ISIS can be traced to the wake of Soviet retreat from Afghanistan in 1988, when Al­Qaeda was formed at a meeting attended by jihadi extremists Bin Laden, Zawahiri and Dr Fadl in Peshawar, Pakistan. The extremist group launched its first terror attack in December 1992 in Aden, which cost 2 lives. The group’s potential ,​
5​
“Treaties and Regimes: United Nations First Committee.” ​
NTI: Building a Safer World. Sixty­first General Assembly: First Committee <http://unchronicle.un.org/article/sixty­first­general­assembly­first­committee­disarmament­and­international­security/> 6 ​
threat became clear when it launched an ambitious attack in World Trade Center in New York by detonating a bomb, which took 6 lives and injured more than 1000 in February 1993. In 1996 the group formed a close relation with the Taliban government in Afghanistan, led by Mullah Omar, and started launching numerous attacks that specifically targeted Western presence such as US embassies, citizens and navy ships. The extremist group drew 2
extraordinary attention and established itself as one of the biggest threats to the world order when it launched an attack on World Trade Center in September 2001 using hijacked passenger planes, which cost 2974 lives and triggered the American invasion of Afghanistan. Reaction ISIS’ rapid rise to power combined with its infamous acts, atrocities against civilians and terror threats against virtually every establishment in the world has drawn the intervention of multiple powers. Most notable of those are a US led coalition that included 40 countries since September 2014 and a Russian military intervention since October 2015, in addition to the response from Iraqi Army and paramilitary forces such as local tribes and Kurdish militia.​
A year after the beginning of Operation Inherent Resolve ­­the intervention by the US­led coalition­­ more than 45000 aircraft sorties had been performed, and more than 560 bombs had been dropped on targets of interest. Currently the conflict against ISIS is still ongoing with gains against ISIS exemplified by the liberation of the Iraqi city Sinjar in November 2015 by the Kurdish Peshmerga. Committee Directive ,​
The committee is challenged to find different approaches to the challenge created by ISIS and to come up with solutions that pertain not only to military confrontation but to also different dimensions of intervention such as the logistical, political and ideological sides of the conflict, which arguably gives an upper hand to ISIS in the region. The chair would look favorably on addressing: • Investigation and elimination of logistical support for ISIS • Ways to draw local tribes on the side of the anti­ISIS coalition • Solutions for order control and screening to prevent the influx of foreign fighters trying to join ISIS • Investigation of the socio­cultural and economical environment that lets Islamic militantism thrive • Ways to increase the influence and control of benign regional governments • Risks behind arming local fighter groups without properly assessing the potential danger of malignant groups acquiring them. • Solutions to prevent the rise of similar groups in the future and in the potential aftermath of the conflict. • Implications of the sectarian conflict and solutions to prevent extremist groups from exploiting it. •
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Possible border solutions that aim to boost the stability of the region in the aftermath of the conflict. Peacebuilding and gender/women.” ​
Insight on Conflict. <​
http://www.insightonconflict.org/themes/gender­womens/> 2 ​
Klot, Jennifer F. “Independent Expert Paper 1 Commissioned by the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and The Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO): Women and Peacebuilding” 3 “​
Empowerment: Women & Gender Issues: Women, Gender & Peacebuilding Processes.” ​
Peacebuilding Initiative. http://www.peacebuildinginitiative.org/index9aa5.html?pageId=1959 4 ​
Report of the Secretary­General on Women’s Participation in Peacebuilding (A/65/354–S/2010/466) <http://www.un.org/en/peacebuilding/pbso/pdf/seven_point_action_plan.pdf> 2 1 “​
3 1​
On ISIS,< ​
​
http://www.merip.org/mer/mer276/isis​
>
Special report ­ How Mosul fell: An Iraqi general disputes Baghdad's story,< http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk­mideast­crisis­gharawi­special­report­idUKKCN0I30ZA20141014​
>
3​
Islamic State: What has happened since the fall of Mosul? <​
http://www.bbc.com/news/world­middle­east­32784661​
> 4​
5
Inside the Bataclan: A night of terror, a tale of love​
<​
http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/20/world/paris­attacks­terror­inside­bataclan ​
Al Qaeda Core: A Short History <​
http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/03/17/al­qaeda­core­a­short­history/​
> 6​
Zawahiri messages underline al Qaeda's focus on Syria, ​
<​
http://security.blogs.cnn.com/2012/09/13/zawahiri­messages­underline­al­qaedas­focus­on­syria/​
> 2​
II. Increasing women’s participation in peace­building “Women are not at the peace table. We are not there where our commitment to peace, our capacities to find solutions through dialogue, debate, our sensitivities to human needs, human rights are sorely needed. “ ­​
Margarita Chant Papandreou ​
“I am convinced that the women of the world, united without any regard for national or racial dimensions, can become a most powerful force for international peace and brotherhood.” ­Coretta Scott King Introduction: It is becoming more and more widely accepted that women play a vital role in the peacekeeping process, and that their increased participation is necessary in making significant progress. There is no way the world can hope to achieve peace if more than half of its population is excluded or discriminated against in the process. The fact is, women bring entirely different perspectives and priorities to the table, ones that men cannot offer. These perspectives are crucial in reconstructing societies and addressing their needs post­conflict. Women and men are affected differently by armed­conflict, and the perspectives of both men and women are needed to understand these differences. The impact of conflict on women is particularly broad and serious, including susceptibility to marginalization and poverty, increased risk of being target for attack, and increased vulnerability to rape and gender­based violence. These struggles are particularly strong in societies where culturally, women are expected to take on the role of 1​
taking care of the household and the family.​
“Today, women in the aftermath of crisis have perilously little protection or access to services, justice, economic security or citizenship,” says Jennifer F. Klot of the Social Science Research Council in a report on women in peacebuilding. Women have very poor access to the most basic rights and needs in post­conflict zones, and studies have shown that integrating gender­perspective in efforts to address post­conflicts situations has been severely lacking. When women become more involved in the peacekeeping processes, they can address these gender­specific issues and work toward closing the gender­gap. Jennifer explains, “gender equality brings to peace­building new degrees of democratic inclusiveness, faster and 2 more durable economic growth and human and social capital recovery.”​
Though the United Nations (UN) is consistently working towards increasing the role of women in peace­building, and has seen considerable success in several cases, there are several obstacles and challenges in the way of ensuring women’s role in peacebuilding is where it needs to be. Despite numerous efforts made, women are not included in 1
all levels of peacebuilding and the male population continues to dominate the process. ​
History 7​
Key Free Syria Army rebel 'killed by Islamist group' ​
http://www.bbc.com/news/world­middle­east­23283079​
> Iraqi al­Qaeda chief rejects Zawahiri orders ​
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013615172217827810.html 9​
Iraqi al­Qaeda chief rejects Zawahiri orders ​
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013615172217827810.html 10​
Al­Qaeda force captures Fallujah amid rise in violence in Iraq, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/al­qaeda­force­captures­fallujah­amid­rise­in­violence­in­iraq/2014/01/03/8abaeb2a­74aa­11e3­8def­a33
011492df2_story.html 11​
A history of terror: Al­Qaeda 1988­2008, ​
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/13/history.alqaida 13​
U.S.: More than 40 nations joined coalition against ISIS, <http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/world/2014/09/08/US­More­than­40­nations­joined­coalition­against­ISIS.html> 14​
Syrian troops launch ground offensive backed by Russian airstrikes, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/07/russian­jets­pound­syrian­provinces­in­fresh­wave­of­attacks­says­watchdog 15​
Operation Inherent Resolve: http://www.airforcetimes.com/story/military/2015/08/07/operation­inherent­resolve­one­year­after­first­bombs­fell/31222041/ 8​
The UN’s efforts to increase women’s role in peacekeeping began largely in 1995 at the Fourth World Conference on Women with the adoption of the Platform for Action and the Beijing Declaration. This document is held as one of the most crucial documents to laying the foundation for gender­equality and improving the rights and roles of women in international politics. The Platform for Action includes a section on Women in Armed Conflict outlining six objectives to increase “t​
he participation of women in conflict resolution at decision­making levels" and "to integrate gender perspectives in the resolution of armed or other conflicts and foreign occupation,” at institutional levels.​
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The Millennium Development goals have also played a role in increasing the role of women in peacebuilding, as goal three is to promote the empowerment of women and gender equality. It was specifically stated in the Millenium+5 Declaration: "We stress the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts and in peacebuilding. We also underline the importance of the integration of gender perspective and women's equal participation and full involvement in all efforts to maintain and promote peace and security, as well as the need to 3
increase their role in decision­making at all levels."​
In 2000 came the first key Security Council Resolution to address the role of women in peacebuilding processes. In a special session the Security Council unanimously passed UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security. The resolution addresses providing protection for women and children in and post­conflict, with an emphasis on increased attention to gender­based violence, and it encourages the inclusion of women “i​
n post­conflict reforms such as disarmament, security, and judicial, constitutional and electoral processes,” recognizing “for the first time the role of women in conflict­­not as victims, but as actors in the prevention and resolution of conflict and in equal participation in peacebuilding and decision­making." As a follow up to this resolution, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) establishes legal guidelines to actually 3 enforce policies. ​
Finally, in 2010 the UN passed a 7­Point Action Plan for tracking the progress of women’s participation in peacebuilding. In the plan, it makes seven commitments: conflict resolution, post­conflict planning, post­conflict financing, gender­responsive civilian capacity, women’s representation in post­conflict governance, rule of law, and economic recovery, and then outlines measures to be taken to achieve these goals. This more comprehensive plan lays a better framework for achieving progress and should help with the enforcement of guidelines laid out in 4
previous resolutions and conventions.​
Problems One of the main problems pertaining to women in peacekeeping is that they lack in numbers. Although it has been reported by the United Nations that women perform the same tasks as male peacekeepers, such as being deployed under police military, ​
in 1993, women made up 1% of deployed uniformed personnel. In 2014, out of approximately 125,000 peacekeepers, women constituted 3% of military personnel and 10% of police personnel in UN 5​
Peacekeeping missions.​
To tackle the issue of women in the peace building efforts, The Security Council passed S/RES/1325 in 2000. This called for all actors to incorporate women into peace building in order to get different gender perspectives for all peace and security efforts. One of the many efforts put forth by the United Nations to increase women participation after S/RES/1325 was the launch of a Global Effort to recruit more women police 6​
officers in August of 2009.​
The goal was to increase women in police officer positions to 20% by 2014. Although the United Nations actively pushes for more women participation, the responsibility of putting women in these positions falls on the Member States. The argument for women in peace keeping is that they can help bridge the gap between civilians and peacekeeping officers. Over the years, numerous of incidents dealing with sexual violence involving peacekeeping troops has been linked back to the gender gap within. Other issues arising with the lack of diversity are the interactions with women in societies (specifically in places in the world where women are not allowed to talk to men) and providing an adequate state of security for local populations. One of the key advantages to having more women peacekeepers is the creation of a safer place for women and girls around the world who have suffered from sexual violence in times of armed conflict. S/RES/1325 also called for a greater presence of women to help with the issue of gender violence. Member states such as India, Cyprus, and Ghana have begun training and creating all women peacekeeping troops to tackle issues with problems such as 7 sexual violence in these areas.​
Committee Directives Women in peace keeping face social norms and biases that perpetuate gender inequality within the security sector. The United Nation calls for women to have a bigger hand in the peacekeeping process. Increasing women's roles in the peace building process can empower women while simultaneously helping to lessen conflict in areas where peacekeepers are deployed. The task at hand is to increase the numbers and the impact of women in peacekeeping. The main debate surrounding around women and peacekeeping is the question of how they are beneficial to the peace building process. This argument mainly lies within Member States whose societal views on women clashes with the UN's call for more women to be a part of the process (specifically as peacekeepers.) It's important to look at all the positive studies that coincide with women as part of the peacekeeping process. With this information, what do you think about increasing the number of women in peacekeeping? How should we go about accomplishing this? How can we get member states to accept the UN's plea for more women in the process without infringing on cultural 14 ​
ties?​
Your task is to search for solutions that address all of these questions in innovative ways. United Nations Peacekeeping.​
Women in Peacekeeping. Web. 24 Dec 2015. UNPOL: Sustainable Peace through Justice and Security​
. Global Effort and Gender Initiatives. Web. 26 Dec 2015. 7​
UN Women. ​
In India, special trainings and all­women peacekeeper units tackle sexual violence. 16 December 2013. Web . 26 Dec 2015 4 5​
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Research Directory I.
Confronting the self­proclaimed Islamic State through military, political, ideological and economic means UN Security Council Resolution Targeting ISIL Finances: http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50067#.VoQ9f_krLIU Discusses UN Security Council’s approval of measures targeting sources of financing for ISIL UN backs action after Paris attacks​
: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/21/fight­against­isis­heats­up­as­un­backs­action­after­paris­attacks The UN Security Council urges nations to take on a greater role in combatting ISIS after the Paris terrorist attacks The Islamic State: International Response: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/ISISint.html Summarizes the international response to the Islamic State. Global Anti­Isis Alliance Begins to Emerge http://www.wsj.com/articles/global­anti­isis­alliance­begins­to­emerge­1447806527 Discusses ways in which nations are cooperating in the fight against ISIS Fighting the Root Causes: http://www.thenation.com/article/there­is­only­one­way­to­destroy­isis/ Discusses the importance of ending the Syrian Civil War in combating ISIS II.
Increasing women’s participation in peace­building Women in Peacekeeping: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/issues/women/womeninpk.shtml Addresses statistics and gives a general view of women in peacekeeping. Three Myths About Women in Peacekeeping: ​
http://buildingpeaceforum.com/2014/03/three­myths­about­women­in­peacekeeping/ Tackling myths and arguments against women in peacekeeping United Nations Security Council RES/1325 (2000): http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1325(2000) Resolution pertaining to women in peacekeeping Gender Issues in Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding: http://www.academia.edu/9383015/GENDER_ISSUES_IN_PEACEKEEPING_AND_PEACEBUILDING Global Effort and Gender Initiatives: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/sites/police/initiatives/globaleffort.shtml Takes a closer look at the Global Effort project launch the UN In India, special trainings and all­women peacekeeper units tackle sexual violence: http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2013/10/in­india­all­women­peacekeeper­units­tackle­sexual­violence#st
hash.R3Wv1CCv.dpuf Why the United Nations Needs More Female Peacekeepers: http://unu.edu/publications/articles/why­un­needs­more­female­peacekeepers.html