Quarterly of the Horizon of Medical Sciences
Volume 21, Special Issue, 2015
Pages: 83-88
Type: Original Research
Efficiency of Concentrated Sunlight to Decrease Pathogenic
Bacteria by Photolysis and Solar Photocatalytic Processes; a Case
Study
Kianmehr M.1 PhD, Afshania M.2 PhD, Biglari H.2 MSc, Mohammadzade A.3 PhD, Yaghoobi M.* MSc
*”Student Research Committee” and “Environmental Health Engineering Department, Public Health Faculty”,
Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
1Medical Physics Department, Medical Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
2Environmental Health Engineering Department, Public Health Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical
Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
3Microbiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Abstract
Aims: As a highly developed oxidation process, the solar photo-catalytic
process is highly used to reduce the environmental pollutants. In addition, it
most sufficiently analyzes many organic pollutants and pathogenic microbial
agents, completely. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of the
photo-catalytic process in the removal of microbial pollutant of the refinery
wastewater of Gonabad Behshiran Dairy Factory.
Materials & Methods: In the cross-sectional study, samples of the refinery
wastewater of Gonabad Behshiran Dairy Factory were prepared in spring and
summer 2015. The processes were photolysis through concentrated sun light
(P1), photo-catalytic at the presence of concentrated sun light (P2), photocatalytic at the presence of normal sun light (P3), and photolysis with normal
sun light (P4). Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software using ANOVA.
Findings: Passing from spring to summer, there were increases in the intensity
of solar radiation, UV, and IR, while there was more change in UV. Using
concentrated sun light, microbial removal efficiency hugely increased in such a
way that there was a significant correlation between radiation intensity and
microbial removal efficiency in P2 and P3 processes.
Conclusion: Compared to normal sun light, the concentrated sun light
considerably reduces microbial load. In addition, TiO2 Nano-particles in photocatalytic process lead to a higher disinfection rate.
Keywords: Photolysis; Photo-catalytic Process; Pathogenic Bacteria; Disinfection
*
Corresponding Author
Tel: +985137223028
Fax: Address: Public Health Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Next to the Asian Road, Gonabad, Iran.
Postal Code: 96917-93718
yaghoobim1@hotmail.com
Received: January 14, 2016
Accepted: April 19, 2016
ePublished: June 7, 2016
// : 0 50 +
// :67 50 +
*
yaghoobim1@hotmail.com :892# 2
#$% !"
# &
% ! " # % ($ ) &*+ , .[] &' " $
/0**1, ) 34 &5 2-.' /0**1,
($ /6, 2($ *1 78.' 9 : 7; 27*< 84, .=> ? (@A! *1 78.' ' 2B. 4. &' ' .[ 2] * , & 5=!
.D ($ (@A! 2($ C ), -' E $ "F .[] * < (?+ $ ) G' * 5, (?0 .D ($ H1 2 G' &' * .[] &' G' I= . J G= , 2M ? .0 N 7 I' L E> .< .' 7* <**1, ($ ) 7 ! *
M? &? O + &P8 2'' H10 M> "Q
2*< .< *< E $ * *= M? IS, D5$ & 5=! 7*< RJ, B 8 P
JS, D N .[] &' TB 2* * 0 @ &? O +
U! 7*C$ )F O + (?0 (@A!
OF, TA $ 7 L 2<
.*$ B< '' M>
B 1 B M & B , . $ *$! 78.' 2? '* ? *$! .&' ! & B 2 9
' B &? 5,.! 78.' .? 5,.!
< . < .! 0 '* ? *$!
.? 5,.! . .[ ] Q + 7*C$ 9
$ . N 0 5J 5$ 7*C$ M IS,
' B V .[ ] 2* F .J ! 9 2* V > U= &? 5,.! * &' 7 Y$ (5$ GJ L1, MW) B <
7*C$ 3/ E[ 78.' .[ ] *S
] \*, .!D \1 = ' - R (@A! ($ H? D_ N Q + E^ =5Q .[
$ E^ N.? * : &' A @ &? O +
.* N 1 =', `S ($ ,> &' M L OF, * .'
PhD
PhD !"# $# MSc !"# $# PhD $ %# *
MSc !"# $#
!"# .$# " ".- , **"+ ()&'"
. "
: )* % "" &'( ! ! " " # !"$ % $ 1&( $ , -$ $%.( /( 0 % ! # +%
5+ 6! $ !%7 5 . -4( ,2 /( * $
4 => ?% < $%8( 9" 6:; " . C 24 " $ 9 @ @$ A B 4 % @$ /> " % +&D( A E $ + &( 5 :
4 4 => ?% < # !4 -4 % C 24 F $
" = $ , A E $ ! . @ " $ 9 @ @$ A B
4 $ @? ( " G(P1) , -( 4 #
-+( 4 $ @? ( " G(P2) , -(
!"" . C 24 (P4) -+( 4 $ , % (P3) % ,2 $ % 4 "% SPSS 20 ,C4 " + &( 5 # /E ;
. " = H4 % , 4 ( (# # "" /1'
GI J",4 $ /> - $ @$ /> # K ! : M 5 UV + " ( " L $ IR % UV G $ A
6:; (4 G, -( 4 # " = $ . " $
" * $ G , N;O( /$ P * $ $%8(
Q B $%8( 6:; (4 % $ A 5$ P3 % P2 !
. ! ( "+(
4 $ D( " , -( 4 # " = :
$%8( $ ! R0 $ N;O( /$ P * $ -+( , R0 $ TiO2 AS 4 4 " ?% " * # %
." ( "#9 0
/ 0 & 1)' )23 + ') 4 3) :'%&
"#$% & '$() !$) * ) + ! ! G! $ QR .. ' "B Q
QR J>! f) [] *$ &' f=D2/16d
d .. ' I? 9 Q D 2.. ' I?
.(.. ' I? 9 "B * < 7*<LB. 78.' L 5.! E> *$!
2(P2) * < 7*<LB. .? 5,.! 2(P1)
L 5.! (P3) * < 5B= .? 5,.!
*$! \1 d .*< \1 (P4) * < 5B= US Research ) TiO2 E[ .? 5,.!
N .*< 78.' (7*+. EC nNanomaterials
E[ 7* 2m2/g p4S qQ' , $ !
*$! T< MF .* % pJ . ? r'' 1 k TiO2 B 2P3 P2
LB 7V.' R E* (/ G=, * '
*= .* *< 7 , O + W* & B '7$ d 2.? 5,.! *$!
TiO2 B \ . ,* ? E[ *. 2 R E* rpm e 8. ' 7V.' 78.' *$! $ 91' d ir' n* *< '*
(Pour Plate) & J0 0 m *D '* ?.!
3,. . *=, N BS, D$ R2A & O +
(. "Q & \1 7+ m .*< 78.'
.[] *< \1 ( B 9S) (@A! ($ * .' m
J>! & B N sB
: , : &' *$! T< ( R ) `S
(Ci–" 5= 3/ * F'+ d .*< \1 Cu Ci) [] *< 78.' "3/ *>=Cu)×100/Ci
.(CFU/mL I? 5 &kJY I ,,
* *< SPSS 20 L!\ =5Q N M> 7
78.' i L 5 $ $ $ 7 M J+, L1, d
.*<
#
G=! N15 m E F5 (@A! 84,
d (?0 .! B . 7.?D ; ? 2°C d 2cfu/ml o / / G= pH NTU E* 2mg/l / / GJ+
.* E*< 2H*< L .?, M4! &B' M4! : 6, N UV =< n*< . IR UV 2* < 9,
.( B ) *< 7* . Q Horizon Med Sci
Volume 21, Special Issue, 2015
2*.? # Q &? O + ? * < JS, (@A!
$ )! b. 7*C$ 3/ $ 78.' aF, /5
^, J> H? . D \1 \C E=5Q * &? O + DNA 2N c,0 I '$ " . E[ .[ 2] &' 5J' 7 IS,
!,0 e 2.? 5,.! 9 \1 d
G /5 .*< . (/ev) TiO2 fD * e * 78.'
7*+ N *< . .B * g
? .&' L 98! (UV) 98!
g G 7*+ 4 UV V$ E=5Q
] < 78.' )F . , N L UV 7*+ * < e *R .[
* < h % , M< 2< (/ TiO2 O', &'
.[ ] &'
2(* < 7*LB. H.? ') 7*LB. 7* $D
B 7*0 9, S * < H R.? 9,
T N .*B LB. .! 0 '* ,0 E*< 9L! d 7*i= jQ' .J
9 .[] < 78.' 7*<$)B * <
&' k 2* < ,0 LB. l 5.'
9;0 N E8, JB .&' ,C 9, E*<
7*<LB. * < 78.' 2$ O< =
.&' 9, )F 3/ .? 5,.! *$! $ N =, 3* 9;0 N
E F5 84, (?0 D5$
.*< \1 D < ' G' .?, M4! =QR E> =5Q N
E F5 84, (?0 B .*< \1 ($ * .' m (. -' ) D < V$ - R B , ( A 9S 2(@A!
$ &<* 7* (@A! ($ 7V$ .&!D
. 0 7V.' O', 9$ * < 9, E*<
nHagner EC1 UV) .UV 2(o7 nTES-1333)
D7* (o7 nHagner EC1 IR) .IR (o7
* 3> B'$ ,' 9$ B, .*<
7*<7* <0 9 * < N. 'LB. d .*< \1 2
E* \ 5$ M! .*< 78.' B5$ M! 7*<7* , % 2 G= CF &' C '= 9;0 N 78.' 9 C' .[] * (,
4:
<= 2? UV D: 2 G: EF
.(T $) +2 R
TiO2: ) ! "#$ %&' * +,- *./+01 2 ( /+01 :P2 34,56& , &1 /+01 :P1 :(0.5mg/l
6 &7 5&1 /+01 :P3 3 4,56& &7 5&1
6 , &1 /+01 :P4 3
* UV * IR ( +0 %0$ U& : 6 4=V0 U& 4HFC C : U 6: W: " 1% 3 2 G .%%64 2
C : 6: G
1: U& $ . 4 # 1@0 U& +@6 X?2 %Y : 1 [Y: 1: $: 1"5: Z : 6: G :
6 4 $: \]? : J-C+Z ' +@Y
4' C 24 >+0 12 ^HK (& : 4%$ 0
B"% U& 4: 45& ` C _$: :
U& ` C -"% $: a %6 G >24
.[S] +0 ? : 4 : +$
IR ( UV ( (
(W/m2)
( "#! * +,-. .+0 12 1 3 $ %& ' () .: 5 : ; 9-!/7 456' %& ' TiO2
: 4: <= >126 $ 2? 1@0 :
%& ' 6 C : >+' D ' ,=A B:# C
EF 4: <= D: 2 G: P3 P2
!/MNO : : : 4IF$ J K) 2 13 4%H
4: <= G: P1 %& ' G%P$ .(p<!/!7
J K) +2 R 4%H EF 2? UV D: 2
P3 P2 %& ' .(p<!/!7 !/M7S : : : 4IF$
! " # " $ " % & *=, )' 9 * < 2*< . 5
U 'G=! Y N .< 7* !* \8 J
.[ ] * y *1 'G=! \* &'
78.' \*r'.r MV 'G=! Y =5Q
50 B' 7* $D L1 . 5 * < .
& 8 F . N . ' *D) SODIS *$! ?R * <$ ($
&' 2(NJ ,J0) PET 3P (* <
.[] * 84, . ($ 2 * * <
* <$ ($ . z 2$,0 'G=! Y
. ' * < 5,.! & > 78.'
M 9 2* < &' *= ' N
5 *< 7* . z 2$,0 & =B ,
* y 6, { D!J0 F . $ JV . , &? .[]
7*<LB. .? 5,.! *$! , 2x. , 2$ < (?0 (@A! . : 84, * <
*' k .B 78.' $ ) < S.'
* .' .' * , j N x. D &@' OF, 95: 9 1 . Q +&?
.* B ? )
* < ?R 7*<LB. * < 78.'
7*< 9 v k @ M 5B=
v TiO2 E[ .? 5,.! *$! ! .< *D &' 9L!
\J 7V ;0 < " N* :
(@A! ($ 7V$ 5 &B D <L0
.D , *R, O + &<* '*
E F5 (?0 M 5 : k @ D *! A ,R R+, 2. & =B
.&' @ D*? O', o=! U=, D { : .&' 7*
ER R+, & = 5 &B 9;0 N : .&' .!D \1 D <L0 \J 7V !
1- Sharzeae G. Instructions for planning, managing and
determining the tariffs to reuse wastewater effluent.
Tehran: Power Ministry; 2013. p. 194.
Q Horizon Med Sci
Volume 21, Special Issue, 2015
($ M B k 9S 3/ * < ($ 8*A d $ 78.' .&'
. M F B M 3/ d ^ m
R .' " ! O', p4 MV * , 2* D* * .<* ($ '.' .[ ] *< ^
B . 9 d * < =5Q N * 9$ N 7*<\1 ' *< 78.'
* < N. 'LB. d 9 C' 78.' N sB .*B 8 ^ 9R * , * < L 5.! *$!
$ 9L! ^ 9R 7*<LB. * < 78.'
O', 7*<\1 E=5Q . * < .? 5,.! *$!
& 5=! 9L! &' IJQ N * L V;0
9, )F E*< M TiO2 E[ .? 5,.!
.[ ] V.?
G R 3,. . % bFR, P2 *$! 78.' * < 5B= P3 *$! 2* *< G=! Y
.*< 7* 9 % OR! E* N 2*<
7*LB. 78.' P4 P1 *$! ?R N sB
%/ 3/ * 9L! v * < .< R *= % /
M 3/ &' * P2 P1 *$! 9 &' 3,. .
*= P1 *$! 2&' ,)' P2 *$! % / 2P2 *$! % / 29 T< &'
* B .*< 7* 9
,^ (TiO2 7B 5B= ) P3 *$! *D
2 &RQ =5Q &' (5B= ) P4 *$!
.[] &' 7* 78.' 7*<LB. * < =5Q
* <$ ($ *D B N sB
Cryptosporidium JV . , & ' 7*<75$
7B * < 78.' *$! *.! 2parvum
78.' E[ &' *$! ,^ TiO2 E[ , * < &' *= <B
78.' E> *$ &' *D * % /
x. IJQ N * 9L! % / *R N TiO2
& > ' B .[] SB =5Q N
* .< R!$ ( * * < '* ?.!
&B JB * , '* ?.! 9, R * <$ ($ & 8 F GJ+ ; ? L ,> .*< * < E* C
38< .'@0 3P TF< H1 % , '& + # *' () Robertson PK. The application of TiO2 photocatalysis for
disinfection of water contaminated with pathogenic
micro-organisms: a review. Res Chem Intermed.
2007;33(3-5):359-75.
19- Ollis DF, Pelizzetti E, Serpone N. Photocatalyzed
destruction of water contaminants. Environ Sci Technol.
1991;25(9):1522-9.
20- Mohammed IL. Design and development of a
parabolic dish solar water heater. Int J Eng Res Appl.
2012;2(1):54-8.
21- Li L, Dubowsky S. A new design approach for solar
concentrating parabolic dish based on optimized flexible
petals. Mech Mach Theory. 2011;46(10):1536-48.
22- Mohamed FM, Jassim AS, Mahmood YH, Ahmed MA.
Design and study of portable solar dish concentrator. Int
J Recent Res Rev. 2012;3:52-9.
23- Jabbar S, Munir A, Khan N. Design of Parabolic Heat
Collector.
Available
from:
http://www.superior.edu.pk/ICEET/pdf/research/Desig
n%20of%20Parabolic.pdf
24- Rand M, Greenberg AE, Taras MJ. Standard methods
for the examination of water and wastewater. USA:
American Public Health Association; 1976. pp. 190-5.
25- Nguyen AT, Juang R-S. Photocatalytic degradation of
p-chlorophenol by hybrid H2O and TiO2 in aqueous
suspensions under UV irradiation. J Environ Manag.
2015;147:271-7.
26- Alighadri M, Sadeghi T, Bagheri Ardebiliyan P,
Iranpour E, Khodaverdi Sh, Alipanah A. Heterotrophic
bacteria in drinking water distribution system in Ardabil.
Health Mag. 2015;6(15):226-36.
27- Shukla SS, Dorris KL, Chikkaveeraiah BV.
Photocatalytic degradation of 2, 4-dinitrophenol. J
Hazard Mater. 2009;164(1):310-4.
28- Rodríguez‐Chueca J, Ormad MP, Mosteo R, Canalis S,
Ovelleiro JL. Escherichia coli inactivation in fresh water
through photocatalysis with TiO2‐Effect of H2O2 on
disinfection kinetics. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water. 2015.
29- Pinho LX, Azevedo J, Brito Â, Santos A, Tamagnini P,
Vilar VJP, et al. Effect of TiO2 photocatalysis on the
destruction of Microcystis aeruginosa cells and
degradation of cyanotoxins microcystin-LR and
cylindrospermopsin. Chem Eng J. 2015;268:144-52.
30- Malato S, Maldonado MI, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Oller I,
Polo I, Sánchez-Moreno R. Decontamination and
disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: The pilot
plants of the Plataforma solar de Almeria. Mater Sci
Semicond Process. 2016;42(1):15-23.
31- Méndez-Hermida F, Ares-Mazás E, McGuigan KG,
Boyle M, Sichel C, Fernández-Ibáñez P. Disinfection of
drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium
parvum oocysts under natural sunlight and using the
photocatalyst TiO2. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol.
2007;88(2–3):105-11.
32- Fontán-Sainz M, Gómez-Couso H, Fernández-Ibáñez
P, Ares-Mazás E. Evaluation of the solar water
disinfection process (SODIS) against Cryptosporidium
parvum using a 25-L static solar reactor fitted with a
compound parabolic collector (CPC). Am J Trop Med Hyg.
2012;86(2):223-8.
33- Lonnen J, Kilvington S, Kehoe SC, Al-Touati F,
McGuigan KG. Solar and photocatalytic disinfection of
protozoan, fungal and bacterial microbes in drinking
water. Water Res. 2005;39(5):877-83.
2- Babran S, Honarnakhsh N. Water status crisis in world
and Iran. Rahbord. 2008;48:219-23.
3- Shahraki F, Mahdavi R, Rezaee M. Effect of irrigation
with wastewater on certain soil physical and chemaical
properties. Water Wastewater. 2006;53:23-9.
4- Moosavi S, Noori M, Samadi H, editors. Challenges of
unconventional use of water in agriculture. Tehran: 1st
National Conference on Challenges of Agriculture and
Water Resources; 2013.
5- Environmental standards and effluent reuse the
recycled water. In: Office of Deputy for Strategic
Supervision MoE, editor. Islamic Republic of Iran Vice
Presidency For Strategic Planning and Supervision;
2010. p. 533.
6- Zazouli MA, Safarpour M, Veisi A, Habibkhani P.
Bacterial contamination in bottled water and drinking
water distribution network in Semnan. J Mazandaran
Univ Med Sci. 2013;22(1):62-70.
7- Chatterjee D, Dasgupta S. Visible light induced
photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. J
Photochemistry Photobiol C Photochemistry Rev.
2005;6(2):186-205.
8- Malato S, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Maldonado MI, Blanco J,
Gernjak W. Decontamination and disinfection of water
by solar photocatalysis: Recent overview and trends.
Catal Today. 2009;147(1):1-59.
9- Materials Science Forum. Environmental application
of photocatalysis. Chaturvedi S, Dave PN, editors.
Switzerland: Trans Tech Publication; 2013.
10-Lawrie K, Mills A, Figueredo-Fernández M, GutiérrezAlfaro S, Manzano M, Saladin M. UV dosimetry for solar
water disinfection (SODIS) carried out in different plastic
bottles and bags. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2015;608:1520.
11-Giannakis S, Darakas E, Escalas-Cañellas A, Pulgarin C.
Solar disinfection modeling and post-irradiation
response of Escherichia coli in wastewater. Chem Eng J.
2015;281:588-98.
12-García-Fernández I, Fernández-Calderero I, PoloLópez MI, Fernández-Ibáñez P. Disinfection of urban
effluents using solar TiO2 photocatalysis: A study of
significance of dissolved oxygen, temperature, type of
microorganism and water matrix. Catal Today.
2015;240:30-8.
13-Fiorentino A, Ferro G, Alferez MC, Polo-López MI,
Fernández-Ibañez P, Rizzo L. Inactivation and regrowth
of multidrug resistant bacteria in urban wastewater after
disinfection by solar-driven and chlorination processes. J
Photochem Photobiol B Biol. 2015;148:43-50.
14- Ferro G, Fiorentino A, Alferez MC, Polo-López MI,
Rizzo L, Fernández-Ibáñez P. Urban wastewater
disinfection for agricultural reuse: effect of solar driven
AOPs in the inactivation of a multidrug resistant E. coli
strain. Appl Catal B Environ. 2015;178:65-73.
15- Gelover S, Gómez LA, Reyes K, Teresa Leal M. A
practical demonstration of water disinfection using TiO2
films and sunlight. Water Res. 2006;40(17):3274-80.
16- Reed RH. The inactivation of microbes by sunlight:
solar disinfection as a water treatment process. Adv Appl
Microbiol. 2004;54:333-65.
17- Matthews RW. Photocatalytic oxidation of organic
contaminants in water: an aid to environmental
preservation. Pure Appl Chem. 1992;64(9):1285-90.
18- McCullagh C, Robertson JM, Bahnemann DW,