http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/6272
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accelerators@work
•
•
•
•
Pay lip service to LHC and what follows
Diverse Applications
Accelerators in medicine - isotopes -therapy
Accelerators in the field of energy
– Accelerator driven thorium reactor
– Nuclear fusion driven by heavy ions
• The international contribution
• A really good idea for accelerator research
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Total number of accelerators built
worldwide
High Energy Accelerators of more than 1 GeV
~ 150
Ion implantation
Electron cutting and welding
Electron beam and X-ray irradiators (sterilization)
Ion Beam analysis (including AMS)
Radioisotope production( including PET)
Non destructive testing (including security)
Neutron generators (including sealed tubes)
Synchrotron radiation
~ 10200
~ 7000
~ 2600
~ 250
~ 1000
~ 1500
~ 1500
~ 70
Total (2007)
24,270
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Applications
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Industry
• DC guns, Linacs, Dynamitron, v. der. Graaff
– ion -implantation - semiconductor manufacture
– surface treatment - metals and paints
– sterilisation - medical goods - water - sewage
– polymerisation - adhesives - insulation
– membrane piercing - micro machining
Medicine
– Linacs, Cyclotrons, Synchrotrons
– proton therapy - conformal delivery - gantry
– ions
– PET
Law and order - explosives detection
Analysis - RBS - PIXE
Synchrotron light - lithography - diffraction
Spallation sources - neutron diffraction
Energy amplifier
Transmutation of nuclear waste
Heavy Ion Fusion
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Accelerator to kill weevils in grain
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Production line for sterilisation
15.9
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CHANGING THE PROPERTIES OF
MATERIALS
–
–
–
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Mechanical properties:
• wear, friction
• ductility, elasticity
• brittleness, machinability
• shape persistence
• stability against traction
• compression, torsion
Electrical properties:
• conductivity (T dependent)
• persistence against light
• superconductivity
• magnetic susceptibility
Thermal properties:
• thermal conductivity
• heat persistence
• shape persistence
• surface resistivity
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Ion- beam surface treatment
Fig. XIII.2 Hardening an artificial knee joint using ion implantation.
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Kniegelenk.gif
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Membranes made with ion-beams
Fig. XIII.3 A filter micro-machined with ions.
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quartz_MITE.gif
Quartz micro machining
by control of ion track etch access
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Engines of Discovery - Ted Wilson quartz_MITE.gif
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Scanning a lorry for drugs
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How the lorry is scanned
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Methods of analysis by scattering
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Spectrum from PIXE analysis
PIXE.pct
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Treating Cable Insulation
and Vulcanising Tyres
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Surface treatment with electrons
Fig. XIII.10 Methods of surface treatment.
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Shrink-wrap Film
Fig. XIII.6 A typical electron beam facility for producing shrink wrap.
This facility has 10 large electron accelerators.
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Ion beam welding
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IBA Invention – the Rhodotron
A Rhodotron accelerates electrons by
passing the beam repeatedly through a single coaxial cavity
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FXR
Fig. XIV.3 An induction accelerator, FXR, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
to study thebehavior of the implosion process in nuclear weapons.
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DHART
Fig. XIV.4 The Dual Axis Radiological Hydrodynamic Test Facility (DARHT)
at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, to examine nuclear weapons from two
axes rather than just one and reveal departures from cylindrical symmetry,
a sign of aging which can seriously affect performance.
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Mobile scanners
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accelerators@work
•
•
•
•
Pay lip service to LHC and what follows
Diverse Applications
Accelerators in medicine - isotopes -therapy
Accelerators in the field of energy
– Accelerator driven thorium reactor
– Nuclear fusion driven by heavy ions
• The international contribution
• A really good idea for accelerator research
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The Lawrence brothers use cyclotrons
to generate neutrons for therapy (1936)
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Making isotopes for PET scans
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Fig. XI.3 The IBA Cyclone 30 isotope production cyclotron
Engines
Discovery
- Ted Wilson
accelerates protons from
18ofto30
MeV
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Varian Electron Linac > X-rays
Fig. XI.8 A modern clinical linac that provides real-time position management
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X-rays v. Protons
Fig. XI.4 Energy loss profiles for a 160 MeV proton beam compared with a 10
MeV photon. A 160 MeV proton pristine Bragg peak (blue curve) and a
combined energy 9 mm spread out Bragg peak made-up of a series of lower
energy proton beams (red curve) are shown.
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HIMAC – Japan’s Hadron Therapy Machine
Fig. XI.11 The two synchrotrons which are available in the HIMAC facility..
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Fig. XI.9 Loma Linda 250 MeV Proton Synchrotron near Los Angeles CA
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Hitachi Proton Therapy Synchrotron
Fig. XI.10 Hitachi 250 MeV proton synchrotron with a diameter of 7m.
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Heidelberg Hadron Facility
Fig. XI.12 Heavy Ion Therapy Center (HIT) in Heidelberg,
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Isometric gantry
Fig. XI.5 Geometry of bending magnets and focusing quadrupoles in an isocentric gantry.
isogant.pct
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CNAO
Fig.
XI.13 CNAO accelerator clinical trials began early in 2010.
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accelerators@work
•
•
•
•
Pay lip service to LHC and what follows
Diverse Applications
Accelerators in medicine - isotopes -therapy
Accelerators in the field of energy
– Accelerator driven thorium reactor
– Nuclear fusion driven by heavy ions
• The international contribution
• A really good idea for accelerator research
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Inertial fusion
An artist’s view of a heavy ion inertial fusion facility in the US.
Although the facility is large, it is made of components that all
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appear
to be feasible to construct
and operate.
Inertial confinement
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Energy amplifier - Accelerator Driven
Thorium Reactor
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Carlo.pct
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Proton Drivers for Power Reactors
A linac scheme for driving a reactor. These devices can turn
thorium into a reactor fuel, power a reactor safely, and burn up
long-lived fission products.
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accelerators@work
•
•
•
•
Pay lip service to LHC and what follows
Diverse Applications
Accelerators in medicine - isotopes -therapy
Accelerators in the field of energy
– Accelerator driven thorium reactor
– Nuclear fusion driven by heavy ions
• The international contribution
• A really good idea for accelerator research
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Accelerators bringing nations together
The King of Jordan
discussing with
scientists the Sesame
Project, which will be
located in Jordan and
available to all
scientists.
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accelerators@work
•
•
•
•
Pay lip service to LHC and what follows
Diverse Applications
Accelerators in medicine - isotopes -therapy
Accelerators in the field of energy
– Accelerator driven thorium reactor
– Nuclear fusion driven by heavy ions
• The international contribution
• A really good idea for accelerator research
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Demonstration of electron
acceleration in a laser-driven dielectric
microstructure
,
•
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Conclusions
• Accelerators embody all that is good in modern
technology
• They continue to be “Engines of Discovery” in
many research fields for developing countries.
• Their practical application in Industry and
Medicine is expanding
• Their future (for the young engineer or physicist)
is a bright one.
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Links
Author’s e-mail: ted.wilson@cern.ch
Engines of Discovery:
http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/6272
Particle Accelerators
http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198508298
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