ADDENDUM NO. 2 DATE: INVITATION FOR BID: DATED: RECEIPT DATE: OPENING DATE: SUBJECT: January 14, 2015 IFB J150012804 – Richmond Police Canine Facility December 17, 2014 January 20, 2015 January 21, 2015 New Specification, Drawing Revision, and Question/Answer Ladies/Gentlemen: Please take note of the following: New Specification: 1. Add the attached “Section 323113 - Chain Link Fences and Gates” (Galvanized) specification to the Technical Specifications. Drawing Revisions: 2. Drawing E002: RACEWAYS AND FITTINGS – Revise paragraph A to read as follows: All wiring shall be installed in tapered threaded rigid steel conduit (RGS), intermediate metal conduit (IMC), or electrical metallic tubing (EMT). EMT may only be used indoors. Threaded rigid metal conduit shall be hot dip galvanized. WIRE AND CABLE – Revise paragraph C to read as follows: Type MC cable may be used for branch circuits above ceilings and within interior partitions and exterior walls. Wiring out of the panels shall be in RGS, IMC or EMT to above ceiling where it may transition to MC cable. MC cable is not allowed for use in exposed construction. Question/Answer: 3. The list of drawings on sheet A000 of the drawings includes sheet P3.1 but this sheet was not included in the bid documents that I downloaded from the City’s website. The list of drawings included in the specs does not referenced drawing P3.1 so I assume it should be removed from the list of drawings on A000 but please confirm. Answer: There is no sheet P3.1 in the contract documents. 4. Please confirm that the City will pay the permanent utility connection fees. Answer: Yes, the City of Richmond will pay for all permanent utility connections fees. 5. If 3rd party testing is required will it be paid for by the City? Answer: Yes, the City of Richmond will pay for all 3rd Party Special Inspections/Testing. 6. Can the AWI Quality Certification be waived provided the casework is built to the AWI standards? Answer: The AWI Quality Certificate is required. 7. Are we to include in our bid fire protection/alarm systems and the design? Answer: The code does not require an alarm system, however, the rooftop units will require internal smoke detectors for internal shut-down. 8. You mentioned in the meeting that the City of Richmond is applying for the permit and it will be transferred to the General Contractor, will the General Contractor be responsible for the permitting fees? Answer: All permitting fees will be paid by the City of Richmond; with the exception of any required ‘work in the street/Right of Way’ or Demolition Permits. The General Contractor will be responsible for all inspections and coordination of each permit. 9. Specification 096722.2A for the Resinous flooring lists Dur-A-Flex as the manufacturer. Paragraph 2.2b does note “manufacturer of approved system shall be single source and made in the USA,” which I would understand that other manufacturers are allowed if equal. Just to be clear, we have attached product data for Dex-O-Tex as an alternate/equal product. Please advise if Dex-O-Tex is an approved manufacturer for this project? Answer: Due to scheduling considerations, the resinous floor system may need to be applied to green concrete with moisture vapor content higher than is recommended for this product. Therefore, this product is not acceptable for this project. 10. No treatments are indicated for the windows in the administrative/office side of the training facility. Will we be required to provide treatments for these windows? If so, please provide specification. Answer: Window treatments are not part of this work. 11. Will termite control need to be applied below the new slab? If so, can a specification be provided? Answer: Yes, termite control should be included. 12. Details 3 and 4 on P002 indicated concrete pads for the hot water heaters. What size and thickness should these pads be? Do they require reinforcement? Answer: Four inch thick concrete pads reinforced with WWF are required. 13. On Sheet C300, at the generator concrete pad, it is noted to refer to the MEP drawings. However the electrical drawings do not detail the generator concrete pad, but there is a section/detail on C310 that shows a heavy duty concrete pad for the generator pad. Are we to follow this section/detail on C310 for the generator pad? Answer: Emergency Generator concrete pad detail is located on Sheet C310. 14. On Sheets A100 and A110, the wall types are indicated by numbers in a square (for framed) and numbers in diamonds (for masonry), but I cannot find a partition schedule anywhere. Please provide partitions schedule. Answer: The partition types are located on Sheet A101. Partition reference symbols are square box symbols in all cases. 15. Elevations of the lockers are shown on A601. The locker specification notes a metal base, but the elevation looks like it may be drawn as a concrete base. Please confirm the bases for the lockers are metal and no concrete slab is required below the lockers. Answer: Metal bases as specified. 16. Are the two rooftop units to be single wall or double wall construction? Answer: Single wall is acceptable, as long as the insulation meets applicable ASHRAE standards and can alleviate condensation and the inside airstream meets the requirements of ASHRAE 62. 17. Due to the modulating capability of RTU-1, we would expect the gas heat to include modulating controls. Please confirm if this is required on RTU-1 only or both units. Answer: The modulating unit (VAV, RTU-1) shall include modulating gas heat controllability. 18. Based on the potential low entering air temperature, please confirm that the heat exchangers are to be fabricated from stainless steel. Answer: Both rooftop units shall have stainless steel heat exchangers, as would be expected for these entering conditions. 19. Please advise extent of any extended warranties required on the rooftop units. Typically we would expect to see a requirement for a 5 year compressor parts warranty and a 10 year heat exchanger parts warranty. Answer: One year parts and labor, 5 years compressor and heat exchanger parts only warranty. 20. Please confirm that modulating control is required on the reheat coil of the VAV boxes. Answer: The VAV electric reheat coils shall have a minimum of two steps, but do not require modulation. 21. Are the VAV box disconnects to be fused or non-fused? Answer: VAV box disconnects shall be fused. 22. Please advise insulation type and thickness required on the VAV boxes. Answer: VAV box insulation shall be the standard foil lined ¾” thick insulation. 23. Casework and countertop elevations and hook & shelves are shown on Sheets A600, A601, and A602. No sections are provided for the cabinets and countertops. a. We need sections to know depths, materials, etc. Answer: Materials per 064100. Depths: 25” counters, 24” base cabinets, 12 wall cabinets. b. Should the countertops and the men’s and women’s locker rooms have some kind of steel support or support brackets? Answer: Support brackets. c. I presume all countertops are laminate since there is no specifications for solid surface – please confirm. Answer: Countertops as specified in Division 6, 064100. d. What type of hooks should be provided at the equipment room – are these the utility hooks specified under Specification 102800-2.04G? Answer: Yes. e. What type of support brackets should be provided at the wood shelves at the equipment room – is there a basis of design to match? Answer: Support brackets capable of supporting 150 lbs. 24. Card readers are indicated for some of the doors per the door schedule on A900. The card reader is mentioned in the hardware schedule in the specifications, but I do not see if specified. Are these card readers to be provided and installed by Others and we just have to coordinate installation (with electrician, door & frame supplier, etc)? Answer: Yes. 25. In specification 088000-1.05B, the polycarbonate sheet glazing is noted to have a 15 year warranty. However, under products, there is no manufacturer and specification for the polycarbonate glazing noted under the Part 2 products. Please provide specification for the polycarbonate sheet glazing. Answer: Per the drawings, 16mm multiwall polycarbonate glazing by Polygal is called for. 26. In detail 11 on A500, a Polygal meta-lock aluminum clip system is noted. It appears to be the Pressure Profile (vs. the Base Profile or Cap Profile) that is drawn. Please confirm the Pressure profile is the correct profile. Answer: The Mega-Lok system is composed of the pressure profile (352), the base profile (353), the cap profile (308), and gasketing and connection screws. 27. On L100, under the inspection/guarantee notes, the last notes states to “remove all guy wires and stakes 12 months after installation”. Will this removal be the responsibility of the Contractor? Answer: This is a maintenance note for the owner’s use. 28. There is a visual display board specification that specifies Markerboards and one tackboard. In Elevation 1/A600 the markerboards are noted to be by others. Please clarify if we are to provide the markerboards and tackboard. Answer: The contractor will provide these. 29. There are showers in the men’s locker room and women’s locker room. The Toilet Accessories specification does not list shower rod, hooks, and curtain. Are these provided by others? Answer: Accessories for the shower units including grab bars and other items required for accessibility are to be included with the shower unit by the manufacturer. 30. Does the Toilet Room 107 receive a paper towel Dispenser? Answer: Yes. 31. On Sheet A110, corner guards are indicated at corners between the Foyer 100 and the Vestibule 106. Please provide specification for these corner guards. Are these the only corner guards required on the project? Answer: Yes. Use 4ft. long- 1 1/8” wings, peel & stick. Color: clear. 32. There are a few steps and landing at the breezeway area from the office side to the kennel side of the building. a. Can a section of these steps be provided? (Are they masonry & concrete or wood?) Answer: Steps and landing are poured in place concrete. b. Also, there appear to be railings shown, but no notes about the railings. Are these metal railings? Painted or galvanized? Answer: 1.5” diam. Galvanized metal railings. c. There appears to be a masonry cheek wall on one side – is there/should there be some type of wall or the railing continue on the other side of the landing? Answer: The railings are on each side of the stair with dimensions per sheet A110. 33. What level of filtration is required on the two rooftop units. Answer: A minimum of Merv 7 is required. 34. Water Connection – Sheet C200 shows existing water line to be demolished, removed and capped; this would remove the water supply to the existing structure. What provisions will be in place to provide temporary water to the existing canine building. Answer: The existing building shall remain operational during construction of the new facility. Specifications call for providing temporary services to existing facilities (Exterior Water System 331000). 35. Polycarbonate Panels – Please provide specs for polycarbonate panels. Answer: Per the drawings, 16mm multiwall polycarbonate glazing by Polygal is called for. 36. Corner Guards – Please provide specs. Answer: Use 4ft. long- 1 1/8” wings, peel & stick. Color: clear. 37. Misc. Metal Spec – Please provide spec for misc. metals and grating. Answer: Grate cover to be aluminum bar grate type 19-SG-4 with 1”x 1/8” bars. Provide embedded aluminum angle seats each end of concrete with angle end closures to keep removable grate in place. Top of Grating to be flush with adjacent concrete surface. 38. Fire Extinguisher – No fire extinguishers on plans or specs, please verify if GC will be providing. Answer: The City of Richmond will provide Fire Extinguisher. 39. Has a hazardous material inspection of the existing building been completed yet? If not, are we to bid the demolition as not having hazardous materials? (And if haz mat is found later, it will be a change order.) Answer: No, the Hazardous Materials Survey has not been completed for the existing building. The City of Richmond will abate all hazardous materials prior to the building demolition. 40. How long does the Owner need to relocate from the existing to the new building? Answer: The City of Richmond will not take longer than one week to relocate the Police Department from the existing building to the new facility. 41. In the specifications table of contents, there are two specifications 024113 Selective Site Demolition and 024116 Structure Demolition, but these two specification are not included in the manual. Please provide these specifications. Answer: The two sections listed above are included in the manual but are out of order. You can find these sections after Division 13. 42. The noted duration of the project is 250 days. Is there an expected award date? Will the “clock” start on award date or will there be a delay between award date and Notice to Proceed to allow for submittals and ordering of long lead items? Answer: The expected award date is in February, 2015. The ‘clock’ will start as soon as the Notice to Proceed is issued. The Notice to Proceed will be issued as soon as we have an award, with minimal delay. Vendor must take due notice and be governed accordingly. This addendum must be acknowledged as indicated in the Bid Book or your bid may not be considered. Sincerely, Oscar Knott, CPP, VCO Contract Specialist Supervisor 804/646-7499 Specifications Richmond Police Canine Facility January 13, 2015 SECTION 323113 - CHAIN-LINK FENCES AND GATES (GALVANIZED) PART 1 - GENERAL 1.1 RELATED DOCUMENTS A. The provisions of the Contract Documents apply to the work of this Section. 1.2 WORK INCLUDED A. Galvanized steel chain link fence and gates. 1.3 SUBMITTALS A. Product Data: Submit manufacturer’s technical data, and installation instruction for fencing, fabric, gates and accessories. B. Shop Drawings: Submit shop drawings indicating location of fence (with dimensions), height, post locations, details of post installation, gate sing, hardware and accessories. C. Samples: None required 1.4 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Installer Qualifications: Engage an experienced installer who has completed chain-link fences and gates similar in material, design, and extent to those indicated for this Project and whose work has resulted in construction with a record of successful inservice performance. B. Source Limitations for Chain-Link Fences and Gates: Obtain each color, grade, finish, type, and variety of component for chain-link fences and gates from one source with resources to provide chain-link fences and gates of consistent quality in appearance and physical properties. 1.5 PROJECT CONDITIONS A. Field Measurements: Verify layout information for chain-link fences and gates indicated in relation to property survey and existing structures. Verify dimensions by field measurements. PART 2 - PRODUCTS 2.1 GENERAL: A. Subject to compliance with requirements, manufacturers offering products which may be incorporated in the work include, but are not limited to, the following: CHAIN-LINK FENCES AND GATES (GALVANIZED) 323113 - 1 Specifications Richmond Police Canine Facility January 13, 2015 1. Galvanized Steel Fencing and Fabric: a) Allied Tube and Conduit Corp. b) American Chain Link Fence Company c) American Tube Company d) Anchor Fence, Inc. e) Century Tube Corp. f) Cyclone Fence Div./USX Corp. 2.2 FABRIC: A. Steel Fabric: Comply with Chain Link Fence Manufacturers Institute (CLMFI) Product Manual. Provide one-piece fabric widths. Wire size includes zinc coating. B. Size: 2-inch diamond mesh, 9-gauge (0.148-inch diameter) wire. C. Galvanized Steel Finish: ASTM A 392, Class I, with not less than 1.2 oz. zinc per sq. ft. of uncoated wire surface. D. Selvage shall be barbed at the top and bottom. 2.3 FRAMING: A. Strength requirements for posts and rails shall conform to ASTM F 669. B. Pipe shall be straight, true to section, material and sizes specified. C. Steel Framework, General: Posts, rails, braces and gate frames. 1. Type II Pipe: Manufactured from steel conforming to ASTM A 569 or A 446, grade D, cold formed, electric welded with minimum yield strength of 50,000 p.s.i. and triple coated with minimum 0.9 oz. Zinc per square foot after welding, a chromatic conversion coating and a clear polymer overcoat. Corrosion protection on inside surfaces shall protect the metal from corrosion when subjected to the salt spray test of ASTM B 117 for 300 hours with the end point of 5% Red Rust. D. End, Corner and Pull Posts: 1. For fabric height up to 6’ - 2.375” OD Type II steel pipe (3.12 lb/ft). [2.875”, 73mm, 5.79 lb/ft.] 2. For fabric height over 6’ - 2.875” OD Type II steel pipe.(4.64 lb/ft). [4.00’, 101.6mm, 9.11 lb/ft] E. Line Posts: 1. For fabric height up to 6’ - 1.90” OD Type II steel pipe (2.28 lb/ft). 2. For fabric height over 6’ - 2.375” OD Type II steel pipe (3.65 lb/ft). F. Gate Posts: 1. Provide posts for supporting single gate leaf, or one leaf of a double gate installation, for nominal gate widths as follows: a) 6’ and Under: 2.875” OD Type II steel pipe (4.64lb/ft). b) Over 6’: 4.000” OD Type II steel pipe (8.65 lb/ft). CHAIN-LINK FENCES AND GATES (GALVANIZED) 323113 - 2 Specifications Richmond Police Canine Facility January 13, 2015 G. Top & Bottom Rail: 1. Manufacturer’s longest lengths, with expansion-type couplings, approximately 6” long, for each joint. Provide means for attaching rail securely to each gate corner, pull, & end post. a) Galvanized Steel: 1-1/4” NPS (1.66” OD) Type II steel pipe. H. Intermediate and/or Center Rail: 1. Same material as top rail. Manufacturer’s standard galvanized steel cap required for each end. 2.4 FITTINGS AND ACCESSORIES: A. Material: Comply with ASTM F 626. manufacturer’s standards. Mill finished galvanized steel, to suit 1. Zinc Coating: Unless specified otherwise, galvanize steel fence fittings and accessories in accordance with ASTM A 153, with zinc weights indicated. B. Tension Wire: 7 gauge (0.177”diameter) metallic coated steel marcelled tension wire conforming to ASTM A 824 with finish to match fabric. 1. Type II Zinc Coated, Class 2, with a minimum coating weight of 1.2 oz. per sq. ft. of uncoated wire. C. Wire Ties: 1. 9 gauge [0.148” (3.76mm)] galvanized steel wire for attachment of fabric to line posts. 2. Double wrap 13 gauge [0.092” (2.324mm)] for rails and braces. 3. Hog ring ties of 12-1/2 gauge [0.0985” (2.502mm)] for attachment of fabric to tension wire. D. Post Brace Assembly: 1. Manufacturer’s standard adjustable brace at end of gate posts and at both sides of corner and pull posts, with horizontal brace located at mid height of fabric. Provide same material as top rail for brace, and truss to line posts with 0.375” diameter rod and adjustable tightener. Manufacturer’s standard galvanized steel cap required for each end. E. Post and Line Caps: Weathertight closure cap required for each post. required, use line post caps with loop. If top rail is F. Tension or Stretcher Bars: Hot-dip galvanized steel with minimum length 2” less than full height of fabric, minimum cross section of 3/16” by ¾” and minimum 1.2 oz. zinc coating per sq. ft. of surface area. One bar is required for each gate and end post and two for each corner and pull post, except where fabric is integrally woven into post. G. Tension and Brace Bands: Minimum ¾” wide hot-dip galvanized steel with minimum 1.2 oz. zinc coating per sq. ft. of surface area. 1. Tension bands: Minimum 14 gauge (0.074”) thick. 2. Tension and Brace bands: Minimum 12 gauge (0.105”) thick. CHAIN-LINK FENCES AND GATES (GALVANIZED) 323113 - 3 Specifications Richmond Police Canine Facility January 13, 2015 H. Barbed wire: Zinc -coated steel wire double-strand, 13-3/4 gauge, [0.083” (2.10mm)] twisted line wire with galvanized steel, 4 point barbs spaced approximately 3” (76.2 mm) on center. I. Barbed wire supporting arms: Pressed steel arms with provisions for attaching 3 rows of barbed wire. Arms shall withstand 250 lb. (113.5 kg) downward pull at outermost end of arm without failure. 1. Provide [45º] [3 strands, single arm] [and] [6 strands double “V” arms]. 2. Provide intermediate arms with hole for passage of top rail. J. Nuts and bolts shall be galvanized. 2.5 POST SETTING MATERIALS A. Comply with the requirements for VDOT Std. Class A3 concrete. 2.6 GATES: A. Fabrication: 1. Fabricate perimeter frames of gates from metal and finish to match fence framework. Utilize fusion or stainless steel welded connections to form a rigid onepiece unit. Assemble gate frames by welding, providing security against removal or breakage of connections. Provide horizontal and vertical members to ensure proper gate operation and attachment of fabric, hardware and accessories. Space frame members maximum of 8’ apart unless otherwise indicated. 2. Provide same fabric as for fence. Install fabric with stretcher bars at vertical edges and at top and bottom edges. Attach stretcher hooks to gate frame at not more than 15” o.c. Install diagonal cross-bracing consisting of 3/8” diameter adjustable length truss rods on gates to ensure frame rigidity without sag or twist. B. Swing Gates: Comply with ASTM F 900. 1. Fabricate perimeter frames of minimum 1.90” OD Type II steel pipe. C. Gate Hardware: Provide hardware and accessories for each gate, galvanized per ASTM A 153, and in accordance with the following: 1. Hinges: Size and material to suit gate size, non-lift-off type, offset to permit 180 degrees gate opening. Provide 1-1/2 pair of hinges for each leaf over 6’ nominal height. 2. Latch: Forked type to permit operation from either side of gate, with padlock eye as integral part of latch. 3. Keeper: Provide keeper that automatically engages gate leaf and holds it in open position until manually released. 4. Double Gates: Provide gate stops for double gates, consisting of mushroom type flush plate with anchors, set in concrete, and designed to engage center drop rod or plunger bar. Ensure plunger bar cannot be removed without tools. Include locking device and padlock eyes as integral part of latch, permitting both gate leaves to be locked with single padlock. CHAIN-LINK FENCES AND GATES (GALVANIZED) 323113 - 4 Specifications Richmond Police Canine Facility January 13, 2015 5. Barbed wire top: Incorporate provisions for barbed extensions by extending vertical members 13” (380mm) to accommodate three strands of barbed wire. 6. Hardware materials: hot dipped galvanized steel or malleable iron shapes to suit gate size. 7. Gate posts: Steel pipe ASTM F1083 standard weight schedule 40 minimum yield strength of 25,000 PSI size as indicated. Hot dipped galvanized with minimum 1.8 oz/ft² of zinc. PART 3 – EXECUTION 3.1 INSTALLATION: A. General: Install fence in compliance with ASTM F 567 and manufacturers recommendations. Do not begin installation and erection before final grading is completed, unless otherwise permitted. Apply fabric to outside of framework, unless otherwise indicated. B. Locate terminal post at each fence termination and change in horizontal or vertical direction of 30º or more, or as indicated on plans. C. Excavation: 1. Drill or hand excavate (using post hole digger) holes for posts to diameters and spacing indicated, in firm, undisturbed or compacted soil. 2. Holes in asphalt or concrete surfaces will be cut by core-drilling with a bit of diameter at least equal to the required hole diameter. Holes in concrete may be formed prior to placing concrete. 3. Excavate holes for each post to minimum diameter recommended by fence manufacturer, but not less than 4 times largest cross-section of post. 4. Excavate hole to depths approximately 6” lower than post bottom, with bottom of posts set not less than 36” below finish grade surface. D. Setting Posts: 1. Space 10’ o.c. maximum, unless otherwise indicated. 2. Center and align posts in hole, 6” above bottom of excavation. 3. Protect portions of concrete posts above ground from concrete splatter. Place concrete around post and vibrate or tamp for consolidation. Check each post for vertical and top alignment, and hold in position during placement and finishing operations. 4. Extend concrete above grade and slope all around (dome) to allow for drainage away from post. Uniformly and neatly texture the concrete surface with a broom finish. Remove any spilled or splashed concrete from the post and surrounding area immediately. E. Top Rails: 1. Run rail continuously through line post caps, bending to radius for curved runs and at other posts terminating into rail end attached to posts or post caps fabricated to CHAIN-LINK FENCES AND GATES (GALVANIZED) 323113 - 5 Specifications receive rail. manufacturer. Richmond Police Canine Facility January 13, 2015 Provide expansion couplings as recommended by fencing F. Center Rails: 1. Install in one place between posts and flush with post on fabric side, using rail ends and special offset fittings where necessary. Install center rails on fence 12’ or taller, or as indicated on plans. G. Bottom Rails: 1. Install in one piece between posts and flush with post on fabric side, using rail ends and special offset fittings when necessary. H. Brace Assemblies: 1. Install braces so posts are plumb when diagonal rod is under proper tension. I. Top and Bottom Tension Wire: 1. Install tension wires through post cap loops before stretching fabric and tie to each post cap with not less than same gauge and type of wire. Pull wire taut, without sags. Fasten fabric to tension wire, using 11 - ga. galvanized steel hog rings spaced maximum 24” o.c. Install where top and bottom rails are not specified on plans. J. Fabric: 1. Leave approximately 2” between finish grade and bottom selvage. Pull fabric taut and tie to posts, rails and tension wires. Attach fabric with wire ties to line posts at 12”-15” (381mm) o.c. and to rails, braces, and tension wire at 24” (600 mm) o.c. Install fabric on security side of fence, unless otherwise indicated, and anchor to framework so that fabric remains in tension after pulling force is released. 2. For athletic field fencing, install fabric on the field side of the fence unless otherwise indicated. K. Stretcher Bars: 1. Thread through fabric 4” o.c., and secure to end, corner, pull and gate posts with tension bands spaced maximum 15” o.c. L. Accessories: 1. Tie Wires: Use U-shaped wire, conforming to diameter of pipe to which attached, clasping pipe and fabric firmly with ends twisted at least 2 full turns. Bend ends of wire to minimize hazard to persons or clothing. 2. Fasteners: Install nuts on side of fence opposite fabric side for added security. 3. Barbed Wire: Uniformly space parallel rows of barged wire on security side of fence. Pull wire taut and attach in clips or slots of each extension.. M. Fasteners: 1. Install nuts for tension bands and hardware bolts on site of fence opposite fabric side. Peen ends of bolts or score threads to prevent removal of nuts. N. Gates: 1. Install gates plumb, level, and secure for full opening without interference. Install ground-set items in concrete for anchorage. Adjust hardware for smooth operation and lubricate where necessary. CHAIN-LINK FENCES AND GATES (GALVANIZED) 323113 - 6 Specifications Richmond Police Canine Facility January 13, 2015 3.2 FINISHING A. Remove and replace sections of damaged fence and fittings. Minor aesthetic damage may be touched up with a suitable spray on material. B. Clean up debris and unused material and remove from the site. END OF SECTION 323113 CHAIN-LINK FENCES AND GATES (GALVANIZED) 323113 - 7