Market Transformation
Programme
Programme Bulletin
Lighting
November 2011
Issue Number 1.0
Author
Paul Littlefair, Cosmin
Ticleanu, Gareth Howlett
PA/Authoriser
Rebekah Watson
Organisation
BRE
BRE
Contact Details
littlefairp@bre.co.uk
01923 664874
Date of Approval
November 2011
Bulletin Summary
The lighting market is changing rapidly. The market for new types of lamps, particularly light emitting
diodes (LEDs), is starting to develop and grow. European legislation has resulted in the least efficient
lamp types (including the standard tungsten light bulb) being withdrawn from the market.
The 2009 Government Standards models assumed that these lamps would mainly be replaced by
compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). A recent survey of householders by the Lighting Industry
Federation (LIF) and Lighting Association (LA) has found that more mains voltage halogen lamps and
less CFLs are in use than originally predicted. A survey of retail lighting for MTP revealed that the
models are underestimating the trend for compact metal halide lamps.
A new European lighting regulation is currently being developed covering directional lamps, LEDs
and halogen lighting converters, and this is expected to have a significant impact on the lighting
market. Details have yet to be finalised; the 2009 models assumed that this regulation would come
into force in 2010, but it has been delayed and it is likely that the measures will be less strict than
originally assumed.
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November 2011
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Technical/Modelling Developments
Technical developments
In tandem with the phase out of inefficient lamps brought about by EU legislation, new alternative
lamps have been developed, with higher luminous efficacy and reduced environmental impacts.
New types of lamps include light emitting diodes (LEDs), highly efficient fluorescent lamps and
improved incandescent lamps. Highly efficient compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) use up to 80% less
energy than conventional incandescent lamps, while improved incandescent lamps incorporating
halogen technology use 20% to 45% less energy for the same light output in comparison with the
conventional incandescent light sources.
There are two types of improved incandescent lamps: class C type, which are halogen bulbs filled
with xenon that consume 20-25% less energy than conventional bulbs, and class B type, which in
addition have an infrared coating applied to the bulb that improves the luminous efficacy by 45% as
compared to conventional bulbs. The improved incandescent lamps can be used either in luminaires
fitted with a special halogen socket, or as replacement lamps for the conventional ones. Both types
are dimmable on any dimming device and last longer than conventional lamps: twice as long for
class C type, and three times as long for class B type. There are recent developments in CFLs which
include the development of lamps with higher luminous efficacy and lower mercury contents.
The most significant technical developments have been made by LED technology, which is
increasingly being used for various lighting applications, particularly in directional lighting. Not only
has the variety of LED fittings increased, but the luminous efficacy of LEDs is improving year on year
and is now comparable with that of CFLs, and LEDs typically last longer. Recent product
development increased LED efficacy even higher than CFLs, major LED suppliers having released
information about LEDs reaching 120 lm/W at 85°C. The warm white LED efficacy world record has
been recently claimed to be at 142 lm/W, but apparently the value was measured at room
temperature and it is expected to decrease significantly at the higher temperatures which are
normally obtained within light fittings.1
Recent developments of the metal halide lamp type include ceramic metal halide lamps driven by
electronic ballasts that are highly energy efficient and offer significant advantages over halogen
directional lighting and even LED lighting. Having the array of wattages expanded to lower values of
20-22W, ceramic metal halide lamps driven by electronic ballasts last up to 20,000 hours and can
reach lamp efficacies of up to 104 lm/W, being ideal replacement solutions for halogen lighting.
Other technical developments in lighting include high-efficiency optics for luminaires with increased
light output ratio, and optimized lamp-ballast systems consuming less energy and providing longer
lamp life.
1
Bush, S, 2011. The latest LED light developments. Electronics Weekly [online] 6 April. Available at:
http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/06/04/2011/50850/the-latest-led-light-developments.htm
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November 2011
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Market trends and modelling
The lighting market has undergone considerable change since 2009 as a result of EU regulations and
the retailer voluntary agreement withdrawing the standard GLS tungsten light bulb from the market.
Earlier MTP predictions forecast that most of these lamps would be replaced by CFLs. However,
householders have also tended to use mains halogen replacement lamps despite their shorter life
and higher energy consumption.
A survey of domestic lighting stock made available to MTP suggests that:
• There are too many CFLs in the MTP domestic model and not enough halogens.
• There are more mains voltage reflector halogen lamps being used.
• The number of candle and golf ball lamps has not decreased in the way predicted by the models.
The current domestic lighting MTP models would therefore appear to be underestimating energy
usage.
The survey also suggested that a large number of lamps that have been sold or given away in
previous initiatives are being used as spares. The largest number of spares is for CFL lamps. To
improve future modelling, MTP should explicitly consider spares and their effect on stock and sales.
A survey of retail lighting revealed that the MTP models are underestimating the trend for metal
halide lamps. The survey suggested that the number used in retail alone could significantly exceed
what is currently modelled for the whole of the non domestic sector.
LEDs appear to be gaining market share, especially in the display lighting area. Use of LEDs in
applications such as refrigerator lighting in supermarkets is becoming increasingly common.
LEDs are currently modelled in the street lighting models for traffic signals, but not for street lights.
Although there are a number of LED street lighting products on the market, the high initial cost is
currently a barrier to greater market penetration. LED installations are currently more likely to be
trial sections. If a trend becomes apparent for large scale replacement/new schemes using LED
lamps, this could have the impact of reducing the energy usage compared to the current modelled
outputs.
Organic Lighting Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) are not currently modelled. This form of solid state lighting
emits light from a thin film of organic compounds when an electric current is applied. They are
currently used in devices such as mobile phone screens. This technology is still in its infancy stage
and although a few very high end lighting products are available it will take some time for
mainstream products to be available to market. OLEDs may become an important light source in the
future but there is currently insufficient information to inform modelling for this product.
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November 2011
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Policy Developments
Specific European legislation has entered into force since 2009 to establish ecodesign requirements
for non-directional household lamps, fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, high intensity
discharge (HID) lamps and ballasts and luminaires operating such lamps. A new lighting regulation is
being developed to set ecodesign requirements for directional lamps, LEDs and halogen lighting
converters.
Regulation (EC) 244/2009 includes compact fluorescent lamps and incandescent lamps and aims to
remove the most energy inefficient non-directional lamps from the market in favour of more energy
efficient alternatives. Typical lamps phased out by this regulation so far include all non-clear GLS,
candle and golf-ball lamps, CFLs of class B and below, and all clear GLS lamps rated 60W and above,
candle and golf-ball lamps, and linear halogen rated 100W and above. Almost all non-directional
lamps must be classified Class C or better from September 2012, and Class B or better from
September 2016.
Regulation (EC) 245/2009 and its amending Regulation (EU) 347/2010 set eco-design requirements
for fluorescent lamps without integrated ballast, HID lamps and ballasts and luminaires operating
such lamps. In April 2010 several types of fluorescent lamps were phased out, in particular T8
halophosphate linear lamps, while ballasts for fluorescent lamps were required to be classified as
minimum B2 if non-dimmable and minimum A1 if dimmable. Other lamp types will be removed from
the market in April 2012 in particular T12 halophosphate fluorescent lamps, standard high pressure
sodium (HPS) and the lowest performing metal halide (MH) lamps, and energy efficiency limits for
HID ballasts will come into effect. In April 2015, high pressure mercury (HPM) lamps will be phased
out. Starting from April 2017, non-integrated CFL 2 pin lamps and MH rated 400W and below not
meeting minimum requirements will be phased out, while the minimum energy efficiency class for
fluorescent lamp ballasts will be A2 (effectively requiring electronic ballasts). All fluorescent
luminaires will have to be compatible with these ballasts.
Decision 2010/571/EU amended Directive 2002/95/EC as regards the use of certain hazardous
substances in various electrical and electronic equipment, and set limits for the mercury content in
different lamp types. Because partial elimination or substitution of the use of mercury is scientifically
or technically possible without negative environmental, health and safety impacts, lower limits for
mercury contents will enter into force from 1 January 2012 for different fluorescent lamps, such as
CFLs and tri-band phosphor linear lamps. From the same date, mercury limits will be enforced for
other lamp types, such as cold-cathode fluorescent lamps, induction lamps, and HPS lamps.
Exemptions for mercury contents in T10 and T12 halophosphate fluorescent lamps and HPM lamps
will end in April 2012 and April 2015, respectively. No limitations for mercury contents in MH lamps
are currently set.
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Estimates of the impacts of the above legislation were included in the Reference MTP models for
lighting. These need to be adjusted in the light of more recent market data on the choice of
replacement lamps in households (see above).
Additionally, a new European Regulation is currently being produced on energy labelling of general
lighting lamps and household luminaires, and an EU Ecolabel labelling scheme has been established
by Decision 2011/331/EU to promote marketing of products that are more energy-efficient and have
less environmental impacts. This covers all linear fluorescent lamps and CFLs without magnetic
ballasts. These initiatives are expected to have a relatively small impact on the lighting market and
the UK lighting energy use.
A new lighting regulation is currently being developed to set eco-design requirements for directional
lamps, LEDs and halogen lighting converters, and this is expected to have a significant impact on the
lighting market. The regulation is expected to include:
• Minimum performance standards for reflector lamps including tungsten, tungsten halogen and
compact fluorescent reflector lamps. Tungsten reflector lamps (such as PAR lamps) are expected
to be removed from the market.
• Minimum performance standards for all types of LEDs (directional and non-directional),
including efficacy requirements, colour rendering and lifetime.
• Minimum standards for retrofit lamps, for example LEDs that are intended to replace tungsten
halogen lamps.
• Efficiency standards for halogen lighting converters (transformers).
Details including the exact standards, their application to other types of reflector lamp such as
compact metal halide lamps, and the timing of the measures, have yet to be finalised.
The Policy scenario in the current MTP lighting models assumed that such a regulation would come
into force in 2010. However, the implementation of the regulation has been delayed in comparison
with the assumptions of the MTP policy model, and it is likely that the regulation will be less strict, at
least to begin with, than the MTP policy model assumed.
A new version of Part L of the Building Regulations came into force in 2010. Part L contains
requirements for energy efficient lighting. Its non-domestic building services compliance guide
recommends that new lighting in office, industrial and storage spaces should have an average
luminaire efficacy (the amount of light emitted from the luminaire divided by its circuit wattage) of
at least 55 lm/W (up from 45 lm/W in 2006). There is a relatively minor correction if some types of
automatic lighting control are used in some types of space. For lighting in other non-domestic spaces
the recommendation is for an average lamp efficacy (the amount of light from the lamps divided by
the circuit wattage) of 55 lm/W, up from 50 lm/W in 2006. For display lighting the average lamp
efficacy should be at least 22 lm/W, up from 15 lm/W in 2006. These changes have been included in
the MTP policy model although the model may not fully take into account the improvements in
luminaire efficacy.
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In new dwellings the domestic building services compliance guide recommends that three out of
every four light fittings should be low energy, with a lamp efficacy of 45 lm/W or better. This is a
major change from 2006, when only one in four light fittings (or one per 25m2 of the dwelling if this
was more) had to be low energy. However, the 2010 recommendations allow fittings with
conventional bayonet cap or screw cap provided they are fitted with a low energy lamp. In the 2006
version, low energy fittings had to be dedicated and only take low energy lamps, such as pin based
CFLs. The existing MTP policy model assumed that all non-directional lighting in new homes would
be by compact fluorescent lamps – this is likely to have underestimated energy consumption in
these homes.
Other Developments/Miscellaneous
LEDs contain rare metals including gallium, indium and yttrium. An MTP study ‘Metals Shortages and
Their Impacts on the Long Term Feasibility of LED Supply’ examined the possible impact of future
shortages of these elements on the LED market. It concluded that because LEDs only contain very
small amounts of the rare elements, the expected increase in LED sales will not significantly affect
the metal reserves. However, it is possible that metals shortages, especially of indium, might impact
LED production.
This issue is currently affecting fluorescent lighting technologies too, as their phosphor coatings
contain rare earth elements. Export restrictions by China, the main producer of these elements, have
recently pushed up the price of fluorescent lamps.
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