Contents
ACC WorkSafe Cycle
Plant
Ladders
Power Tools
Power Cut Off Saws
Elevated Work Platforms
Hand Tools
Power Actuated Tools
Portable Mechanically Powered Nailers and Staplers
Scaffolding
Mobile Loading Cranes
Perimeter Protection and Fall Arrest Systems
Respirators
Trailers
Welding Plant
Mobile Phones
Vehicles
Powered Portable Belt Sanders
Routers
Circular Saws
Electric Drills
Angle Grinders
Bench Grinders
Building Maintenance Units and Powered Swinging Stages
Chainsaws
Compressors
Powered Drills
Table Saws
Glass Sheets
Bulldozers/ Excavators
Forklifts
Chemicals
Solvents
Asbestos
Lead Based Paints
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Fibreglass Insulation Materials
Blood-borne Viruses
Cement
Chemical Cleaners
Paints
Silica
Locations
General Electrical Safety
Trenches and Open Excavations
Deliveries
Working in Confined Spaces
Electrical Safety
Underground Services
Office Environments
People
Heat Stress
New and Young Workers
Public and Others
Contractors
Manual Handling
Skin Cancer
Stress
Noise
Housekeeping
Vibration – hand, arm and whole body
Shiftwork
Working Alone
Tasks
Spray Painting
Formwork
Aluminium Framing
Concrete Pumping
Demolition Operations
Demolition Planning
Paint Stripping/ Removal
Roofing
ACC WorkSafe is the roadmap from ACC to reducing injury and illness in the workplace. It is a guide for building comprehensive
health and safety programmes in workplaces and can apply to a wide range of organisations and industries.
Commitment
Health and safety must have the same status within a workplace as other business and production goals. It is important that
everyone within an organisation shows commitment to health and safety. Commitment across the workplace begins with
management, who sets the culture of the organisation. Commitment from employees and their representatives is also needed
for health and safety policies and procedures to be used effectively. Workplace commitment requires understanding how
workplace injuries and illnesses are caused and the actions needed to prevent them. Commitment can be demonstrated by:
Use of safe work practices
Taking action on recording and reporting of hazards
Accurate recording and reporting of incidents
Comprehensive health and safety policies
Adequate resourcing
Production or performance goals that reflect health and safety
A positive workplace that supports and recognises health and safety systems and procedures.
Health and safety becomes a part of core business.
Communication
The lines of communication within an organisation need to be open and effective so that health and safety messages can be
passed efficiently and accurately. Communication channels mean health and safety initiatives are co-ordinated and well
understood. They may be:
Formal: audits, workplace inspections, health and safety committee meetings, training, incident investigations and
reports, or hazard registers, and/or
Informal: tool box meetings, suggestion box, verbal reports, day-to-day interactions, or leading by example.
Communication skills are equally important. The right approach will help 'sell' health and safety strategies, and 'bridge' gaps in
knowledge. They may be:
Consulting with employees, management, and/or contractors
Giving information through talks, publications, training sessions, or as immediate feedback
Facilitating group learning
Mediating to reach solutions.
Good communication within a workplace supports people in healthy and safe practices and underpins the ACC WorkSafe Cycle.
Review
Reviews are important to assess an organisation 's injury prevention performance. They determine the value of health and
safety activities, and provide a basis for planning. The main purposes of reviews are to:
Identify the effectiveness of systems and practices currently in place
Establish baselines against which future progress can be measured
Determine the resources needed (time, money, people, skills, knowledge)
Quantify costs related to workplace illness and injury
Identify injury factors.
Plan
Planning involves setting goals, objectives and action steps in order to make improvement strategies happen. When planning
you need to:
Identify goals. These are usually activities or controls designed to eliminate, isolate or minimise factors causing
injury/illness
Establish the resources required for the activity/control and the degree to which it will impact on the problem
Identify objectives. Ensure that they are SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and have a timeline)
Prioritise strategies
Identify measures and targets
Create an action plan that details the specific steps needed to meet an objective.
Build a foundation
A good foundation includes key people, their skill base, and the proper channels to drive the ACC WorkSafe, health and safety
activities. A strong foundation will help implementation run smoothly and will provide sustainable health and safety activities in
the long term. To build a foundation you need to:
Identify the workplace 'champion(s)' for the health and safety initiative
Identify key people to be involved and establish the appropriate vehicle for the workplace, such as a task force, special
team, or health and safety committee
Determine roles and responsibilities for key personnel
Educate and train key personnel
Establish lines of communication and systems of communication
Align health and safety with production goals
Develop ACC WorkSafe Cycle components
Establish procedures to access or link with resources (money, specialist advice, community services etc).
Implement
Implementation means doing the health and safety activities listed on the right-hand side of the ACC WorkSafe Cycle.
Evaluation data will be collected at this stage as well so that successful implementation of the activity can be celebrated, and
opportunities for improvement can be identified when the Cycle proceeds to review again. The implementation stage involves:
Educating and training general personnel and managers
Communicating programme components, roles and responsibilities, procedures, and rationale
Monitoring the use of resources
Managing injury factors/injury management systems
Collecting data as planned
Measuring the progress and effectiveness of the health and safety activities against ACC WorkSafe Cycle goals and
action plan timelines. Results of evaluations are fed back to the first step of the ACC WorkSafe Cycle
Carrying out the health and safety activities.
Business Name: acc
Industry Name: Construction
Location:
New Zealand
Plant >> Ladders
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Safe Ladder Use
OSH Department of Labour - Stepladder Safety
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Ladders
Hazards
Maintenance of ladders
Possible Consequences
Ladders collapsing
Safe Work Practices
Ensure regular visual inspections are undertaken. The inspection should look for:
1. Bent or twisted styles.
2. Loose, bent, worn or split rungs or steps.
3. Loose, bent or disconnected braces.
4. Damaged or missing locking bars, rivets or non slip feet.
Always repair damaged and faulty ladders immediately.
If the ladder cannot be repaired then it should be discarded and replaced with a new one.
Never attempt to work from a faulty or damaged ladder.
Rubber boots should be fitted to the base of styles on all aluminium ladders.
Transportation of ladders
Ladder structural failure
Vibrations can be avoided by using roof racks that are purpose built to carry a particular type of ladder,
including rubber cushioning fitted to the top of the roof rack.
Working on fixed or access
Falling
Wait until other person has exited off ladder before ascending or descending.
ladders
Maintain three point contact by keeping two hands and one foot, or two feet and one hand on the ladder at all
times.
6 of 242
Plant >> Ladders
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Safe Ladder Use
OSH Department of Labour - Stepladder Safety
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Ladders
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Raise or lower tools or materials using a hand line.
Regularly inspect ladders for:
1. Loose, worn and damaged rungs and railings.
2. Corroded bolts and rivet heads.
3. Damaged bolts and handrails (broken or loose anchorages).
4. Slippery surfaces from oil or ice.
Working with ladders
Falling
Ladders contacting live lines
Materials falling
Muscular or back strain
Stand the ladder on a level base.
Always face the ladder and use both hands when climbing up or coming down.
Do not use metal ladders or wooden ladders that have any metal parts near electricity.
Unsecured ladder falling
It is recommended to wear shoes with heels when climbing a ladder.
Never over-reach sideways - get down and move the ladder. As a guide your belt buckle should remain within
the stiles of the ladder at all times.
Never use a ladder which is not long enough. A ladder should project at least one (1) metre above any landing
place.
The correct angle for a ladder is one (1) unit of measurement out at the base for every four (4) units of height.
Always secure the ladder by head rope and also secure the base, if necessary, or have someone holding the
7 of 242
Plant >> Ladders
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Safe Ladder Use
OSH Department of Labour - Stepladder Safety
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Ladders
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Set up suitable barriers e.g. cones around ladders where necessary.
Ensure no one is underneath area of work being performed.
Never hang any tools or other items from the steps or rungs.
When working around doors and doorways ensure they are locked securely .
When carrying ladders distribute weight evenly by placing your shoulder half way alongside the stile.
Ladders must not be left unattended in an erect position.
When not in use, ladders should be safely stored where children cannot access them.
How to correctly set up an extension ladder.
Working with step ladders
Falling
Materials falling
Step ladders used in the construction industry must be more robust than those intended for domestic use.
This is indicated by extra thickness of the aluminium, use of more rivets and bracing.
Never attempt to work from the top two treads of a step ladder.
Always face the step ladder treads when using a step ladder.
Never attempt to use a step ladder with a single stay or temporary stay.
Never use a step ladder for access or egress into another work place.
Never over-reach sideways - get down and move the ladder. As a guide your belt buckle should remain within
the stiles of the ladder at all times.
8 of 242
Plant >> Ladders
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Safe Ladder Use
OSH Department of Labour - Stepladder Safety
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Ladders
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Never use a step ladder as a support for a working platform as step ladders are unstable.
Always place a step ladder on a flat surface and firm ground.
Do not place a step ladder on boxes or scaffolds to gain extra height.
Set up suitable barriers e.g. cones around ladders where necessary.
9 of 242
Plant >> Power Tools
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines For The Safe Use Of Woodworking Machinery
Health and Safety Commission - Agriculture Industry Advisory Committee - Farmwise an Essential Guide to Health and Safety in Agriculture
Hazards
Excessive noise
Possible Consequences
Hearing damage
Safe Work Practices
Hearing protection should be worn when working around excessive noise.
Regularly maintain power tools and machinery, and keep the components well oiled and change old or loose
parts, vibrating mounts, silencers etc.
Flying
Burns
objects/projectiles/sparks
Cuts/lacerations
Eye injury
Lack of training
Eye protection should be worn when operating tools if there is a risk of flying debris.
Keep moving parts directed away from body.
Hit by moving objects
If necessary use grips or clamps to hold article firm or ask for assistance to hold article being worked on to
reduce the risk of materials flying.
Personal injury
An employer or person in control of the workplace should ensure that any operator is trained and supervised in
the operation of power tools by a suitably skilled person.
When training is being undertaken the following should be explained:
1. Actual and potential hazards and appropriate controls.
2. Correct use and adjustment of guards and other safety devices.
3. Correct work methods to be used.
4. Emergency Procedures
5. How the power tool works and its purpose.
6. How to check and adjust the power tool prior to starting it.
7. How to recognise faults with the potential to cause harm.
8. How to stop and start the power tool.
10 of 242
Plant >> Power Tools
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines For The Safe Use Of Woodworking Machinery
Health and Safety Commission - Agriculture Industry Advisory Committee - Farmwise an Essential Guide to Health and Safety in Agriculture
Hazards
Oil rags and hot debris
Possible Consequences
Fire
Safe Work Practices
Clear swarf, saw dust and other combustible materials as often as practicable.
Ensure oil rags are not left lying around. Rags should be disposed of in a safe manner and or stored in sealed
metal containers to reduce the risk of them catching fire.
Poor house keeping practices
Cuts/lacerations
Tripping/slipping
Good housekeeping practices should be part of the daily routine, with a clean up being a continuous
procedure.
Work areas, particularly around ladders, ramps, stairs and passageways should be kept free of waste, loose
materials and tools not currently in use.
Sharp edged or pointed tools should have the edge or point guarded at all times when not in use.
You should not overreach when using power tools. Ensure proper footing and balance at all times.
Poorly maintained equipment
Electric shock
Electrocution
Equipment failure causing
Damaged or worn cords should be replaced immediately.
Ensure equipment is serviced regularly by a certified person/electrician.
bodily harm.
Repetitive use of power tools
OOS (Occupational Overuse
Syndrome)
Organise the work so that you can mix repetitive and non-repetitive activities.
Take frequent, short rest breaks.
Simple and gentle exercises to reduce muscle tension are recommended.
Tools for repetitive tasks should be a comfortable size, shape and weight, be well-balanced with a comfortable
grip and need no more than reasonable force to operate.
Working with or around
Cuts/lacerations
Keep moving parts directed away from body.
moving parts
11 of 242
Plant >> Power Tools
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines For The Safe Use Of Woodworking Machinery
Health and Safety Commission - Agriculture Industry Advisory Committee - Farmwise an Essential Guide to Health and Safety in Agriculture
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Use clamps or vices to hold work wherever possible.
Always use two hands when operating power tools.
Working with or around power
Electric shock
tools
Electrocution
Fatigue
Ensure quick inspection of tools is made prior to use.
Keep power cords from contact with sharp objects, oil, grease and hot surfaces.
The use of a Residual Current Device (RCD) or Isolating Transformer is required when using electrical power
tools such as:
1. Hand-held power tools e.g. saws, grinders, chainsaws.
2. Power equipment e.g. water blasters.
3. Extension leads connected to power tools.
Workers must know how to test any portable RCD they are about to use and tests must be carried out before
using the equipment.
All power tools should have a safety control switch which operates the motor only when the switch is held in
the on position by the operator and which is located on the tool so as to be readily operated by the person
using the machine.
Stop work and rest if you have signs of mental fatigue. Signs include changes in perception (i.e, objects
appear larger or smaller than they are), slowing down of normal pace of work, irregular timing and
disorganisation.
Never use power tools under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Even prescription drugs can affect your senses
and cause drowsiness.
12 of 242
Plant >> Power Tools
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines For The Safe Use Of Woodworking Machinery
Health and Safety Commission - Agriculture Industry Advisory Committee - Farmwise an Essential Guide to Health and Safety in Agriculture
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Ensure chains and blades on machinery are sharpened to manufacturer's recommendations.
Ensure job rotation or regular breaks are taken to avoid over use.
13 of 242
Plant >> Power Cut Off Saws
Sources
Working Safer and Smarter with Power Cut Off Saws
OSH Dept of Labour - Concrete Cutting Safety
Hazards
Cutting into asbestos and
Possible Consequences
Asbestosis
asbestos cement products
Safe Work Practices
Work must be carried out under the direct supervision of a person who holds an open certificate of
competency for asbestos removal.
The work being undertaken must be notified to OSH 24 hours prior to commencement.
Operators should wear all personal protective equipment as directed.
The work area should be completely isolated.
All contaminated waste must be contained.
Containment area must be subsequently cleaned up.
All asbestos contaminated waste must be disposed of as soon as possible by sealing in plastic bags,
labelling as asbestos waste and removing from site.
Incorrect preparation of work
Carbon Monoxide Posioning
piece
Cuts/lacerations
Hit by moving objects
Slipping/tripping
Before commencing cutting remove all foreign objects, such as rocks, nails, gravel etc from cutting area.
Make sure what you are cutting is secure. Do not hold it down with your foot and do not get someone else to
hold material steady.
Ensure that the material being cut is stable and unlikely to move during cutting. Wedges, shoring and/or props
may be required.
Never cut more than one piece at a time. When cutting make sure that no other work piece comes into
contact with the cutting edge.
Only use the power cut off saw with good light and visibility. Be aware of slippery or wet areas and of ice and
snow.
Never work on unstable surfaces such as ladders.
14 of 242
Plant >> Power Cut Off Saws
Sources
Working Safer and Smarter with Power Cut Off Saws
OSH Dept of Labour - Concrete Cutting Safety
Hazards
Operating power cut off saws
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Hit by moving objects
Slipping/tripping
Safe Work Practices
Never operate the saw in any application or job where you are not trained or supervised.
Never operate the machine while alone. Have someone available for assistance in case of injury.
The following protective equipment must be worn when operating power cut off saws:
1. Non fogging vented safety goggles or a face screen.
2. Sturdy properly fitted clothing, allowing freedom of movement.
3. Steel toed safety boots and Kevlar reinforced chainsaw boots are both suitable for working with power cut off
saws. However in some situations the Kevlar boots offer better protection.
4. Heavy duty non slip gloves should be worn to improve grip and protect hands.
5. Safety hard hat should always be worn.
6. Grade 5 hearing protectors should be worn.
7. Respirator should be worn for all dry cutting of concrete where there is dust generated. Respiratory
protection should be worn when there is a danger from the silica, concrete or lead or other hazardous
substance.
8. Heavy duty rubber apron can be used to reduce operator discomfort during wet cutting operations.
9. Never wear clothes that are made of flammable fabrics.
Operate saws in well ventilated areas.
Operating power cut off saws
Hit by moving objects
near public
Cuts/lacerations
Always look behind you before cutting - circumstances change quickly. When saw is running it is difficult to
hear or see what is happening around you.
15 of 242
Plant >> Power Cut Off Saws
Sources
Working Safer and Smarter with Power Cut Off Saws
OSH Dept of Labour - Concrete Cutting Safety
Hazards
Refuelling saws
Possible Consequences
Explosion
Fire
Safe Work Practices
Never smoke while refuelling.
Wipe the saw dry if fuel is accidentally spilled.
Always move away from the fuelling area before starting the engine.
Ensure filler cap is securely tightened on saw after refuelling.
Using cut off wheels
Cuts/lacerations
Hit by moving objects
Examine cutting wheels before each use. Abrasive wheels should be free of cracks, nicks and flaws. Diamond
blades should be free of cracks and should not be used if severely undercut. Use only the wheels
recommended by your supplier.
Lower the wheel slowly into material being cut. Do not allow the wheel to drop onto the surfaces or blade
damage may result.
Do not force the wheel while cutting. Use proper forward speed and allow the wheel to cut and not climb out of
the cut or stall in the cut.
Use a back and forth cutting action. Keep the wheel moving all the time to prevent overheating of the material
being cut.
Never twist or turn a wheel in the cut as this can cause wheel breakage.
Never cut or grind with the side of the wheel.
Never apply excessive pressure. Let the blade do most of the work.
Avoid letting the cutting wheel hit the ground or any other hard objects.
When setting the unit down after use make sure the wheel does not make contact with the ground or any
other surface. This could result in the machine spinning out of control and causing injury.
16 of 242
Plant >> Power Cut Off Saws
Sources
Working Safer and Smarter with Power Cut Off Saws
OSH Dept of Labour - Concrete Cutting Safety
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Be sure sparks from the cutting operation cannot reach flammable materials.
If a wheel shatters, carefully examine the wheel guard for damage. A damaged wheel guard must be replaced
to ensure continued protection.
17 of 242
Plant >> Elevated Work Platforms
Sources
Guidelines for the Safe Operation of Elevated Platforms - Projex Hirequip
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Power-Operated Elevating Work Platforms
Hazards
Faulty machinery
Possible Consequences
Mechanical failure
Personal injury
Safe Work Practices
The following should be checked on a daily basis:
1. Tyre pressure
2. Brakes working efficiently and brake fluid level checked.
3. Fuel, water and oil levels in work platforms.
4. Hydraulic lines for leaks and damage.
5. Supporting structure is sound and free from distortion or cracking.
6. Powered mechanism for operating the platform is working properly.
7. Any communication system between the platform and the ground functions correctly.
8. Emergency controls function correctly and any safety equipment, e.g. safety harness, is in good condition.
9. If electrically insulated, the insulated section is not bridged by any residue.
The following should be checked on a monthly basis:
1. All of the daily checks listed above.
2. Operational check of the work platform.
3. Check of the condition of the chassis, support structure, powered mechanism and the platform.
4. Lubrication
5. Other checks specified in the manufacturer's instructions.
6. Electrically insulated machinery must be checked so that all fibreglass components together with any
Plant >> Elevated Work Platforms
Sources
Guidelines for the Safe Operation of Elevated Platforms - Projex Hirequip
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Power-Operated Elevating Work Platforms
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
or otherwise at least every six months by a competent person.
If the elevated platform has a fibreglass boom and is subject to arduous use, it is recommended the boom be
checked annually.
Elevated Work Platforms require a major examination as per OSH Code of Practice every ten years.
Operating elevated work
Crushing
platforms
Electric shock
Electrocution
Falling
Trapping
Ensure that staff using platforms are trained in their safe operation, and are advised of likely hazards
associated with such machinery.
The floor of the platform should be non-slip.
Do not use elevated work platforms on excessively sloping ground.
Make sure there is a clear work area around the platform.
Do not allow people to walk under the working area of the elevated platform.
Do not exceed safe working load of platform.
Do not get in or out of the platform while it is elevated.
Do not operate elevated work platform during periods of high winds.
Ensure the cage is lowered before travelling on steep terrain.
Ensure the boom is fully lowered before dismounting.
Self propelled machines must be equipped with a horn or audible warning device.
Rotating shafts, gears, sprockets and any other dangerous part must be guarded.
Plant >> Elevated Work Platforms
Sources
Guidelines for the Safe Operation of Elevated Platforms - Projex Hirequip
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Power-Operated Elevating Work Platforms
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
trapping of persons.
Manually propelled work platforms must never be moved while the platform is elevated.
Self propelled machines may be moved while the platform is elevated, however ensure route chosen is firm and
level.
You can only use "creep" speed when the platform is fully raised.
Employees operating platforms should wear safety harnesses that are fixed to the platform.
Check the bearing capacity of the ground - you may need to spread the load by using steel plates or heavy
timbers under the pads.
All controls should be clearly marked in readable English letters or symbols to show their functions.
Make sure employees are aware of the location of the overhead power lines.
Keep safe clearances when working near power lines.
If an uninsulated work platform comes into contact with live electrical lines persons in the personnel bucket
should remain there and warn any other visitors to stay clear.
Safest course of action is to do nothing until the line is de-energized.
Only as a last resort should people attempt to jump clear from the platform by observing the following
procedures:
1. Switch off the motor and if not already applied, apply brakes.
2. Remove any loose clothing.
3. Climb to a point about 1 m above ground from where you can safely jump to the ground.
20 of 242
Plant >> Elevated Work Platforms
Sources
Guidelines for the Safe Operation of Elevated Platforms - Projex Hirequip
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Power-Operated Elevating Work Platforms
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
5. Fall away from the machine, not towards it.
6. Do not touch the machine until the lines are de-energized.
Refuelling elevated work
Explosion
platforms
Fire
Shut down the machine prior to refuelling.
Ensure no one is smoking nearby.
Do not refuel during an electrical storm.
Ensure fuel cap is closed and secure at all times.
21 of 242
Plant >> Hand Tools
Sources
National Occupational Health and Safety Commision - Commonwealth of Australia - Overuse Injuries
Hazards
Poorly maintained tools
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Safe Work Practices
Tools which develop defects while in use should be removed from service, tagged and not used again until they
have been repaired.
Impact tools such as chisels, drills, hammers and wedges with mushroom heads should not be used until
they have been reconditioned.
Hammers, axes, shovels and similar tools should not be used if the handles are loose, cracked or splintered.
Defective wrenches should not be used as they are likely to slip e.g. open end and adjustable wrenches with
spread jaws or pipe wrenches with dull teeth.
Files or other tools with pointed edges should be equipped with suitable handles.
Storage of tools
Cuts/lacerations
Tripping/slipping
All hand tools should be adequately stored where they will not be a hazard.
Good housekeeping practices should be part of the daily routine, with a clean up being a continuous
procedure.
Work areas, particularly around ladders, ramps, stairs and passageways should be kept free of waste, loose
materials and tools not currently in use.
An effective means of preventing hazardous clutter is to provide easily accessible storage containers.
Sharp edged or pointed tools should have the edge or point guarded at all times when not in use.
Shovels and rakes left lying on the ground should have the sharp or pointed edges placed towards the ground.
Working with hand tools
Cuts/lacerations
Excessive Noise
OOS (Occupational Overuse
Syndrome)
Provide workers with training and information about safe working practices and the correct methods, postures
and the use of tools, machinery and other equipment.
Regular maintenance, or replacement of tools. If purchasing new tools consider such things as anti vibration
handles.
Tripping/slipping
Organise the work so that you can mix repetitive and non-repetitive activities.
22 of 242
Plant >> Hand Tools
Sources
National Occupational Health and Safety Commision - Commonwealth of Australia - Overuse Injuries
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Vary or rotate jobs.
Simple and gentle exercises to reduce muscle tension.
Review work rates to ensure they are realistic and within your physical and psychological capabilities.
Try to arrange work materials or equipment to avoid over reaching or twisting, which can further stress
muscles.
Hand tools for repetitive tasks should be a comfortable size, shape and weight, be well-balanced with a
comfortable grip and need no more than reasonable force to operate.
If the job needs precise movements, make sure the task is done slightly above elbow level so the elbows
remain in a relaxed position close to the body and shoulders are relaxed, avoiding muscle strain.
If the job needs a lot of muscle strength, make sure the task is performed slightly below elbow level.
Tools, equipment and materials should not be thrown or dropped from one employee to another or from one
level to another but should be transferred from one hand to another, by a hand line or a similar safe method.
When using sharp tools for cutting never cut towards your body or hand.
Ensure you are wearing appropriate clothing and personal protective equipment e.g. safety boots, ear muffs,
safety goggles.
23 of 242
Plant >> Powder Actuated Tools
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Powder Actuated Handheld Fastening Tools
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Concealed pipes or electrical
Electric shock
wiring
Electrocution
Check the location of pipes or electrical wiring to ensure they are not concealed within material at point of
firing.
Firing into concrete
Disintegration of material
Fasteners should not be driven into concrete under the following circumstances:
1. Nearer than 75 mm to an edge.
2. Nearer than 75 mm to another fastener.
3. Where thickness of material is less than 100 mm.
4. Nearer than 150 mm to where another fastener has failed to fully penetrate.
Firing into steel
Disintegration of material
Fasteners should not be driven into steel under the following circumstances:
1. Nearer than 16 mm to an edge.
2. Nearer than 25 mm to another fastener.
3. Nearer than 100 mm to a heat affected zone.
4. Less than 4 mm in thickness.
Firing through existing holes
Ricochet
Use only powder actuated fastening tools specifically equipped by the manufacturer for this operation.
Maintenance and repairs
Misfires
Every powder actuated tool should be cleaned once a day after use.
At least once in every week that the tool is used, ensure it is dismantled and examined for defects by a
certificated operator.
Powder actuated tools should be returned to manufacturer's master agent for a complete overhaul every six
months.
24 of 242
Plant >> Powder Actuated Tools
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Powder Actuated Handheld Fastening Tools
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Where manufacturer's instructions are absent, observe following procedures:
1. Wait 10 seconds then release powder actuated fastening tool from its depressed condition.
2. Release the powder actuated fastening tool from the work surface without changing the direction in which
the tool is pointing.
3. Finally remove the charge and store it safely for later disposal.
4. Any charges that have misfired should not be used again.
Operating powder actuated
Excessive noise
fastening tools
Misfires
Persons using hand held fastening tools must be certified operators.
Ensure tool has a current certificate of fitness.
Before using tool ensure it is cleaned and clear of obstructions.
Ensure operators wear eye protection suitable for industrial application and hearing protection e.g. ear muffs.
Warn people in immediate vicinity of your intentions and ensure work area is clear - tools should not be
operated in congested areas.
Where tools are being operated, signage or notices need to be displayed e.g. 'Caution: Explosive Powered
Tool in Use'.
Operator should ensure they are in a safe and well balanced position before firing.
Call clearly 'firing', delay three seconds then pull trigger.
After using tool charges and unloaded powder actuated fastening tools ensure they are stored in locked case
or container.
Ensure that you use parts and materials as recommended by the manufacturer. Mixing and matching parts
and materials from different manufacturers can cause serious injuries e.g. use ramset nails with a ramset gun.
25 of 242
Plant >> Powder Actuated Tools
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Powder Actuated Handheld Fastening Tools
Hazards
temperature
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
26 of 242
Plant >> Portable Mechanically Powered Nailers and Staplers
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Safe Use of Portable Mechnically Powered Nailers and Staplers
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Operating portable
Excessive noise
mechanically powered nailers
Flying particles
and staplers
Misfires
Safe Work Practices
Always assume the tool contains fasteners.
Do not point the tool towards yourself or anyone else whether it contains fasteners or not.
Never depress the operating mechanism or work contacting element unless the nose of the tool is directed
onto a safe work surface or test material.
Never trigger the tool when moving it from fixing to fixing.
Do not load the tool with fasteners while any part of the operating mechanism is depressed.
Depending on energy source, all tools should be clearly marked with either:
1. Maximum air or inert gas pressure, or
2. Voltage and insulation, or
3. LPG cartridge type.
Never use volatile or combustible gas to power a pneumatic tool that is a tool designed to be powered with
compressed air - never use bottled oxygen.
If the tool is designed to use combustible gas always follow the manufacturer's recommendation for emptying
the combustion chamber and removing the fuel cell and battery (if fitted) before examination or cleaning.
LPG powered tools produce carbon monoxide - they must be used with adequate ventilation.
Spent LPG cartridges must be disposed of without piercing or burning. Burning will almost certainly cause an
explosion.
Always disconnect the tool before carrying out cleaning and adjustment.
Defective tools should be tagged and removed from service.
Always have a competent, experienced person carry out repairs or maintenance.
27 of 242
Plant >> Portable Mechanically Powered Nailers and Staplers
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Safe Use of Portable Mechnically Powered Nailers and Staplers
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Never use a tool that has loose bolts, screws or fittings.
Tools should be equipped with either a sequential trip or a restrictive trigger non sequential trip mechanism.
In the event of an injury, always ensure medical practitioner removes any nails caused by accidental firing.
Incorrect removal can make the injury worse.
If practical those accompanying wounded person to treatment should supply sample of fastener to medical
practitioner.
Transportation and storage
Explosion
Mechanical failure
When taking nailer or stapler from place to place or transporting from site to site, machine should be kept in
suitably constructed container.
Container should be strong enough to prevent accidental damage and contain the manufacturer's operating and
maintenance instructions.
When gas powered nailers are transported, loaded or stored the unburned gas should be pumped from the
combustion chamber and the gas removed. Any battery used for ignition should also be removed.
Always check to see what parts of nail gun, if any are to be lubricated. Always use the recommended grade of
oil. Tools with nylon cylinders and carbon fibre piston rings do not require lubrication.
Use of electrically powered
Electric shock
nailers and staplers.
Electrocution
You should always use an isolating transformer or residual current device when operating electrically powered
nailers and staplers.
The residual current device should be tested prior to use.
28 of 242
Plant >> Scaffolding
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of Scaffolding
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletins
Victorian Workcover Authority - Scaffolding Checklist for Builders and Building Trade Contractors
Hazards
Access to working platforms
Possible Consequences
Falling from height
Safe Work Practices
Ladders should be pitched at a slope of not less than 1 in 4 and not more than 1 in 6.
Ladders should be securely tied to prevent them moving.
Ladders should be provided with landings top and bottom, and the landings should be properly guarded.
Maximum height between landings should not exceed 6.3 metres.
Ladders should extend at least 1 metre above landings.
The base of the ladder should be offset from the head of the ladder below, so that the ladders do not form a
single continuous ladder.
Carrying out 'hot work' on
Burns
scaffolding
Fire
Ensure fire extinguisher is full and easily accessible.
Ensure employees are trained in the use of fire equipment.
Ensure the correct type of fire extinguisher is provided.
Ensure the correct type of personal protective equipment is provided and used by those working on the
scaffolding.
Erecting and inspecting
Falling from height
scaffolding
Scaffolding collapsing
All scaffolding where the working platform is over 5 m high must be erected, altered, repaired, maintained or
dismantled only by a certified scaffolder who has an appropriate certificate of competency for that class of
scaffolding.
Standing, freestanding and mobile scaffolds up to 5 m high can be erected by a competent person provided
they are erected in accordance with the code. The 5 m height relates to the topmost working platform of the
scaffold.
29 of 242
Plant >> Scaffolding
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of Scaffolding
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletins
Victorian Workcover Authority - Scaffolding Checklist for Builders and Building Trade Contractors
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Registers should contain the inspections carried out on such scaffold prior to initial use, and at subsequent
regular intervals. Sample registers and the details to be recorded are contained in the Code.
Scaffold inspections must be carried out by a certified scaffolder of the appropriate class, or a competent
person such as a registered engineer, or a person who has sufficient training and experience to determine that
the scaffold complies.
It is important that a competent person inspect all scaffolding prior to use, at least weekly while it is in use,
after bad weather or any other occurrence that could affect its stability and after periods where it has not been
used for sometime.
Ensure there is proper access to the scaffold platform.
All uprights must be properly founded and provided with base plates. Where necessary, there should be timber
sole plates, or some other means used to prevent slipping and or sinking.
The scaffold should be secured to the building in enough places to prevent collapse and the ties are strong
enough.
If any ties have been removed since the scaffold was erected, then additional ties or other means of support
should be provided to replace them.
The scaffold needs to be adequately braced to ensure stability.
Ensure load-bearing fittings are used where required.
Uprights, ledgers, braces or struts are not to be removed.
Working platforms should be fully planked, with the planks free from obvious defects such as knots and
arranged to avoid tipping and tripping.
30 of 242
Plant >> Scaffolding
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of Scaffolding
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletins
Victorian Workcover Authority - Scaffolding Checklist for Builders and Building Trade Contractors
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
There should be adequate guardrails and toe boards at every side from which a person could fall.
If the scaffold has been designed and constructed for loading with materials, they should be evenly distributed.
There should be effective barriers or warning notices to stop people using an incomplete scaffold, e.g. one that
is not fully planked.
Erecting or using suspended
Falling from height
scaffolding
Hit by falling object
Scaffolding collapsing
Suspended scaffolding must be erected by a certified and registered scaffolder.
The following points should be observed when erecting or using suspended scaffolding:
(a) Hoisting ropes should be anchored to a secure part of the structure, to outriggers, to specially designed
brackets and parapet hooks or directly to counterweights.
(b) Guard rails, mid rails and toe boards should be provided on both sides and both ends of suspended
scaffolds.
(c) Every worker on suspended platforms should wear a safety harness that is secured to a fixed support or to
an independent lifeline.
(d) All suspended platforms should be fitted with tilt switches which cut off the motors in the event of the
platform becoming more than 10 degrees out of level.
(e) Where suspended scaffolds are above thoroughfares, adequate and prominent warning notices should be
displayed.
(f) Where any special danger exists adequate protection of the public should be provided.
(g) The accumulation of surplus gear or materials on any suspended scaffold is hazardous and should be
31 of 242
Plant >> Scaffolding
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of Scaffolding
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletins
Victorian Workcover Authority - Scaffolding Checklist for Builders and Building Trade Contractors
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
the platform are individually operated.
(i) A suspended scaffold register, record of inspection shall be kept on site and available for inspection by
persons required to use the scaffold.
Guardrails and midrails
Falling from height
Guardrails, including midrails, must be provided on the exposed sides and ends of all working platforms more
than 3 m in height. The height to the top of the guardrail must be not less than 0.9 m or more than 1.1 m from
the deck to be protected.
Maintenance of scaffolding
Scaffolding collapsing
All scaffolding must be protected against accidental damage from traffic or other causes and should, where
necessary, be barricaded or, alternatively, be well stayed or braced to avoid damage from vehicles.
Mobile scaffolding
Falling from height
Scaffolds must be properly braced by cross-bracing or diagonal braces, or both, for securing vertical members
together laterally. Horizontal, diagonal or cross-bracing must be provided immediately above the wheels or
castors.
Hit by falling object
Scaffolding collapsing
Castors should be a swivel type and have a minimum wheel diameter of 125 mm. They must be fixed to
scaffold uprights or be socketed into the scaffold uprights, a minimum length of 150 mm to avoid becoming
dislodged during movement on uneven floors.
When the scaffold is in use, the wheels/castors must be effectively locked and should be turned outwards to
increase base width.
Mobile scaffold must be used only on a firm level surface. Where the surface has a slight cross-fall, the level of
the wheels must be adjusted to bring the scaffold back to plumb.
Mobile scaffolds should not be used closer than 1m to any slab edge or partition unless the edge is protected
to prevent the wheels and scaffold from falling.
Access between working platform and base must be provided by means of securely fixed ladders or
32 of 242
Plant >> Scaffolding
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of Scaffolding
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletins
Victorian Workcover Authority - Scaffolding Checklist for Builders and Building Trade Contractors
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
general requirements for scaffolding.
Force necessary to move a mobile scaffold must be applied near or as close to the base as practicable, and
provision must be made to stabilise the tower during movement from one location to another.
Do not ride on a manually-propelled scaffold while it is being moved. Persons must not ride on mechanically
propelled scaffold unless the following conditions are satisfied:
(a) Operating controls for movement of the scaffold must be located on the working platform.
(b) The ground surface must be level, smooth and free from pits, holes or obstructions.
(c) An effective braking system must be provided to prevent movement while in use.
(d) A warning or alarm system must be available to alert workers of each movement in advance.
(e) Toeboards must be provided on the working platform to prevent tools and materials from falling off.
(f) As a safety precaution, workers should be provided with a safety harness when the scaffold is in motion.
(g) The rate of movement must not exceed 1.5 km per hour (a very slow walking pace).
(h) The scaffold must be purpose-designed to allow movement with persons on it.
Platform decking
Falling from height
Hit by falling object
The decked width must be not less than 675 mm, with sufficient additional width to leave 450 mm minimum
clear walkway at all times.
Scaffold planks must be so placed, locked or secured as to prevent tipping or displacement during normal use,
or movement by strong wind.
33 of 242
Plant >> Scaffolding
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of Scaffolding
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletins
Victorian Workcover Authority - Scaffolding Checklist for Builders and Building Trade Contractors
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Provide support, such as extra putlogs, at any potential impact point where unusual loading may occur such
as stepping from one level to another.
Ensure that the planks are the correct ones for the task.
Ensure planks are properly maintained and stored.
Avoid overloading or impact loading on planks.
Ensure all planks have sufficient support.
Make sure that the correct materials are used as a plank.
Ensure planks are an adequate thickness and strength.
Scaffolding foundations
Falling from height
Scaffolding collapsing
If scaffolds are supported on the ground, suitable sole plates must be used to spread the load. The sole plates
should preferably be long enough to support at least two standards.
Timber sole plates must be not less than 200 x 38 x 500 mm long. Bricks, blocks and similar loose materials
are unsuitable as they are liable to fall over or split, and are easily driven into the ground.
Ensure that if scaffolding foundations are close to trenches or excavations that they are properly braced and
tied to the supporting structure on a level and firm foundation.
Where the foundation is levelled concrete of adequate thickness or a similar hard surface, the sole plate may
be omitted, but steel base plates must be provided at the bottom of all standards.
Scaffolding near electric
Electric shock
powerlines
Electrocution
No person should erect any scaffold at any distance, in any direction, less than that shown in the table to any
conductors or an overhead electric line.
34 of 242
Plant >> Scaffolding
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of Scaffolding
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletins
Victorian Workcover Authority - Scaffolding Checklist for Builders and Building Trade Contractors
Hazards
Toeboards
Possible Consequences
Hit by falling object
Safe Work Practices
opening shall not exceed 50 mm.
A toeboard or equivalent protection must be fitted on the outside edge of every working platform more than 3 m
in height, if materials and tools are placed on the platform and are likely to be dislodged.
The toeboard must be of sufficient height and strength to prevent the tools or materials from falling and must
be secured to the inside of the standards. A scaffold plank of 225 mm minimum width may be used as a
toeboard.
35 of 242
Plant >> Mobile Loading Cranes
Sources
Gold Coast Timber Merchants Association
Hazards
Delivery of heavy loads
Possible Consequences
Crane tipping over
Crushing
Falling loads
Safe Work Practices
The vehicle must be level if lifting full capacity. Out of level conditions alter the vehicle's centre of gravity.
Do not lift heavy loads with the boom fully extended over the side of the truck.
Ensure that heavy loads are positioned as close as practicable to the side of the truck before commencing the
lift.
Try to use the extension to position the hook not as a lifting operation.
Make only vertical lifts - never slew if load is not clear of the ground.
Keep the speed slow in lifting and lowering loads.
Slew carefully and slowly and avoid boom or jib whipping.
Always use the shortest boom possible.
Delivery of materials at
Crane tipping over
construction site
Crushing
Electrocution
Falling loads
The operator should be advised of any weakness in the ground e.g. freshly dug drain holes that are likely to
compromise the safety or safe workings of the vehicle or crane.
When the goods are required to be placed on a standing frame, ensure that the frame is fully braced and
structurally sound enough to support the load.
Provide a qualified dogman where the operator does not have a clear view at all times of the goods being
unloaded. Where necessary supply and erect barricades or other effective control measures.
Ensure that the operator is not requested to leave the controls of his crane once the load has been lifted.
Never stand under the load or between the load and the vehicle.
Check if the footings are suitable for wheels and stabilisers, use extra support under legs for sloping sites.
Check for road obstruction. Are you legally parked?
36 of 242
Plant >> Mobile Loading Cranes
Sources
Gold Coast Timber Merchants Association
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Never use the crane unless both outriggers are fully extended laterally and locked in place.
Use solid blocking under all support plates.
Ensure that the outrigger leg extension is returned to the crane base before moving the vehicle.
Serious harm can occur if the outrigger leg is not locked in while travelling.
Never travel with a suspended load or boom over the side of the truck.
Check the position of the crane and load before moving the vehicle.
Always keep your eyes on a moving load.
If you must look in another direction, stop operation immediately.
Keep booms away from any overhead electrical lines - 4 m distance.
Operating mobile loading
Crane tipping over
cranes
Crushing
Electrocution
Falling loads
Be aware of the location of power lines on site and keep a safe distance. The minimum clear distance between
machinery and power cables is 4 metres.
The operator should inspect the vehicle following a daily maintenance checklist and be satisfied as to the safe
working condition of the vehicle and crane.
Any adjustments or repairs considered necessary are to be reported immediately to the manager or supervisor
for remedial action.
No person should be permitted to ride the crane or load at any time.
Outrigger extensions should be locked or pinned in position with the base plates placed on a firm level surface.
Any packing used is to be of a substantial nature and not soft or small sections.
Counter weights are not to be used under any circumstances.
37 of 242
Plant >> Mobile Loading Cranes
Sources
Gold Coast Timber Merchants Association
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Operators should not carry loads over workers or other persons.
When manoeuvring the crane and load, the operator shall proceed carefully and make sure loads are under
safe control e.g. tail ropes.
When travelling the crane and outrigger are to be locked in the retracted and folded travel position.
Where there is a concern that workers or other persons present a risk, a barricade or other effective control
measure should be erected to keep them clear of the operation.
SAFETY FIRST. If at any time an operator feels that a practice may be unsafe then the operator should cease
that practice and if necessary, the goods to be left on the ground as close as practicable to the site.
38 of 242
Plant >> Perimeter Protection and Fall Arrest Systems
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Prevention of Falls
Victorian Workcover Authority - Guidance Note on the Prevention of Falls in Construction Work
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Falls from Heights
Hazards
Objects falling from heights
Possible Consequences
Crushing
Hit by falling objects
Safe Work Practices
Exclusion zones should be set up to prevent persons or vehicles entering areas of the workplace into which
objects may fall.
The exclusion zone can be created by erecting hoardings, barricades or by the use of traffic controllers.
A gantry should be erected over any area around a workplace e.g. a public footpath where falling objects
present a risk to persons.
A catch platform may be used to minimise the risk of injury to people from falling objects. To be most effective
a catch platform should be placed directly below the work area.
Catch platforms should not be used as a working platform or for the storage of material.
Signs and other warning devices should be used to warn persons that there is a risk of an object falling at or
near the workplace.
Signs should be used in combination with other protective measures such as gantries, hoardings and
barricades.
Signs with universally recognised graphics should be used in preference to signs with wording.
Visitors and other employees on site should wear personal protective equipment e.g. safety helmets and
appropriate footwear.
Hazard board should be in place that clearly identifies any hazards located in the immediate work area that
persons may be exposed to.
Protective clothing
Falling
Tripping/slipping
Footwear should be worn which minimises the risk of slipping.
Consideration should be given to the surface that is being worked on e.g. slippery surfaces from wet
39 of 242
Plant >> Perimeter Protection and Fall Arrest Systems
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Prevention of Falls
Victorian Workcover Authority - Guidance Note on the Prevention of Falls in Construction Work
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Falls from Heights
Hazards
Working at heights
Possible Consequences
Death
Falling
Tripping/slipping
Safe Work Practices
be arrested from a fall.
A system of fall protection is required when there is a potential for a person to fall more than 3 m. The type of
fall protection should be determined by a risk assessment.
A person can still be exposed to the risk of death or serious injury from a fall from any height. An example of
this is a person painting a building on a working platform at a height of 1.5 m where there are exposed starter
bars below the scaffold.
All ropes shall be a minimum of 10.5 mm in diameter and shall have a minimum ultimate strength 25 kN.
PERIMETER PROTECTION:
Perimeter protection should be provided on the exposed edges of all work areas from which a fall of 3 m or
more is possible.
Guardrails, including midrails and toe boards are the preferred option for perimeter protection.
The height of the top guardrail should be between 0.9 m and 1.1 m. A midrail is not mandatory on a working
platform where a 225 mm high kickboard or equivalent is fitted.
The guardrail shall be before or vertically over the edge of the platform except on scaffolds where the guardrail
shall be within 200 mm horizontal distance of the edges of the platform.
The guardrail must be capable of sustaining a force at any point of 70 kg vertically and 45 kg horizontally
FALL ARREST SYSTEMS:
Fall arrest harnesses, lanyards and static lines provide a satisfactory degree of fall protection provided the
following points are taken into account:
40 of 242
Plant >> Perimeter Protection and Fall Arrest Systems
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Prevention of Falls
Victorian Workcover Authority - Guidance Note on the Prevention of Falls in Construction Work
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Falls from Heights
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
3. A lanyard assembly should be as short as possible and the working slack length not more than 2 m when
used in conjunction with a fall arrest system to minimise the pendulum affect (belaying).
4. The fall arrest anchorage point (fixed or travelling on static lines) should be located so that the lanyard can
be attached before the user moves into a position where they would be at risk from a fall.
5. The components of a fall arrest system should be compatible. The use of non compatible components could
lead to ineffective equipment that presents a risk of injury from falling to the person using the equipment.
6. An important factor in the safe use of a fall arrest system is to reduce the free fall distance as far as
possible.The longer the free fall distance the greater the risk of a person hitting obstructions.
7. Any obstructions should be removed from the fall path area.
8. A personal energy absorber should be used in conjunction with a fall arrest harness and a lanyard to reduce
the deceleration force imposed by a suddenly arrested fall and correspondingly reduces the loading on the
anchorage.
9. A drop of 0.6 m without a specialised shock absorber creates a loading on the body and harness of more
than one (1) tonne.
10. Consideration must be given for retrieving workers who have fallen e.g. motionless suspension is not safe
and can rapidly lead to faintness and serious blood circulation problems. Brain damage or death can occur in
under 10 minutes.
41 of 242
Plant >> Respirators
Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Types of Respirators
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Respirator Selection
Safety Equipment Australia
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Masks and Other Respiratory Protection
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - US Department of Labour - Respirator Use Under Special Conditions
ACC Fact Sheets - Using Personal Protective Equipment
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Atmosphere Immediately
Death
Dangerous to Life or Health
Inhalation
(IDLH)
Suffocation
Safe Work Practices
AIR SUPPLYING RESPIRATORS:
Air supplying respirators supply clean air from an air tank or through an air line. This air is not from the work
room area.
Air supplying respirators should be used where dust, mist or vapour concentrations are Immediately
Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH, atmosphere).
The hose used to supply the air can become a hazard if cut or blocked and care should be taken that no
contaminants be allowed into the air source because of improper placement of the air intake valve.
Choosing an air purifying respirator can be a complex matter. Experienced safety professionals or
occupational hygienists who are familiar with the actual workplace environment should assist in selecting a
suitable respirator.
It is essential that air monitoring is regularly carried out even when the respiratory protective equipment is
used. If the contaminant levels in the air increase a different type of respirator or other controls may have to be
used.
At least one standby person equipped with proper rescue equipment including self contained breathing
apparatus should be present in the nearest safe area for emergency rescue of those wearing respirators in an
IDLH atmosphere.
Communications (visual, voice, signal line, telephone, radio or other suitable type) should be maintained
among all persons present.
42 of 242
Plant >> Respirators
Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Types of Respirators
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Respirator Selection
Safety Equipment Australia
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Masks and Other Respiratory Protection
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - US Department of Labour - Respirator Use Under Special Conditions
ACC Fact Sheets - Using Personal Protective Equipment
Hazards
Incorrect mask maintenance
Possible Consequences
Exposure to hazards
Safe Work Practices
Filters should be treated with care and replaced regularly.
As the filter becomes clogged resistance to air flow increases. Apart from increasing the wearer's workload
this also increases the likelihood of leakage around the mask.
Cleaning respirators:
1. Remove the filter cartridge.
2. Clean the outside of the respirator checking for cracks and other damage.
3. Pay special attention to the filter rim when cleaning.
4. Wipe the inside of the mask.
5. Clean the face sealing rim thoroughly.
6. Clean any nooks and crannies inside the mask.
7. Remove the protective caps from exhaust valves, pull out the valves and wipe clean, wipe the valve seats
before refitting the valves and replacing the protective caps.
8. Pull out the inhalation valve, clean the valve and the valve seat, replace and ensure all valves are properly
43 of 242
Plant >> Respirators
Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Types of Respirators
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Respirator Selection
Safety Equipment Australia
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Masks and Other Respiratory Protection
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - US Department of Labour - Respirator Use Under Special Conditions
ACC Fact Sheets - Using Personal Protective Equipment
Hazards
Incorrect wearing and use of
Possible Consequences
Exposure to hazards
Safe Work Practices
Ensure your face is clean shaven and washed.
respirator
Check the mask for cracks and other defects.
Ensure that the mask is clean and dry.
Check that the filter/cartridge is properly fitted.
Ensure you are using the correct filter/cartridge.
Perform a leakage test.
Store respirators in an air tight container when not in use.
In an eight hour day it only takes minutes without a respirator to lose almost all of your protection.
Particles of dust or mist,
Death
gases or vapours, lack of
Inhalation
oxygen
Suffocation
The most important defence against respiratory hazards is to control the contamination at its source and
prevent it from entering the air.
This can be done by either substituting hazardous substances with less hazardous ones (particularly where
chemicals are used) by isolating or enclosing hazardous operations or by providing local exhaust ventilation.
44 of 242
Plant >> Respirators
Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Types of Respirators
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Respirator Selection
Safety Equipment Australia
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Masks and Other Respiratory Protection
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - US Department of Labour - Respirator Use Under Special Conditions
ACC Fact Sheets - Using Personal Protective Equipment
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
In some situations it may be necessary to wear respiratory protective equipment. If respirators are used there
should be in place a full respiratory protection programme. This means:
1. Proper selection and fitting of respirators.
2. Medical screening of employees for fitness to wear a respirator. Employees must be physically fit to carry
out the work while wearing respiratory equipment. They must also be comfortable e.g. not claustrophobic
about wearing respirators.
3. Employees must be given training:
a. on how to put on the respirator.
b. on how to adjust the face-piece.
c. on how to test respirator for leaks.
d. on how to replace filters, cannisters and cartridges and when to do so.
e. on the types of hazards that will be encountered.
f. on how the respirator works.
g. on what the respirator can do and its limitations.
45 of 242
Plant >> Respirators
Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Types of Respirators
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Respirator Selection
Safety Equipment Australia
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Masks and Other Respiratory Protection
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - US Department of Labour - Respirator Use Under Special Conditions
ACC Fact Sheets - Using Personal Protective Equipment
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS:
Air purifying respirators can remove contaminants in the air that you breathe by filtering out particulates (e.g.
dust, metal fumes, mist etc) or by absorbing gases or vapours on an absorbing material in a cartridge or
cannister.
Air purifying respirators are tight fitting and come in several forms. Examples are:
1. Quarter mask covering the nose and mouth.
2. Half face mask covering the face from the nose to below the chin.
3. Full face piece covering the face from above the eyes to below the chin. Respirators with a full face piece
also protect the eyes from exposure to irritating chemicals etc.
Air purifying respirators should not be used in oxygen deficient and oxygen rich areas.
It is essential that air monitoring is regularly carried out even when the respiratory protective equipment is
used. If the contaminant levels in the air increase a different type of respirator or other controls may have to be
used.
Choosing an air purifying respirator can be a complex matter. Experienced safety professionals or
occupational hygienists who are familiar with the actual workplace environment should assist in selecting a
suitable respirator.
46 of 242
Plant >> Respirators
Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Types of Respirators
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety - Respirator Selection
Safety Equipment Australia
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Masks and Other Respiratory Protection
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - US Department of Labour - Respirator Use Under Special Conditions
ACC Fact Sheets - Using Personal Protective Equipment
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
1. The nature of the contaminant such as toxicity and physical form.
2. Likely average concentration in the air being breathed by the operator.
3. The task that is being carried out which may affect the breathing rate.
4. The length of time the task will take and the location of the task.
5. The operator's facial fit, comfort and use.
Storage
Defective cartridges
Store cartridges in sealed containers when not in use.
You need to remove the cartridge from the respirator after each use and store it properly. If you don't put the
cartridge away after each use, it will keep on absorbing any solvent in the air and become exhausted.
47 of 242
Plant >> Trailers
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Bulletin Series
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Towing and securing loads on
Loss of vehicle control
trailers
Trailer coming loose
Safe Work Practices
Make sure trailers are properly hitched to the towing vehicle. Use safety chains and attach the lighting
connector. Make sure signal lights work properly.
Inspect tyres for side wall perishing, tread depth, pressure and wheel bearings before each use. Make sure
bearings are properly lubricated. If the trailer has brakes inspect them daily and make sure all connections are
intact.
Load and unload on level surfaces. Always make sure the brakes are locked before loading.
Use ropes or tie downs to secure loads to the trailer. Check ropes etc after you have travelled some distance
to be sure the load has not shifted.
Where the load is spread over the trailer it is important to keep heavier items near the centre of the trailer, both
lengthways and sideways to reduce sway and increase trailer stability.
Keep decks free of dirt, oil, and debris. Steel decks can be slippery when wet, and extra caution is needed
when loading and unloading.
Do not overload the trailer. Make sure the vehicle will be able to handle the load. Check the owner’s manual of
the vehicle for gross vehicle weight and other information regarding towing capacities.
When towing a trailer down a hill, use the same gear and speed as when going up the hill.
Make sure tilt beds are in the locked position before moving.
Trailer must display current warrant of fitness.
You should always try to allow extra space for stopping when towing a trailer. Open up a 4 second gap
between you and the vehicle ahead.
Allow more time and distance when overtaking other vehicles and allow for the extra length of the trailer when
re-entering the traffic flow.
48 of 242
Plant >> Welding Plant
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline Essentials - Welding
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Excessive heat
Heat stress
Heat and humidity can usually be controlled with general ventilation. It is difficult for this type of ventilation to
provide enough air movement to keep the fumes and gases out of the welder's breathing zone.
Fumes and gases
Inhalation
General ventilation is limited in its usefulness for controlling welding hazards. This type of ventilation relies on
diluting airborne contaminants with fresh air from open doors, windows or fans.
Local exhaust ventilation is much more effective in controlling welding fumes and gases because it captures
the fumes and gases close to the source and keeps them from entering the welder's breathing zone.
To be effective, local exhaust ventilation must be close to the welding arc or flame where the fumes, gases and
heat are generated, and have enough velocity to draw away the contaminants.
Ensure protection from fumes and gases by one or a combination of the following:
1. Good general ventilation.
2. Use of a booth.
3. Local exhaust ventilation on the handpiece.
4. Air supply to the helmet or suitable respirator which fits inside the helmet.
Smoking and welding
Poor health
Welders who smoke are more likely to be severely affected by welding fumes.
Substances/metals used
Burns
during welding
Death
Aluminium appears to pose less of a hazard than many other metals, but inhalation of fumes should be
avoided.
Explosion
Fire
Inhalation
Cadmium occurs in some alloys. It may also be part of the coating of the welding electrode, or in other
protective coatings. Cadmium can cause serious pulmonary oedema (fluid in the lungs). Chronic effects are
emphysema and kidney damage.
Potential exposure to cadmium fumes warrant stringent preventative measures.
49 of 242
Plant >> Welding Plant
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline Essentials - Welding
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Chromium is used as an alloying agent in stainless steel. Prolonged excessive exposure to chromium may
result in skin irritation and a greater risk of lung cancer. Welders may also become sensitised to chromium,
and develop skin eczema.
Copper is found in many alloys, such as brass and bronze, as well as in welding electrodes. Copper can
cause respiratory irritation, nausea and metal fume fever.
Fluorides are present in some electrodes and in flux. Long-term exposure to very high concentrations may
cause bone changes and joint deterioration. Milder excessive exposure may have chronic effects such as
pulmonary oedema and skin rashes.
Iron is a very common constituent of welding fumes. Acute effects include respiratory irritation. Iron is also
capable of causing siderosis, a benign accumulation of iron oxide in the lungs.
Lead is found in solder, brass, bronze and is also used as a metal primer and steel coating. Exposures must
be controlled to prevent lead poisoning.
Manganese is used in most stainless steel carbon alloys and welding electrodes. Welders are unlikely to be
exposed to hazardous concentrations if adequate ventilation is provided.
Molybdenum can cause respiratory irritation and impaired beathing, but welders are unlikely to be exposed to
excessive amounts.
Nickel is found in many alloys and stainless steel. Eye and throat irritation are acute effects. Scientists are
currently disagreeing on whether nickel compounds are capable of causing or promoting cancer in welders.
Oxides of nitrogen can cause eye, nose, and lung irritation at 20-25ppm. At higher concentrations pulmonary
oedema and other serious lung conditions can result.
OZONE
1. Ozone is formed when air is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, as happens in the welding arc.
2. Ozone may be very detrimental to health, causing pulmonary congestion, oedema, and haemorrhage.
Minute concentrations of about 0.1 ppm, even for short periods, dry out the eyes and cause headaches.
50 of 242
Plant >> Welding Plant
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline Essentials - Welding
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
PHOSGENE
1. Phosgene is formed through the decomposition of chlorinated hydrocarbons (trichlorethylene,
perchlorethylene) which are quite common degreasing agents in places where welding is carried out.
2. Metal inert gas(MIG) welding electrodes are particularly prone to the creation of high concentrations of
phosgene.
3. Normal welding is unlikely to cause excessive amounts, but care should be taken to keep these
substances well away from all welding work.
Solvents used to clean and degrease metal before welding may release toxic gases or fumes when welding
starts. These gases include: Phosgene, Phosphine, Hydrogen Chloride, Chloroacetic acids, Arcolein,
Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde.
Teflon welding (thermoplastic welding) may also include several dangerous gases, such as carbonyl fluoride,
hydrogen fluoride and perfluorolsobutylene.
Tin is present in some bronze alloys and solders. The fumes are known to cause stenosis, a benign
pneumoconiosis, but it is improbable that soldering work could place the worker at risk.
Titanium is found in stainless steel, alloys, flux and coatings, but it is not known to have any ill effects on
welders.
Vanadium is present in certain alloys and welding electrode coatings. Acute symptoms are eye and
respiratory irritation. Chronic conditions may comprise bronchitis, rhinitis, pulmonary oedema and pneumonia.
Zinc: welding galvanised or zinc plated metals can result in the inhalation of zinc oxide fume and cause metal
fume fever.
Welding - electrical
Burns
Electric shock
Electrocution
Servicing and installation must only be undertaken by a qualified licensed electrician. Never tamper with
electrical supply circuits or systems.
The welder is only responsible for making connections in the welding circuit and for setting external welding
51 of 242
Plant >> Welding Plant
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline Essentials - Welding
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
work return leads and holders.
Wherever possible work should be performed on a dry insulated floor. Wooden platforms, rubber mats, or dry
areas provide extra protection especially in confined spaces.
Electrodes or welding wire should never be touched with bare hands when in the holder or welding gun.
Holders or welding guns should never be held under the armpits. Hot work increases risk due to the reduced
skin resistance when sweating occurs.
Always use approved welding helmets and lenses.
Where practicable consideration should be given to the use of Welding Voltage Reducers that maintain an
output no greater than 12v until the arc is struck.
Welding operations
Burns
Explosion
Fire
Prevent burn hazards with proper personal protective equipment that includes gloves, overalls, safety footwear,
aprons and head covering. Remember sparks and molten metal can fly and work pieces can be hot even
though the glow has gone.
Protect eyes with helmet and grade of visor designed for the type of welding.
Always wear appropriate eye protection during slag removal (chipping).
Use welding screens to prevent welding flash from affecting others.
Prevent fire with welding blanket, by removing or covering flammable materials, and maintaining a proper
distance from flammable substances.
Prevent explosion by checking before welding or cutting that tanks and drums are free of substances that are
flammable or give off flammable substances.
Use appropriate flash arresters and non-return valves on gas cutting and welding equipment.
Ensure threads and fittings to oxygen supplies are clean and oil free.
52 of 242
Plant >> Welding Plant
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline Essentials - Welding
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that you use the correct cylinder regulators.
Protect gas supply lines from hot metal and abrasion.
Ensure appropriate fire fighting equipment is maintained and readily available.
Do not weld near cleaning tanks containing chlorinated solvents - the heat breaks down the vapours into very
toxic gases.
Laser cutting requires protection from accidental eye contact with the beam or beam reflections.
Ensure the lighting is adequate for your needs.
Ensure proper earthing of arc-welding equipment.
53 of 242
Business Name: acc
Industry Name:
Location:
New Zealand
Plant
Plant >> Mobile Phones
Sources
ACT WorkCover - Mobile phones and potential health risks
Hazards
Using mobile phones
Possible Consequences
Uncertain/unknown
Safe Work Practices
There is no conclusive evidence to date suggesting that using mobile phones is hazardous. However, the
following safe work practices are suggested:
1. The use of mobile phones should be limited, both in terms of the number of calls and call duration.
2. Using land line phones are recommended wherever possible, especially for long calls.
3. Avoid using mobile phones in confined spaces e.g. in cars where it has to transmit at a higher power level.
4. Attempt to hold the phone away from your ear. Even a centimetre of extra space between the aerial and
your head can significantly reduce exposure.
5. Hands free mobile phone kits and radio frequency radiation (RFR) shielding devices are recommended.
6. Mobile phones with lower power outputs should be preferred. Not all types of phones emit the same
amount of power, and the difference in output can affect exposure levels.
Mobile phones should not be used where they pose a safety risk, such as:
1. When driving a car, as this can cause driver distraction.
2. In hospitals and aircrafts to avoid interference with electronic equipment.
3. In potentially explosive atmospheres, including fuelling areas and blasting operations.
54 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Vehicles
Sources
National Safety Council - Fact Sheet Library
Land Transport Safety Authority
Hazards
Driving company vehicles
Possible Consequences
Vehicle accident
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that there are regular checks that employees who drive company vehicles hold a current New
Zealand drivers licence.
Correct endorsements for particular vehicle use should be held by drivers of those vehicles e.g.
Endorsement D - Dangerous Goods.
Ensure employees have been informed of the safe work practices for company vehicles.
Driving company vehicles at
night
Vehicle accident
Headlights, brake lights, signal lights and windows (inside and out) should be cleaned at least once a week,
more often when necessary.
Ensure headlights are properly aligned.
Avoid smoking while driving, as cigarette's nicotine and carbon monoxide hamper night vision.
If there is any doubt turn the headlights on. The lights will not help you see better in early twilight, but they will
help other drivers to see you.
Reduce your speed and following distances. It is more difficult to judge other vehicles' speed and distances
at night.
Don't overdrive your headlights. The vehicle should be able to stop within the illuminated area. Otherwise
you are creating a blind crash area in front of the vehicle.
Stop frequently for light snacks and exercise.
Driving company vehicles on
long journeys
Driver fatigue
Safe driving demands full attention, such as:
1. Get enough rest, 7- 8 hours of sleep is usually needed before a trip.
2. When driving long distances, if possible avoid driving alone. Passengers can take turns driving.
3. Change the vehicle's environment so that it helps to keep you awake and alert. Keep the temperature cool
with open windows or air conditioning in the summer or frugal amounts of heat in the winter.
Plant
Plant >> Vehicles
Sources
National Safety Council - Fact Sheet Library
Land Transport Safety Authority
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
4. If undertaking long journeys take frequent breaks. Stop at petrol stations, restaurants etc, and get out of
the car and walk around.
5. Sunglasses should be worn to reduce eye strain and glare.
Inadequate vehicle
maintenance
Vehicle accident
Ensure that preventative maintenance for each vehicle is in place and carried out at regular intervals of time
or mileage.
Check that vehicles are safe and suitable for the work they are being used for.
Vehicle checklists should inquire about the following:
1. Does the vehicle hold a current Warrant or Certificate of Fitness and Registration?
2. Are the tyres wearing evenly, and have the correct tyre pressure and tread?
3. Is the windscreen chipped or cracked?
4. Is the vehicle free from oil leaks?
5. Are all lights in good working conditions, front, rear and interior?
6. Are the roof rack and bull bars in good working condition?
7. Is a first aid kit and fire extinguisher carried in the vehicle?
8. Ensure that the safety belts are in good condition (not frayed or stained) and that they are retracting
correctly?
9. Ensure that the water and oil in the engine are regularly checked.
Unrestrained loads
Objects falling
Ensure that the vehicle has a load barrier to prevent unrestrained items entering the passenger
compartment.
All loose items should be stored properly in workboxes, racks or clips.
56 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Vehicles
Sources
National Safety Council - Fact Sheet Library
Land Transport Safety Authority
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
The load should not obscure the driver's rear view.
Vehicle loads
Insecure loads falling
Ensure loads are secured and arranged so they cannot move about e.g. slide forward if the driver has to
brake suddenly or slide off if the vehicle has to negotiate steep inclines.
Vehicles should not be loaded beyond their capacity.
57 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Powered Portable Belt Sanders: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government, Dept of Industries & Business, Bulletin No. WH 12.01.05
Hazards
Operating powered portable
belt sanders
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Electric shock
Muscle strain
Safe Work Practices
Safety glasses or a face shield should be worn when operating a powered portable belt sander.
Ensure that sanding belts are checked before using them, and replace worn or torn belts.
Keep your hands away from the sanding belt.
Tie up long hair so that it will not get caught in the sander.
Both hands should be used to operate a sander, one on the trigger switch, the other on the front knob
handle.
Tight clothing should be worn or button up or tuck away loose clothing.
Ensure that all electrical power cords are kept away from the sanding area and from the moving parts of the
sander.
Ensure the sander is always connected through an RCD (Residual Current Device).
The sanding belt should be kept at the right tension so that it runs straight and at the same speed as the
pulley drum, that is, without slipping.
The sander should be unplugged from the power supply before changing or adjusting the sanding belt.
Ensure sanding belts are the same width as the pulley drum.
Never lean heavily on the sander when it is moving.
Never work on material which is not held securely, unless it is heavy enough to stay in place. Always make
sure the piece you are working on cannot move.
All sanding dust should be cleaned from the sander motor and air vents. Never let them get clogged, as the
machine will over-heat.
The sander should never be used without an exhaust system or a dust collecting bag or bin.
The air vents on a sander should never be covered.
Never stretch to get to the job. Stand close enough to be comfortable, and make sure to have a firm foothold
58 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Powered Portable Belt Sanders: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government, Dept of Industries & Business, Bulletin No. WH 12.01.05
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
and proper balance.
59 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Routers: Construction Trade
Sources
Routerbits.com
Hazards
Working with routers
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Inhalation
Electric shock
Muscle strain
Hearing damage
Eye injuries
Safe Work Practices
A protective face shield or safety glasses should be worn to prevent eye and face injury.
Ensure that ear plugs or ear muffs are worn to protect your hearing.
A respirator or dust mask should be used to protect from dust particles. Wood dust could remain in the air
for hours after using power tools.
Always read and follow the router operator's manual instructions.
Make sure that the router rpm's and the bit selected match.
Tight clothing should be worn or button up or tuck away loose clothing.
Always be sure that the router is unplugged before replacing bits. Ensure that the switch is off before
connecting the router.
When using a router table, the on/off switch should be easily accessible.
Ensure the router bit has completely stopped spinning before sitting the router down.
Ensure bits, clamps and attachments are secured before starting up.
Routers should not be operated in moist or wet areas.
Always grip tools tightly, and be prepared at start-up to resist the motor torque.
Never start the router with the bit in contact with the material.
Always check wood for nails, screws or loose knots before routing.
60 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Circular Saws: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government Dept. of Industries and Business Bulletin No. WH12.01.04
Hazards
Operating circular saws
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Inhalation
Electric shock
Muscle strain
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that safety glasses or a face shield is worn.
Hearing protection should be worn.
An approved respirator should be worn when exposed to dust.
Ensure that long hair is tied up so that it will not get caught by the rotating saw blade.
Ensure that tight clothing are worn, or loose clothing are buttoned up and tucked away.
The saw should always be connected through an RCD (Residual Current Device).
Ensure that a sharp blade is used, which is designed for the work being done.
The retracting lower blade guard should be regularly checked to make sure that is works freely, as it should
cover the teeth as completely as possible, and cover the portion of the blade that is not cutting.
The saw should reach full power before cutting.
The lower blade guard should be fully returned before putting the saw down.
Prior to adjusting or changing the blade, the saw should be disconnected from the power supply.
Ensure that the saw blade has been fitted correctly, and will rotate in the right direction.
All electrical power cords should be kept clear of the cutting area.
Both hands should be used to operate the saw, one on the trigger switch, the other on the front knob handle.
Ensure that the upper guard and the retracting lower blade guard are kept clean and free of sawdust.
The motor and its housing should be kept clean and free of oil, sawdust and woodchips.
The appropriate blade should be used for the work being cut, and always allow it to cut steadily, do not force
it.
The saw should be frequently checked to ensure that the blade is spinning smoothly and evenly.
61 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Circular Saws: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government Dept. of Industries and Business Bulletin No. WH12.01.04
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
The work being cut should be clamped or wedged so that it cannot move.
Ensure the retracting lower guard is not held in the open position.
Hands should never be placed under the shoe or guard of the saw.
Do not over-tighten the blade locking nut.
Ensure the saw blade does not twist while cutting.
Ensure the saw does not vibrate or seem unsafe in any way while in use. If the saw is unsafe tag it, and
remove from service.
Do not force the saw at any time during cutting.
Ensure that checks are made for obstructions prior to cutting, such as nails and screws, as they could
shatter the blade or could be violently ejected by the blade and cause serious injury.
When carrying a saw ensure that your finger is not on the trigger switch.
When operating the saw, never over-reach, and ensure that a firm footing and proper balance is kept at all
times.
Do not rip the work without using a guide, which is clamped or nailed to the workplace.
62 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Electric Drills: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government, Department of Industries & Business, Bulletin No. WH 12.01.06
Hazards
Inadequate personal
protective equipment
Possible Consequences
Hearing damage
Eye damage
Caught in moving parts
Safe Work Practices
Ensure hearing protection is worn at all times e.g. ear muffs, ear plugs. Remember to insert earplugs with
clean hands.
Hearing protectors should be kept in the area of noisy activity.
Use job rotation to alternate noisy jobs with quiet ones.
Machinery should be well maintained, as this helps to reduce noise levels.
Eye protection is necessary at all times e.g. safety goggles or face shield.
Gloves should never be worn when working close to rotating pieces of machinery.
Ensure the use of dust masks when drilling, especially if working around masonry.
Tight fitting clothes should be worn, or loose clothing should be buttoned up or tucked away.
Long hair should always be tied up so that it will not get caught in the drill bit.
Poor housekeeping practises
Electrocution
Slips trips and falls
Fire
Burns
All work areas should be kept free of waste, loose materials and tools. This is especially important around
ladders, ramps, stairs and passageways.
A useful way of preventing hazardous clutter is to provide easily accessible storage.
Tools lying around benches, near machines, and on floors or ladders cause accidents and get lost. Tools
should be returned to storage when no longer needed.
All tools should be stored where they will not pose as a hazard.
Good housekeeping practices should be a part of the daily routine, and clean-up to be a continuous
procedure.
Work areas should be free of flammable/combustible materials.
Ensure that all equipment is mounted safely and firmly at correct height with appropriate guards fitted.
Working with and around
Electric shock
Ensure an inspection of the drill is made prior to its use.
63 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Electric Drills: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government, Department of Industries & Business, Bulletin No. WH 12.01.06
Hazards
electric drills
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Eye injuries
Muscle strain
Hearing damage
Burns
Inhalation
Safe Work Practices
Do not operate any machine that is damaged or improperly adjusted.
Damaged or worn cords should be replaced immediately.
Electric tools should never be operated near flammable liquids, gasses or in explosive atmospheres.
Avoid using electric tools in damp or wet locations.
Ensure that drills are always connected through a Residual Current Device. When using main power, use an
isolating transformer.
Ensure machinery is grounded and installation/wiring complies with regulations.
Never alter AC power cord or any electrical components on equipment.
All electrical cords should be kept away from the bit or attachment while drilling.
Isolate and disconnect the power/air supply when changing tool, cutter, disc or drill.
Unplug tools before servicing or when not in use.
Read and follow all operational, repair and maintenance instructions in the manual provided.
Ensure a safe work procedure is established and that all staff are made aware of it.
Use grips to hold the article being worked on to reduce the risk of materials flying.
Ensure that employees never drill with one hand while holding the job with the other.
Never reach under or around the workpiece while drilling.
The pressure should be reduced on the drill just before breaking through the other side of the piece being
drilled.
Do not apply too much force when drilling, let the drill do the work.
Regularly withdraw the drill to clear material build-up around the bit while drilling.
64 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Electric Drills: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government, Department of Industries & Business, Bulletin No. WH 12.01.06
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
A small pilot hole should be drilled before drilling a large hole to act as a guide .
When using drills do not over-reach, and ensure proper footing and a good balance at all times.
Ensure drill bits are sharp. Drill bits should be kept sharpened to the correct cutting angle required for the
specific material being drilled.
Ensure that the manufacturer's instructions are followed when choosing and using a bit or attachment. This
is important if you are using a drill you have not used before or are doing a job you have not done before.
High speed drill bits should not be used without cooling or lubrication.
A bent drill bit should never be used.
The drill should be held in a comfortable and safe working position in relation to the body.
The chuck key should always be used to remove all bits. Tighten the chuck well.
Ensure that when the drill is carried to the tool room or jobsite, the bit is taken out. This eliminates the
chance of stabbing yourself or a co-worker.
Ensure that the drill bit is set straight in the jaws. Hold the drill and turn it on for a moment. The bit should
run true without any wobble.
After use, all foreign material should be cleaned from the machine.
Ensure that the air vents in the drill are kept free of dust, oil, wood, plastic or metal scraps so that the drill
motor is well ventilated and will not overheat.
The trigger lock should not be activated, as stopping the drill is harder when urgent action is required.
Ensure that equipment is in a clean and serviced condition.
Use padlocks, master switches or remove starter keys to prevent unauthorised personnel from using
equipment.
Moving parts of the machinery should be directed away from the body.
65 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Electric Drills: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government, Department of Industries & Business, Bulletin No. WH 12.01.06
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Both sides of the wall should be inspected before drilling for any evidence that electrical wiring may be
present.
Ensure that other staff working in the area are notified of concurrent work.
If possible, ensure that children and visitors are kept at a safe distance from the work area.
66 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Angle Grinders: Construction Trade
Sources
Western Australia - WorkCover - Safetyline
Hazards
Contact with electricity
Possible Consequences
Electric shock
Safe Work Practices
The angle grinder should be checked for electrical safety before every use to ensure that:
1. There are no breaks or damage to the machine's outer body.
2. All screws are tight.
3. Rush caps are intact and firmly in position.
4. The sheathing of flexible cord is held firmly at the tool.
5. There are no exposed wires.
6. The flexible cord is in good condition, free from cuts and breaks.
7. The plugs and extension sockets are free from cuts or damage.
8. A safety switch or residual current device (RCD) is always used.
9. Any defects are repaired by a licensed electrical person.
10. The angle grinder has been inspected and tagged by an electrician at the required three-monthly interval
if it is used for construction work, and at least once every twelve months for other work.
Inappropriate use of angle
grinder
Cuts/lacerations
Eye injuries
Sprains/strains
BEFORE STARTING:
The operator should check the following points before each use:
1. Ensure correct flange and locking nut are in place for the type of disc being used, otherwise the disc can
shatter at high speed.
2. The guard and handles are secure.
3. There are no defects or damage to the disc.
4. Ensure any disc that has been dropped or become damp is thrown away - cracked or weakened discs can
shatter in use.
67 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Angle Grinders: Construction Trade
Sources
Western Australia - WorkCover - Safetyline
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
5. Ensure no flammable materials are close by.
6. Ensure the workpiece is held firmly in a bench vice where necessary.
7. Ensure the workpiece is kept at waist height during grinding, where possible.
8. All employees should be instructed to keep at a safe distance when an angle grinder is used.
9. Welding screens should be positioned to prevent flying particles hitting other employees.
Ensure two hands are always used to operate an angle grinder, including small grinders.
Large angle grinders should always have a side handle.
Never remove the guard or handles from an angle grinder. They should only be removed for maintenance
and storage.
Always allow the grinder to "run up" to operating speed before applying it to the job.
Hold the grinder against the workpiece with minimum pressure, so it doesn't "dig in" and cause it to kick
back.
Never bump the grinder on to the job, or let the disc hit any other object while grinding.
Keep the grinding disc at a 15 to 30 degree angle to the work.
Adopt a comfortable stance, with feet apart and well balanced, and with a clear view of the job.
Wear knee pads to work at floor level.
Never use a grinder between the legs while sitting on the floor.
Stop the grinder at regular intervals for a short break to rest your arms and hands.
Disconnect the power and place the grinder on a bench with the disc facing upwards when not in use.
Never put a grinder down until the disc stops running.
68 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Angle Grinders: Construction Trade
Sources
Western Australia - WorkCover - Safetyline
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Remove the plug from the power point before changing discs.
Ensure all operators who use angle grinders receive safe work information and training.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
Ensure the following protective equipment is always provided and used:
1. Wide vision goggles or safety spectacles and a faceshield.
2. A hood for extra protection against particles rebounding in a confined space.
3. Hearing protection e.g. ear plugs or muffs.
4. Safety boots with steel toe caps.
5. Overalls or other close-fitting clothing.
6. Gloves.
Using angle grinder
incorrectly
Cuts/lacerations
Eye injuries
Sprains/strains
An angle grinder should not be used as a cutting tool. The use of cutting discs with angle grinders exposes
operators to a high level of injury/risk.
WHEEL SAFETY:
1. Cutting wheels or discs should not be used for grinding jobs, and grinding wheels should not be used for
cutting jobs.
2. Wheels designed for a particular revolution speed should not be used on machines of different speeds.
3. Wheels should be used only for the specific material and purpose they are designed for, and according to
the manufacturer's recommendations.
4. Wheels worn small through use should be discarded and NEVER used on smaller machines.
The following questions should be asked before using angle grinders:
1. Is grinding work necessary? Could a different tool be used with less risk?
69 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Angle Grinders: Construction Trade
Sources
Western Australia - WorkCover - Safetyline
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
2. Is the correct size angle grinder used for the job? Is there a risk of losing control of a heavier, more
powerful tool? Could a smaller model be used for some or all of the work?
3. Is the correct disc used for the job, depending on the type of material being worked on and the size of the
disc?
4. Does the guard cover half the disc between the operator and the disc?
5. Does the grinder have an automatic cut-off or "deadman" switch as part of the hand grip, so that power is
cut off as soon as finger pressure is released?
6. When replacement tools are purchased, does the employer choose grinders with adjustable handles that
can be moved to suit different operators and a "deadman" switch that is easy to hold?
70 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Bench Grinders: Construction Trade
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline
Hazards
Failure to wear protective
equipment
Possible Consequences
Entanglement
Eye injury
Hearing damage
Safe Work Practices
Avoid wearing loose clothing when operating grinders. Long hair needs to be tied back.
Eye and ear protections should be worn for all grinding jobs, including the maintenance of grinder, e.g.
safety goggles, ear muffs or ear plugs.
Regularly inspect ear muffs, and replace any worn or damaged parts.
New ear cushions are required on grade 4 ear muffs every 12 months.
Ear muff cushions mould to the shape of the original wearer. This cushion plays a key role in the protection
level of the ear muffs. It is therefore recommended employees only wear ear muffs that have been issued to
them.
When positioning the ear muffs ensure that hair (long or thick) does not effect the cushion's ability to seal
against the operator's head.
Ensure that employee's hands are clean when inserting ear plugs.
Clean and maintain hearing protectors. Replace worn or damaged parts.
If dust or fumes are generated, respiratory protection is required.
Regular inspection and maintenance or replacement of defective clothing and equipment is necessary.
There should always be suitable storage for protective equipment to ensure both hygiene and ready access.
Maintenance of grinders
Jamming
Cuts/lacerations
Flying particles
A ring test on each of the new grinding wheels should be completed before installation. A clear, metallic ring
indicates absence of cracks.
Ensure that the correct protective shield is fitted to the wheel. Guards should be in place at all times and in
good working order.
The wheel should fit easily onto the spindle. A wheel that is too loose or too tight is dangerous.
Check machinery before starting to ensure that it is in a sound working order.
Apply work gradually to a cold wheel at the beginning of each work period. Cold wheels tend to break more.
71 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Bench Grinders: Construction Trade
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Every grinding wheel should be securely fastened to the shaft before commencing work.
Grinder bearings should be kept properly oiled and adjusted. This will aid in the prevention of hot bearings
and spindles, which are sometimes responsible for melted bushings.
Operating grinders
Kickback
Jamming
Body strain
Slipping/tripping/falling
Flying particles
Electrocution
Back strain
When starting up the grinder, stand to one side, allowing it to reach its full operating speed for at least one
minute.
Grinding wheels should not be operated above the speeds indicated on the wheel (refer to the
Manufacturer's label).
The work-rest should be securely adjusted to about 3 mm from the wheel on all stationary grinders.
Avoid using the side of an energy wheel for grinding, unless it is especially designed for side grinding. Side
grinding weakens an ordinary wheel and may cause it to burst.
Use the cutting surface of a grinding wheel uniformly, as a grooved wheel becomes dangerously weakened.
Dress the wheel if it becomes grooved.
Ensure the disc is made specifically for the material you are grinding.
Be particularly careful when grinding narrow tools and objects as they are apt to catch between the rest and
the wheel.
Ensure when using bench grinders that the tool rest is maintained as close as possible to the abrasive
wheel.
When using hand grinders outside, use an isolating transformer or residual current device. Ensure the
connection to electric supply point is by a flexible heavy duty extension cord.
Never use plugs or double adapters designed for domestic use.
Ensure bench grinders are stored at waist level.
Ensure grinders are stored safely away from children.
72 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Building Maintenance Units and Powered Swinging Stages
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines Building Maintenance Units and Powered Swinging Stages
Hazards
Operating building
maintenance units and
powered swinging stages
Possible Consequences
Falling from height
Fractures
Safe Work Practices
All work in powered swinging stages is notifiable to OSH, Department of Labour 24 hours prior to work
commencing even if it is just to clean windows.
Work in building maintenance units (BMU) is not notifiable if the work is routine.
Powered swinging stages must be erected by a certified scaffolder.
Powered platforms should be operated by personnel who have been specifically trained for the purpose.
Emergency procedures should be displayed on the platform as a permanent and prominent sign.
A comprehensive instruction manual should be available to the operator prior to using the BMU.
The BMU should not be used in strong winds. Generally strong winds are defined as wind gusts likely to
exceed 15 m/sec (30 knots).
Operators should be aware of the varying effects of wind. Operators should note that:
1. Wind loads are not always constant.
2. The higher above street level the stronger the wind will be.
3. The greatest wind effects are likely to be felt near the corners of buildings.
4. The direction of wind may be changed by the effect of the building and/or surrounding buildings.
Safety belts or harnesses should be provided to use in the BMU.
It is the responsibility of the operator to use the safety belt or harness.
The safety belt or harness may be attached by one of the following:
1. Strong points on the platform, provided each of the suspension ropes is sufficiently strong to support the
platform, full design live load in the event of a rope becoming detached or broken. The strong points should
be clearly identified.
2. Independent life lines attached to an adequate anchor set in or on the building, or attached to the boom or
the carriage of the BMU.
73 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Building Maintenance Units and Powered Swinging Stages
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines Building Maintenance Units and Powered Swinging Stages
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
3. Independent life lines attached to the outrigger or needle, provided that the counterweight is mechanically
attached to the needle and the needle is secure against sliding.
It is preferable to use a harness rather than a belt.
Ensure that the harness or belt is correctly fitted, properly adjusted and in good condition. A poorly fitted
harness or belt can cause significant bruising or more serious injury in the event of a fall.
All tools, equipment and materials should be attached in some way to the platform or operator to avoid
dropping them.
If mullion guides are not built into the building, rope restraints should be used.
Rope restraints should be provided at 15 m intervals vertically and at appropriate intervals horizontally. Both
suspension ropes should be tied.
Suction cups should not be used as rope restraints because they can come loose.
The platform needs some positive method to be attached to the building at the working level. If mullion
guides are not provided suction cups can be used.
With powered swinging stages entry is made at ground level. If the height from the needles and the platform
exceeds 25 m, the ropes should be restrained and the platform secured at working level.
Before operating BMU or powered swinging stage the attached checklist should be followed. - refer picture.
74 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Chainsaws
Sources
Forest Industries Training - Best Practice Guidelines for Chainsaw Use
OSH, Department of Labour Guidelines - Chainsaws
Hazards
Carrying and transporting
chainsaws
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Slips/trips/falls
Safe Work Practices
The chainsaw should be turned off or chain brake activated when walking any distance or over obstacles.
Ensure that chainsaws are carried in both hands so that it can be thrown clear if the person slips.
Ensure that a saw has a bar cover for transportation to and from the work area - refer picture.
All loose tools, saw and fuel containers should be secured in the transporting vehicle so they are not
damaged in transit or become missiles in the event of an accident.
No equipment should be carried in the passenger compartment.
Chainsaw kickback
Cuts/lacerations
Kickback occurs when the upper part of the bar nose (upper Quadrant) contacts a solid object or is pinched refer picture.
Kickback can occur when:
1. The bar nose hits hidden limbs or light material.
2. The saw is boring into a log.
3. The bar nose is pinched while cutting.
4. The bar nose contacts obscured material.
5. The chain is loose.
6. The depth gauge setting is too low.
The following practices are recommended to avoid kickback:
1. Hold the saw firmly with both hands.
2. Make sure your left thumb is wrapped firmly under the front handle and in the mitt.
3. Be aware of the location of the guide bar nose at all times.
75 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Chainsaws
Sources
Forest Industries Training - Best Practice Guidelines for Chainsaw Use
OSH, Department of Labour Guidelines - Chainsaws
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
4. Stand to the side when cutting, not directly behind the bar.
5. Do not let the guide bar nose come in contact with any object - refer picture.
6. Be particularly careful when cutting small limbs or light material that may catch in the chain.
7. Do not over-reach or cut above shoulder height.
8. Use extreme caution when re-entering a cut.
9. Only one thing should be cut at a time.
10. Correctly maintain your saw, and make sure there are no loose fittings nuts, bolts or screws.
11. Ensure that all safety devices functioning correctly.
12. Make sure the chain is tensioned and sharpened, and the depth gauges are set to the manufacturer's
specifications.
13. Use a safety chain, and the correct bar and chain combination.
Cutting with the chainsaw
Cuts/lacerations
The following are checks, which should be carried out on the saw prior to starting work:
1. Check that the chain brake is in working order.
2. Check that the lubrication system is working, rev the engine and operate for a few seconds before
switching off. Check the chain to ensure it is properly lubricated.
3. Alternatively activate the oiler while pointing the bar towards a light object, such as a stump and wait for
the oil to show up - refer picture.
4. Check the throttle control, lock-out throttle, control trigger and the on-off switch are operating correctly.
5. Check that the chain is sharpened and tensioned to the manufacturer's instructions.
76 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Chainsaws
Sources
Forest Industries Training - Best Practice Guidelines for Chainsaw Use
OSH, Department of Labour Guidelines - Chainsaws
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
6. Check that the chain stops moving when the throttle control trigger is released.
7. Check that all the external fittings are secure.
8. Check that the high tension lead does not show signs of wear, especially where it passes through the
body of the saw.
9. Pay particular attention to the above checks if the saw has been used by others.
There are three types of force encountered when cutting with a chainsaw: traction, recoil, and kickback.
Ensure that the saw is held correctly, and the proper stance is adopted. It is also essential to know the
different types of cutting actions.
The saw should not be operated when holding it above shoulder height.
The chainsaw should not be used if:
1. The saw chain does not remain stationary when the motor is idling.
2. The cutter bar handles or control levers are loose.
3. Any parts are damaged, missing or ineffective.
4. The saw will not idle correctly.
HOLDING THE SAW
Place your left hand on the front handle and ensure the handle is gripped between thumb and finger, with the
thumb under the handle.
Use the mitt. The right hand should grip the rear handle, with the index finger on the throttle trigger.
Maintain control of the saw while the motor is running by keeping a firm grip with both hands.
Keep your feet firmly planted and slightly apart to maintain a balanced position. Do not over-reach, and move
77 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Chainsaws
Sources
Forest Industries Training - Best Practice Guidelines for Chainsaw Use
OSH, Department of Labour Guidelines - Chainsaws
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
your feet closer to the cutting position.
The saw should be held close to your body for better control. Slightly bent arms also improve the control over
the saw.
Position yourself to the side of the intended cut to reduce the chance of injury from kickback.
The saw should never be used with one hand as you can easily lose control over it.
Start the cut at high speed, and maintain engine speed throughout the cut.
When the cut is almost finished, the speed should be reduced to avoid a sudden finish with the loss of
balance, or the guide bar and chain hitting the ground or other objects.
Ensure that the chain tension is regularly checked, and that the chain is sharpened.
Exhaust fumes
Inhalation
Conditions that could lead to excessive exposure to carbon monoxide are:
1. Operations carried out in a leaning or squatting position.
2. Working in low wind velocity.
Exhaust fumes contain carbon monoxide, which can cause drowsiness, and loss of concentration, thus
increasing the risk of injury. The following safe work practices should be followed:
1. Maintain the muffler of the chainsaw.
2. Ensure that the fuel/air mix is correct, and the saw is accurately tuned.
3. Chainsaws should not be operated in poorly ventilated or confined areas.
Ineffective personal
protective equipment
Hearing damage
Cuts/Lacerations
Slips/trips/falls
The following are guidelines for suitable protective equipment for chainsaw operators:
Visor or safety glasses should be worn, and the wearing of prescription spectacles should be
accommodated.
78 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Chainsaws
Sources
Forest Industries Training - Best Practice Guidelines for Chainsaw Use
OSH, Department of Labour Guidelines - Chainsaws
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that safety glasses are regularly cleaned, and if they become badly scratched replace them
immediately.
Ear protection (earmuffs rated grade 4 or better) should be worn while operating a chainsaw.
Hi-visibility helmet should be worn.
Have a hi-visibility shirt, vest or coat on, which should be kept clean.
Protective chainsaw leg wear, chaps or trousers should be worn.
Ensure that safety boots, steel capped, leather boots or chainsaw resistant gumboots are worn. Protective
footwear must be replaced when it no longer provides the intended protection, e.g. damaged or worn soles
may cause slippage.
Poor chainsaw maintenance
Cuts/lacerations
General maintenance of the chainsaw is safer and prolongs its life. The following recommendations should
be regularly performed:
1. Clean the saw, particularly the air filter, cooling inlets, sprocket cover and the chain brake mechanism.
2. Clean the guide bar groove and the oil holes.
3. Check the guidebar for straightness, burring and the wear of the rails.
4. Turn the guide bar regularly to ensure even wear.
5. Check the sprocket and chain for wear.
6. Check the chain for cracked rivets or side links.
7. Check all nuts, bolts and screws for correct tension.
8. Ensure that all components are in place.
79 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Chainsaws
Sources
Forest Industries Training - Best Practice Guidelines for Chainsaw Use
OSH, Department of Labour Guidelines - Chainsaws
Hazards
Refuelling chainsaws
Possible Consequences
Burns
Explosion
Safe Work Practices
The following procedures should be followed when refuelling chainsaws:
1. Stop the motor.
2. Place the saw on clear ground or a firm surface.
3. Fill the oil tank first to allow the saw to cool down.
4. Pay attention not to spill fuel on hot motor components.
5. Wipe any spilt fuel from the saw.
6. Move at least 3 metres away from the fuelling point before re-starting.
7. Do not smoke while refuelling the saw.
8. Do not use glass containers for storage of fuel or oil. Properly constructed metal or approved containers
should be used, which do not leak.
Consult the owner's manual for correct fuel/oil mixtures as serious damage can result by using incorrect
mixes.
Starting chainsaw
Cuts/lacerations
Never drop start a saw. The saw will swing in an arc at the end of the cord and cause serious injury.
COLD STARTING
When cold starting chainsaws the following procedures are recommended:
1. Place the chainsaw firmly on the ground.
2. Open the choke.
3. Stand over the saw which should be pointing to your left.
4. Position your left leg back to lower your hips.
80 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Chainsaws
Sources
Forest Industries Training - Best Practice Guidelines for Chainsaw Use
OSH, Department of Labour Guidelines - Chainsaws
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
5. Place your right heel on the hand guard of the chainsaw, you should be positioned so that the starter
handle can be reached with a straightened right arm.
6. Grab the front handle with your left hand, and put your hand in the mitt. Apply a downward force on the
saw.
7. Pull the starter cord with your right hand, using short sharp pulls until the motor fires.
8. Close the choke and pull the starter cord until the motor is going, then release the throttle control latch by
squeezing the throttle control trigger.
WARM STARTING
When warm starting a chainsaw the following procedures are recommended:
1. Place your left hand in the safety mitt, and keep your left arm straight.
2. Position the saw on left thigh pointing left.
3. Step over rear handle and secure saw behind your bent right knee.
4. Keep your right foot flat on the ground.
5. Start with short sharp pulls on the starter cord.
6. If the saw does not start, revert to the cold start method.
Once the saw is running operators should apply the chain brake before moving off with the saw.
A communication system should be in place (either whistle, radio, phone, pager, visual signals or regular two
hour checks on worker's well being by other staff).
81 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Compressors: Construction Trade
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia, Safetyline Essentials - Compressors
Alberta Human Resources and Employment
Hazards
Compressed air
Possible Consequences
Explosion
Hearing damage
Safe Work Practices
Compressed air should never be used to clean off clothing or body.
Compressed air should not be used for cleaning equipment, machinery or other objects. However, if it is
required, the following is recommended:
1. Use at the lowest possible pressure.
2. Avoid contact between the nozzle and the item being cleaned.
3. Ensure that protective equipment is worn, such as safety glasses with side shields or goggles, a face
shield, and long sleeves to protect the employee's arms.
4. Other employees close by should also wear protective equipment, or they should be protected by barriers
or screens.
The environment around air compressing plants should be kept clean, and safety valves should be regularly
inspected.
When using compressed air:
1. The air pressure should be turned off when hoses are not in use and when changing tools.
2. Do not kink the hose to stop the flow.
3. Check that all connections are tight before turning on air pressure.
4. Hoses should be regularly inspected for cuts, bulges and abrasions.
5. The nozzle should be held while turning the air pressure on or off.
6. All worn hoses and connections should be replaced.
Ensure all hoses are put in storage after completion of work.
If suffering an injury from compressed air, seek medical attention as soon as possible. It may take several
hours before feeling significant pain.
82 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Compressors: Construction Trade
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia, Safetyline Essentials - Compressors
Alberta Human Resources and Employment
Hazards
Working around
compressors
Possible Consequences
Excessive noise
Explosion
Safe Work Practices
Ensure compressors are in good working order and serviced regularly.
The hoses should be regularly checked for leaks.
Ensure all guards are in place and air hoses are connected properly.
Ear muffs should be used when working with a compressor to reduce noise levels.
Compressors should be equipped with pressure relief valves and pressure gauges.
Ensure the compressor is set at the recommended pressure, and cuts in and out when required.
83 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Powered Drills: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government, Dept of Industries & Business, Dept of Industries & Business, Bulletin No WH 12.01.06
Hazards
Operating Powered Drills
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Electric shock
Muscle strain
Safe Work Practices
Wear safety glasses or a face shield.
Never wear gloves when working close to rotating pieces of machinery.
Always ensure the drill is connected through a Residual Current Device.
Hold the job in a clamp so that it will not twist.
Never drill with one hand while holding the job with the other.
Choose the bit or attachment that suits the size of the drill and the job to be done.
Use only bits and attachments which turn smoothly - do not use bits or attachments which wobble or vibrate.
Make sure that bits and attachments are properly seated and tightened in the drill chuck.
Follow the manufacturer's instructions when choosing and using a bit or attachment. This is important if you
are using a drill you have not used before or are doing a job you have not done before.
Tie up long hair so that it will not get caught in the drill bit.
Wear tight clothes or button up or tuck away loose clothing.
Disconnect the drill from the power supply before changing or adjusting bits or attachments.
Keep air vents in the drill free of dust, oil and wood, plastic or metal scraps so that the drill motor is well
ventilated and will not overheat.
Keep the drill bits sharpened to the correct cutting angle required for the material being drilled.
Keep all electrical cords away from the bit or attachment while you are drilling.
Tighten the chuck well. Take the chuck key out before you start the drill - it could fly out and blind you.
Reduce pressure on the drill just before breaking through the other side of the piece you are drilling.
Drill a small pilot hole to act as a guide before drilling a large hole.
84 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Powered Drills: Construction Trade
Sources
Northern Territory Government, Dept of Industries & Business, Dept of Industries & Business, Bulletin No WH 12.01.06
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Never use a bent drill bit - it reduces your control of the drill.
Never use high speed drill bits without cooling or lubrication.
Never use a hole saw cutter without the centre pilot drill bit.
Never reach under or around the workpiece while you are drilling.
Never stretch to get at the workpiece. Keep a proper footing and balance.
85 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Table Saws: Construction Trade
Sources
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
Hazards
Inadequate maintenance
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Electric shock
Muscle strain
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that safe work procedures are established and all staff know about it.
All staff should read and follow all operational, repair and maintenance instructions in the manual provided.
Power tools and machinery should be regularly maintained, all components should be well oiled, and old or
loose parts, vibrating mounts, silencers etc. should be changed.
Damaged or worn cords should be replaced immediately.
Before attempting any maintenance, cleaning or repair work, ensure that the saw is stopped and the blade or
wheel blade stopped spinning.
Ensure machinery and equipment is assembled correctly.
Operating saws
Cuts/lacerations
Electric shock
Muscle strain
Eye damage
Burns
Eye damage
Hearing damage
Caught in moving parts
All foreign material should be cleaned from the machine after use.
Always keep your hands well clear of the blade.
Ensure that the saw is in good condition and all guards are on before use.
Never operate a machine if it is damaged or improperly adjusted.
Do not jam the guard back.
The guard should be high enough to cover the part of the blade rising above the stock and wide enough to
cover the blade when it is tilted.
The height of the blade should be set so it does not extend more than about 3 mm above the height of the
piece being cut.
Ensure that suitable blades are chosen for the type of work being done.
The blade should be correctly attached.
Ensure that the saw is positioned in a way that neither the operator nor a casual observer are forced to stand
in line with the saw blade.
86 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Table Saws: Construction Trade
Sources
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Keep your body and face to one side of the saw blade, out of the line of a possible kickback.
Ensure that employees do not over reach when using a power saw, and they maintain a good balance and a
proper footing.
Tools should always be unplugged before servicing them or when they are not in use.
A saw should never be left running unattended. The power should be turned off, and the machine should be
checked that it has stopped running before leaving the area.
Electric tools should never be used in damp or wet locations.
The machinery should be grounded, and the installation/wiring should comply with regulations.
Never alter AC power cord or any electrical components on equipment.
Ensure that power cords are kept from contacting sharp objects, oil, grease and hot surfaces.
Electric tools should never be operated near flammable liquids, gasses or in explosive atmospheres.
When working with difficult or long material:
a. Ensure that there is sufficient support to hold a work piece.
b. Extension tables or roller supports should be used at the side or back for larger pieces.
c. If an assistant is at the back (outfeed) end of the saw, an extension table should be in place so the back
edge is about 1.2 m from the saw blade.
d. The assistant should wait for the work piece to reach the edge of the extension table and should not reach
toward the saw blade.
Children and visitors should be kept at a safe distance from the work area.
Tight fitting clothes should be worn, and long hair should be tied back.
When operating a saw, safety glasses or a face shield should be used.
87 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Table Saws: Construction Trade
Sources
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Ensure hearing protection is worn e.g. earmuffs.
Ear plugs may be more comfortable, but should be inserted with clean hands.
Clean and maintain hearing protectors, and replace worn or damaged parts.
If possible run machinery at lower revs to reduce noise levels.
Poor housekeeping practises
Slipping/tripping
Burns
Equipment should always be in a clean and serviced condition. Blades should be clean, sharp, and properly
set so that they cut freely without having to force the work piece against the blade.
The work areas should be kept free of waste, loose materials and tools, which is especially important in the
vicinity of ladders, ramps, stairs and passageways.
To effectively prevent hazardous clutter, provide easily accessible storage containers.
Tools lying around benches, near machines, and on floors or ladders cause accidents and get lost. Tools
should be returned to kit or storage when they are not needed.
The area where machinery is operated should be free of flammable and combustible materials.
Ensure that all equipment is mounted safely and firmly at correct height with correct guards fitted.
Padlocks and master switches should be used to prevent unauthorised personnel from using equipment.
Starter keys should be removed from saws when not in use.
Repetitive actions using tools
frequently
OOS conditions
Work should be organised so that repetitive and non-repetitive activities are mixed.
Take frequent, short rest breaks.
Ensure employees undertake simple and gentle exercises to reduce muscle tension.
Tools for repetitive tasks should be a comfortable size, shape and weight, be well balanced with a
comfortable grip and need no more than reasonable force to operate.
Working with vibrating
Vibration induced white
Maintain a firm grip on handles.
88 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Table Saws: Construction Trade
Sources
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
Hazards
equipment
Possible Consequences
finger
Safe Work Practices
Ensure chains and blades on machinery are sharpened to the manufacturer's recommendation.
Ensure job rotation or regular breaks are taken to avoid over use.
Check that all anti-vibration mounts, absorbers, guide bar and body parts are secure before use.
89 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Glass Sheets
Sources
Queensland Government WorkPlace Health and Safety Department of Training and Industrial Relations
Hazards
Floor surfaces
Possible Consequences
Slips/trips/falls
Safe Work Practices
A flat and properly drained surface should be provided and maintained on permanent sites, both indoors and
out.
Spillages of water, oil, food scraps and other substances should be immediately removed and cleaned up.
Floor surfaces should (as far as is practicable) be even, and free from cracks, blemishes or undulations.
Ensure that floor surfaces can bear the weight of materials and processes used.
Include the following to reduce the risk of injury from inadequate floor surfaces:
a. Using non-slip surfaces. For example, 'acid treat' the floors.
b. Filling up gaps in the floor using filler products.
c. Providing adequate footwear that has a stable, non-slip base and ensures foot support and protection.
d. Placing drains under work benches or in other areas where they won't obstruct the work flow.
e. Using cover straps to anchor leads to the floor if they cannot be moved.
Glass cutting
Cuts/lacerations
Eye injuries
Large glass sizes should be cut on the following types of tables:
a. Air flotation table.
b. Roller castor table.
c. Tilt tables fitted with either one of the above facilities.
Ensure that the table is clean and free from tools, etc before moving glass to the cutting table.
Check for any obstructions around the table, and remove all objects that could cause tripping or slipping,
e.g. oil, grease.
When approaching the table, check for clearance between the edge of table and the glass. Undue contact
could cause glass to break.
90 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Glass Sheets
Sources
Queensland Government WorkPlace Health and Safety Department of Training and Industrial Relations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
When placing glass onto cutting tables by the free fall method, special precautions should be taken,
including the following:
a. Ensure that the cutting table is properly positioned to receive the sheet of glass to be fallen.
b. Ensure that the cutting table is clean of all debris and glass particles. At the point of impact any dust or
glass particles present on the cutting table can become airborne and cause eye and other possible injuries.
Glass should never overhang the table's dimensions.
Cutting tables should be covered with felt/carpet, which should be kept in good condition.
If there is damage to the felt and/or support material, it should be repaired without delay.
Each workplace should be provided with a sufficient number of cullet bins.
The design of the bins should prevent glass fragments from falling out of them.
Ensure that all scrap glass is placed in the bin, not thrown.
When cutting glass incorporate the following considerations:
a. Use appropriate PPE such as gloves, gauntlets, safety glasses and safety footwear.
b. Avoid practices such as throwing cullet into bins from a distance.
c. Ensure that employees are not overreaching when scoring the glass.
d. Check for oil from the cutter before removing glass.
e. The glass should be wiped clean before lifting.
Glass finishing
Electrocution
Ensure that there is effective drainage so that any excess water, used as a coolant or dust suppressant, can
be safely dispersed.
Hoses and power leads should be safely located and clear of the floor and working areas.
All equipment and machinery should be kept in good working order.
91 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Glass Sheets
Sources
Queensland Government WorkPlace Health and Safety Department of Training and Industrial Relations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that suitable machine guards and appropriate electrical wiring are in place.
Inadequate environment
Cuts/lacerations
Factors to consider about the workplace layout should include:
a. The types of activities performed.
b. The fixtures required, and the materials, tools and equipment used.
c. The access to work materials, including power sources and other fixtures.
d. The movement of information, people, materials and plant.
e. The access to emergency exits.
There should be sufficient manoeuvring space around work stations, and work areas should be clearly
specified.
Ensure that aisles are large enough to allow sufficient room to manoeuvre during handling operations.
Avoid blind corners or visual obstructions to provide clear visibility.
One-way traffic routes should be established, particularly if using forklifts or other vehicles.
Installing glazing
Cuts/lacerations
Back and muscle strain
Ensure that all work areas are separated from the public by hoardings, barriers and signage.
Ensure that glass doors and glass partitions are identified by tape etc.
Newly installed glass panels should be clearly identified.
Ensure frames and doors are braced or propped adequately to stop them from falling or moving whilst work
is being carried out.
Ensure the appropriate safety equipment (boots, gloves and gauntlets) is worn when glazing or de-glazing.
When removing existing framing glass, ensure that any power supply through frames is isolated.
92 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Glass Sheets
Sources
Queensland Government WorkPlace Health and Safety Department of Training and Industrial Relations
Hazards
Lifting and carrying sheets of
glass
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Back and muscle
strain/sprains
Eye injuries
Crushed feet
Safe Work Practices
When caulking/sealing frames and glass, work should be carried out in a well ventilated area, and the
instructions on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be followed.
Work processes should be re-designed to reduce multiple handling and to allow the use of mechanical
handling equipment, such as cranes and forklifts.
Where possible sheets should be placed on pallets and moved by mechanical manual handling devices i.e.
pallet jacks.
Ensure sheets are placed in an accessible area close to the fixing point.
Loads should not be lifted a considerable distance off the ground, e.g. above head height.
Ensure that prolonged lifting is avoided.
Loads should be supported not allowing the glass to swing out of control.
Ensure that loads are never left unattended.
Ensure that only trained operators use equipment such as overhead cranes.
The method and process of moving the glass should be planned.
Provide clear warning to other employees when moving glass.
Wear suitable protective equipment such as gloves, aprons, overalls, gauntlets, safety glasses and footwear,
hard hat and snapper jacket.
Employees should be provided with glass lifting suckers with a certified lifting capacity.
Manual handling techniques
Back and muscle
strain/sprains
A person undertaking a lift should:
a. Lift efficiently.
b. Rhythmically.
c. Minimising bending of the lower back.
93 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Glass Sheets
Sources
Queensland Government WorkPlace Health and Safety Department of Training and Industrial Relations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
d. The knees should be bent, but preferably not at a right angle.
When handling glass the following important factors should also be considered:
a. Ensuring a secure grip on the object being handled.
b. Pulling the load close to the body - refer picture.
c. Varying heavier handling tasks with lighter work.
Storage
Cuts/lacerations
Ensure that permanent glass racks are clearly marked.
Sufficient clearance should exist between walls and racked or cased glass.
There should be an appropriate clearance between glass racks and cased glass.
When stacking cases and end-caps, ensure the stack is secure.
Never leave a stack unstable as this could create a dangerous situation for other employees.
Battens should be attached to the end-caps to ensure a safe and stable stack.
Glass should be stored in stacks within designated areas. All protruding edges should be visibly marked.
Vented (cracked) glass should never be racked.
Ensure that glass is checked for vents by giving a light shake before removing it from a rack.
Always clear cullet from the racks before stacking glass as this can cause vents in the stock sheets.
Glass should never be stacked flat or never stood directly upon a stone or cement floor.
Off-cuts or surplus glass should not be stored against a building or fittings unless in a properly constructed
rack.
Storage racks should be constructed to eliminate the risk of glass falling from racks.
94 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Glass Sheets
Sources
Queensland Government WorkPlace Health and Safety Department of Training and Industrial Relations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Consider the following for the storage of glass:
a. The suitability of the racking for the size and type of glass.
b. The condition of the racking.
c. Whether there is equal weight distribution and whether the racks are overloaded.
Always remove and stack the front sheets until the sheet needed is easily accessible.
Team lifting
Cuts/lacerations
Back and muscle
strain/sprains
Crushed feet
Sheets should be handled by two or more employees.
When organising a lift, it is important to ensure that:
a. There is an adequate number of persons in the team.
b. One person is appointed to co-ordinate the lift.
c. Team members are of comparable capacity and know their responsibilities throughout the lift.
d. Suitable training has been provided.
e. The lift has been planned.
Ensure that team members do not obstruct each other's vision or movement.
Transportation of glass
Cuts/lacerations
Back and muscle
strain/sprains
Crushed feet
Drivers of vehicles delivering glass should ensure that:
1. The load is safely stacked on the vehicle.
2. Loads should be evenly distributed and secured.
3. Always ensure that glass is transported on an appropriately designed vehicle.
4. If special circumstances require the transportation of glass that cannot be held by the normal glass
strapping, and/or extends beyond the length of the vehicle, safe alternate strapping, or other securing
methods such as clamping should be used.
95 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Glass Sheets
Sources
Queensland Government WorkPlace Health and Safety Department of Training and Industrial Relations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
5. The vehicle should be level before untying the load and should not be moved, even a short distance,
without securing the load again. If the load is not secure it could become unbalanced.
6. Employees should be properly trained in correct on-loading and off-loading methods.
96 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Bulldozers/Excavators
Sources
California Occupational Safety & Health Association - Code of Safe Practices
OSH, Department of Labour - A Guide to the Approved Code of Practice for Operator Protective Structures.
Hazards
Approaching
bulldozers/excavators
Possible Consequences
Crushed
Safe Work Practices
Before approaching a bulldozer/excavator ensure the driver is aware of your presence and has signalled that
it is safe to approach.
When people are approaching your bulldozer/excavator, place the transmission in neutral, setting the park
brake, and indicate that it is safe to approach the bulldozer/excavator.
Maintenance of machinery
Bulldozer/excavator failure
Never work under bulldozer/excavators supported by jacks or chain hoists, without protective blocking that
will prevent injury if the jack or hoists fail.
Where appropriate, lock-out procedures should be used.
Ensure that the bulldozer/excavator is regularly serviced and maintained to manufacturer's specifications.
Working around moving
parts
Entanglement
Ensure that long hair is securely tied back.
Avoid wearing loose or frayed clothing.
Machinery should not be serviced, repaired or adjusted while in use nor should oiling of moving parts be
attempted, unless the parts are designed or fitted with safeguards to protect the person performing the work.
Working on or around
machinery
Crushing
Machinery tipping/rolling
Noise
Poor visibility
Trip/slip/fall
Only trained and competent persons should operate a bulldozer/excavator.
Always be aware of the location of employees particularly near tops of cuts, banks and cliffs.
If operating bulldozer/excavator during times of darkness or in low light conditions, it should be equipped
with at least two headlights for forward travel and adequate rear lights for reverse travel unless other
adequate lighting is provided.
Excavators should have Cabin Operator Protective Structure (COPS) designed to grade 3 including
Operator Protective Structures (OPS) and Fall Over Protective Structures (FOPS).
Bulldozers should have FOPS, OPS and ROPS.
Operators should wear seat belts so that they are confined within the structure in the event of a roll over or
97 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Bulldozers/Excavators
Sources
California Occupational Safety & Health Association - Code of Safe Practices
OSH, Department of Labour - A Guide to the Approved Code of Practice for Operator Protective Structures.
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
tip over.
Ensure appropriate speed is used for the terrain and conditions.
Wear hearing protection when operating machinery.
To avoid ankle injuries, dismount by climbing down not jumping down and use provided foot and hand hold.
Never leave unattended bulldozer/excavator running.
Passengers are not allowed on bulldozers/excavators.
Ensure all guards and shields are in place before starting a bulldozer/excavator.
Lower the blade/bucket when the bulldozer/excavator is not in use.
Don't exceed manufacturer's recommended load limits.
98 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Areas where forklifts are
operated
Possible Consequences
Collision
Safe Work Practices
"Forklift in Operation" signs should be posted in the areas where forklifts are operating.
Because of the varying needs of industries, it is not practical to recommend driving on the left or right, but it
is recommended that broad principles of the Road Code be observed.
Traffic routes should be marked where forklifts are in operation. Lines should be painted on floors to indicate
possible hazardous areas and low clearances such as pipes, sprinkles etc.
Ensure that all floor surfaces, including bridging plates, can support the combined weight of the forklift and
the load.
Assess floors for damage, wetness, grease or oily surfaces or any obstructions which may affect the stability
of the forklift. Slow down for wet or slippery surfaces, and avoid running over any loose objects.
When a forklift truck or any part of the load has to be closer than 4 m to any live electrical wire or installation,
the Electrical Supply Authority should be contacted.
Changing LPG cylinders
Explosion
Fire
When changing cylinders, ensure:
1. It is carried out in a well ventilated area.
2. Ignition is turned off.
3. Smoking is not permitted.
4. Empty cylinders are returned to storage area.
5. Check connections and cylinder devices for leaks.
Contact with electricity
Electrocution
Electric shock
IF FORKLIFT CONTACTS A POWER LINE:
1. Stay where you are and keep others away.
2. If possible, move the forklift off the power line.
99 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
3. If you need to leave the forklift, jump well clear and ensure you fall away from the forklift.
4. Do not touch the forklift until the lines are de-energized.
IF THE POWER LINE IS BROKEN:
1. DO NOT get off the forklift.
2. Wait until the power is shut off before leaving the forklift or allowing anyone to come near.
Destacking
Hit by falling object
Crushing
The following points are recommended when destacking loads:
1. Stop at the face of the stack and bring the mast to the vertical position.
2. Raise the forks to a position permitting clear entry into the pallet.
3. Slowly drive forward until the back-rest is against the load. A slight forward tilt might be helpful. Avoid
hitting the stack with the lower parts of the mast when moving forward.
4. Lift load until clear of stack and apply a slight backward tilt to stabilise the load.
5. When the load is clear of the top of the stack, check behind and then move slowly backward to clear face
of the stack.
6. Lower the load to the correct carrying height, then apply further backward tilt to bring into a normal
travelling position.
Elevating people using a
forklift
Crushing
Falling
The use of a forklift as a hoist for personnel must not be permitted unless a work platform complying with NZ
Standards has been fitted.
Ensure lifting mechanism is operating smoothly and properly.
Place mast in a vertical position and never tilt forward or rearward when elevated.
Move the forklift only slightly in positioning when persons are elevated, and only move at creep speed.
100 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Restraining devices, such as rails, chains etc. should be in place, or persons on the work platform should
wear a body belt and lanyard or retractable safety device.
Only a trained, experienced forklift driver may be used to elevate people to a required height.
Forklift maintenance
Mechanical failures
Operators should check that the forklift is in a satisfactory working condition before operating it.
Battery-powered Forklift Trucks - Operators should check forklifts daily for the following and fill out a daily
check report: - refer picture.
1. Battery plug connection.
2. Battery charge and electrolyte.
3. Battery load test.
4. Brakes.
5. Lights - head, tail, warning and indicating.
6. Horn.
7. Hour meter.
8. Steering.
9. Tyre.
10. Hydraulic controls.
11. Other items.
Engine-powered Forklift Trucks - Operators should check forklifts daily for the following and fill out a daily
check report: - refer picture.
101 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
1. Fuel level.
2. Oil level and pressure.
3. Water level and fan belt.
4. Brakes.
5. Steering.
6. Lights - head, tail warning and indicator.
7. Horn.
8. Hour meter and gauges.
9. Tyres.
10. Hydraulic controls.
11. Other items.
LPG-powered Forklift Trucks - Operators should check forklifts daily for the following and fill out a daily
check report: - refer picture.
1. Check that the LPG gas cylinder is properly mounted in the correct radial position in its mounting
brackets.
2. Check that the safety relief valve is correctly positioned.
3. Check the level of fuel in the cylinder. (Gauge at end of cylinder).
4. Check that the regulator, hose and fittings are free of wear, leaks or defects.
5. If the forklift truck is dual-fuelled, check that there is adequate petrol in the event of a fuel change-over
becoming necessary.
102 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
6. Oil level and pressure.
7. Water level and fan belt.
8. Brakes.
9. Steering.
10. Lights - head, tail warning and indicator.
11. Horn.
12. Hour meter and gauges.
13. Tyres.
14. Hydraulic controls.
15. Other items.
LPG may collect in unseen pockets of the chassis to form a potential explosive hazard. Operators should not
smoke while checking, maintaining or fuelling the vehicle.
A weekly inspection and maintenance report including the following should be completed: - refer picture.
1. Hydraulic rams.
2. General lubrication.
3. Hydraulic system (hoses etc).
4. Limit switches.
5. Brake fluid.
103 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
6. Lifting chains, pulleys, wire ropes.
7. Forks and retaining pins.
8. Overhead guard and load back-rest.
9. Other items.
Inspection: Low Usage - The forklift should be inspected 6 monthly for safe condition by a suitably qualified
inspector.
Inspection: High Usage - The forklift should be inspected monthly by a qualified inspector.
Only authorised persons should repair or make adjustments to forklifts, including fork extensions. Only fork
extensions of a design approved by the manufacturer may be used.
Forklift operator
Collision
Only trained and authorised operators should use forklifts. All employees operating forklifts should be trained
in the safe work practices of operating a forklift.
Operators should be physically fit.
Operators should be alert at all times.
Leaving forklift unattended
Crushing
Inhalation
When leaving the forklift truck, ensure:
1. Controls are at "neutral".
2. Power is shut off.
3. Brakes are applied.
4. Forks are fully lowered.
5. Ignition key or starter switch key is removed.
104 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Nobody should stand or walk under the elevated fork, whether or not a load is being carried.
If a forklift must be left on incline, block the wheels.
When parking a forklift do not: block fire doors, exits, aisles, stairways or fire equipment.
Never park a forklift closer than 2.5 m from any railway line.
Never leave an engine-powered forklift running in confined spaces for extended periods as the fume and
gas build up can be dangerous.
Operating forklifts
Forklift overturning
Collision
Crushing
When travelling without a load, forks should be around 150 mm above the ground.
Look around, use fitted mirrors before moving off.
Look where you are going, and if vision is obscured, seek assistance or travel in reverse.
When coming close to crossings in aisles, slow down, sound horn and if vision is obstructed keep to the
correct side of the aisle.
When making a turn drop the speed and take care that the tip of the fork (or load) or rear side of the
machine does not touch or bump against any object or person nearby.
Slow down before changing direction with extra care when turning from one aisle to another. Indicators of
excessive speed while turning are:
a. Tyre skidding.
b. Forklift side sway.
c. Wheel lift.
d. The need to grip the steering wheel tightly to keep from sliding out of the seat.
Stop using the forklift if there is any reason to think that it is unsafe, and do not operate it until repairs have
been made. Report all defects to your supervisor.
105 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Avoid driving over railway lines, storm drains and grates in the road. If railway lines need to be crossed,
approach them at an angle.
Never cross railway lines unless the lines have been recessed into the surface.
Keep warning lights flashing when forklift is in use, and ensure lights are operating correctly.
When driving the forklift ensure a safe breaking distance is kept.
Ensure audible signals are working, particularly in noisy workplaces e.g. horns, beepers.
Back-rest extensions or overhead guards should never be removed from forklifts, unless specifically
authorised.
Check all controls and fork locking pins.
Never push on the point of one or both forks.
Never attach a tow rope to the mast to pull or drag loads. Attaching a tow rope to a forklift is prohibited.
No passengers should be allowed to ride on the forks or loads or any other part of the forklift truck.
Stacking
Hit by falling object
Crushing
The following points are recommended when stacking loads:
1. Move towards the stack with the load low and tilted backward.
2. Slow down and stop at the face of the stack.
3. Reduce the backward tilt to stabilise the load.
4. Put the handbrake on and the gear lever into neutral.
5. Bring mast forward retaining only sufficient back tilt to secure the load.
6. Elevate the load to the desired stacking height.
106 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
7. When the load is clear of the top of the stack, move slowly forward.
8. When the load is over the stack, bring the mast to the vertical position and lower the load onto the stack.
9. When the load is securely stacked, lower forks until free of pallet. Check behind and withdraw by
reversing the forklift. A slight forward tilt may be helpful at this position.
10. When clear of the stack, lower the forks to just above the ground level, tilt the mast backward to the
usual travelling position.
11. DO NOT straighten the stack by pushing against it with the forks or with the end of the forklift.
Travelling with loads
Personal injury
Keep all parts of your body inside the machine when moving, and never put any body parts between the
uprights of the mast.
Loads should be strictly within the capacity limits of the forklift. Additional counterweights should never be
added to forklifts to increase their load-carrying capacity, without prior reference to the manufacturer.
Keep load low when travelling, especially on gradients.
To safeguard load - tilt mast backwards.
Load pallets evenly to ensure stable load.
All loads should be supported by the carriage or the back-rest extension - refer picture.
Avoid sudden movements or stops, especially when load is raised.
Never load forklifts on gradients.
Load should lead when travelling up gradients.
Travel down ramps backward when laden.
Travel down ramps frontward when empty.
107 of 242
Plant
Plant >> Forklifts: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Training Operators and Instructors of Powered Industrial Lift Trucks
OSH, Department of Labour - Safety Code for Forklift Truck Operators
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
108 of 242
Chemicals >> Solvents
Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Bulletin: Hazard Alert - Solvents in Construction
OSH Dept of Labour - Guidelines for the Safe Use of Organic Solvents
Hazards
Exposure to solvents
Possible Consequences
Absorption
Dermatitis
Eye irritation
Fire/burns
Ingestion
Inhalation
Safe Work Practices
Use water based products or safer alternative processes wherever possible.
Replace solvents when you can. If you use water based (latex) paints you don't need to use thinners or
cleaners that have solvents.
Always read the label on the container and follow the instructions for safe use.
Obtain and read the material safety data sheet for the solvent being used. This is available from the
manufacturer or supplier and gives vital information on safe handling, storage and transportation.
Provide an adequate system of ventilation when working with solvents.
Observe safety requirements when working in a confined space.
Where necessary use the proper respirator approved for the type and concentration of the solvent. Make sure
the respirator is in good condition and is used in accordance with the manufactuer's instructions.
In areas of high vapour concentration always use full face respirators with an independent air supply.
Paper dust masks will not protect you against solvents.
Do not rely on your sense of smell to warn you of a solvent hazard. However if you can smell a solvent it may
mean that your respirator is faulty or badly fitted, or there is a solvent leak. You should immediately leave the
area.
Wear adequate protective clothing and gloves if skin or hand contact with solvent is likely. This will help
prevent absorption through the skin.
When you use gloves check the manufacturer's instructions to make sure the gloves protect against the
solvent you are using.
When you clean oil based paint from brushes wear gloves.
109 of 242
Chemicals >> Solvents
Sources
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Bulletin: Hazard Alert - Solvents in Construction
OSH Dept of Labour - Guidelines for the Safe Use of Organic Solvents
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
fire.
When working with solvents ensure all ignition sources have been eliminated.
Keep lids on paint and glue when they are not in use.
Storage of solvents in excess
Explosion
Store solvents in a flame proof cabinet or storeroom.
of 5 litres
Store in a cool place, away from ignition sources.
Keep storage area well ventilated to prevent solvent vapour accumulating.
Isolate the storage area from the workplace.
Have the floor with raised edges around it to contain spills.
Equip the storage area with appropriate fire fighting equipment.
Prohibit all smoking in and around storage area.
Please refer to local OSH office or Environmental Risk Management Authority for more information.
110 of 242
Chemicals >> Asbestos
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Management and Removal of Asbestos
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safety Essentials: Removal of Asbestos Cement Building Products
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Cleaning up and disposing of
Asbestosis
asbestos containing material
Lung cancer
(asbestos cement)
Safe Work Practices
Asbestos cement residues in the removal area should be cleaned up by wet wiping and vacuuming. Remove
all asbestos waste from the site including disposable overalls and respirators.
Cover up asbestos and dispose of immediately. Asbestos cement sheets should be kept wet, wrapped in
plastic or suitably sealed, labelled as asbestos waste and removed from the site as soon as possible using
covered bins or covered truck.
Asbestos cement sheets must not be reused or offered for sale.
All asbestos containing waste must be buried at a refuse site approved by the local authority.
Release of asbestos into
Asbestosis
working environment
Asbestos corns or warts
Inhalation
Lung cancer
Persons working with asbestos should always wear protective clothing which is:
1. Clothing made of material that resists penetration of asbestos fibres such as nylon or treated synthetic
material.
2. Covers the body and fits snugly at the neck, wrist and ankles. It should also cover the head by having an
attached hood. Appropriate footwear for the work environment should be worn.
3. The clothing must be maintained in good condition and if torn or damaged must be immediately repaired or
replaced.
4. Because of the impervious nature of this type of clothing the wearer may become affected by heat stress.
(Refer section 'heat stress' in the People Category of this CD).
There are three types of overalls that can be worn:
1. Disposable or single use overalls are recommended for all types of asbestos work. These should be used
for one job and discarded as asbestos waste. Disposable or single use overalls are recommended as special
laundering is not required.
2. Overalls made from lightweight synthetic material such as nylon, which is waterproof, or PVC waterproof
111 of 242
Chemicals >> Asbestos
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Management and Removal of Asbestos
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safety Essentials: Removal of Asbestos Cement Building Products
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
but are not recommended because of the special laundering considerations that are required.
Gloves should be made of impervious material for ease of cleaning.
Respirators:
Class 1 respirators (with a minimum of class P1 filter) should be used when performing hand work only on
materials such as asbestos cement or gaskets containing asbestos.
Class 2 respirators (with a class P3 or HEPA filter) should be used for effective wet stripping of asbestos,
power tool use on asbestos cement and similar products, clearance monitoring or entering into asbestos
removal area, moderately dusty work.
Class 3 full face piece air line positive pressure respirator with tight fitting face piece used continuously or
pressure demand mode with filtered air. Used for dry removal of asbestos and ineffective wet stripping,
asbestos work in confined space.
Any employers that require employees to undertake restricted work in relation to asbestos should ensure that
their employees receive:
1. Full occupational history medical examination, chest x-ray (AP and lateral) and lung function tests (FEV
and FVC) within one month of starting employment.
2. The employee shall have an asbestos medical thereafter according to the schedule.
The risk of lung cancer is increased considerably in people who are exposed to asbestos and smoke
cigarettes. For this reason it is strongly recommended that people working with asbestos do not smoke.
Working with or around
Asbestosis
asbestos cement products
Lung cancer
Do not waterblast asbestos cement products. High pressure blasting breaks up the cement matrix and
releases significant amounts of asbestos fibre.
Minimise exposure by closing doors and windows, ensuring that people are kept out of the area. If appropriate
112 of 242
Chemicals >> Asbestos
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Management and Removal of Asbestos
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safety Essentials: Removal of Asbestos Cement Building Products
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Power tools should not be used except for the removal of fixing screws when working on or demolishing
asbestos cement products. Power saws in particular should not be used to cut material containing asbestos.
Avoid breaking asbestos cement sheets. Avoid breaking or cutting up cement sheets. Sheets must be lowered
to the ground and not dropped.
When removed sheets are being stacked, sheets must not be allowed to skid over each other as this may
result in the release of fibres.
Working with or around
Asbestosis
asbestos floor coverings
Lung cancer
Minimise exposure by closing doors and windows, ensuring that people are kept out of the area. If appropriate
relocate building's occupants during work.
Power sanding of floors that have residues of vinyl asbestos coverings must be kept to a minimum. The
surface should be wetted to minimise the release of asbestos fibres.
Water is the safest liquid to use for wetting floors when sanding. Sanding equipment used on floors that have
residues of vinyl asbestos should not be used on other jobs.
Dry sanding of floor coverings containing asbestos is classified as restricted work and must be notified to OSH
before work begins and should only be carried out by a person holding a certificate of competence for work
involving asbestos.
Wet sanding procedures:
1. The work area should be sealed or isolated from other parts of the building using plastic sheeting to seal off
all doors and entrance ways.
2. Cupboards and drawers should either be sealed or emptied before beginning work.
3. The floor should be wetted by mopping with water to help depress dust.
113 of 242
Chemicals >> Asbestos
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines for the Management and Removal of Asbestos
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safety Essentials: Removal of Asbestos Cement Building Products
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
6. Clean up procedures should be carried out thoroughly by first vacuuming residues and dusts from all
surfaces, followed by wet mopping. Vacuum cleaner should be fitted with a HEPA filter and the cleanings are
disposed of as asbestos waste.
7. Where sanding has been carried out in service rooms and kitchens, cupboards and drawers not previously
sealed should be vacuumed and wiped down with wetted rags.
8. Equipment used to sand floors should be cleaned by vacuuming and wet wiping before being removed from
the job.
9. All asbestos contaminated waste (including rags used for wet wiping) must be disposed of as soon as
possible by sealing in plastic bags, labelling as asbestos waste and removing from site.
114 of 242
Chemicals >> Lead Based Paints
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines on the Management of Lead Based Paints
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Exposure to lead based
Inhalation of dust and/or
paints
fumes
Safe Work Practices
Wear a good quality, properly fitted, toxic dust filter respirator when sanding, making dust, or burning off lead
based paint.
If using a disposable type respirator, only those with double head straps are suitable.
Replace respirator filters as required and ensure that all protective equipment is cleaned and stored properly.
Wear overalls and a hat (especially when dry sanding) to prevent dust accumulation in clothing and hair.
Disposable coveralls are recommended for dusty work.
Do not wear contaminated overalls home as this can spread lead contamination and put family members at
risk.
Wear boots and gloves.
The following personal hygiene practices should be undertaken:
Do not smoke while removing paint as hand to mouth contact may increase the risk of eating or inhaling lead
paint dust.
Wash hands before eating, drinking or smoking. Do not eat or smoke in work area.
Place contaminated overalls in clean polythene bags before removing them from the work area as they are a
significant source of contamination to others.
Non disposable overalls should be changed twice weekly (or more frequently if necessary).
Non disposable overalls should be laundered separately. When laundering contaminated overalls store them
away from other clothes. Do not shake overalls prior to laundering.
Wash or wipe clean boots or gloves with a damp cloth at the end of each work day.
115 of 242
Chemicals >> Lead Based Paints
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines on the Management of Lead Based Paints
Hazards
mechanical removal method
Possible Consequences
fumes
Safe Work Practices
1. Evacuate room if occupied.
2. Remove furniture and soft furnishings, cover remaining furniture and carpet.
3. Seal doors, windows and ventilators to other rooms and outdoors.
If the dust hazard cannot be contained in one room:
1. Evacuate building if occupied.
2. Remove furniture and soft furnishings. Cover remaining furniture and carpet.
3. Seal doors, windows and ventilators to outdoors.
When either of the above procedures have been completed the following work practices should be adopted:
1. Don protective clothing and equipment and proceed with removal.
2. Decontaminate daily during removal work by HEPA vacuuming and wet wipe.
3. Decontaminate on completion - HEPA and wet wipe. Dispose of waste.
4. Remove containment and proceed with redecoration.
Indoor paint removal using
Inhalation of dust and/or
manual removal method
fumes
Remove furnishings within 2 m of the affected area.
Cover floor with plastic sheet for 1 m around work area.
Ventilate the room.
Evacuate the room if occupied.
Don protective clothing and equipment.
116 of 242
Chemicals >> Lead Based Paints
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Guidelines on the Management of Lead Based Paints
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
HEPA vacuum and wet wipe the affected surfaces. Dispose of waste.
Remove plastic dust sheet and proceed with redecoration.
Outdoor paint removal using a
Inhalation of dust and/or
manual removal method
fumes
Clear items from within 2 m of the affected area.
Cover ground with plastic sheet for about 1 m around the work area.
Remove manually by scraping, chemical treatment or heat removal.
Dispose of accumulated debris daily and on completion.
Outdoor paint removal using a
Inhalation of dust and/or
mechanical removal method
fumes
If the work area can be contained to prevent drift of paint, fragment and dust:
1. Use dry removal method.
2. Contain the work area using tenting or sheeting and ground sheet.
If the work area cannot be contained to prevent drift of paint, fragment and dust:
1. Use only a wet or heat gun removal method (or machine sanding with a HEPA filter).
2. Cover ground around the work area as far as practicable with a plastic sheet.
When either of the above procedures have been completed the following work practices should be adopted:
Seal door, window and ventilator openings of buildings (including neighbours) as necessary.
Don protective clothing and equipment and proceed with removal work.
Decontaminate area and treated surface daily during removal work.
Decontaminate area and treated surface on completion by HEPA vacuuming/wet type.
117 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Sources
ACT WorkCover
Worksafe Western Austraila Safetyline
Hazards
Exposure to Polychlorinated
Biphenyls
Possible Consequences
Eye and skin irritation
Long term health problems
Inhalation
Safe Work Practices
Employees can be exposed to PCBs when dismantling electrical capacitors and transformers or when
cleaning up spills and leaks.
Personal protective equipment and clothing required for the handling of PCBs and PCB contaminated
equipment include:
1. Chemically impervious disposable overalls.
2. Mid-arm nitrile rubber gloves.
3. Safety glasses.
4. Rubber boots.
Correct disposal of spills, waste PCBs, contaminated material and protective equipment will prevent PCBs
entering the food chain and the general environment. PCBs should not be dumped or hosed away because
of their potential to enter the food chain.
1. Soak up spilt PCB liquid, with either absorbent wood, vermiculite, clay or rags.
2. Contaminated equipment and tools should be cleansed with a cloth, soaked in a small amount of suitable
solvent.
Place contaminated material, protective equipment, waste PCBs and old capacitors/transformers in plastic
bags and store in a sound steel drum which should be clearly labelled for disposal.
If PCBs cannot be transported immediately for disposal, all containers should be stored in a secure area
protected from fire and which prevents any discharge of PCBs to the environment.
Suitable respirators (twin cartridge-type suitable for chlorinated vapours) should be used if exposure to
vapours is suspected. Vapours can be identified through their characteristic 'burnt smell'.
If skin contamination occurs the liquid should be wiped off immediately and the skin washed with soap and
water. Water alone is not sufficient.
Organic solvents like kerosene or petrol should NOT be used to wash the skin.
118 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Sources
ACT WorkCover
Worksafe Western Austraila Safetyline
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
If clothing is contaminated it should be quickly removed and disposed of as recommended above.
Incorrect removal of
fluorescent light capacitors
Possible exposure to PCBs
Capacitors in fluorescent light fittings are usually located behind the backing plate - refer picture.
Metal cased capacitors usually contain PCBs, a plastic cased capacitor usually does not.
All leaking capacitors should be replaced with non PCB capacitors, and the work must be carried out by a
licensed electrical worker.
Unless accurate information on their PCB content is available, all leaking capacitors should be treated as if
they do contain PCBs.
Fluorescent lights in buildings built or renovated before 1980 are likely to have PCB filled capacitors.
119 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Fibreglass Insulation Materials
Sources
American Conference of Governmental Hygienists
Hazards
Installing fibreglass insulation
materials
Possible Consequences
Skin and eye irritation
Cuts
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that employees wear loose clothing, long sleeved shirts which are loose at the neck and wrists. Long
trousers and caps could prevent most fibres coming into contact with the skin.
Loose clothing could prevent chaffing where fibres contact the skin.
Before working with fibreglass insulation barrier cream should be applied to minimise the effect of skin
contact.
Ensure that gloves are worn when working with fibreglass insulation.
Goggles or safety glasses with side shields should be worn when applying fibreglass materials overhead or
where loose particles or fibres could get into the eyes.
A mask covering the nose and mouth should be used to prevent or reduce the inhaling of airborne fibres.
Work clothes should be washed separately to stop fibres being transferred to other clothing. The washing
machine should be thoroughly rinsed before re-use.
Scrap materials should be disposed by either vacuuming or wet sweeping to pick up dust.
120 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Blood-borne Viruses
Sources
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Hawaii Department of Health
Hazards
Infected cuts/lacerations
Possible Consequences
Tetanus
Safe Work Practices
When a cut or wound becomes infected tetanus can develop. The tetanus bacteria produce spores which
are resistant to drying. They can survive in soil, street dust and dried faecal material but it does not spread
from person to person.
The common symptoms of tetanus are painful muscle spasms affecting the jaw and neck, or the muscles
required for breathing. Other possible signs of tetanus are irritability, restlessness, drooling, neck stiffness,
sweating and fever.
Ensure employees are up-to-date with tetanus vaccinations. Adults need booster shots every 10 years.
Minor wounds should be immediately cleaned with plenty of soap and water.
Get urgent medical attention for any puncture injury, especially if the wound is contaminated with dirt or
faecal matter.
Plumbing activities - working
with sewage
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HIV
Ensure that eating, drinking and smoking are not allowed in work areas where there is a risk of
contamination.
Good hygiene practices e.g. hand washing, should be performed.
Waterproof dressings and suitable gloves should be used to cover cut or broken skin in exposed areas.
Where splashing is possible ensure that visors, goggles, safety glasses and masks are used to protect the
eyes and mouth.
Water resistant protective clothing should be worn to prevent contamination.
Where the floor is likely to be contaminated, rubber boots should be worn.
Avoid exposure to sharps e.g. glass, metals etc. wherever possible.
At risk employees should be encouraged to get vaccinated against Hepatitis B.
The course of action following possible infection with a blood-borne virus should be:
121 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Blood-borne Viruses
Sources
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Hawaii Department of Health
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
1. Splashes should be washed off the skin with soap and running water.
2. If the skin is broken the wound should be encouraged to bleed, but avoid sucking the wound. It should be
rinsed thoroughly under running water.
3. Splashes in eyes should be rinsed using tap water and an eye wash bottle. Nose or mouth should be
washed out with plenty of tap water. Avoid swallowing the water.
4. The source of contamination should be recorded.
5. The incident should be reported to the supervisor.
6. Immediate medical attention is essential, so the nearest accident and emergency unit should be contacted
without any delay.
122 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Cement
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Construction Bulletin
Health and Safety Executive, Construction Information Sheet
Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety and Health
Hazards
Exposure to cement dust or
wet cement on body
Possible Consequences
Cement burns
Safe Work Practices
Employees with a cement burn should seek treatment immediately at a burn specialist or an emergency
room.
By the time an employee becomes aware of a cement burn, the damage has already been done, and the
burn can continue to get worse even after the cement has been rinsed off.
The signs of cement burns are blisters, dead or hardened skin, or black or green skin.
Follow these suggestions to prevent cement burns:
1. Suitable personal protective equipment should be worn e.g. overalls, protective footwear, gloves, eye
protection (against splashes from wet concrete or mortar).
2. Wear clothing which can avoid 'traps' for fresh cement or concrete to fall into e.g. sleeves over gloves,
and trouser legs over boots.
3. In case of trapping, immediately clean the contaminated skin and protective clothing with large amounts of
clean water.
Ensure that employees wear eye protection when opening cement sacks and during mixing where splashing
could occur.
Concrete finishers should wear knee pads and knee boards when they kneel on wet cement.
Ensure that wet cement is immediately removed when it gets on permeable clothing.
Exposure to cement dust or
wet cement on hands
Dermatitis
Consider the following to prevent dermatitis:
1. Provide employees with at least 20 litres of clean running water per day for washing hands.
2. If clean running water is not available, have a cloth soaked in vinegar to wipe hands on. It can be kept in a
plastic bag.
123 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Cement
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Construction Bulletin
Health and Safety Executive, Construction Information Sheet
Electronic Library of Construction Occupational Safety and Health
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
3. Ensure that abrasive solvent containing products, including waterless hand-cleaners (e.g. alcohol-based
gels or citrus cleaners) are never used, as they are not suitable for cement exposure.
4. Ensure that employees wash their hands with pH neutral soap and clean water before putting on their
gloves.
5. Hands should be thoroughly dried with a clean cloth or paper towel before putting on gloves.
6. When employees take off their gloves during work, they should wash their hands again with clean water
and pH neutral or acidic soap to prevent cement residue entering their gloves.
7. Employees should not rinse their hands in tool rinse buckets.
8. Use butyl gloves or nitrile gloves for caustics like cement (PVC). Gloves should fit well and be elbow
length.
9. Avoid using leather gloves as they contain chromium which can be converted to chromate. They can also
become saturated during work processes.
10. Ensure that gloves are cleaned every day before and after removal. If they get grossly contaminated,
replace them immediately.
11. Avoid the use of barrier creams as a total solution for working with cement. The abrasive cement can
break the seal of the barrier cream, and reapplying the cream in the work area may seal cement to the skin.
Working in or around
concrete buckets
Crushing
Hit by falling concrete
All employees should be prohibited to work under concrete buckets while they are being elevated or lowered
into position.
Ensure that concrete buckets are routed so that no employee, or the fewest number of employees possible,
are exposed to falling concrete buckets.
124 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Chemical Cleaners
Sources
Department of Industries and Business - Northern Territory Government
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Hazards
Acid or alkali based cleaning
and etching solutions
Possible Consequences
Burns
Inhalation
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are obtained from the supplier for instruction on up-to-date
safety precautions, handling and storage of cleaners.
Employees should always read and follow all the instructions and safety precautions on the label.
CONTROL AND EXPOSURE:
The most dilute but effective solution should be used if corrosive acids or alkalis are necessary.
Ensure that proprietary brands of cleaners are used, which are diluted by the manufacturer or supplier rather
than having to handle concentrated chemicals on site.
If dilution of concentrated acids or alkalis should take place, ensure that it occurs in a well ventilated area off
site e.g. under controlled conditions in the depot.
Ensure that concentrated acids or alkalis are transferred using sealed equipment e.g. a self priming siphon
or pump.
Always add acid or alkali to water when diluting - NEVER water to acid or alkali.
Properly labelled and sealed containers should be used to transfer the dilute material to the site.
If dilution should be carried out on site, always do it at ground level.
The cleaner should be applied with a brush or roller fitted with a splash guard. Avoid spray applications.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE):
Employees should wear:
a. Appropriate eye protection, which is dependent on the type of cleaner used.
b. Suitable gauntlet gloves appropriate for the cleaner used.
c. Protective chemical-proof and water-proof boots.
125 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Chemical Cleaners
Sources
Department of Industries and Business - Northern Territory Government
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
d. Protective overalls.
A protective apron which covers below the top of the boots should be worn when handling concentrated
acids or alkalis.
Ensure that appropriate respiratory equipment is used when handling concentrated acids or alkalis, or when
cleaning or spraying in confined areas.
Employees should be trained in the proper use of PPE and its limitations.
PPE should be stored in clean and dry conditions away from chemicals.
Cleaning and etching
solutions containing
hydrofluoric (HF) acid
Eye and respiratory irritation
Burns
Muscle spasms
Nausea, vomiting
Etching and cleaning solutions can release toxic fluoride compounds into the air as they evaporate when
applied to slippery floors. Cleaning solutions can also expose users to hydrofluoric (HF) mist.
Use another product for those containing hydrofluoric, such as alloy cleaners that contain phosphoric acid
instead of HF, and floor treatments that do not contain HF.
Fresh calcium gluconate gel, calcium gluconate eye drops and calcium carbonate tablets should always be
available, and employees should be trained in their use.
Ensure that neoprene gloves, full face protection and respiratory protection are worn at all times.
Self contained or supplied air breathing apparatus should be used above 25 ppm.
Airborne concentrates of HF over 50 ppm for several minutes can be fatal.
Employees would benefit of having six monthly tests for liver and kidney function and fluoride in the urine
tests. Annual chest x-rays are also recommended.
Public
Exposure to cleaning and
etching solutions
To protect the building's occupants all windows, doors etc. should be closed.
Ensure that sprays are not used for applying or rinsing in windy conditions. This could create fine droplets
which could be carried as a mist by the wind.
126 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Chemical Cleaners
Sources
Department of Industries and Business - Northern Territory Government
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
A no go area should be established with barriers, and a safe alternative path created for pedestrians.
Ensure that drainage gullies are covered or fenced off.
Scaffolding should be close-boarded and sheeted to contain splashes etc. Extra ties should be used to deal
with the increased wind loading on the scaffolding.
Prior to starting work, the open ends of scaffold poles should be capped.
Chemical cleaners should be stored in a secure area to prevent accessibility to members of the public. Acids
should always be stored away from alkalis.
Ensure that the inside and outside of scaffold tubes, fittings and boards are thoroughly washed with clean
water after completion of cleaning.
Spillages
Exposure to cleaning and
etching solutions
Ensure that spillages of diluted acids or alkali cleaners are further diluted with water.
If concentrated acids are spilled, the spillage should be neutralised with slaked lime (calcium hydroxide).
All contaminated tools or equipment should be treated similarly.
Porous materials contaminated with concentrated acids or alkalis, e.g. wood or packaging, should be safely
burned or buried.
127 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Paints
Sources
Resene Paints MSDS
Hazards
Exposure to enamel paints
Possible Consequences
Skin and eye irritation
Inhalation/ingestion
Explosion
Safe Work Practices
The following health effects can be caused by over-exposure to solvents contained in enamel paints:
1. Skin irritation after repeated or prolonged contact.
2. Moderate eye irritation.
3. Vapour or mist can produce irritation to mucous membranes and respiratory system, and excessive
inhalation can cause headache, nausea, dizziness, or asphyxiation.
4. Can be harmful if swallowed.
5. Kidney, liver and lung damage can be caused by over-exposure and long-term use of solvents.
FIRST AID:
1. The affected skin area should be washed thoroughly with soap and water.
2. Eyes should be immediately rinsed out with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, and get medical
attention.
3. If inhaled provide fresh air, oxygen or artificial respiration if breathing is laboured.
4. If swallowed give two glasses of water to drink. DO NOT induce vomiting. Get medical attention or call the
National Poisons Centre (Ph 0800 764 766) IMMEDIATELY. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person.
PRECAUTIONS FOR USE:
1. Protective clothing should be worn e.g. gloves of neoprene or nitrile rubber, industrial weight lined gauntlet
are recommended.
2. Ensure solvent resistant safety eyewear with splash guards or side shields are worn.
3. Ensure that a Class AUS 1 half face respirator with type A organic vapour filter and class P1 particulate
filter is used.
4. Use in a well ventilated area with explosion proof equipment.
128 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Paints
Sources
Resene Paints MSDS
Hazards
Exposure to roof wash and
paint cleaner
Possible Consequences
Skin irritation
Eye irritation and damage
Inhalation/ingestion
Safe Work Practices
5. Provide sufficient ventilation, open windows and doors to maximise the available fresh air.
The following health effects can be caused by over-exposure to solvents contained in roof wash and paint
cleaner:
1. Skin irritation after repeated or prolonged contact.
2. Very corrosive, serious eye damage can result if its removal is delayed. Vapour also causes irritation.
3. Vapour or mist can produce irritation to mucous membranes and respiratory system, and excessive
inhalation can cause headache, nausea, dizziness, or asphyxiation.
4. If swallowed irritation and possible corrosion of the mucous membranes could follow with pain and
vomiting.
5. Repeated and prolonged occupational over-exposure to solvents can damage liver, brain, and central
nervous system.
FIRST AID:
1. The affected skin area should be washed thoroughly with soap and water.
2. Eyes should be immediately rinsed out with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, and get medical
attention.
3. If inhaled provide fresh air, oxygen or artificial respiration if breathing is laboured.
4. If swallowed give two glasses of water to drink. DO NOT induce vomiting. Get medical attention or call the
National Poisons Centre (Ph 0800 764 766) IMMEDIATELY. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person.
PRECAUTIONS FOR USE:
1. Ensure protective clothing is worn e.g. gloves of neoprene or other suitable materials.
2. Ensure solvent resistant safety eyewear with splash guards or side shields to prevent eye contact are
worn.
129 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Paints
Sources
Resene Paints MSDS
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
3. A Class AUS 1 half face respirator with type A organic vapour filter and class P1 particulate filter should
be used.
4. Use in well ventilated area.
4. Provide sufficient ventilation, open windows and doors to maximise the available fresh air.
Exposure to thinners
Skin and eye irritation
Inhalation/ingestion
Liver damage
The following health effects can be caused by over-exposure to solvents contained in thinners:
1. Skin irritation after repeated or prolonged contact.
2. Moderate eye irritation.
3. Vapour or mist can produce irritation to mucous membranes and respiratory system, and excessive
inhalation can cause headache, nausea, dizziness, or asphyxiation.
4. Can be harmful if swallowed.
5. Repeated and prolonged occupational over-exposure to solvents can damage liver, brain, and central
nervous system.
FIRST AID:
1. The affected skin area should be washed thoroughly with soap and water.
2. Eyes should be immediately rinsed out with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, and get medical
attention.
3. If inhaled provide fresh air, oxygen or artificial respiration if breathing is laboured.
4. If swallowed give two glasses of water to drink. DO NOT induce vomiting. Get medical attention or call the
National Poisons Centre (Ph 0800 764 766) IMMEDIATELY. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person.
PRECAUTIONS FOR USE:
1. Protective clothing should be worn e.g. gloves of neoprene or nitrile rubber, industrial weight lined gauntlet
are recommended.
130 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Paints
Sources
Resene Paints MSDS
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
2. Ensure solvent resistant safety eyewear with splash guards or side shields are worn.
3. A Class AUS 1 half face respirator with type A organic vapour filter and class P1 particulate filter should
be used.
4. Use in well ventilated area with explosion proof equipment.
5. Provide sufficient ventilation, open windows and doors to maximise the available fresh air.
Exposure to turpentine
Skin irritation
Inhalation/ingestion
The following health effects can be caused by over-exposure to solvents contained in turpentine:
1. Slight irritant to skin, but not a skin sensitiser. Repeated or prolonged contact can lead to dermatitis.
2. Not irritating to eyes, but can cause transitory pain.
3. Vapour or mist is irritating to mucous membranes and respiratory system, and excessive inhalation can
cause headache, nausea, dizziness, and narcosis.
4. Can be harmful if swallowed.
5. Repeated and prolonged occupational over-exposure to solvents can damage liver, brain, and central
nervous system.
FIRST AID:
1. The affected skin area should be washed thoroughly with soap and water.
2. Eyes should be immediately rinsed out with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, and get medical
attention.
3. If inhaled provide fresh air, oxygen or artificial respiration if breathing is laboured.
4. If swallowed give two glasses of water to drink. DO NOT induce vomiting. Get medical attention or call the
National Poisons Centre (Ph 0800 764 766) IMMEDIATELY. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person.
PRECAUTIONS FOR USE:
131 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Paints
Sources
Resene Paints MSDS
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
1. Protective clothing should be worn e.g. gloves of neoprene or nitrile rubber, industrial weight lined gauntlet
are recommended.
2. Ensure solvent resistant safety eyewear with splash guards or side shields are worn.
3. Use in well ventilated area with explosion proof equipment.
4. Provide sufficient ventilation, open windows and doors to maximise the available fresh air.
Exposure to waterbased
paints
Skin and eye irritation
Inhalation/ingestion
The following health effects can be caused by over-exposure to water based paints:
1. Skin irritation after repeated or prolonged contact.
2. Moderate eye irritation.
3. Vapour or mist can produce irritation to mucous membranes and respiratory system, and excessive
inhalation can cause headache, nausea, dizziness, or asphyxiation.
4. Can be harmful if swallowed.
Long term hazards are not anticipated with waterbased paints.
FIRST AID:
1. The affected skin area should be washed thoroughly with soap and water.
2. Eyes should be immediately rinsed out with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, and get medical
attention.
3. If inhaled provide fresh air, oxygen or artificial respiration if breathing is laboured.
4. If swallowed give two glasses of water to drink. DO NOT induce vomiting. Get medical attention or call the
National Poisons Centre (Ph 0800 764 766) IMMEDIATELY. Never give anything by mouth to an
unconscious person.
PRECAUTIONS FOR USE:
132 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Paints
Sources
Resene Paints MSDS
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
1. Protective clothing should be worn e.g. gloves of neoprene or nitrile rubber, industrial weight lined gauntlet
are recommended.
2. Ensure solvent resistant safety eyewear with splash guards or side shields are worn.
3. Use a half facepiece, class P1 particulate filter when spray painting.
4. Provide sufficient ventilation, open windows and doors to maximise the available fresh air.
133 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Silica
Sources
Queensland Government Workplace Health and Safety Brochure - 011
Western Australia - Safetyline - Abrasive Blasting
Hazards
Abrasive Blasting - exposure
to silica dust
Possible Consequences
Inhalation
Irritation of eyes, nose and
throat
Silicosis
Safe Work Practices
1. Enclose the area with plastic or other forms of impervious protective sheeting to limit the movement of
dust from the source.
2. A shade cloth will prevent the escape of silica dust.
3. Setting up a designated exclusion zone. The exclusion zone can be established by:
a. Installing physical barriers and warning signs to prevent unprotected persons from entering the area.
b. Shrouding the area where blasting is to occur.
c. Restricting entry of unprotected persons into the abrasive blasting area while blasting occurs.
Signs should be posted 25 m from the perimeter of the exclusion zone to warn workers and others that:
1. Abrasive blasting is in progress.
2. Access to the work area is restricted to authorised persons.
3. Respiratory protection must be worn in the work area.
Adjust work schedules to limit the time any one operator is required to operate a blast nozzle.
The speed and direction of any wind at the workplace should be considered and may require extending the
exclusion zone down wind.
Ensure that monitoring of workers and others' exposure to silica levels is undertaken at regular intervals.
Where dust levels have not been monitored and are likely to exceed exposure standards respiratory
equipment should be used. - refer picture.
Cutting concrete / bricks exposure to concrete and
cement dust
Inhalation
Irritation of eyes, nose and
throat
Ensure that the work area is wetted down to keep dust out of the area.
WET PROCESS METHODS:
134 of 242
Chemicals
Chemicals >> Silica
Sources
Queensland Government Workplace Health and Safety Brochure - 011
Western Australia - Safetyline - Abrasive Blasting
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Silicosis
Safe Work Practices
Use wet cutting methods where possible, to eliminate the dust at the source.
Ensure that only non-electrical equipment is used to drive a wet process cutting tool.
For wet cutting processes use only blades specifically designed for it. Using dry cutting blades in wet
process is extremely dangerous and will fail explosively.
Ensure that the blade of the cutting tool is fully cowled with a spring loaded extension covering the entire
cutting blade. Supply water at approximately .5 of a litre per minute to the whole area of the cutting edge in
contact with the piece.
To clean up dust a special HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance) vacuum should be used rather
than dry sweeping. Filter bags should have appropriate dust holding capacity for the job.
DUST EXTRACTION FOR DRY PROCESS METHODS:
When cutting or drilling concrete, power tools with HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance) filters
should be used.
An extractor dust capture velocity in excess of 10 m per second is required when drilling concrete.
A minimum extraction rate of 17 cubic metres per second per square metre of cowl open face area is
required when cutting concrete.
Ensure that hand held angle grinders are fully cowled and adjustable to achieve an extraction rate of at least
17 cubic metres per second per square metre of cowl open face area.
Floor grinders should be fully cowled with captive velocity in excess of 10m per second.
All extraction ducting should be flexible and reinforced. The duct velocity should be 15 m per second.
135 of 242
Locations >> General Electrical Safety
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Electrical
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group
Hazards
General electricity
Possible Consequences
Electric shock
Electrocution
Safe Work Practices
Ensure main board locked.
Ensure switches are safe and identified.
Check the condition and position of leads, wiring and cables.
Ensure all connections to power points are made by correct plugs.
Ensure isolating transformers and residual current devices are used.
Ensure a supply isolated from earth with a voltage between conductors not exceeding 230 volts.
No part of a crane, digger, excavator, drill rig or other mechanical plant, structure or scaffold may be brought
closer than 4 m to an overhead line without the written consent of the powerline owner.
All electrical tools and equipment should be inspected prior to their first use by a qualified person and
thereafter at three monthly intervals.
All tools and equipment should have an identification tab stating date of last inspection and when next
inspection is due.
Temporary supply
Electric shock
switchboards
Electrocution
Boards must be checked and certified by a registered electrician (using an ELCB Tester to test circuit
breakers).
A certirficate tag must be attached stating the date of last inspection and when the next is due.
Boards must be fitted with isolating transformers or with earth leakage devices.
Where installed in outdoor locations boards should be so constructed that safe operation is not impaired by
the weather.
Incorporate a stand for the support of cables and flexible extension cords.
136 of 242
Locations >> General Electrical Safety
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Electrical
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Door should be designed and attached in a manner that will not damage any flexible cord connected to the
board and should protect the switches from mechanical damage.
The door should be provided with a sign stating "KEEP CLOSED - LEADS THROUGH BOTTOM".
Have an insulated slot in the bottom for the passage of leads.
Be attached to a permanent wall or a permanent structure that has been designed for the purpose.
Where pole or post mounted be fixed by means of coach screws or bolts.
Working with electrical cords
Electric shock
Electrocution
Tripping/slippping
Extension cords should not exceed 50 m in length.
Check for damaged insulation and plugs before use.
Always pull out by plug not extension cord.
Report faulty equipment immediately, tag and remove from service.
Do not put electrical cords in places where they can cause trip hazards or be cut through.
Where possible, cords should not cross aisles or passageways.
Put cords away once you have finished with them.
Extension cords should not be used while wound around storage reels or on retractable reels. This increases
the electrical resistance in the cord which can lead to overheating and subsequent fire. The cord should
always be fully extended.
Extension cords should be inspected regularly by a certified electrician.
Electrical extension cords connected to power tools require the use of a Residual Current Device (RCD) or
137 of 242
Locations >> General Electrical Safety
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Electrical
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Keep power cords away from water or liquids.
138 of 242
Locations >> Trenches and Open Excavations
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Safety in Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Access in
Crushing
excavations/trenches
Drowning
Excavation/trench collapse
Falling into
Safe Work Practices
Safe access and egress must be provided for all employees at all times.
Never climb up or down using the timber or steel supports - always use the ladder, stairways or ramps.
Ensure the floors of the excavation are kept clear of loose spoil, debris, tools and timber.
excavations/trenches
Slipping/tripping
Ladders, stairways and ramps should be provided for access to surfaces either 1 m above or below ground
level.
If trenches are more than 1.5 m deep ladders or stairways must always be provided.
Ladders used in an excavation must be maintained in good order and constructed of suitable materials.
Ladder runs of more than 6 m high should be broken up with intermediate landings. Landing platforms should
be fitted with guardrails, midrails and/or toe boards.
When ladders meet a landing, the ladder below should be offset from the ladder above by at least 600 mm.
A ladder should extend 1m above the landing which it serves.
In deep excavations temporary stairways should be used as they provide a safer means of access than
ladders.
Where ramps in lieu of steps are provided as access the maximum slope should not be greater than 1 in 6
unless traction cleats are provided. Ramps should never be steeper than 1 in 4.
Before excavation/trenching
Crushing
Drowning
Excavation/trench collapse
Falling into
When planning a safe, sound and efficient work system the following questions should be considered:
1. What underground/overhead services are in the vicinity?
2. What is the best method of excavation?
excavations/trenches
3. What is the best plant for the job, bearing in mind the limitations of access, right of ways, headroom,
overhead lines, bearing capacity of ground and noise restriction?
139 of 242
Locations >> Trenches and Open Excavations
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Safety in Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
5. What is the best type of support for the sides of the excavation or can the sides be cut back to a safe
batter?
6 How can the side support system be installed safely?
7. What is the best method required of keeping water out and keeping the excavation area reasonably dry, so
that work can proceed without interruption?
After studying layout and detailed drawings of the permanent works, the site and ground conditions should be
investigated. Check:
1. The effect excavation will have on adjoining occupiers, adjacent structures, roading and underground
services i.e. electricity, gas, water and on the safety of persons in the vicinity.
2. The nature of the soil to be excavated and its method of disposal.
3. The water table level, presence of standing or running water, possibility of flooding and suitable means of
disposing of discharged water.
4. Measures for controlling traffic and pedestrians; the effect of explosives if used on adjacent buildings or
structures.
Adequate supplies of suitable support material should be arranged before work starts, unless other safety
precautions have been taken.
Handling large diameter pipes
Crushing
When using machinery to lift large diameter pipes, ensure that the load to be lifted does not exceed the safe
working load capacity of the machine.
Always ensure the lifting machine is positioned on a firm stable and level surface.
Use lifting tackle that either grips or is attached to the pipe. Where possible use either two slings with 'D' rings
or two endless slings.
Never allow anyone to walk or work under the machine lifted pipe.
140 of 242
Locations >> Trenches and Open Excavations
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Safety in Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Harmful gases
Possible Consequences
Explosion
Loss of consciousness
Safe Work Practices
Employees must be protected against the affects of toxic or explosive gases which may be encountered when
carrying out work in trenches, open excavations, shafts and drives by wearing approved equipment in relation
to the type of hazard encountered.
.
If there is a likelihood of contamination, the work site must be examined using the correct type of detection
equipment, and should be carried out in advance of work starting and as a continuing exercise during the
period of work.
If combustible or explosive gases are suspected all members of the public should be kept away from the area
until there is no longer any danger.
Notifiable work
Serious harm
The following work is classified as notifiable work and must be recorded to the nearest OSH office prior to work
commencing:
1. Every excavation which is more than 1.5 m deep and which is deeper than it is wide at the top.
2. Any form of tunnel or drive where workers work underground irrespective of timbering or support.
3. Those excavations where the excavated face is more than 5 m deep and the batter of the face is steeper
than 1 horizontal to 2 vertical.
4. Any construction work where explosives are used or stored.
Separation of traffic in
Crushing
excavations/trenches
Drowning
Excavation/trench collapse
Falling into
Wherever practicable, the route used to bring out excavated material should be separated from that used by
workers.
In a small shaft or drive where it is not possible to provide separate routes for the two kinds of traffic, the
movement of workers should be forbidden while excavated material or plant is being moved and vice versa.
excavations/trenches
Slipping/tripping
In shafts of intermediate depth, in which the workers climb up and down ladders, there is need for an effective
signalling system and there may be a requirement for automatic locking of winding gear while workers are
moving.
141 of 242
Locations >> Trenches and Open Excavations
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Safety in Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Working in or around
Crushing
excavations/trenches
Drowning
Excavation/trench collapse
Explosion
Falling into
excavations/trenches
Safe Work Practices
In dry conditions frequent watering may need to be applied to haul roads and work areas to reduce the level of
nuisance dust.
During construction, checks should be made for inflow from seepage and springs. When found, such inflows
should be collected into a sump and pumped clear of the excavation. Such seepage may cause faces to
slump and localised timbering may be needed.
Where practicable, surface water should be collected in drains and discharged clear of the working area. All
sub-soil drains found should be effectively cut off and the water led away from the site.
Where trenching work is at a remote location, effective means of communication such as a telephone or two
way radio should be available to call for advice in case of problems or to call for help in emergencies.
Each face of an excavation more than 1.5 m deep and less in width must be either shored, or cut back to a
safe shape.
Shoring must be properly designed, erected and supervised and materials used must be suitable and of sound
quality.
Special precautions must be taken when excavating adjacent to buildings or structures.
Excavations carried out at any place to which the public have or might gain access must be guarded.
A fence 1 m high or a combination of signs, barriers, lights, markers, flags or sentries may be necessary to
provide protection for the public and employees on site.
These safety devices must be properly maintained until the excavation is completed or there is no longer any
danger.
Where during construction an excavation is likely to collect or retain water of such a depth as will constitute a
hazard to children or persons in the vicinity, the excavation must be covered or fenced off during times when
employees are not present.
142 of 242
Locations >> Trenches and Open Excavations
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Safety in Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
than powered tools.
Portable petrol or diesel engines should not be operated within an enclosed area.
Working in or around
Cuts/lacerations
excavations/trenches -
Electric shock
personal protective equipment
Electrocution
Falling debris
Workers should be kept sufficiently far apart when working to avoid injury from the use of picks or other tools.
(Not closer than 2 m for picks and shovels.) This applies particularly to work in trenches and other confined
spaces.
Persons in or around trenches should wear safety helmets.
Hearing damage/loss
Suitable eye protection should be worn when there is risk of eye injury e.g. flying grit and chips of rock.
Unsafe or defective equipment should be tagged and removed from service.
Trenches and open excavation where daylight is insufficient should be provided with adequate lighting. A
suggested minimum is 40 watt lights 12 m apart or their equivalent.
Glare should be guarded against because this, contrasted with a deficiency of light, increases considerably
the risk of falls from slipping or tripping.
Where employees are exposed to excessive noise they must use hearing protection.
143 of 242
Locations >> Deliveries
Sources
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Construction - Delivery to and Storage of Building Construction Materials at W
orkplaces
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Delivery of materials to
Crushing
construction sites
Tripping/slipping
Safe Work Practices
Before organising delivery people responsible for the site you need to consider:
1. The need for road or footpath closures - seek permits if necessary.
2. Identification and clear marking of a suitable unloading and/or storage area, preferably within the workplace
boundaries.
3. An unloading area of a size suitable to the amount of product and delivery method.
4. The most appropriate times for delivery.
5. Location of overhead electric power lines near to identified delivery and storage points.
6. Nomination of a suitable person to supervise unloading and storage.
7. The need to identify protection of site installations such as driveways, water, sewerage or gas lines,
underground electricity or communication cables.
8. The safety of the unloading point in terms of stability i.e. capacity of scaffolding or structures to support the
load, ground stability.
The purchaser should make clear to suppliers and carriers the requirements regarding delivery to the specific
site. These include:
1. The materials must not be placed on footpaths unless the permission of the local authority has been given.
2. During delivery, people or equipment must not come within four metres of overhead electric lines unless the
permission of the relevant electric authority has been given.
3. Even where materials can be delivered outside the four metre requirement, they should not be placed under
overhead power lines
4. Pallets must not be stacked more than two high.
144 of 242
Locations >> Deliveries
Sources
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Construction - Delivery to and Storage of Building Construction Materials at W
orkplaces
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
6. The means by which unloading areas are identified.
7. The name of the person nominated as responsible for supervising the unloading.
8. Site access arrangements and directions.
Storage of materials on site
Crushing
Tripping/slipping
After delivery, people responsible for the site need to ensure:
1. Safe movement of the material within the site e.g. the use of cages, spreader bars or other means to
preventing falling of the material, keeping non-involved persons clear of the moving product.
2. Adequate space is provided to store the product.
3. Any scaffolding or other structure can support the product during its further storage.
Unloading of materials to
Crushing
construction site
Tripping/slipping
The person in charge of unloading the material should:
1. Determine the size, shape and centre of gravity of the material to be lifted.
2. Identify the location of lifting equipment attachment points nominated by the designer, manufacturer or
supplier.
3. Ensure the use of specific lifting equipment nominated by the designer, manufacturer or supplier.
145 of 242
Locations >> Working in Confined Spaces
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Electrical, gas equipment
Electric shock
around confined spaces
Electrocution
Explosion
Fire
Safe Work Practices
Portable electrical equipment should:
1. Be connected individually or collectively to an earth free, extra low voltage supply from an isolating
transformer, with the transformer being located outside the confined space.
2. Be protected through a residual current device , with the device being located outside the confined space.
3. Be air driven.
Where available double insulated electrical tools should be used.
Where a flammable atmosphere is likely to exist, precautions should be taken to eliminate all sources of
ignition.
No gas or compressed or liquefied gas cylinders other than those used for self contained breathing apparatus
should be taken into a confined space.
The compressed or liquefied gas supply to equipment in the confined space should be turned off at the
cylinder valve when not in use.
Any gas cylinders brought into the confined space should be secured.
Hoses supplying gas operated equipment used in a confined space should be located, suspended or
otherwise guarded to avoid accidental damage. In addition these hoses should be tested for leaks prior to
installation.
Portable ladders should be firmly secured inside a confined space to prevent movement.
Not having communication
Death
channels in place
Explosion
Suffocation
Employers should ensure that communication, and where practicable observation, between those in the
confined space and the stand by person(s) are capable of being constantly maintained.
Communication can be achieved, dependent on the conditions existing in the confined space, in a number of
ways, including voice, radio, hand signals and other appropriate means.
Where visual or oral communication is not possible then a system of rope signals could be devised.
146 of 242
Locations >> Working in Confined Spaces
Sources
Hazards
Not having standby person
Possible Consequences
Death
Explosion
Suffocation
Safe Work Practices
The employer should provide standby person(s) wherever the risk assessment indicates that:
1. There may not be a safe oxygen level.
2. Atmospheric contaminants are present or may be present in concentrations above the exposure standard.
3. There may be a risk of fire or explosion.
4. There may be a risk of entrapment or engulfment.
5. The work to be performed may generate risk to health or safety.
6. Equipment or conditions outside the confined space require control or monitoring to ensure the health and
safety of persons in the confined space (for example. ventilation, respirator air supply, vehicles and weather).
7. There may be other risks to the health or safety of persons entering the confined space.
Rescue operations
Death
Suffocation
Removal of unconscious persons from confined spaces is extremely difficult. The use of hand operated lifting
equipment should be considered and where appropriate be on site before entry to the confined space is
permitted.
Standby persons should receive training in evacuation procedures and rescue equipment. People have lost
their lives when they have followed their instinct to rescue work mates when their first course of action should
be to contact emergency services.
IF IN DOUBT STAY OUT. Unless you are certain you have the correct emergency rescue equipment do not
enter a confined space.
Working in confined spaces
Death
Explosion
Suffocation
Don't go in if you don't have to. Always as a first step check to see if the work can be done with equipment
from outside the confined space.
Prevent accidental introduction of materials, e.g. steam or water through piping, ducts, vents etc.
De-energise, lock out or tag out machinery.
147 of 242
Locations >> Working in Confined Spaces
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
can create a fire/explosion hazard.
Use a suitable detector to determine whether the confined space contains enough oxygen for breathing. This
equipment should be calibrated at regular intervals.
Where possible atmospheric testing should be carried out without entering the confined space.
Test for toxic contaminants e.g. hydrogen sulphide, methane, carbon monoxide and also test for combustible
contaminants e.g. petroleum vapours.
Ventilate the confined space by using a fan, by blowing air in with a compressor or by opening more manhole
covers or other entry or exit points.
Retest for levels of oxygen and gases to ensure that contaminants are reduced to a safe level.
Suitable supplied air respirators or breathing apparatus should be used if:
1. The space can't be ventilated or if the work will contaminate the atmosphere e.g. hot work, painting, sludge
removal.
2. The results of the assessment or monitoring indicate that a safe atmosphere cannot be established or
maintained.
In addition select appropriate personal protective and safety equipment such as safety helmet, gloves, hearing
protectors, safety harness and lighting.
The employer shall ensure that personal protective equipment and rescue equipment is selected and fitted to
suit the individual.
The employer shall ensure that the equipment is appropriate to the work to be carried out in the confined
space and maintained in a proper working condition.
The employer or person responsible for the work should issue a confined space entry permit. Essentially this
permit is a safety checklist to ensure nothing is overlooked.
Suitable safety harnesses and safety lines or rescue lines should be worn where:
148 of 242
Locations >> Working in Confined Spaces
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
2. Rescue by a direct route, either vertical or horizontal is practicable.
149 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Electrical Safety
Sources
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group, Safetyline, WA
Guide to Safety in the Civil Construction Industry, Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland
Health and Safety Executive, UK
The Education Station, Safety and Security Information Center
Safeguards
Office of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
Queensland Electrical Contracting Industry Code
Hazards
General electricity
Possible Consequences
Electrocution
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that the main board is locked and the switches are safe and identified.
Ensure all connections to power points are made by correct plugs.
Ensure isolating transformers and residual current devices are used.
All electrical tools and equipment should be inspected prior to their first use by a qualified person and
thereafter at three monthly intervals.
All tools and equipment should have an identification tab stating date of last inspection and when next
inspection is due.
Replace worn or frayed cords.
PVC insulation tape should not be used to repair damaged cords. Have the cords replaced.
Do not attempt to clean machinery while it is plugged in.
Provide enough socket-outlets - overloading socket-outlets by using adaptors can cause fires.
Choose equipment that is suitable for its working environment and for the tasks performed.
Electric risks can sometimes be eliminated by using air, hydraulic or hand-powered tools.
Provide an accessible and clearly identified switch near each fixed machine to cut off power in emergency.
150 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Electrical Safety
Sources
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group, Safetyline, WA
Guide to Safety in the Civil Construction Industry, Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland
Health and Safety Executive, UK
The Education Station, Safety and Security Information Center
Safeguards
Office of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
Queensland Electrical Contracting Industry Code
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
For portable equipment, use socket-outlets which are close by so that equipment can be easily disconnected
in an emergency.
Double adaptors and 'piggy back plugs' should not be used.
Check the wattage of all bulbs in light fixtures and lamps to make sure they are the correct wattage. Replace
bulbs that have a higher wattage than recommended to prevent overheating that could lead to a fire.
Protect lightbulbs and other equipment which could easily be damaged in use. There is a risk of electric
shock if they are broken.
Electrical equipment used in flammable/explosive atmospheres should be designed to stop it from causing
ignition.
Suspect or faulty equipment should be taken out of use, labelled 'DO NOT USE' and kept secure until
examined by a competent person.
Where possible, tools and power socket-outlets should be switched off before plugging in or unplugging.
Equipment should be switched off and/or unplugged before cleaning or making adjustments.
Ensure that there is provision for all equipment to be stored carefully, securely and safely.
Overhead power lines
No part of a crane, digger, excavator, drill rig or other mechanical plant, structure or scaffold may be brought
closer than 4 m to an overhead line without the written consent of the powerline owner. Refer picture.
151 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Electrical Safety
Sources
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group, Safetyline, WA
Guide to Safety in the Civil Construction Industry, Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland
Health and Safety Executive, UK
The Education Station, Safety and Security Information Center
Safeguards
Office of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
Queensland Electrical Contracting Industry Code
Hazards
Residual Current Devices
(RCDs)
Possible Consequences
Electrocution
Safe Work Practices
Electrical extension cords connected to power tools require the use of a Residual Current Device (RCD) or
Isolating Transformer.
If the RCD trips, it is a sign of a fault. Check the system before using it again.
A RCD is a valuable safety device, never bypass it.
A RCD is not a "cure-all" for poor work practices.
Workers should know how to test any portable RCD they are about to use and tests should be carried out
before using the equipment. If they are not working properly, withdraw from use immediately.
Equipment intended to be protected by a RCD:
This should only be considered as an indication and must not be taken as exhaustive.
a. Hand held electric power tools, such as drills, saws and similar equipment.
b. Tools such as jack-hammers, electric lawn mowers.
c. Equipment on construction sites.
d. Equipment such as appliances which move while in operation, such as vacuum cleaners and floor
polishers.
e. Appliances in wet areas such as kitchens, including kettles, jugs, frying pans, portable urns, food
152 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Electrical Safety
Sources
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group, Safetyline, WA
Guide to Safety in the Civil Construction Industry, Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland
Health and Safety Executive, UK
The Education Station, Safety and Security Information Center
Safeguards
Office of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
Queensland Electrical Contracting Industry Code
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
mixers/blenders.
f. Hand held appliances such as hair dryers, curling wands, electric knives etc.
g. Cord extension leads.
The following is equipment not intended to be protected by a RCD.
This list is to be considered as an indication only and must not be taken as exhaustive. It refers mainly to
equipment which is 'plugged' into a socket outlet, but is not intended to be moved during operation or moved
from place to place frequently.
a. Desk top computers, printers, monitors, clocks, desk lamps.
b. Photocopiers.
c. Refrigerators.
d. Wall mounted airconditioners.
e. Medical equipment where any RCD "trip" could be detrimental to the health of the patient. The risk of
electrical shock, if the equipment is movable, should be minimised by regular inspection and testing.
Temporary supply
switchboards
Electrocution
Boards must be checked and certified by a registered electrician (using an ELCB Tester to test circuit
breakers).
153 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Electrical Safety
Sources
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group, Safetyline, WA
Guide to Safety in the Civil Construction Industry, Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland
Health and Safety Executive, UK
The Education Station, Safety and Security Information Center
Safeguards
Office of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
Queensland Electrical Contracting Industry Code
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
A certificate tag must be attached stating the date of last inspection and when the next inspection is due.
Check to see that fuses are the correct size for the circuit. Replacing a correct size fuse with a larger size
fuse can present a serious fire hazard.
Boards must be fitted with isolating transformers or with earth leakage devices.
Where installed in outdoor locations, construct temporary supply switchboards so that safe operation is not
impaired by the weather.
Incorporate a stand for the support of cables and flexible extension cords.
Ensure that a door and locking facility are acceptable to the electrical supply authority.
The door should be designed and attached in a manner that will not damage any flexible cord connected to
the board and should protect the switches from mechanical damage.
The door should be provided with a sign stating "KEEP CLOSED - LEADS THROUGH BOTTOM".
Have an insulated slot in the bottom for the passage of leads.
Temporary supply switchboards should be attached to a permanent wall or a permanent structure that has
been designed for the purpose.
Pole or post mounted temporary supply switchboards should be fixed by means of coach screws or bolts.
154 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Electrical Safety
Sources
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group, Safetyline, WA
Guide to Safety in the Civil Construction Industry, Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland
Health and Safety Executive, UK
The Education Station, Safety and Security Information Center
Safeguards
Office of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
Queensland Electrical Contracting Industry Code
Hazards
Underground power cables
Possible Consequences
Electrocution
Safe Work Practices
Always assume cables will be present when digging in the street, pavement or near buildings:
a. Use up-to-date service plans.
b. Cable avoidance tools.
c. Safe digging practice.
Working with electrical cords
Electrocution
Tripping/Slipping
Extension cords should not exceed 50 m in length.
Check extension cords for nicks/cuts before each use.
Check for damaged insulation and plugs before use.
Always pull out by plug not by the extension cord.
Report faulty equipment immediately, tag and remove from service.
Do not put electrical cords in places where they can cause trip hazards or be cut through.
Where possible, cords should not cross aisles or passageways.
Keep power cords away from water or liquids.
Put cords away once you have finished with them.
155 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Electrical Safety
Sources
Ministry of Commerce, Energy Inspection Group, Safetyline, WA
Guide to Safety in the Civil Construction Industry, Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland
Health and Safety Executive, UK
The Education Station, Safety and Security Information Center
Safeguards
Office of Health and Safety, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
Queensland Electrical Contracting Industry Code
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Extension cords should not be used while wound around storage reels or on retractable reels. This
increases the electrical resistance in the cord which can lead to overheating and subsequent fire. The cord
should always be fully extended.
The ends of flexible cables should always have the outlet sheath of the cable firmly clamped to stop the
wires (particularly the earth) pulling out of the terminals.
Extension cords should be inspected regularly by a certified electrician.
156 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Underground Services: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for Safety with Underground Services
Hazards
Gas leaks
Possible Consequences
Explosion
Safe Work Practices
If a gas escape is suspected the following action should be taken immediately:
1. Remove all people from the immediate vicinity of the escape.
2. If the service connection to a building/site or the adjacent main has been damaged warn the occupants to
leave the building/site and any adjoining building/site until it is safe for them to return.
3. Inform the local gas supply authority or owner by phone immediately.
4. Prohibit smoking and extinguish all naked flames and other sources of ignition, within at least 5 m of the
leak.
5. If a gas escape is substantial telephone the Fire Service immediately.
Working in or around fibre
optic cables
Eye injuries
Skin damage
Cables containing optical fibres carry light signals generated by Class 3B lasers, which means that exposure
to the light beam may be harmful, particularly the eyes and skin.
These lasers operate in the infra-red region and the light they give out is not visible to the naked eye.
A five second eye exposure at a distance of 11cm or less can cause damage to the eyes or skin.
As the damage caused is dependent on the laser transmission power and distance from the transmitter the
following safety rules should be observed:
1. Never look directly at any fibre end of a broken fibre optic cable.
2. Never point the broken end of a fibre optic cable at anyone else.
3. Preferably you should not handle a broken cable and stay at least 1 m away from the broken end of the
cable.
4. Treat all fibre optic cables as carrying laser generated signals at all times.
Working in or around water
pipes and sewers
Burst pipes
Where work is carried out near high pressure mains, plans should be obtained from the relevant local
authority and where possible a pipe locator used.
Safe digging practices should be followed using hand tools as far as is practicable.
157 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Underground Services: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for Safety with Underground Services
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
At bends in mains concrete thrust blocks are often used. Under no circumstances should either thrust blocks
or the ground supporting them be disturbed as this can cause some failure of the bends in mains.
Working near or around
underground gas and
electrical services - starting
work
Explosion
Burns
Electrocution
Slipping / Tripping
Wherever possible, hand dig near buried services. Spades and shovels are safer than picks, pins or forks.
Check that any cable which is embedded in concrete and has to be broken out has been made dead before
work starts.
Continually watch for signs of services as work continues.
Backfill around services with fine material. Do not use rocks, bricks, mass concrete or similar material.
Report any damage to a cable, pipe or pipe coating - even if there is no immediate damage, damage could
lead to danger at a later date e.g. local electrical supply authority.
Do not use hand held power tools within 0.5 m of the marked position of an electricity cable.
Do not use a mechanical excavator within 0.5 m of a gas pipe. If an excavator is used near an electricity
cable, keep everyone clear of the bucket while it is digging.
Do not use exposed services as a convenient step or hand hold.
Do not handle or attempt to alter the position of an exposed service.
Do not install plant close to an existing service.
Do not build existing services into a manhole or other structure or encase them in concrete.
Working near or around
underground services before starting work
Explosion
Burns
Electrocution
Slipping / Tripping
Treat any services found anywhere as LIVE.
Ensure that one service for another is not mistaken. Check before you act.
Make sure you have plans or other suitable information about all of the underground services in the area.
Where plans are not available in any situation, only hand digging should be carried out.
158 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Underground Services: Construction Trade
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for Safety with Underground Services
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Use a cable and pipe locator to trace electricity cables and metal pipes - refer picture.
Mark the positions of the cables and pipes using paint or other waterproof marking on the ground.
Look for signs of service connection cables or pipes, e.g. a gas metre.
Hand dig trial holes (as many as necessary) to confirm the position of services in the area of work.
Digging trial holes is particularly important if there are plastic pipes which cannot be found using a locator.
When existing services are uncovered during an excavation, proper supports should be provided and every
precaution should be taken to prevent danger to workers or unnecessary interruption to these services.
Suitable warning notices should be erected to warn workers and persons in the vicinity. Barriers should be
placed around excavations to prevent unauthorised entry.
Trenches more than 1.5 m deep are notifiable under OSH requirements as follows:
1. Every excavation which is more than 1.5 m deep and which is deeper than it is wide at the top.
2. Any form of tunnel or drive where workers work underground irrespective of timbering or support.
3. Those excavations where the excavated face is more than 5 m deep and the batter of the face is steeper
than 1 horizontal to 2 vertical.
3. Any construction work where explosives are used or stored.
Ensure that appropriate clothing is worn at all times. In cases where workers have received burns they have
been made more severe by the fact that the person was working bare chested.
When working in remote locations employers should provide a means of communication e.g. cell phones,
two way radios.
All cases of injury resulting from an electrical incident should be referred to a physician. Electrical burns are
deceptive and the underlying damage may be far more serious than first appears.
159 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Office Environments
Sources
Hazards
Computers and workstations
Possible Consequences
OOS conditions
Muscle strain
Eye strain
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that workstations are arranged to fit the employee using it.
Employees new to keyboard work or those returning from an absence of two weeks or more should have a
sufficient period of adjustment before assigned to a full workload of keyboard duties.
Start keyboard work slowly each day to warm up to the task, and cool down by reducing the keystroke rate at
the end of each day.
Ensure employees receive appropriate training in relevant work practices and proper working posture, and
supplied with suitable furniture and equipment.
Employees should take rest breaks from keying, such as 2-3 minutes in each 15-20 minutes, 5 minutes in
each 30 minutes or 10 minutes in each hour.
Non-repetitive work can be performed during these rest breaks, which should not involve frequent or rapid
movements of the hands or fingers.
Encourage the early reporting of any symptoms of occupational overuse.
Work assessment and modification should be instigated if an employee reports any signs of occupational
overuse.
When using a phone, avoid cradling the piece between your head and shoulder. Hold it with your hand, use
a speaker phone or a headset.
The work area should be arranged so all materials, equipment and controls can be easily reached without
stretching or twisting.
Never accumulate work breaks.
A good posture is one in which you feel comfortable and well supported by properly adjusted furniture. It
reduces muscle strain and fatigue - refer picture.
Comfortable viewing distance:
1. Shoulders relaxed.
2. Elbows level with home row of keys and close to sides of body.
160 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Office Environments
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
3. Wrists straight.
4. Ample leg room.
5. Balanced upright head position.
6. Backrest supports the spine.
7. Avoid pressure at the front edge of the seat.
8. Feet firmly supported.
Chairs for most keyboard activities should not have arm rests.
For fixed height desks:
1. Chair height - adjust the chair so the elbow tips are at the same level as the home row (ASDF) of keys.
2. Footstool - adjust the height so the hips are slightly lower than the knees.
For adjustable height desks:
1. Chair height - adjust the chair so the feet are flat on the floor and the hips are slightly lower than the
knees.
2. Desk height - adjust the desk so the elbow tips are at the same level as the home row (ASDF) of keys.
For both types of desks:
1. Lumbar support - adjust the height of the back rest to support the lumbar curve (small) of the back. To
find the lumbar curve, hold the arms behind the back and comfortably clasp the opposite forearm near the
elbow.
2. Seat depth - adjust the seat depth so the person is firmly supported by the back rest and can still fit 3
fingers between the front of the seat and the back of the legs.
3. Screen:
a. The top of the screen should be adjusted to the level of the eyes with the centre of the VDU screen no
161 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Office Environments
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
higher than 400 mm above the work surface.
b. The screen should be at a comfortable viewing distance usually between 400-550 mm from the table front
edge.
c. VDU screen users should have their eyes tested before starting work with VDUs and every two years
afterwards if over the age of 40, or whenever problems are experienced.
d. For persons with prescription glasses, single strength lenses are suggested, bi-focal or multi-focal lenses
are not recommended.
e. Ensure steps are taken to minimise glare on the monitor screen.
f. Task lighting should be applied where necessary.
g. The screen should be cleaned on a regular basis.
4. Document holder - locate source material next to the screen and at the same visual distance from the
user.
MOUSE TECHNIQUES:
Use the mouse as close to the side of the keyboard as possible.
Hold the mouse between your thumb and your fourth and fifth fingers. Your second and third fingers should
rest lightly on the mouse buttons.
Use a mouse pad as this makes controlling the mouse easier.
LAPTOPS:
Ensure that when working with laptop or notebook PCs in the office, use a full size screen and keyboard.
If a PC must be regularly used both in the office and in the field, use a desk docking system.
Lack of workplace exercises
OOS conditions
Muscle strain
The following exercises promote blood flow and can reverse the effects of muscle tension:
a. Arm shakes - refer picture.
162 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Office Environments
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
b. Forearm circling - refer picture.
c. Forearm turns - refer picture.
d. Shoulder rolls - refer picture.
e. Circling arms - refer picture.
f. Wrist flaps - refer picture.
Photocopying machines/laser
printers
Inhalation
Skin contact
Noise and heat
Ensure that photocopiers and laser printers have low ozone emission and/or are fitted with an activated
carbon filter.
Regularly maintain the photocopier, laser printer and filter.
Ensure that carbon filters are regularly replaced, following the manufacturer's specifications.
Containerised toner systems and automatic shut-down devices should be used on waste toner
compartments.
The copier should be switched off and components allowed to stand for a few minutes to cool before
removing jammed paper.
Non-metal tongs can be used to remove paper but ensure that the machine is switched OFF.
MUSCLE STRAIN:
Long periods of photocopying or collating in a badly designed work area can cause physical discomfort and
strain.
Photocopiers and collation tables should be positioned at a comfortable height.
Repetitive jobs should be alternated with other duties.
Boxes of photocopy/printing paper should be stored at knee height rather than floor level to make lifting and
carrying easier.
163 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Office Environments
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Checklist for the safe use of office copying machines - refer picture.
1. The area should be ventilated to remove dusts, gases or vapours.
2. In an enclosed room mechanical ventilation is required.
3. Have sufficient space around copiers to allow good airflow and room for maintenance.
4. Maintain photocopiers regularly.
5. The working surface of the copier should be at a comfortable height for the operator.
6. The height of the collating table should be at a comfortable level.
7. MSDSs should be available for all used chemicals.
All photocopiers should be installed in well ventilated areas and positioned so that any fumes emitted are not
directed into the breathing zone of the operator or other employees.
Photocopiers should be maintained regularly, in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. A
record should be kept of all maintenance undertaken.
All chemicals (developers and toners) used in photocopiers should be clearly labelled, and be used and
stored strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.
Ensure that employees replenishing photocopiers with chemicals wear the appropriate Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) as specified by an MSDS and any other PPE recommended by the chemical
manufacturer.
Photocopiers should be in an area where they do not prevent employees leaving the premises safely and
quickly in an emergency.
HIGH VOLUME PHOTOCOPIERS:
Ensure that local exhaust ventilation is provided.
A time delay system should be fitted to photocopiers with an independent ventilation system, which
maintains the operation of the ventilation system removing all fumes present when the photocopier has shut
down after use.
164 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Office Environments
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Provide a separate room for high volume photocopier machines to ensure sufficient noise insulation as well
as providing heat and fume control.
Working in small office
environment
Electric shock
Slips/trips/falls
OOS conditions
ELECTRICITY:
Sufficient socket outlets should be provided, and avoid or minimise the use of adapters. Overloaded sockets
can lead to fire hazards.
Ensure that Residual Current Devices (RCDs) are regularly tested.
If the RCD trips, it is a sign of a fault. The system should be checked before using it again.
Ensure regular visual inspections of plugs and leads are completed, and get them repaired as necessary.
Some of the faults to identify are:
1. Physical damage to the cables, plugs and sockets.
2. Signs of overheating.
Equipment should be switched off before unplugging and cleaning.
Obvious tell-tale signs such as faulty switching or intermittent stopping should never be ignored. These could
indicate an internal fault, e.g. a loose wire, which can cause external metal work to become live.
SLIPS/TRIPS/FALLS:
Spillages should be cleared up immediately.
Ensure that torn floor coverings and worn or damaged stairs are replaced or repaired as soon as possible.
Stairs should be well lit, and handrails in place on stairways.
Passageways or corridors should never be blocked.
Only safety step stools or ladders should be used for climbing up. Do not stand on chairs (especially on
swivel chairs).
165 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Office Environments
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Telephone cords, cables etc. should be placed out of the way of traffic.
Non-slip floor coating should be used where appropriate.
Do not carry loads that obstruct your view.
ENVIRONMENT:
Opening windows should provide sufficient air ventilation for most offices.
Ensure there is adequate light, preferably natural light to prevent visual fatigue.
Passageways should be well lit.
Ensure that the temperature is between 17 and 22 degrees Celsius where people work sitting down.
NOISE:
The quietest equipment available should be used.
Ensure regular and appropriate maintenance for equipment e.g. lubrication and tightening of loose parts
which can increase noise.
Loud equipment should be situated in areas where their effects are less detrimental e.g. place impact
printers away from areas where people must use the phone.
Barrier walls or dividers should be used to isolate noise sources e.g. use buffers or acoustically treated
materials to absorb noise, and rubber pads to insulate vibrating equipment.
Equipment such as printers should be enclosed with acoustical covers or housings.
Noisy tasks should be scheduled at times when they impact the least on other activities in the office.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES:
Exits should be visibly marked and kept clear.
Fire extinguishers should be accessible and be regularly maintained.
166 of 242
Locations
Locations >> Office Environments
Sources
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Establish and ensure that all staff are trained in emergency evacuation procedures.
FILING CABINETS:
Drawers should not open onto aisles.
Only open one drawer at a time.
Drawers should not be left open.
Tall filing cabinets/bookcases should be secured or anchored.
Cabinets should be loaded from the bottom for stability.
Modify height and reach - refer picture.
a. Don't overreach.
b. Use a step stool.
c. Files should not be too big to handle.
d. Break down to smaller files.
167 of 242
People >> Heat Stress
Sources
Camelbak Hydration Systems Commercial Catalogue 2000
WorkSafe Western Australia - SafetyLine - Heat Stress
Hazards
Clothing impairing air
Possible Consequences
Heat Stress
Safe Work Practices
Light coloured clothing reflects radiant heat.
movement and sweat
Loose clothing, where such clothing is not a safety hazard, assists evaporation of sweat.
evaporation
Clothing of loosely woven natural fibre assists evaporation of sweat.
Wide brimmed attachments on helmets to protect from direct sunlight.
Contributing characteristics to
Heat Stress
You have a higher risk of heat stress if:
heat stress
1. You are not physically fit.
2. You are overweight.
3. You have a chronic illness like heart disease or diabetes.
4. You drink alcohol or take drugs (either illegal drugs or prescription drugs).
5. You are dehydrated from diarrhoea.
6. You wear heavy or tight clothing.
7. You are not used to working in the heat - it can take between 4-7 days to become acclimatised.
8. You wear some kind of personal equipment on the job.
Intense physical activity in
adverse conditions
Heat Stress
Re-organise work so that more of the work is done in the cooler parts of the day e.g. early morning and cooler
areas e.g. under cover and shaded areas.
Erect temporary cover if required.
Consider split shift arrangements, for example, have a break from work during the hottest part of the day.
168 of 242
People >> Heat Stress
Sources
Camelbak Hydration Systems Commercial Catalogue 2000
WorkSafe Western Australia - SafetyLine - Heat Stress
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Consider reducing physical demands of work, for example, use mechanical assistance.
Provide breaks in cooler areas during hot periods.
Alternate periods of work in hot conditions with periods of work in cooler conditions.
Organise systems for employees to report heat related discomfort.
Increase air movement for example use extraction and ventilation equipment where appropriate.
Provide ready access to cool drinking water.
Drink before, during and after physical labour to replace body fluid lost in sweating.
Anticipate conditions that will increase the need for water, including high temperature, humidity, protective
clothing and difficulty of work.
Drink every 15-20 minutes to ensure proper hydration - by the time you're thirsty you are already dehydrated.
Keep water within easy reach.
Drink cool water - it is absorbed more quickly by your body.
169 of 242
People >> New and Young Workers
Sources
Health and Safety Conference (NZISM) - September 2001
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Lack of experience, training
Amputation
and a sense of
Crushing
immortality/invincibility
Death
Electrocution
Exposure to chemicals, dust
and fumes
Eye Injuries
Falls
Safe Work Practices
Young workers aged 15-24 have a 75% greater risk of being injured than workers in other age groups. New
workers are three times more likely to be injured than other workers.
Pointers for employers when employing new workers:
Induction should include verbal explanation, observation of the task and actually doing the task in a safe
working environment with supervision. Just telling them or showing them is not the most effective way of
training.
Some of the things you should include in an induction are:
Muscle strain
1. Any hazards associated with the job and the appropriate controls.
2. The safe way to do the job.
3. A copy of the health and safety policy and procedures.
4. Emergency exits, procedures and equipment.
5. Facilities including toilets, meal rooms and first aid facilities.
6. Explain safety signs, symbols and safety controls.
7. Where to get personal protective equipment and how to use it safely.
8. The procedures and forms for reporting a near hit.
Relationship building is important. Young workers may not have the confidence to say "I don't understand what
you want me to do", or "I'm not comfortable doing it yet". This is the value of having them try the activity with
supervision.
Positive and constructive reinforcement is needed all the way through.
Continually review and revisit. Don't assume that they got it all immediately. It takes time and repetition to
commit something to long term memory. Try reviewing it again within the next shift to satisfy yourself to know
170 of 242
People >> New and Young Workers
Sources
Health and Safety Conference (NZISM) - September 2001
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
being followed.
Supervise and enforce. They need more enforcement than a self directed adult. For them if they can get away
with not wearing their PPE once they will do it again. Follow through with warning systems and
consequences.
Listen to them when they say they don't understand or when they think the process can be done better. This
engages them in the work and the place of work, creates a feeling of importance and validation and caring
about doing their work well.
171 of 242
People >> Public and Others
Sources
Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Construction Work and the Public
Hazards
Falling material and debris
Possible Consequences
Crushing
Fatalities
Safe Work Practices
Measures which can be implemented to minimise the hazard of falling material and debris are:
1. Containment sheeting must be used on scaffolding to provide protection to the public from construction work
being carried out.
2. Use chutes for the discharge of debris.
3. The maintenance of efficient work practices e.g. overhead work areas maintained in a clean and clear
manner.
4. Clear area maintained around perimeter of building site.
5. Scheduling of work to minimise risk.
Public and visitors on site
Crushing
Dust
Electrocution
Exposure to chemicals
Ensure adequate security exists to ensure members of the public do not enter construction site. This should
include perimeter fencing and signage.
If eliminating public access to hazardous areas is not practical, ensure clearly visible signs warn members of
the public to the dangers present.
Falls
Limit access to areas where work hazards exist.
Ensure appropriate warning signs are posted to identify hazards on site.
Establish procedures to inform others of hazards, emergency procedures, presence and exits in work areas.
All visitors to be accompanied on site by a person inducted about the hazards present.
Ensure signs/directions in place to direct all visitors to the site office on arrival at construction site.
Ensure visitors wear the corrective personal protective equipment appropriate for the site e.g. hearing
protection, hard hat.
172 of 242
People >> Public and Others
Sources
Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Construction Work and the Public
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Unauthorised access to plant
Crushing
and equipment
Fatalities
Working in or around public
Crushing
access areas
Exposure to chemicals
Falls
Fatalities
Safe Work Practices
If possible conduct visits outside periods of heavy work flow.
Enclosure of entire construction site via fencing.
Locking of site at night and tagging out of all plant and equipment.
For changes to surface levels, excavations, holes and trenches the following safe work practices should be
followed:
Erect barriers around the hazards.
Display warning signs/lights.
Use of spotters working with plant and equipment e.g. working around cranes.
Arrange for a traffic controller to redirect traffic or persons.
Provide a temporary by-pass for traffic or persons.
Provision of additional lighting at night.
Where the construction process breaks into a security fenced area, temporary fencing must be provided to
maintain security.
Where practicable arrange so that excavations across driveways and roadways are backfilled before the end of
a working day.
Maintain vigilance of hazards during work breaks e.g. a controller is in position during breaks.
173 of 242
People >> Contractors
Sources
Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Engaging and working with
Incidents and injuries involving
contractors
contractors
Safe Work Practices
The principal has a legal obligation to ensure that employees and contractors are not harmed while at work.
.
DUTIES OF PRINCIPAL:
1. The principal agrees to supply the contractor a copy of its emergency procedures and hazard register.
2. The principal agrees to supply a copy of near hit/minor and serious accident reporting forms as and when
required.
3. The principal agrees to make available a copy of its health and safety policies and procedures.
4. The principal or the principal's representative will carry out periodic inspection checks of sites.
PROCEDURES FOR ENGAGING AND WORKING WITH CONTRACTORS:
1. Have a written contract with a contractor who is required by the terms of the contract to work outside of their
own place of work.
2. This contract must have a health and safety component and you need to satisfy yourself that any
contractors you engage have adequate health and safety programmes and that the requirements of the
programme are consistently met.
3. Monitor the health and safety compliance of any contractor who is required by the terms of the contract to
work on either your site or outside of the contractor's own place of work.
4. Inform contractors of existing hazards and potential hazards BEFORE they enter your workplace.
5. These contracted people include other tradespeople e.g. electricians, plumbers, painters.
DUTIES OF CONTRACTOR:
1. The contractor agrees to ensure that all employees working (or other persons engaged) on the contract have
174 of 242
People >> Contractors
Sources
Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
2. The contractor agrees to ensure that all employees working (or other persons engaged) on the contract have
seen the principal's health and safety policies and procedures and agree to comply with them, and the HSE
Act 1992.
3. The contractor agrees to ensure that all employees working (or other persons engaged) on the contract have
been shown all emergency procedures, have a full understanding of the hazards they will be exposed to and
have been given a full induction.
4. The contractor agrees to take all practicable steps to ensure the safety of employees (or other persons
engaged) while at work, in terms of Section 6 of the HSE Act 1992 .
5. The contractor agrees to where possible identify and eliminate/isolate/minimise hazards in terms of
Sections 7-10 of the HSE Act 1992.
6. The contractor agrees to operate its own health and safety system.
7. The contractor will ensure that its employees and any other persons engaged are given adequate training in
Health and Safety, and are supplied with appropriate safety equipment which its staff and others engaged will
use at all appropriate times.
8. The contractor undertakes to have and maintain an appropriate first aid cabinet/kit in each vehicle coming
onto a site owned by the principal. The contractor will allow the agent of the principal to inspect the cabinet/kit
at monthly intervals.
9. The contractor agrees to complete accident forms supplied and to report on any near hits, in terms of the
HSE Act 1992, and to return a copy of these to the principal within 4 days.
10. The contractor agrees to inform the principal of the hazards that the contractor will bring on to, or create on
the work site.
11. The contractor will make available for inspection their safety records over the previous two (2) years.
12. The contractor shall not sub-contract without the written approval of the principal.
175 of 242
People >> Manual Handling
Sources
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Workplace Health and Safety - Manual Handling in the Building Industry Advis
ory Standard
National Occupational Health and Safety Commision Commonwealth of Australia - Overuse Injuries
WorkSafe British Columbia - Constructive Ideas Balanced Tool Belts
Hazards
Bending movements
Possible Consequences
Back strain/stress
Muscle strain/stress
Safe Work Practices
Bending movements can be reduced by:
Using lift tables, work dispensers and similar mechanical aids.
Raising the work level e.g. set up planks and A frames as a work bench.
Positioning all material at work level.
Keeping materials at work level e.g. avoid lowering objects that will later be lifted e.g. put ply sheets straight
onto specially designed racks which can be wheeled out to the crane deck.
Eliminating large horizontal reaches, e.g. storing frames upright to avoid reaching across when lifting them.
Carrying
Back strain/stress
Muscle strain/stress
Carrying forces can be reduced by:
Converting to pushing or pulling by use of conveyors, slides, chutes and similar aids, using forklifts, two or
four-wheel hand trucks, trolleys and similar.
Reducing object weight by reducing object size, reducing capacity of containers, reducing container weight,
reducing load in each container and reducing the number of objects carried at one time.
Reducing carry or transport distance by improving work area layout, relocating storage or production area, or
similar system change e.g. deliveries undertaken close to work area.
Carrying tool belts
Back strain/stress
Muscle strain/stress
An unbalanced tool belt can cause the muscles on one side of your back to work harder and is a common
cause of back pain in the construction industry.
The average tool belt weighs 5-8 kg. If the weight of your tools is unbalanced your spine is loaded in an
awkward manner even before you start to bend, reach or lift.
176 of 242
People >> Manual Handling
Sources
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Workplace Health and Safety - Manual Handling in the Building Industry Advis
ory Standard
National Occupational Health and Safety Commision Commonwealth of Australia - Overuse Injuries
WorkSafe British Columbia - Constructive Ideas Balanced Tool Belts
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
1. Balance your tool belt - if your tools are heavier on one side, fill the other side with materials, such as nails,
bolts, or other tools, that will balance the load.
2. Use broad-strapped suspenders that allow the muscles in your upper back and shoulders to bear some of
the tool belt load.
3. Minimise what you carry in your tool belt - evaluate what you carry. Store infrequently used items
elsewhere, or use them to balance your tool belt.
4. During breaks, remove your tool belt to relieve your back of the load.
Holding
Back strain/stress
Muscle strain/stress
Holding forces can be reduced by:
Reducing object weight.
Reducing object size.
Reducing holding time.
Eliminating holding time by using e.g. jigs and fixtures.
Using mechanical loading and unloading.
Principles involved in minimising the risk of injury when applying force include:
(a) Pushing/pulling is more efficient if applied at or around waist level.
(b) Forward push/pull is preferable to sideways push/pull
177 of 242
People >> Manual Handling
Sources
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Workplace Health and Safety - Manual Handling in the Building Industry Advis
ory Standard
National Occupational Health and Safety Commision Commonwealth of Australia - Overuse Injuries
WorkSafe British Columbia - Constructive Ideas Balanced Tool Belts
Hazards
Lifting and lowering
Possible Consequences
Back strain/stress
Muscle strain/stress
Safe Work Practices
Lifting and Lowering forces can be reduced by:
Eliminating for manual handling by using scissor lifts, forklifts, cranes, hoists, balancers, raising the work
level, lowering the position of a worker and using gravity dumps and chutes including truck unloading where
suitable.
Reducing the weight of the container.
Reducing the load in each container.
Reducing the number of objects lifted or lowered at one time.
Increasing object weight so that it will be handled mechanically by using a unit or bulk load concept such as
palletised loads.
Reducing the holding position away from the body by changing object shape, providing suitable grips or
handles, providing greater access to the load and improving workplace layout.
Lifting heavy and awkward
Back strain/stress
loads
Muscle strain/stress
Mechanical handling equipment includes:
(a) Simple aids e.g. levers, sliding rails, conveyors, that is, conveyors and roller conveyors.
(b) Cranes and hoists e.g. jib cranes, overhead travelling cranes and mobile hoists.
(c) Positioning equipment e.g. lift jacks.
(d) Industrial vehicles e.g. forklift trucks and two-wheeled hand trucks.
Mechanical handling equipment should:
178 of 242
People >> Manual Handling
Sources
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Workplace Health and Safety - Manual Handling in the Building Industry Advis
ory Standard
National Occupational Health and Safety Commision Commonwealth of Australia - Overuse Injuries
WorkSafe British Columbia - Constructive Ideas Balanced Tool Belts
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
(b) Be designed to suit the load.
(c) Be readily available even in emergencies.
Operators should have information, instruction, and opportunities for hands-on experience on the use of
mechanical handling equipment.
Pushing and pulling
Back strain/stress
Muscle strain/stress
Pushing and pulling forces can be reduced by:
Eliminating the need to push or pull by using powered equipment, and using slides, rollers or chutes.
Reducing the required forces by reducing load weight using non-powered conveyors, air bearings, and similar
aids. Using 4 wheel hand trucks, hand trolley with good bearings and large diameter wheels or castors
appropriate to the particular surfaces.
Providing good maintenance of equipment and floor surfaces using mechanical pushers or pullers.
Reducing the distance of push or pull by improving work area layout or similar system change.
Reaching movements
Back strain/stress
Muscle strain/stress
Reaching movements can be reduced by:
Positioning tools and machine controls close to a worker.
Positioning materials, workpieces and other heavy objects as near a worker as possible.
Enabling the object handled to be kept close to the body e.g. longer chisel bits on jackhammers for concrete
rectification.
Reducing loader container size e.g. smaller drums of paint.
179 of 242
People >> Manual Handling
Sources
Queensland Department of Employment, Training and Industrial Relations - Workplace Health and Safety - Manual Handling in the Building Industry Advis
ory Standard
National Occupational Health and Safety Commision Commonwealth of Australia - Overuse Injuries
WorkSafe British Columbia - Constructive Ideas Balanced Tool Belts
Hazards
Twisting movements
Possible Consequences
Back strain/stress
Muscle strain/stress
Safe Work Practices
Twisting movements can be reduced by:
Positioning all tools and materials in front of a worker.
Using conveyors, chutes, slides or turntables to change the directions of the materials being moved.
Providing adjustable swivel chairs in on-site offices.
Providing sufficient work space for a worker's whole body to turn.
Improving layout of the work area or using a different tool.
Working postures
Back strain/stress
Muscle strain/stress
Keep your wrists and arms in neutral. Working with your wrist flexed back or forwards increases the chances
that you'll develop carpal tunnel syndrome. Avoid working with your arms outstretched, if possible; this puts
more strain on your body.
If the job needs precise movements, ensure the task is done slightly above elbow level. Arrange work so
elbows remain in relaxed positions close to the body so that your shoulders remain relaxed. This avoids strain
in the shoulders and upper arms.
If the job needs lots of muscle strength make sure the job is done slightly below elbow level.
It is often easier to sit on a stable stool close to your work rather than strain your ligaments by stooping at the
waist to reach low level work. It is also better than squatting, which can strain your knees and put you in an
unstable position.
180 of 242
People >> Skin Cancer
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Bulletin Series
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Working outdoors increases
Cataracts
exposure to ultraviolet
Melanoma
radiation from the sun
Skin Cancer
Safe Work Practices
Ensure sunscreen is broad spectrum and has a minimum SPF rating of 15+ and is applied to exposed skin
including face, neck, arms and back of hands.
Re-apply sunscreen regularly, especially if you are sweating.
When applying sunscreen wipe it onto the skin, do not rub it into the skin.
With job involving work with water, use water-resistant sunscreen.
Lips should also be protected with sunscreen or lipstick with SPF rating of 15+ providing broad-spectrum
protection.
Remember the advice to SLIP SLOP SLAP.
Wear sunglasses to help protect your eyes against the ultraviolet rays.
Make use of shade areas wherever possible in the high risk hours.
Have wide brimmed attachments on helmets to protect from direct sunlight.
Wear loose fitting clothing where such clothing is not a safety hazard, which allows you to remain cool while
still protecting you from the sun.
Lighter coloured fabrics are cooler and reflect more of the suns radiation.
Shade protection added where possible e.g. canopies fitted to mobile plant that previously had no cover.
Check your skin every few months for irregularities e.g. moles, in particular, those areas that are most often
exposed to the sun.
Seek doctor's advice if you have:
1. Unusual skin conditions that don't heal in 4 weeks.
181 of 242
People >> Skin Cancer
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Bulletin Series
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
3. A white patch on lips that doesn't heal.
4. Moles that seem to grow quickly, change shape or colour, bleed or repeatedly itch.
Photosensitising substances and medicines have the potential to increase absorption of UV radiation.
Examples of medicines are cycline based antibiotics- Minocycline; some vitamins and some dieurectics.
Coal tar is an example of a substance which dramatically increases the skins response to solar radiation.
182 of 242
People >> Stress
Sources
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health - Agricultural Safety and Health Series: Stress on the Farm
University of Kentucky College of Agriculture Cooperative
Saskatchewan - Agriculture and Food Managing Farm Stress
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Deterioration in health and
Headaches
inefficiency in the workplace
Lack of concentration
Physical and emotional
weakness
Poor digestion/eating habits
Poor management decisions
Tiredness
Safe Work Practices
Talking about problems is a good way to relieve stress. Choose someone you can be honest with, and then
share your problems and discuss solutions with them.
Recognise stress iindicators. This might be a tightening of the neck and shoulders, stomach problems, or
changes in behaviour or relationships. The body is equipped with a complex system that gives warning signs
when the stress level is too high.
When feeling stressed, evaluate the cause. Eliminate those that are minor and the ones which you have the
ability to control.
When dealing with a major problem, try to break it down into smaller parts. Pick out one job and concentrate
on getting it done. Once that task is completed, go on to the next one.
Schedule the time realistically. Don’t try and squeeze more work into a day than can be completed.
Take occasional short breaks from work. A few minutes will provide a refreshing start to the job.
Learn how to relax. Sit back in a chair and concentrate on relaxing tense muscles.
Develop other interests that will help you forget about your problems for a while. Go to a movie or get involved
in sports or hobbies.
Exercise. Regular physical activity makes a person feel better and eases tension at the same time.
Eat well. A balanced diet is good for physical and mental health. Food is fuel for the body. The better the
input, the better the output.
Sleep and rest. Make sure to get enough sleep and rest to refresh the mind and body.
Balance work and play. Besides being just plain fun, recreation can help a person enjoy work more.
183 of 242
People >> Noise
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Noise Guidelines
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Loud Noises Dangerous to your Health
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Working Quiet 1 and 2
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Noise Management in the Construction Industry a Practical Approach
Hazards
Ignoring early warning signs
Possible Consequences
Hearing damage
Loss of hearing
Safe Work Practices
Danger signals are:
1. Do you have to shout to be heard at work?
2. Is your hearing dulled after work?
3. Do you have ringing in your ears?
4. Do you have trouble following a conversation in a crowded place?
5. Have your friends and family complained that you have the TV or radio turned up too loudly?
Health effects from excessive noise are:
1. Ringing in the ears can be very distracting and cause severe difficulties in concentration or sleep.
2. Noise can affect the sense of balance causing dizziness.
3. Noise is a source of stress. Stress can lead to tiredness, irritability and headaches.
4. Noise can raise blood pressure putting strain on the heart.
5. Noise affects the eyes, causing loss of clarity, colour perception and night vision. Fine close work becomes
difficult as noise causes the pupils of the eyes to dilate.
6. Noise increases the risk of incidents and injuries by masking sounds of approaching danger or warnings.
7. Noise also increases the risk of incidents and injuries through its effect on balance and concentration.
184 of 242
People >> Noise
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Noise Guidelines
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Loud Noises Dangerous to your Health
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Working Quiet 1 and 2
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Noise Management in the Construction Industry a Practical Approach
Hazards
Noise exposure
Possible Consequences
Hearing damage
Safe Work Practices
Loss of hearing
Whenever noise exceeds the noise exposure standard of 85 dB(A) over an 8 hour period and a peak noise
level of 140 dB, the employer must take steps to reduce the noise.
Noise level around plant and
Hearing damage
Eliminate the source e.g. using vibration insulation mounting.
machinery
Loss of hearing
Isolate the noise e.g. building a sound proof enclosure.
Minimise the exposure to noise e.g. people should swap between noisy and quiet jobs.
Always wear personal hearing protection when necessary.
Lay out the site to separate noisy activities from quieter ones e.g. concentrate compressors, pumps and
generators and screened off areas or away from the work to be carried out.
Schedule noisy activities to take place when the minimum number of other nearby workers are present.
Roster workers to minimise exposure times.
Reduce noise from identified noise sources by exchanging equipment and or processes for a quieter
alternative or by engineering control methods to quieten the existing process or equipment.
If noisy areas are identified they should be well sign posted so employees and contractors can avoid entering
them unnecessarily.
Utilise safety tool box meetings to provide feedback on effectiveness of noise control measures and personal
hearing protection.
Try not to work in corners as this amplifies noise levels from plant and machinery.
185 of 242
People >> Noise
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Noise Guidelines
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Loud Noises Dangerous to your Health
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Working Quiet 1 and 2
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Noise Management in the Construction Industry a Practical Approach
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Loss of hearing
Safe Work Practices
1. Bend metal in a press or vice instead of hammering.
2. Screw tight fittings are usually quieter to insert rather than nails.
Choose quieter tools or machines. Examples are:
1. An electric power tool may be quieter than a pneumatic one.
2. Choose a silent compressor or power pack.
Reduce noisy work - choose methods that reduce the amount of time spent on noisy work. Examples are:
1. More accurate cutting, bending, welding and fixing means less need for noisy corrective work and
hammering and grinding.
2. If two machines produce roughly the same noise, use the faster one.
Reduce noise output - lowering the velocity of impact. Examples are:
1. Lower materials slowly to the ground or floor using the proper manual handling techniques.
2. Reduce the fall height of objects such as tools, offcuts etc by using bench, breaking the fall of the object or
working close to the ground.
Cushion impacts. Examples are:
1. Use rubber floor mats to cushion noise of falling or rolling objects.
186 of 242
People >> Noise
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Noise Guidelines
Workers Health Centre Granville NSW Australia - Loud Noises Dangerous to your Health
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Working Quiet 1 and 2
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Noise Management in the Construction Industry a Practical Approach
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
1. Reduce compressed air line pressure (using a regulator) to the minimum needed to the task when using nail
guns, air hammers etc.
2. Avoid overloading machinery so that it screams.
Damp the noise radiation - the ringing resonance of materials can be reduced by damping the vibration.
Examples are:
1. Lay rubber blankets or sand filled bags on the vibrating work piece.
2. Use materials that radiate less noise than sheet metal e.g. steel mesh, plastic for scrap bins, guards etc.
187 of 242
People >> Housekeeping
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletin Series
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Emergencies arising from
Burns
materials and natural causes
Explosion
Fire
Safe Work Practices
Fire fighting equipment, apparatus and warning signs should be regularly checked and maintained.
Fire and emergency exits should be kept clear, easily identified and always capable of being opened from
within.
Processes and materials that are highly flammable, emit fumes or could cause explosions, require specific
control precautions e.g. signs prohibiting smoking, naked flames or any other source of ignition in those
specific areas of the work site.
Employees must be suitably trained in the use of portable or other fire fighting equipment provided at the place
of work.
Emergency procedures should be prominently displayed and practiced regularly.
Develop where appropriate emergency procedures for chemical spills, earthquakes, gas leaks and medical
emergencies.
Poor housekeeping practices
Tripping/slipping
Cuts/lacerations
Falls
ACCESS AND EGRESS:
Sufficient clear exits for prompt escape.
Exits should be clearly marked.
Exit doors are able to be opened from the outside without keys.
Access ways should be unobstructed and sufficiently wide.
Steps, stairs and ramps should be provided, where necessary, with substantial hand rails and suitable means
to prevent slipping.
FLOORS/WORK AREAS:
Floors should be kept clean and free of tripping hazards or surplus stock.
188 of 242
People >> Housekeeping
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletin Series
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Openings in floors and pits should be securely fenced and/or covered.
Doorways, hatchways and openings on site used for hoisting or lowering goods or materials should have
secure fencing and handholds.
All work areas should be kept tidy, clean and materials stored when not in use.
Hazard boards should be located in the immediate vicinity of the work being undertaken e.g. around a welding
site, or use of powder actuated tools.
The site hazard board should be regularly updated and clearly identify the hazards on site.
Any protruding material such as steel rods should be capped, clearly marked, identified or have barriers
around them to prevent employees coming into contact with them.
Protruding nails, screws and bolts sticking out should be pulled out, screwed in or trimmed up.
Regular toolbox and/or sub contractor meetings should be held to discuss hazards on site and appropriate
control methods.
LIGHTING:
Lighting should be provided over the entire place of work including amenity rooms, passages, stairs, ramps,
ladders and gangways which all should be capable of being lit at such times when employees are on site.
For detailed work or where dangerous processes or machinery are used, higher lighting values will be required
than for in the general workplace.
Where necessary adequate emergency lighting should be provided.
Lights sometimes need to be shaded to control glare and reflect available light to where it is required.
AMENITIES:
189 of 242
People >> Housekeeping
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletin Series
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Showers and locker rooms should be kept clean with suitable clothing accommodation.
FIRST AID:
First aid box should be stocked with first aid equipment and materials appropriate for the work being
undertaken and the number of people employed.
The first aid box should be clearly identified, clean and tidy and regularly replenished.
Where five or more employees are employed a person should be appointed to take charge of the first aid
facilities. Formal first aid training should be encouraged.
When more than 50 persons are employed a registered nurse or holder of certificate issued by Order of St.
John or NZ Red Cross is required.
When more than 100 persons are employed a first aid room is required.
First aiders should be aware of associated hazards such as hepatitis, HIV and the precautions necessary to
protect themselves when administering assistance.
First aiders should be aware of safe clean up procedures of body fluids and soiled surfaces.
Traffic Control
Collision
To control the hazards associated with traffic flow e.g. deliveries, visitors - the following methods should be
implemented:
1. Use clearly defined traffic ways (marked aisleways for pedestrians and traffic).
2. Use of appropriate lights, warning signs, barricades or detours and if necessary the use of a spotter around
particular plant.
3. A suitably trained person directing and controlling the flow of traffic on site.
Working in dusty
Inhalation
Ensure adequate general ventilation. Where necessary use local extraction to control dust or use tools fitted
190 of 242
People >> Housekeeping
Sources
OSH Department of Labour - Construction Bulletin Series
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Hoardings can be used to prevent the passage of dust, sparks etc.
191 of 242
People
People >> Vibration - Hand, arm and whole body
Sources
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Hazards
Hand-arm vibration
Possible Consequences
Loss of grip
Numbness in hands
Painful wrist
Sensory nerve damage
Safe Work Practices
Search for alternative ways of working, which eliminate the vibrating equipment or reduces its use.
Mechanise or automate the work, or change the way of working.
The most suitable equipment should be used for each job (the job could take longer using inappropriate
equipment).
The time any individuals use vibrating equipment should be reduced e.g. job rotation.
Periods of continuous equipment use should be split up e.g. by introducing other tasks.
Ensure that job design is such that poor posture, which can cause strain on hands and arms, is prevented.
Jigs should be constructed to hold tools and materials.
Tools should be regularly maintained to the manufacturer's specifications to prevent increasing vibration.
Consider the following:
1. Vibration mounts should be replaced before they are worn out.
2. Rotating parts should be checked for balance and replace them if necessary.
3. Tools should be kept sharp.
Ensure that a purchasing policy is established stipulating low vibration performance for new tools and
equipment.
Request the manufacturer to provide anti-vibration mounts to isolate the operator from the vibration source.
Ensure that tool support is available to take the weight of the tool (e.g. tensioners or balancers) enabling the
operator to reduce grip and feed force.
Well balanced discs should be chosen for sanders and grinders.
The recommended regular daily times for using specific tools should be strictly observed. - refer picture.
It is essential to keep up blood circulation while working. Consider these recommendations:
1. Keep warm at work, especially hands by wearing warm gloves and extra clothing when working in cold
192 of 242
People
People >> Vibration - Hand, arm and whole body
Sources
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
conditions.
2. Avoid smoking or at least reduce smoking just before and while at work.
3. Hands and fingers should be exercised to increase blood flow.
Employees should be trained in the following:
1. Possible sources of hand-arm vibration.
2. Potential health effects of hand-arm vibration.
3. Risk factors, such as high levels of vibration, daily length/regularity of exposure.
4. How to identify and report signs of injury.
5. Processes to minimise risks including:
a. Change working practices to reduce vibration exposure.
b. Select, use and maintain tools and equipment correctly.
c. Use tools in ways to reduce grips, force, strain etc.
d. Maintain good blood circulation at work e.g. by keeping warm, exercising fingers and not smoking.
Whole-body vibration
Back injury
Vehicles and machinery should be sufficiently maintained, especially their suspension components.
Ensure that the driver's seat is regularly checked. It should be in good repair and give good support.
If a suspension seat is fitted, it should be accurately adjusted to the operator's weight according to the
manufacturer's instructions (some seats adjust automatically for driver weight).
Where equipment in the vehicle cabs can be adjusted, it should be set to fit the specific driver's size and
reach.
The correct vehicle or machine should be selected for the task and ground surface.
193 of 242
People
People >> Vibration - Hand, arm and whole body
Sources
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that vehicles are checked to have the correct tyres and they are inflated to the appropriate pressure
for the ground surface.
Vehicles or machines and work situations with the highest levels of vibration should be identified, and a
roster for operators or drivers should be established to reduce the time spent on them.
Worksite routes should be planned with the smoothest terrain.
Ensure that the ground surface of regularly driven routes is upgraded, by repairing potholes, clearing debris
or levelling it out.
A policy for purchasing low vibration vehicles and machinery should be established.
Ensure that employees are trained in the following:
1. Modify the seat for correct sitting and posture where a suspension seat is fitted for the driver's weight,
especially when different people drive the vehicle.
2. Ensure that the tyre pressures are correct.
3. Maintain low speed when crossing uneven terrain.
4. Manoeuvre the vehicle to avoid hitting objects and potholes.
5. Change the pattern of work to minimise exposure where possible.
6. Encourage employees to report back pain as early as possible.
194 of 242
People
People >> Violence in the workplace
Sources
Health and Safety Executive - UK
ACT WorkCover - Guidance on Workplace Violence
Hazards
Providing services
Possible Consequences
Anxiety
Physical assault
Verbal abuse
Threats
Intimidation
Safe Work Practices
1. Criminal activity, thrill seeking or revenge.
2. Mental instability.
3. The effects of alcohol or other drugs.
4. The manifestation of irritation or frustration.
5. Unpleasant physical conditions e.g. high or irritating noise levels.
6. The general workplace culture and an acceptance of violent behaviours such as intimidation, initiation
ceremonies, harassment or the use of abusive language.
General guidelines to reduce violence in the workplace are:
Money should be frequently banked, and the route taken should be altered to reduce the risk of robbery.
The number of staff should be sustained at work to prevent anybody working alone.
The threat of violence does not stop when the work period has ended.
Ensure that employees can get home safely. For example, where employees are required to work late,
assist by arranging transport home or ensure that a safe parking area is available.
Consider physical security measures such as:
1. Video cameras or alarm systems.
2. Coded security locks on doors to keep the public out.
3. Wider counters and raised floors on the staff side of the counter to give staff more protection.
Make arrangements for employees who work away from their base to keep in touch by ensuring effective
communication systems are in place, for example:
1. Mobile phones, intercoms, duress alarms or beepers should be available for rapid emergency contact with
195 of 242
People
People >> Violence in the workplace
Sources
Health and Safety Executive - UK
ACT WorkCover - Guidance on Workplace Violence
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
other staff or emergency services.
2. Emergency telephone numbers should be readily available and displayed or on automatic dial.
Working directly with public
Stress
Violence, abuse and threats at work could happen for a variety of reasons, including:
196 of 242
People
People >> Shiftwork
Sources
Worksafe Safety Board of Tasmania
Hazards
Effect on home life
Possible Consequences
Fatigue
Health effects
Safe Work Practices
LIFE AT HOME
Similar to how the body follows a rhythm, so does social and family life. The shiftworker is out of step.
When the shiftworker is awake, everyone else is sleeping, when they are at work, everyone else has free
time. Children may only see their shiftworking parents for short periods.
Try to:
1. Address concerns and find solutions with your family ahead of time about problems that could result from
shiftwork.
2. Attempt to change the household routine, and give family members the opportunity of making suggestions
about how you can join in with their activities.
3. On the mornings before you sleep, take pre-school children to a playgroup or organise with friends to
exchange baby-sitting on sleeping days.
4. Do some of the housework on days off. One benefit of shiftwork is that you are home through the day.
PLANNING YOUR SOCIAL LIFE
People may cut down their sleep time in order to spend more time with family and friends. This can impact
on work performance. When on shiftwork you should:
1. Arrange to make the most of your free time. Let others know when you have time off.
2. Use your free time during the day, when others are working, for activities you like doing alone or take care
of some jobs that could interfere with social occasions.
3. Ask others on shiftwork to join you in day time sport or other activity.
Lack of roster system
Fatigue
Health effects
DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE ROSTER:
Several health effects of shiftwork have been identified, so when rosters are designed factors such as
adequate rest periods, circadian rhythms and social needs should be taken into account.
197 of 242
People
People >> Shiftwork
Sources
Worksafe Safety Board of Tasmania
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
The following factors should be included when organising a roster:
1. A work cycle should not be more than six 8-hour shifts or four 12-hour shifts. Work cycles of more than
seven continuous days needs to be prevented.
2. Move with the clock. It's easier and safer to progress from the morning shift to the afternoon shift to an
evening shift, and to repeat the same cycle.
3. Shiftwork has comparable impacts to jet lag. People find it easier to delay sleep than to go to bed earlier.
4. Reduce the number of nights worked in succession. Shift changes every two or three days is preferable to
seven-day rotating rosters or fixed shifts.
5. Make available two free weekends in four.
6. Assess the length of shifts according to workload. Reduce the length of shifts where there is excessive
heat, cold, noise, vibration, manual handling or exposure to hazardous substances.
7. Occupational exposure levels are calculated as an average over a standard eight-hour day. Exposure
levels for people working on longer shifts should be reassessed.
8. Overtime should not be allowed before or after a night shift, a 12-hour or double shift or for jobs involving
heavy mental and physical strain.
9. Re-examine work practices for night shiftworkers to include as many safety checks as possible to
minimise the tendency for reactions to slow down. This could prevent accidents.
10. To maintain alertness during night shift, rest breaks should be scheduled. Include tasks involving contact
with other team members and plenty of movement to assist employees to stay alert.
11. Deskbound and tedious tasks carried out in a comfortable and peaceful environment is not beneficial to
staying awake.
12. Day shifts should not start before 6.00 a.m. and some flexibility should be allowed in start times if the
work allows it. If possible, start times need to be harmonised with public transport timetables.
13. Ensure a minimum of 11 hours between shifts, preferably 12 hours.
198 of 242
People
People >> Shiftwork
Sources
Worksafe Safety Board of Tasmania
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
14. Sufficient changeover time should be allocated between each shift to enable briefing between workers.
Clear systems for transfer of information and communication should be established and maintained.
15. Attempt to give employees at least one week's notice of their roster, longer if possible.
16. Avoid rostering employees to work alone at night. If this is not feasible, a way of communicating with
colleagues should be established to enable social contact. Provide simple and fast access to help in case
they get injured or threatened.
17. Ensure that outside areas, walkways and carparks are clearly signposted, well lit and secure. Suitable
security arrangements should be made for shiftworkers, especially when working after dark or over
weekends.
Poor eating habits
Fatigue
YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT
At night the digestive system slows down, and indigestion, heartburn or constipation could occur. Additional
food consumed through the night may produce fat rather than provide energy. It is advisable to:
1. Have a light meal in the middle of the night shift and two meals at their usual times.
2. Eat the largest meal of the day after the day-sleep.
3. Have a meal at or before 1.00 a.m. A meal could decrease alertness in the second part of the night shift
therefore it is advisable to eat before becoming fatigued.
WHAT TO EAT
1. Choose to eat light meals, which are high in carbohydrates and easy to digest, e.g. rice, pasta or bread.
Meals heavy in calories or with a high fat content should not be eaten because they take longer to digest and
could produce drowsiness.
2. Fresh fruit and milk products are preferable as snacks, spicy and fried foods should be avoided.
3. Reduce the amount of coffee at the end of the shift, as coffee can keep you awake when trying to fall
asleep at home.
Working shifts
Adverse health effects
MANAGING ODD HOURS
199 of 242
People
People >> Shiftwork
Sources
Worksafe Safety Board of Tasmania
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Disrupted sleep patterns
Fatigue
Safe Work Practices
To prevent the build-up of fatigue while on night shift, employees should get as close to their average
amount of sleep as possible. The following recommendations can assist:
1. Use thick curtains with backing or blinds to reduce the light levels.
2. Cool conditions helps in getting to and staying asleep. A fan or air-conditioner could help in warm
weather.
3. Reduce noise:
a. With heavy curtains and sound insulation on the doors and windows.
b. The hum of a fan or air-conditioner could block minor noises.
c. Tell neighbours the times when you are sleeping in the daytime so they can avoid noisy activities e.g.
mowing the lawn.
4. Keep a regular sleeping schedule. A minimum of four hours sleep is considered necessary, but allow at
least seven hours in bed. Rest without sleep is still beneficial for the body.
5. Try sleeping at different times during the day to find which suits best, such as straight after work, before
the next night shift or part of both.
6. Try to unwind between work and bed time. Some prefer going to bed straight away, but for others reading
or watching television first is more suitable.
7. Don't feel distressed if you can't fall asleep straight away. Read or watch television as rest in itself is
important.
8. Limit the amount you drink before going to bed.
9. Avoid drinking coffee or other drinks containing caffeine for a few hours before sleeping.
10. Opposing popular belief, alcohol lowers the quality of sleep, and overloads and stimulates the bladder so
avoid alcohol before bed time.
11. Avoid the use of sleeping tablets as they might assist for a few days but they should not be used as a
200 of 242
People
People >> Shiftwork
Sources
Worksafe Safety Board of Tasmania
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
long-term solution.
Heavy smokers find it difficult not to smoke for an extended period, especially during the day.
Craving for a cigarette could wake up a smoker. Giving up smoking could reduce the quality of sleep until
the body adjusts, but then sleep should improve.
OTHER HELPFUL IDEAS
1. A short sleep between one and four hours before the first night shift can assist to reduce sleepiness at
work.
2. When coming off night shifts into days off, a short sleep on reaching home and going to bed earlier that
night can be beneficial. A good sleep at night is the quickest way of getting the body clock back to normal.
3. Employees should not take on any extra work that could reduce their time available for sleep, especially
when on night shift.
4. Social life, especially weekends, should be arranged so there is sufficient time for sleep.
FATIGUE AFTER SHIFT
Fatigue and sleepiness during shifts are outstanding problems but fatigue after shifts are also important.
Remember to:
1. Be especially careful when driving home after the night shift. Never drive after a double shift.
2. Listen to the radio to keep your mind active.
3. A warm car could cause drowsiness so limit your use of heating.
PHYSICAL FITNESS
General physical fitness is vital:
1. Increase your physical activity during leisure time.
2. Join a gym or sports club and use their facilities on your days off.
201 of 242
People
People >> Shiftwork
Sources
Worksafe Safety Board of Tasmania
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
3. Before beginning shiftwork, get medical advice if you are on regular medication (e.g. insulin for diabetes)
or have a chronic recurring illness such as asthma.
4. Some adapt easily to shiftwork, others never adjust. Reasonable rules for diet and physical fitness should
help. An understanding family and their co-operation can also reduce the upsets that can go with the
shiftworker's lifestyle.
SEEKING HELP
Discuss the problems of adjusting to shiftwork with:
1. Your supervisor or manager.
2. Occupational health nurse or doctor.
3. Staff counsellor or employee advisory service.
They may help you find a solution.
202 of 242
People
People >> Working Alone
Sources
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Alberta Human Resources and Employment - Health and Safety Working Alone - Best Practices
OSH, Department of Labour - H&S in Tree Work: River and Stream Operations
Hazards
Working Alone
Possible Consequences
Death
Serious injury
Illness
Safe Work Practices
Employees working alone should not be at more risk than others. Situations where people work alone and
are more at risk should be identified, and the following practices/precautions should be considered:
Precautions should take account of normal work and all foreseeable emergencies, e.g. fire, equipment
failure, illness and accident.
Ensure all plant, substances and goods involved in the work procedures can be safely handled by one
person.
Ensure that all objects which require manual handling can be safely lifted by one person. If not, the
employee should be provided with mechanical handling equipment.
Where practicable, avoid operating mobile plant alone in isolated areas. The following methods should be
considered to handle the situation:
1. Operate mobile plants in pairs wherever possible.
2. Use an observer to avoid working alone on hazardous work.
3. If mobile plant has to be operated alone in isolated areas on non-hazardous work, it should be equipped
with radio, mobile telephone or other communication equipment to call for help in case of an emergency.
Ensure that employees are trained in the correct operation and safe work practices of plant and equipment
used on site.
Hazardous equipment should have a dead-man switch to prevent activation of the equipment. The switch
should always be in good working order.
Ensure that employees working alone have no medical conditions which could make them unsuitable for
working alone. Consider both routine work and foreseeable emergencies which could require additional
physical and mental effort from the individual.
Training in safe work practices is particularly important where there is limited supervision to control, guide
and assist in situations of uncertainty. Training could be critical to prevent panic reactions in unusual
203 of 242
People
People >> Working Alone
Sources
Health and Safety Executive - UK
Alberta Human Resources and Employment - Health and Safety Working Alone - Best Practices
OSH, Department of Labour - H&S in Tree Work: River and Stream Operations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
circumstances.
Definite limits should be established about what can and cannot be done while working alone e.g. when to
stop work and seek advice from a supervisor, and how to handle aggression.
Ensure that regular site visits are carried out, and health and safety issues are raised and discussed.
Regular contact should be made with employees who work alone by either telephone or radio telephones
(RTs).
When working off site, employees should sign out before the job, provide information on travelling plan, the
location of work undertaken, and an estimated time of return.
Ensure checks are made that an employee working alone has returned to their base or home on completion
of the task e.g. overdue employee procedure.
Employees working alone on new sites should familiarise themselves with all relevant emergency
procedures for the specific site e.g. evacuation procedures.
Employees should carry appropriate first aid supplies.
Employees should have suitable personal protective equipment.
204 of 242
Business Name: acc
Industry Name:
Location:
New Zealand
Tasks
Tasks >> Spray Painting
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Spray Painting
Hazards
Failure to wear personal
protective equipment
Possible Consequences
Inhalation of toxic vapours
Fire
Explosion
Safe Work Practices
Appropriate personal protective equipment should always be worn as an added control measure during
spray painting.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) provide the information needed to enable safe handling of hazardous
substances at work.
Employers should ensure all employees have ready access to the MSDS for any hazardous substance used
in the course of their work.
The relevant MSDS will provide information concerning the type of personal protective equipment required
when using a hazardous substances and should be considered in the selection of personal protective
equipment.
Protective equipment should be:
1. Properly selected and fitted for the individual and the task.
2. Readily available.
3. Clean and functional.
4. Appropriately stored and not left in a spray booth.
5. Properly maintained.
Failure to provide the proper cleaning and maintenance will not ensure the required level of protection is
provided, possibly resulting in serious or fatal injuries.
A proper maintenance program should include procedures for:
1. Regular cleaning and disinfecting of the equipment as follows:
a. Non-disposable respirators should be maintained in good working order and cleaned after use.
205 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Spray Painting
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Spray Painting
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
b. Equipment or clothing which is not designated for the exclusive use of one person and could be used by
another, must be cleaned and disinfected after each use.
2. Drying the equipment.
3. Inspection for any defects.
4. Identification and repair or replacement of any worn or defective components of equipment.
5. Clean storage of equipment when not in use. The cleaned respirator should be packed in a sealed plastic
bag or a similar dust proof container to prevent contamination and stored in a location where it will not be
damaged.
6. Employees to report damaged, defective or lost equipment to a nominated person responsible for repair
or replacement.
Ignition sources in confined
spaces
Inhalation of toxic vapours
Fire
Explosion
As a substantial volume of flammable vapour will accumulate in confined spaces, all of the ignition sources
listed as follows should be eliminated prior to the commencement of spraying.
1. Electrical sparks and arcs generated by the discharge of static electricity from poorly earthed equipment
electrical short-circuits.
2. Naked flames, such as burner flames, welding or cutting torches, matches, cigarette lighters, heaters and
burning material.
3. Lit cigarettes and pipes.
4. Portable, battery powered equipment e.g. radios, mobile phones etc.
5. Hot surfaces, such as operating internal combustion engines, frictional sparks, heated wires, glowing
metals, overheated bearings and broken electric light bulbs that expose the hot filament.
6. Equipment that produces sparks, such as abrasive grinding wheels.
7. Catalytic reactions, for example peroxide hardeners.
8. Products which can be self-heating or result in spontaneous combustion.
206 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Spray Painting
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Spray Painting
Hazards
Spray painting in a confined
space
Possible Consequences
Inhalation of toxic vapours
Fire
Explosion
Safe Work Practices
When spraying in a confined space where the ventilation is inadequate, toxic concentrations of vapours will
be formed and a substantial volume of flammable vapour will accumulate.
Toxic vapours in a confined space should be reduced as far as practicable. Ventilation should be achieved
by natural, forced or mechanical means to establish and maintain a safe atmosphere.
Fresh air should be drawn into a confined space from an uncontaminated source, and the contaminated air
exhausted to a location which will not present a hazard or re-enter the confined space.
Ensure this type of ventilation is continued throughout the period of occupancy.
When spray painting in a confined space, it may not be possible, even with the assistance of mechanical
ventilation, to reduce the concentration of hazardous spray painting substances to levels that will not
adversely affect the health of employees.
Under these circumstances, the employer should ensure the concentration of the contaminants is reduced to
the minimum practicable level and employees are provided with:
1. A full face hood continuous flow supplied air line respirator.
2. Overalls and appropriate chemically-resistant gloves where the substance being sprayed can irritate,
sensitise or be absorbed by the skin.
Spray painting outside of a
booth
Inhalation of toxic vapours
Fire
Explosion
Skin irritant
Where it is not practicable to do the spray painting in a booth and it is carried out in a building or structure
other than a confined space:
1. The building or structure should be of open construction.
2. A mechanical exhaust system should be used to prevent the build-up of flammable or toxic fumes.
A spray paint exclusion zone, with restrictions on entry, should be designated around the area where the
spray painting is being carried out.
Exclusion zones should have at least 6 metres horizontal and 2 metres vertical clearance above and below
the place where the paint is being applied. However, in determining the size of the exclusion zone, the
following factors need to be considered:
207 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Spray Painting
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Spray Painting
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
1. The nature of the substance being sprayed.
2. The work environment, including wind speed, ambient temperature and humidity.
3. Fire and explosion hazards.
4. The location and physical conditions of the site.
5. Whether other people are likely to be in the vicinity. Relocation of employees, who are not involved in
spray painting activities, may be necessary to other parts of the workplace .
Greater vertical clearance may be required when spray painting in stairwells and other areas which allow
vertical movement of vapours.
Once a spray paint exclusion zone has been established, a number of procedures can be used to control
risks. These include:
1. Physical barriers and warning signs to prevent unprotected persons from entering the exclusion zone.
2. Shrouding of the area where spraying is to occur.
3. Restricted entry of unprotected persons into the exclusion zone for a time period that ensures airborne
concentrations of hazardous substances have reduced to below the relevant exposure standards.
4. Removal of hazardous substances that are not immediately needed for spray painting work, to reduce
unnecessary exposure and fire or explosion risks.
5. Removal of stored wastes such as solvent-soaked rags and waste paint from within the exclusion zone to
control fire or explosion risks.
6. Removal of electrical and ignition sources, including smoking, from within the exclusion zone to control
fire and explosion risks.
7. Restriction of spraying when wind speed is greater than 15 kilometres per hour.
8. Restriction of spraying close to adjacent premises or a greater separation where carparks and other
sensitive property is located.
208 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Spray Painting
Sources
WorkSafe Western Australia - Safetyline - Spray Painting
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Consideration should also be given to ensure spray drift in walkways, public areas and air conditioning intake
vents is also controlled.
Persons other than the spray painter should not enter the exclusion zone during a spray painting operation
unless equivalent personal protective equipment is worn.
A sign stating SPRAY PAINTING AREA - AUTHORISED PERSONNEL ONLY should be prominently
displayed at the exclusion zone.
209 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Formwork
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
Hazards
Formwork installation
Possible Consequences
Collapse
Crushing
Objects falling from height
Safe Work Practices
Ensure that formwork is not removed before the specified concrete strength is achieved.
Install a suitable type of safety screen to enclose the area and to prevent the accidental fall of workers or
materials.
Develop safe work procedures for stripping, cleaning, transporting and re-erection of formwork components.
Ensure signs, alerting workers that formwork stripping is in progress, are placed around the work site.
Before concrete is poured, an experienced person should inspect the formwork and falsework against the
agreed design.
The falsework should be inspected before, during and after the concrete pour.
Plans regarding the formwork should always be kept on site for the duration of the work and should be
presented in a way that is easily understood by persons erecting the formwork.
Ensure that the ground beneath the sole plates and base plates of falsework is stable.
Ensure there is sufficient back propping from the previously poured slab to support the formwork.
Ensure that falsework standards/props are plumb and loaded concentrically.
Ensure the correct pins are used in the falsework props and that the falsework is tied and braced at all
times.
Ensure there is sufficient support between the formwork and the concrete slab to prevent 'punching shear'.
Always ensure that good quality timber and materials are used for bearers. Be aware that timber strength is
reduced after repeated use.
Protruding reinforcing bars should be capped to eliminate danger to formworkers.
Ensure that the construction is able to withstand various forms of loading:
1. Live loads: formworkers, reinforcing steel, materials and equipment, vibration, mounding of concrete,
impact from traffic and plant.
210 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Formwork
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
2. Dead loads: formwork assembly, screens and other equipment required to perform the work.
3. Environmental loads: wind and rain etc.
There should be continuous supervision of the formwork by a spotter. Examples of where spotters could be
placed include:
1. At the bottom of wall forms.
2. In the vicinity of a deck being poured.
3. On wall forms e.g. lifts and stair shafts, dams, silos.
A system of communication should be put in place between the formwork supervising personnel and the
concrete placing crews in case of emergency.
The placement of concrete should be on the inboard part of any formwork before proceeding to a cantilever
section to maintain stability of the forms.
Formworkers working at
height
Falling from height
Falling objects
Formworkers should not walk on formply after the application of stripping oil.
Barricades or covers should be provided for all floor and deck openings.
Ensure there is perimeter guarding on open decks.
Ensure that all vertical reinforcing steel is bent or capped to eliminate impalement if a formworker falls.
Formworkers should use ramps, stairs or ladders for access to and from work platforms.
Formworkers should wear approved life jackets or buoyancy vests when working over water.
Areas below elevated work surfaces should be kept free of stacked materials and debris piles.
Ensure work is planned so that formworkers do not work below each other.
Railings, toeboards or screens should be used wherever possible to provide protection from falling objects.
The work should be planned so the formworkers are not exposed to suspended loads.
212 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Formwork
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Safety lines should be attached to tools as required.
Ensure that platforms, deck areas, floors, stairs, ramps, walkways and other working surfaces are cleaned
and clear of obstructions.
Work activities on site
Hearing damage
Exposure to sun
Flying debris
The following protective equipment should be worn, and employees should be trained in the safe use and
maintenance of:
1. Helmets - have wide brimmed attachments on helmets to protect from direct sunlight.
2. Safety footwear - steel capped boots.
3. Hearing protection e.g. ear muffs. In addition, plant and equipment such as compressors should have
noise suppression e.g. silencers.
4. Safety glasses/sun glasses.
5. Gloves where appropriate.
Gantries should be put in place as required to protect members of the public near the formwork activity.
Lighting should be provided where natural light is insufficient for work to proceed safely. When relying on
artificial lighting, multiple light sources should be used to prevent glare or shadow problems.
Ensure all loose material that can be dislodged by wind, storms etc. are made secure before leaving the
work area.
212 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Aluminium Framing
Sources
Queensland Government WorkPlace Health and Safety Department of Training and Industrial Relations
Hazards
Cutting and fixing aluminium
framing
Possible Consequences
Cuts/lacerations
Back injury
Electrical shock
Muscle strain
Safe Work Practices
Ensure as much metal as possible is cut off site.
Cutting activities should be isolated from other workers.
Ensure that employees cutting metals and using hammer drills always wear appropriate hearing and eye
protection e.g. ear muffs, safety glasses or goggles.
Other employees should be informed before cutting activities commence.
A clean work area should be maintained.
Ensure that the general public is isolated from the work area by hoardings, barriers and signage.
Employees should wear protective gloves to prevent injuries from fixed sharp edges.
Employees should wear eye protection when working above head height as adhesive burns, dust and other
objects (screws etc. in the eyes) could cause injuries.
When using glues and adhesives, refer to Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for safe work practices,
storage and handling.
Lifting aluminium in teams
Back injury
Muscle strain
Sufficient number of employees should be used for awkward and large lifts i.e. use team lifting.
When organising a lift, it is critical to ensure that:
a. There is a sufficient number of persons on the team.
b. One person is selected to co-ordinate the lift.
c. Each member of the team are of similar capacity, and they know their responsibilities during the lift.
d. Suitable training has been provided.
e. The lift has been planned.
213 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Concrete Pumping
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Anchor brackets
Possible Consequences
Structural failure
Safe Work Practices
When working with anchor brakes ensure that:
1. Enough anchor brackets and tie-downs are used to sufficiently secure the system (no more than 3 m
apart).
2. On a vertical (riser) line, that brackets are securely fixed to the wall or to the edge of each floor slab (no
more than 3 m apart).
3. Friction fasteners are not used as bracket hold down bolts.
Concrete pipelines
Pipe collapse/burst
When laying a pipeline, ensure that:
1. Unnecessary bends are avoided.
2. Horizontal pipelines are sufficiently supported.
3. Each section of pipe in a vertical pipeline is supported to avoid extra load on the pipe clamp.
4. The 90 degree bend at the base altering the direction of the concrete line from horizontal to vertical is
equipped with a leg sitting firmly on the ground sufficient to stop any movement in the vertical line which may
snap off the first clamp.
5. Vertical lines are positively secured to the building.
6. Cranes or hoist towers, scaffolding or form work are not used to secure the line, as this method may not
be capable of taking the impact load when pumping concrete through the line.
7. All metal pipes and pipeline components are identified and checked.
Delivery hose
Structural failure
Ensure that the rubber delivery hose is always checked for damage before being fitted.
Where the delivery hose is positioned over or above any working or public areas, it should be fitted with a
suitable stop at the outlet end.
Care should be taken to avoid any damage to the hose when in use.
215 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Concrete Pumping
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
The delivery hose fitting on a boom pump should be secured in position by a safety chain, sling, or other
retaining device.
Hydraulic systems
Skin penetration
Never use your hand when searching for leaks in hydraulic systems. If any fluid is injected into the skin it
must be surgically removed within a few hours or gangrene may result.
A piece of cardboard or wood should be used when searching for leaks.
Lack of personal protective
equipment
Hit by falling objects
Hearing damage
Slipping / tripping
Wear the following suitable protective equipment when working with and around concrete pumps:
1. Safety helmets.
2. Eye protection.
3. Hearing protection.
4. Reflective safety vests.
5. Gloves.
6. Safety boots or rubber boots.
7. Waterproof clothing.
Ensure that each pump unit is equipped with the following items:
1. First aid kit (must include eye wash).
2. Fire extinguishers (as appropriate).
3. Sufficient reflective traffic cones (minimum 450 mm high).
Lack of training and
Personal injury
Information, training, and instruction for employees should include:
215 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Concrete Pumping
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
supervision
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
1. The work processes used in the setting up and safe operation of concrete placing booms and pumps.
2. The method for inspection and maintenance of concrete pumping equipment.
3. The manufacturer's operation and service manuals.
4. The correct use, care and storage of personal protective equipment.
5. The correct use, care and storage of tools and equipment, including electrical safety practices.
6. Procedures in the event of accident or injury.
Supervisors should:
1. Ensure that only those employees who have received training and instruction are authorised to carry out
that work.
2. Incorporate adequate monitoring to ensure that the safe work practices are being adhered to, including
protective systems and personal protection equipment.
Line cleaning (on site)
Explosion
Ensure that only trained and experienced staff carry out line cleaning.
Extreme care should be taken when using compressed air to clean the pipelines to ensure that nothing
inside the pipeline acts as a high-velocity projectile.
The following precautions should be monitored when line cleaning:
1. There should always be a connection to atmosphere (air relief valve), as well as the air entry point to the
pipeline, which will allow the system to be depressurised before removing any pipeline.
2. Always detach the rubber delivery hose at the END of the pipeline, so that the hose cannot whip around
dangerously, in case the line is blown out.
3. A positive catchment device should be fitted to the discharge end of the pipeline to safely catch the
cleaning device but at the same time allow the concrete to flow.
216 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Concrete Pumping
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
4. Keep all employees away from the discharge end while the concrete is under pressure.
5. Never attempt to take a line apart to clean out a blockage or to dismantle it until after the pressure has
been relieved.
Location
Hit by vehicle
Clear access and sufficient lighting should be provided around the unit at all times for permanent or
semi-permanent set-up areas.
Ensure that the working area is safe from other traffic, and a sign clearly stating "Concrete Pump Area" is
posted.
Pipe clamps
Structural failure
When using quick release pipe clamps on permanently fixed lines (horizontal or vertical), ensure that:
1. Locking pins are used and are engaged.
2. All pipe clamps are regularly inspected for signs of wear and fatigue.
3. Pipe clamps presenting any deformation or damage are immediately replaced.
4. Pipe clamps which are manufactured without provisions for locking pins (or that cannot sustain the applied
pressure exerted by the concrete pump), are not used.
Pipe movement
Structural failure
Where excessive pipe movement occurs in temporary laid lines due to the surging action of the pump,
ensure that:
1. Extra anchorage methods are used to restrict the line movement, especially at bends and elbows.
2. A short wire-braided high pressure hose is installed between the concrete pump and pipelines following
the manufacturer's recommendations.
Poor site preparation
Tipping over of pump
Crushing
1. The pump should not be positioned over or next to:
a. Previously disturbed ground, which has been back-filled.
218 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Concrete Pumping
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
b. Holes, excavations or trenches.
c. Cellars, basements or pits.
d. Insufficiently compacted or soft ground.
2. Pump units should be set up level, or ensure that the incline or angle of the machine does not exceed the
manufacturer's recommendations (refer to operating instruction manual).
3. If outriggers are needed:
a. Sufficient hardwood timbers should be supplied for the purpose of packing the base plate.
b. Ensure the outrigger's pads are clear of excavations, soft or filled ground, or other obstacles, which could
interfere with the safe use of the machine.
c. Regular checks should be made to ensure the stability of outriggers.
4. The operator should immediately notify the principal contractor if the ground is not firm or is near an
excavation, to re-locate to a more stable location.
5. Unauthorised persons should not be allowed around the machine and associated equipment.
6. Ensure that the area is kept safe from other traffic.
7. Ensure that concrete delivery trucks have a clear and safe access to approach and leave the receiving
hopper of the pump.
8. If more than one truck is likely to approach the receiving hopper at any one time, the hirer of the pump
should make a traffic controller or spotter available to safely direct the movement of the concrete delivery
trucks.
9. The height of the concrete receiving hopper should allow a gravity flow of concrete into it.
10. Where low slump concrete is used, additional ramping may be required for concrete delivery trucks.
219 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Concrete Pumping
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Preparation for road travel
Possible Consequences
Hit by moving object
Safe Work Practices
All outriggers (whether hydraulic or manual) should be secured with a locking devise, and stowed in a
travelling position to ensure that there is no lateral movement.
All loose components (such as pipes, couplings and tools etc.) should be stowed securely.
Ensure that all drives are disengaged to hydraulic pumps (for operating the concrete pump), boom and/or
outriggers, and put the controls in the OFF position.
Tie down straps should be used when travelling (i.e. a rear strap to the "A" frame, and a front strap to hold
the sections of the boom together), to ensure there is no lateral movement, or jumping.
Air operated devices for "Engage" and "Disengage" of PTO drives must be of an approved type and brand,
and should have a positive feel for the "in" and "out" position with a warning light when engaged (if able to be
operated independently).
Pump cleaning (on site)
Hit by flying object
Before anybody places any part of their body into a pump opening, it should be shut down and the controls
actuated to exhaust any accumulated hydraulic or air pressures which may allow the elements to move or
rotate, even if the engine is stopped.
When cleaning, another person should be close by to provide assistance if required.
Receiving hopper
Crushed
Ensure that the receiving hopper of the concrete pump is arranged in a way that it can receive a concrete
flow readily from the discharge chute of a concrete delivery truck.
A grill should be fitted to prevent access to dangerous moving parts, such as to the feed or agitator
mechanisms and the valve gear.
If the grill can be lifted, ensure that it is connected to a cut-out switch, which is designed to isolate the
agitator shaft .
The grill should have parallel bars, which are spaced in a way that a person's hand cannot become trapped
(this spacing should not exceed 75 mm).
Ensure that the distance from the top of the grill to any moving parts is at least 100 mm.
220 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Concrete Pumping
Sources
Workplace Health and Safety, Queensland Government Department of Industrial Relations
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice Excavation and Shafts for Foundations
Hazards
Setting-up concrete pump
Possible Consequences
Personal injury
Inhalation of fumes
Explosion
Hearing damage
Burst pipes/fittings
Safe Work Practices
Nobody should stand between the hopper and the reversing concrete delivery truck. - refer picture.
When setting-up a concrete pump in a street or any other public place, the pedestrians should be directed to
an alternative footpath and protective screens should be erected or fitted around the pump .
Sufficient ventilation should be maintained while operating a pump to prevent the build-up of exhaust gases.
When a concrete pump is located in a confined or enclosed area where there is a likelihood of build-up of
gases from internal combustion engines, the exhaust gases should be directed away from employees to the
open air.
Ensure that appropriate hearing protection equipment is provided by the operators of the concrete pumps
e.g. ear muffs.
Gauges on the concrete pump should be accurate and of a size and style that is easy to read.
All instruments should be visually checked and tested on a regular basis. All replacements (as
recommended by the manufacturer) should be recorded in the pump's log book.
Setting-up near powerlines or
electrical equipment
Electrocution
When setting up near power lines, the following precautions should be strictly observed:
a. The minimum distance requirements from power lines should be observed by boom pumps. - refer
picture.
b. The wind conditions, such as swinging overhead powerlines should be accounted for when setting
distances for the boom from powerlines.
Consider all powerlines or electrical conductors LIVE unless they are positively identified to be isolated from
all sources of power supply.
Ensure that a permit is obtained indicating that all powerlines and electrical conductors have been
de-energised.
220 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Operations
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Contact with electricity
Possible Consequences
Electric shock
Safe Work Practices
Mobile construction plant used on demolition sites should always be fitted with a FOPS (except for hired in
cranes used solely for lifting) .
The following precautions should be taken when cranes and mechanical plant are working near overhead
electric wires:
1. All lines should be treated as live.
2. A minimum clear distance of 4 m must be maintained from the lines unless otherwise permitted in writing
by the local electrical supply authority.
Daily visual checks should be carried out of all lifting equipment.
Ensure there is a six monthly check and certifying of lifting equipment such as chains, strops etc.
Demolition Operations Environmental
Inhalation
Falling objects
Fire
Explosion
GENERAL WORK:
Structures must not be left in a condition in which they could be brought down by a moderate earthquake,
moderate wind storm or vibration from traffic or plant.
Ensure debris including loaded vehicles, chutes, floors, stairways and other places are watered down
frequently to prevent dust becoming a nuisance or health hazard.
Demolished materials should be lowered to the ground, and the debris sent down in skips or enclosed
chutes.
Material should only be dropped when adequate precautions have been taken for the safety of employees,
public and any adjacent property.
Debris should not be burned on site, unless permits have been obtained.
When loading trucks or trailers, care must be taken not to tip debris over the far side of the truck or trailer.
Loading should only be done on the demolition site when permission has been given to load on the street.
221 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Operations
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Deliberate burning of buildings should not be used as a method of demolition.
Portable fire extinguishers should be kept in working areas and maintained in an operable condition.
If possible, a sprinkler system that is installed in the building being demolished should be maintained in an
operable condition on each level as long as possible.
The site should be checked at the end of each work day to ensure no smouldering material is left that could
start a fire.
WELDING OR CUTTING WORK:
When carrying out welding or cutting work, remove any combustible material to a safe place.
Fire extinguisher equipment must be readily available and employees should be trained in their use.
In general, water based fire extinguishers are suitable for demolition sites.
Standpipes and hoses should be set up prior to cutting. Surrounding debris that cannot be removed should
be thoroughly wetted down.
Cutting should be suspended two hours before the end of daily operations if there is a possibility of
flammable material catching fire from smouldering.
Ensure oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles are not left free-standing.
Demolition Operations People
Falling objects
Falling from height
Hearing injury/loss
GENERAL:
A competent person should be constantly in charge during the demolition.
Although the term competent is not defined in the OSH Code of Practice it may generally be taken to mean a
person who:
1. Thorough training, qualifications, experience or a combination of these has acquired the knowledge.
2. Having the skills that are needed for them to correctly and safely perform a specified task.
222 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Operations
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
Employees should be provided with and use the following personal protective equipment as appropriate:
1. Safety helmets and safety footwear must be worn at all times on demolition sites (operators may remove
their helmets while inside Falling Object Protective Structures - FOPS protected cab).
2. Goggles, face shields and safety glasses, welding goggles and welding helmets.
3. Hearing protection e.g. ear muffs, disposable fibre or foam ear plugs.
4. Safety belts.
5. Safety gloves.
6. Appropriate respirators for dust or chemicals.
PUBLIC SAFETY:
Where there is a possibility of falling debris, a gantry or a protective screen of sufficient strength should be
provided over the footpath adjacent to the building.
For gantries, the roof should be weather proof and decked with a minimum of 50 mm timber planking or
equivalent, depending on the span and loading.
Where there is no danger of falling debris but there are dust, water, sparks or other demolition hazards, a
hoarding or fence erected on the boundaries of the site may be sufficient to protect the public.
Fences and hoardings should be difficult to climb and should be at least 2 m in height from the ground level
on the side accessible to the public.
Fences should be constructed using galvanised chain link netting (50 x 50 mm) with posts at 2.5 m centres.
Hoardings should be constructed using continuous sturdy cladding.
224 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Operations
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Hazards that could attract children should be fenced off.
Signs should be placed at several points around the site to inform the public that demolition is in progress
and that danger exists.
Flag bearers should be stationed at truck entrance and exit points when trucks are operating.
During the hours of darkness, warning lights should be used to warn of barricades and debris. Holes which
present a hazard must be covered.
Road kerbs and stormwater drains should be kept clear of material to prevent flooding.
In busy inner city areas, the more hazardous stages of demolition should be carried out during non-working
hours i.e. evenings or weekends, or during off peak working hours.
Demolition Operations Structures
Slips/trips/falls
Crushing
Cuts/lacerations
BUILDINGS:
Remove all glass from windows before demolition begins.
Window openings on street frontages or adjacent to access ways should be blocked off.
Openings in walls, floors, roofs and stairwells should be boarded up or provided with a guard rail to prevent
falls.
Areas where flooring has been removed should be barricaded off and notices erected to warn of the danger
at each point of entry.
All stairs or installed ladders should be checked prior to use. Never assume they are sound.
When stairs or installed ladders are in good condition leave them as a means of access or egress for as
long as possible.
When dismantling pitched roof trusses, the last frame should be guyed before the second to last truss is
removed because its stability depends on the support of adjacent members.
As supports and buttresses are removed, bracing should be provided to stabilise the remaining structure.
224 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Operations
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Avoid leaving free-standing walls by reducing the building in small lifts.
Never leave isolated walls or potentially unstable structures unpropped, unless they are stable against wind
and other forces likely to affect them.
When demolishing a reinforced concrete floor, it may be necessary to remove a small section first, in order
to determine the direction of the main steel.
Provide support for beams before cutting them free of columns and walls if necessary.
Columns should be guyed before cutting or weakening the base, so that their fall is controlled.
Clear openings should be made in floors to allow debris to pass through.
When demolishing pre-stressed concrete structures, professional advice should be obtained from a suitable
and experienced registered engineer. A demolition plan or method statement is required.
In general, the only safe way to demolish a structure containing pre-stressed concrete is to dismantle the
structure in the reverse order in which it was originally erected.
Before work commences ensure Demolition Safety Checklist is completed - refer picture.
Exposure to noise
Hearing injury/loss
Excessive noise can be reduced by:
1. Using silencers on jackhammers.
2. Using compressors insulated against noise.
3. Organising and designing work practices to minimise the number of people exposed and the noise levels
to which they are exposed to.
4. If excessive noise remains after all other practicable noise control measures have been implemented,
appropriate hearing protection should be provided and worn - refer picture.
Maximum acceptable noise levels are 85dB(A) averaged over an 8 hour work exposure period and 140
225 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Operations
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
dB(C) for peak noise.
To protect the general public and occupiers of adjoining properties of harmful noise, the contractor should
comply with the requirements of NZS6803 Measurement and assessment of noise from construction work.
Health hazards
Inhalation
Ingestion
The main hazards to health during demolition work are:
1. Exposure to asbestos dust, chiefly from insulation materials, fire protective cladding, ceilings and lagging
to steam and chemical plant.
2. Lead poisoning from the inhalation of fumes during flame cutting of steelwork coated with lead paint.
3. Exposure to silica dust through demolition operations.
4. Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) when dismantling electrical capacitors and transformers.
Safe Work Practices for exposure to asbestos dust and lead poisoning are detailed in full in the ACC
WorkSafe Construction Industry CD Rom.
Safe Work Practices for silica and PCBs are referred to in the chemical section of this CD Rom.
Exposure to diesel exhaust fumes has several serious effects:
1. Breathing in exhaust fumes can cause nausea and dizziness.
2. Eye irritation including itching, burning and itchy eyes.
3. Sore throat and nose. Coughing, wheezing and tight chest.
4. Damage to blood and circulatory systems.
5. Carbon monoxide poisoning.
6. Headaches, fatigue, stomach pains and diarrhoea.
Ensure that there is sufficient ventilation when using mechanical plant in confined or enclosed areas due to
226 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Operations
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
the danger of exhaust fumes.
1. Ensure all machinery is maintained to a high standard.
2. Replace worn out exhaust systems.
3. Replace damaged manifolds.
4. Do not allow exhaust products to blow back on the operator.
5. Newer engines will produce less hydrocarbons and particles.
6. Avoid using machinery in confined spaces.
Unauthorised access to site
Personal injury
The contractor should ensure that no unauthorised persons are allowed onto the site during demolition.
Where persons are permitted to remove or purchase materials from the demolition site, safe access and
egress should be ensured.
227 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Planning
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Concrete structures
Possible Consequences
Personal injury
Safe Work Practices
Concrete structures should be examined for signs of damage due to the corrosion of reinforcement or
damage to concrete. Additions and alterations may require additional controls.
Special buildings include but are not limited to pre-cast concrete tilt slab structures, frame structures of
pre-cast concrete, column beam slab construction and pre-stressed concrete structures.
Carry out a full investigation to determine the type of structural frame work before demolition begins, and
follow the advice of a registered engineer.
Dangerous structures
Personal injury
If there are indications that the structure is dangerous, check with the appropriate authority, as they may
know about the type of construction, and the possible damage or cause of weakness.
Ask for a site file with any notes on special features.
Inadequate pre-demolition
checks
Inhalation of toxic material
Electrocution
Fire
Explosion
Every demolition job no matter how small must be planned, identify the hazards and consider the
precautions to be taken. The following pre-demolition site checks should be undertaken:
GENERAL:
Ensure the site, building or structure and its contents are checked for likely hazards prior to work
commencing.
Verifications may include asbestos, electric power lines or cables, gas reticulation, telecommunications,
unsafe structures, and fire and explosion hazards e.g. combustible dust.
Plan for the protection of pedestrian and vehicle movements. Provide traffic control facilities and ensure
footpaths are maintained in a safe condition.
ADJOINING BUILDINGS:
Find out if there are any restrictions concerning right of support to adjacent buildings.
Adjacent buildings could be affected by the demolition e.g. they might rely for support on the building to be
demolished, have shallow foundations, contain poorly stacked or fragile materials.
228 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Planning
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
USE OF THE BUILDING:
Find out what the building was used for in the past e.g. there may be dangers from explosives or flammable
substances, toxic substances, lead, asbestos and radioactive substances.
Asbestos should be removed prior to the demolition.
Check if a dangerous goods licence has ever been issued for underground tanks.
PUBLIC SERVICES:
Prior to work commencing, all services, either underground or above ground such as gas, water, electricity,
drains, telephone cables etc, should be located and clearly identified for employees on site.
Ensure all services are either disconnected or diverted at the site boundary, or suitably protected to the
approval of the appropriate authority.
When constructing boundary fences or gantries, ensure that their foundations do not strike public utilities
that are still in use.
Inadequate structural
inspections
Falls
BUILDING PLANS:
Ensure that all available plans of the building or buildings where necessary have been examined, but be
aware that the original drawings may not be a true record of what was built.
When the nature of the construction is uncertain, a special investigation should be carried out using the
advice of a registered engineer.
If heavy plant and machinery is planned to be used on the roofs and floor or where it is intended to load
debris on roofs and floors, the allowable loadings must be determined, as propping or strengthening may be
necessary.
"No Go" areas for plant and machinery should be fenced off to avoid confusion as to what is safe and what
is not.
ROOFS:
229 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Planning
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Check the condition of roof trusses, and identify and mark any bracing that is essential for its stability.
Check the nature and condition of roof cladding. If it is brittle special precautions must be taken to prevent
employees from falling through the roof. In particular, care must be taken with corrugated plastic and
asbestos cement roofing.
WALLS:
Identify and mark load bearing walls, and check whether party or cross walls are properly bonded into front
and rear walls.
Check the thickness and condition of walls and gables, which are to remain after the demolition has been
completed. Take particular note of any reduction in wall thickness.
The affect on the remaining buildings due to the removal of buttressing walls should also be considered.
Consult a registered engineer if necessary.
CANTILEVERED STRUCTURES:
The stability of cantilevered structures, such as staircases, balconies, cornices etc, which are fixed to a
building are likely to be affected when adjoining structural members in the building are removed.
BASEMENTS, CELLARS AND VAULTS:
If a basement, cellar or vault adjoins another property, any party walls or adjoining cellar walls should be
inspected to determine if they are strong enough to withstand resultant ground pressure.
If they are not, the proposed methods of strengthening them should be subject to an assessment by a
registered engineer.
If a basement, cellar or vault is completely surrounded by ground and is to be backfilled, all organic matter
should be removed and replaced with inorganic material and consolidated to ground level.
If a basement has been built in ground with a high water table, adequate precautions should be taken to
prevent flotation.
231 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Planning
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
WELLS AND UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS:
Ensure that wells and underground storage tanks are tested for flammable vapours or any other hazardous
gases if there is any suspicion that such vapours or gases are present.
Contents of storage tanks should not be just tipped out until the contents have been identified and a safe
disposal method agreed upon.
Tanks previously containing Class 3 (Flammable Liquids) require an approved procedure as well as daily
gas free certificates.
FIRE DAMAGED BUILDINGS:
Fire reduces the structure's ability to act as a load platform for plant, people and materials. As a result, great
uncertainty exists concerning what might happen when various actions are taken.
It is necessary that a thorough inspection is undertaken prior to demolition commencing. The following
should be looked for during the inspection:
1. Evaluate the fire temperature and locate areas where material strengths appear reduced and deflections
larger than normal - refer picture.
2. Look for shear failures of connections.
3. Evaluate concrete strengths and identify areas of weakness or collapse.
4. Look for cracked concrete members, even those remote from fire.
5. Check if structural steel requiring compression flange restraint has lost that restraint i.e. purlins or floor
joists.
6. With composite flooring check for shear failure.
7. Where loss of strength has occurred in beams, columns or their connections additional propping may be
necessary to ensure stability.
231 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Demolition Planning
Sources
OSH, Department of Labour - Approved Code of Practice for Demolition
ACT WorkCover Safe Demolition Work
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
8. Before any work starts ensure that internal areas are well ventilated, and be aware that some debris may
be toxic. Take particular care if the building has been used to store chemicals.
Lack of demolition plan
Personal injury
Fire
Electrocution
Inhalation of toxic material
Explosion
A written demolition plan should be available and contain the following points:
1. The extent of the work.
2. The type of plant to be used.
3. The proposed method of removing each part of the structure e.g. roof, walls, floors and foundations.
The plan should also include a hazard identification assessment and control methods.
The plan should outline precautions for the safety of employees on site and persons in the vicinity, and
include the emergency procedures.
The plan should cover dust and noise controls, and safety for the public.
Before work starts a demolition safety checklist should be completed - refer picture.
232 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Paint Stripping/Removal
Sources
Alberta Human Resources and Employment
Hazards
Exposure to solvents
Possible Consequences
Dermatitis
Eye damage and irritation
Fire
Safe Work Practices
The least possible amount of stripping solution should be used. This will minimise the evaporation of
solvents into the air.
Whenever possible, stripping solutions that do not contain methylene chloride should be used.
Dip tanks or open containers of stripping solutions should be covered when not in use.
Scrapped materials should be disposed of in a covered/sealed container. This will reduce solvent vapours in
the area.
When paint stripping, adequate ventilation systems should be used. The most effective ventilation design for
controlling solvent vapours is a local exhaust system which captures contaminants at the point of generation.
When mechanical ventilation cannot adequately protect the worker, respirators are required.
It is important that ventilation systems draw airborne contaminants away from the breathing zone of
employees.
Use paint strippers outdoors if possible. If they have to be used indoors, cross-ventilate by opening all doors
and windows.
Ventilate the area before, during and after applying and stripping.
If working indoors, ensure that employees always work so the stripper fumes are blowing away from them
and to the outside.
A fan can be used to improve cross-ventilation and to ensure fresh air movement.
Avoid eating, drinking or smoking when removing paint.
Appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves should be used. No glove will provide total
protection and therefore every effort should be made to minimise hand contact.
Gloves of neoprene or nitrile rubber, industrial weight lined gauntlet are recommended. Check with safety
equipment suppliers depending on the solvents being used.
Solvent resistant eye protection such as goggles or safety glasses with side shields should always be worn
when paint stripping.
233 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Paint Stripping/Removal
Sources
Alberta Human Resources and Employment
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
If the solvent contains methylene chloride, a supplied air respirator MUST BE USED when other controls fail
to provide workers with adequate protection.
Always read and follow all the instructions and safety precautions on the label.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be obtained from the supplier of the solvent. This outlines safe
procedures for handling and storing specific products.
Do not use flammable paint strippers near any source of sparks, flame or high heat. Open flames,
cigarettes, matches, lighters, pilot lights or electric sparks can cause the chemicals in the paint strippers to
catch fire.
234 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Roofing
Sources
Roofing Association of NZ, Guideline for safe working at height for residential and light commercial roofing
Victoria WorkCover
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSH, Department of Labour - Health and Safety Construction Bulletin
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for the prevention of falls
Working on roofs, Health and Safety Executive
Safeguards, Government of South Australia
Hazards
Access onto roofs
Possible Consequences
Falling from height
Safe Work Practices
Properly constructed safe access must be provided to all roof areas where work is to be carried out.
Such access must take into account the tools or equipment that need to be carried up to or onto the roof.
Ladder towers are preferable to ladders.
If ladders are used for access:
1. Ladders should be secured to prevent movement sideways and slipping out from the base.
2. Persons should have a safe landing place when stepping off the ladder.
3. The stiles of the ladder should extend at least 1 m above the landing place.
4. Ladders are not sufficient where persons are expected to use their hands to carry tools or materials up
onto the roof.
All access equipment must comply with relevant New Zealand Standards.
Elevating work platforms or barrow hoists should never be used to gain access to the roof.
Brittle roofs
Falling through roof
All roofs should be treated as brittle because:
1. Translucent and brittle roofing materials may have weathered to become almost indistinguishable from
their surroundings.
235 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Roofing
Sources
Roofing Association of NZ, Guideline for safe working at height for residential and light commercial roofing
Victoria WorkCover
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSH, Department of Labour - Health and Safety Construction Bulletin
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for the prevention of falls
Working on roofs, Health and Safety Executive
Safeguards, Government of South Australia
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
2. Brittle areas may have been painted to match the rest of the roof.
3. Corrosion may have occurred because of the age or chemicals in the building can impair roofing material.
The following factors of the roof are also important to consider:
1. Thickness of the material.
2. The span between supports.
3. Sheet profile.
4. The type, number, position and quality of fixings.
5. The design of the supporting structure, e.g. the purlins.
6. The age of the material.
Any person required to be on the roof covered with fragile roofing materials should use walkways and crawl
boards.
Cover or guard all brittle and dangerous areas.
A bump rail may be used provided it is successful in keeping all people at least 2 metres away from the
brittle areas. A bump rail should not be used on roofs with greater than 5 degree pitch.
236 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Roofing
Sources
Roofing Association of NZ, Guideline for safe working at height for residential and light commercial roofing
Victoria WorkCover
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSH, Department of Labour - Health and Safety Construction Bulletin
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for the prevention of falls
Working on roofs, Health and Safety Executive
Safeguards, Government of South Australia
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
When working on a brittle roof, a short roof ladder should be laid from ridges on the opposite slope if
possible, or alongside to ease moving of a long roof ladder.
Alternatively when working on a brittle roof, two long roof ladders can be used where two persons, one at top
and one at bottom, can shift the ladders.
Take into account the weight of the tools and equipment an employee may be carrying on the roof.
Commencement of roofing
Falling from height
Falling through roof
Before commencing work on existing roofs, ensure it has been thoroughly inspected to determine its
strength. Check the following:
1. Check the condition of roof trusses, rafters, purlins and roof battens.
2. Identify all areas of fragile roofing such as cement sheeting and fibreglass skylights.
3. Check the fixing and strength of safety mesh paying particular attention to any signs of heavy corrosion.
4. Strengthen any suspect areas of roof support with temporary props or similar.
5. Securely cover, place safety netting directly below or fix temporary guardrailing around skylights and any
other roof openings.
Edge protection
Falling from height
Edge protection should be equal to or better than a guard rail.
237 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Roofing
Sources
Roofing Association of NZ, Guideline for safe working at height for residential and light commercial roofing
Victoria WorkCover
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSH, Department of Labour - Health and Safety Construction Bulletin
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for the prevention of falls
Working on roofs, Health and Safety Executive
Safeguards, Government of South Australia
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Edge protection should be erected from an elevated work platform, vehicle or suitable access platforms.
Edge protection should include a level platform 2 planks wide at eaves height on roofs over 45 degree pitch.
A mobile scaffold or scissor hoist can be used as long as it extends at least 2 m on either side of a line
directly up the slope of the roof to where employees are working.
Mobile scaffolding or scissors hoists must also sustain the additional overturning moment of an employee
sliding down a roof onto it. Lighter scaffolds and scissor hoists may be unstable unless ties or additional
stability is provided.
Hoisting roofing materials
Falling from height
Hit by falling objects
Cuts/lacerations
All bundles should be securely banded while being lifted by a crane.
Tag lines should be used to control the swinging of the bundles while they are out of reach.
When loading roofing materials, pay attention to:
1. Spreading the weight.
2. Weather conditions, such as high winds or wet weather.
3. The security of the materials once they are loaded on the roof.
Leather gloves should be worn while removing sheets from bundles to reduce the instance of cuts.
Bundles of roofing material should be placed evenly along the roof to avoid the need for walking with sheets.
238 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Roofing
Sources
Roofing Association of NZ, Guideline for safe working at height for residential and light commercial roofing
Victoria WorkCover
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSH, Department of Labour - Health and Safety Construction Bulletin
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for the prevention of falls
Working on roofs, Health and Safety Executive
Safeguards, Government of South Australia
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Workers on roofs receiving bundles of roofing material must have enough mobility to avoid the load if
needed.
Short duration work
Falling from height
If working nearer than 2 metres to any unguarded edge, safety harness should be used and they should be:
a. Appropriate for the user and in good condition - full harnesses are essential, safety belts are not sufficient.
b. Securely attached to an anchorage point of sufficient strength.
c. Fitted with as short a lanyard as possible that enables wearers to do their work.
Working on roofs
Falling from height
Hit by falling objects
Cuts/lacerations
Ensure that the area below roof work is isolated to protect people from falling materials, debris or tools e.g.
debris netting, covered walkways.
Nothing should ever be thrown from a roof. Use enclosed rubbish chutes or lower material instead.
The perimeter of the site should be free of obstacles and rubbish.
Any dangerous obstacles which cannot be removed (e.g. steel work), should be noted and additional
precautions taken when working above that point.
Erect clearly visible signs at all site entrances, advising and explaining that roofing is in progress and
advising visitors to keep off the site.
239 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Roofing
Sources
Roofing Association of NZ, Guideline for safe working at height for residential and light commercial roofing
Victoria WorkCover
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSH, Department of Labour - Health and Safety Construction Bulletin
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for the prevention of falls
Working on roofs, Health and Safety Executive
Safeguards, Government of South Australia
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
Consider adverse weather conditions and their effects, such as moisture conditions, wind speed, UV
radiation and sun glare.
Do not work on roofs in icy, rainy or windy conditions.
Before commencing work, check the roof height and pitch, the surface of the roofing material and the
surrounding environment (e.g. the site, reinforcing steel etc.).
Wear full-length trousers, and shirt, sunhat and use 15 plus sunscreen.
Ensure that roof workers wear sunglasses with safety lenses to avoid glare from metal deck roofs.
Ensure that roof workers wear protective footwear that gives them a non-slip and flexible grip on the roof
surface. Natural rubber, flexible-soled shoes are usually the best.
For the correct type of shoes in good condition on a clean dry surface, the following is a guide for the
steepest pitch which provides a secure footing:
1. Tile battens at 350 centres where the ball of the foot can be centred on the batten - 75 degree.
2. Chip-coated, concrete or unglazed roof tiles - 36 degree.
3. Powder-coated metal tiles, long-run or glazed tiles - 30 degrees.
Roof ladders should be used on roofs pitches over 30 degrees.
240 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Roofing
Sources
Roofing Association of NZ, Guideline for safe working at height for residential and light commercial roofing
Victoria WorkCover
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSH, Department of Labour - Health and Safety Construction Bulletin
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for the prevention of falls
Working on roofs, Health and Safety Executive
Safeguards, Government of South Australia
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
The bracket on the top of a crawl board or roof ladder should be sufficiently deep to reach over the ridge and
lap the roof framing.
If you are unsure whether a safety mesh is fitted, then consider the roof as unmeshed and dangerous.
As a minimum standard for working on all roof areas over 3 m high:
1. Areas that do not have a fall protection barrier, a fall arrest system should be used.
2. Surfaces that have a fall protection barrier that provides a secure footing may use either an edge
protection system, travel restriction system or a fall protection system.
3. All roof areas that do not have a fall-protection or secure footing require fall-protection systems in place. A
fall-protection barrier can be tile battens or roof framing at less than 500 mm centre to centre, roof safety
mesh or a work platform.
4. On roofs that do not provide secure footing, or are steeper than 30 degrees, fall protection, work
positioning systems or permanently installed access and platforms should be used.
Working with electrical
equipments
Electric shock
Cuts/lacerations
Slips/trips/falls
All electrical equipment should be used with an isolating transformer or RCD.
Take extra care with existing and live power wires. Machinery should not be used within 4 m of power wires.
Power tools should have guards in place.
Electrical leads should be regularly checked and ensure they are not a tripping hazard.
241 of 242
Tasks
Tasks >> Roofing
Sources
Roofing Association of NZ, Guideline for safe working at height for residential and light commercial roofing
Victoria WorkCover
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
OSH, Department of Labour - Health and Safety Construction Bulletin
OSH, Department of Labour - Guidelines for the prevention of falls
Working on roofs, Health and Safety Executive
Safeguards, Government of South Australia
Hazards
Possible Consequences
Safe Work Practices
242 of 242