Presented at Gifu, Japan, 22nd July 2013.
Current Status of Solar Photovoltaic Market and Investment in Thailand
Professor Dr. Dusit Kruangam
Chairman
Thai Photovoltaic Industries Association
www.tpva2012.com
p
dusit@tpva2012.com
Managing Director
Thai Solar Future Co., Ltd.
,
www.thaisolarfuture.com
dusit@thaisolarfuture.com
@
Office: +66‐2‐953‐9163
Thailand is the leadingg countryy for investment and
construction of solar farms and solar rooftops in
South East Asia Countries (ASEAN).
Contents of Lecture
1. General Electricity Situation of Thailand
2. Crisis in 2011, 2013 in Thailand
3. Renewable Energy Policy of Thailand
4. Solar Electricity Promotion Programs of Thailand
5. (Examples of Some )MEGA Solar Farm Projects in Thailand
6. Solar Roof Promotion Programs of Thailand
7. Comparison of Electricity Situations Between Japan and Thailand
8. International Cooperation on Solar Between Japan and Thailand
9. Opportunity of Expansion of Business on Solar in f
f
l
Thailand
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
RE
Hydro
Geo
Nuclear
Coal
Oil
RE
Hydro
World
ASEAN
THAILAND
Comparison of Source of Energy for Power Generation
Volume of Use and Source of Natural Gas in Thailand
Million Cubic Foot/day
Thailand
Import
Reserve of Natural Gas in Thailand (to be completed in 2030)
Crisis in 2011, 2013 in Thailand
In 2011, Big Flooding from North to Bangkok
Don Muang International Airport
Honda Car Factory (2011)
Natural Gas Station in Mynmar
y
April 2013: Shutdown for Maintenance 2 weeks
20% of Electricity of Thailand disappeared.
May 2013: Black Out at night 3 hours.
14 Cities south of Thailand.
44 MWp, Bangchak Solar Co., Ltd. , Ayudthaya. (COD 2012) 44 MWp, Bangchak Solar Co., Ltd. , Ayudthaya. (COD 2012) History of Subsidiary Program for Solar in Thailand
in Thailand
Year
Program Name
Price of Buy Back
Years of Contract
Target Until Year 2020
2006
Adder
Adder 8 Baht/kWh Adder
8 Baht/kWh
+Variable Basic Tariff 3.5
Baht/kWh
10 Years
10 Years
500 MW
500 MW 2010
Adder
Adder Adder 6.50 Baht/kWh Adder
6 50 Baht/kWh
+Variable Basic Tariff 4 Baht/kWh
10 Years
10 Years
2010
Stop Applications
2012
Revised Target
2013
Feed In Tariff
2,000 MW
Fixed 6.16‐6.96 Baht/kWh
25 Years 3,000 MW
Bah
ht/kW
Wh
Adder System for Solar Farms, Roofs in Thailand (Announced in 2006)
(Announced in 2006) Total 11.50 Baht
Total 13 Baht ?
Adder 8 Baht
Adder 8 Baht
Basic Tariff 3.5 Baht
B i T iff 5 50 ? B ht
Basic Tariff 5.50 ? Baht
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 … Year
Bah
ht/kW
Wh
25 Years Feed In Tariff System of Solar Roof in Thailand (Announced in July 2013.
Thailand (Announced in July 2013. Total 6.96 Baht (House <10 kWp)
(
p)
Total 6.55 Baht (Bldg. 10‐250 kWp)
Total 6.16 Baht (Bldg. 250‐1,000 kWp)
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 .. Year
Target of Renewable Energy for Electricity in Thailand.
(Until 2020)
Renewable Energy
Original Target (MW)
Announced in 2012
New Target
(MW)
Announced in 2013 July.
1. Wind Energy
1,200
1,800
2. Solar Energy
2,000
3,000
3. Minihydro
1,608
324
4. Biomass
3,630
4,800
5. Biogas
600
3,600
6 Waste to Energy
6. Waste to Energy
160
400
3
3
9,201
,
13,927
,
7. Others Total
Remarks
1,000 MWp New National Programs of Solar PV
Announced by the National Energy Policy Committee and Ministry of Energy on 16th July 2013.
Market Volume: 80,000 MB Size: 200 MWp
Size: 25 MWp
Size: 800 MWp
Year: Y
2013
Program: Feed In Tariff
Type: Solar Roof
Investors: Private
Place: Private
Source: Bill
Year: Y
Program: Type: Investor: Place: Source: Year: Year
Program: Type: Investor: Place:
Source: <10 kWp
<10
kWp 6.96 B/kWh (23 Yen)
6 96 B/kWh (23 Yen)
10‐250 kWp 6.55 B/kWh (21 Yen)
250‐1,000 kWp 6.16 B/kWh (20Yen)
Market Volume: 16,000 MB
2013‐2014
2013
2014
Self‐Consumption
Solar Roof
Government
Government Bldg.
Energy Conservation Promotion Fund)
Promotion Fund)
2013‐2014
2013
2014
Solar Community
Solar Farm
to be selected
Local Gov. Bill Year 1‐3: 9.75 B/kWh (32 Y)
Year 4‐10: 6.50 B/kWh (21 )
Year 11‐25: 4.50 B/kWh (15)
Market Volume: 2,000 MB
Market Volume: 64,000 MB Cumulative SSolar PVV Installlation inn Thailaand (MW
Wp)
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Forecast of PV Installation in Thailand
Government Target
3,000 MWp
3,000 MWp
Solar Commun
it
ity
(FIT)
Solar Solar
Roofs
(FIT)
Solar Farms
(Adder)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Price of Investment in Solar in Thailand
Year
Solar Roof (2‐10 kWp)
MEGA Solar Farm (1‐10 MWp)
2010
150,000‐200,000 Baht/kWp
120‐150 MB/MWp
2011
120,000‐150,000 Baht/kWp
100‐120 MB/MWp
2012
100,000‐120,000
100,000
120,000 Baht/kWp
Baht/kWp
80‐100
80
100 MB/MWp
MB/MWp
2013
90,000‐100,000 Baht/kWp
70‐80 MB/MWp
2014
70,000‐90,000 Baht/kWp
60‐70 MB/MWp
Electricity Flows in Thailand
EGAT (Electricity Generating Authority) (State Own)
EGAT (El t i it G
ti A th it ) (St t O )
IPP (Independent Power Producer) > 90 MW
SPP (Small Power Producer) 10‐90 MW
MEA (Metropolitan Electricity Authority)
(State Own)
Bangkok+2 Provinces
g
VSPP (Very Small Power
Producer) <10 MW
Consumers in Bangkok + 2 Provinces
PEA (Provincial Electricity Authority)
(State Own)
Bangkok+2 Provinces
VSPP (Very Small Power
VSPP (Very Small Power Producer) <10 MW
Consumers in 73 Provinces
Concept of Solar Farms
PEA Line, AC 22 kV, 3 phase
AC 22 kV, 3 phase
VSPP kWh Meter Bangkok Office
AC 22 kV, 3 phase
Transformers
Solar Farm
AC 400 V, 3 phase
AC Panels AC 400 V, 3 phase
Inverters
MW DC
PV Modules MWp
Monitoring & Display System
6 MWp
1.65 MWp
5.6 MWp
p
360 MWp completed
360 MWp
73 MWp
0.24 MWp
0.33 MWp
3 .2 kWp
0.63 MWp, Ekarat Engineering PCL., Pracheenburi. (COD 2010)
0.63 MW Ekarat Solar Farm
630 kW Monocrystalline Si Modules
630 kW Inverter
400 V/22 kV Transformer
630 kW Solar Farm, Pracheenburi.
22 kV Lines 1.65 MWp, Solar Park Co., Ltd., Lopburi (COD October 2011)
5.5 MW Solar Farm (Saraburi)
0.55 MWp x 10 = 5.5 MWp, Thai Solar Plant Group, Saraburi
(COD June 2012)
(COD, J
2012)
5.7 MWp, Thai Solar Plant Group, Saraburi
5
7 MWp Thai Solar Plant Group Saraburi
(COD June 2012)
44 MWp, Bangchak Solar Co., Ltd. , Ayudthaya. (COD 2012) 73+11 MWp, Natural Energy Development Co., Ltd. , Lopburi. (COD 2012) 73+11 MWp, Natural Energy Development Co., Ltd. , Lopburi. (COD 2012) 73+11 MWp, Natural Energy Development Co., Ltd. , Lopburi. (COD 2012) 8 MWp, L Solar 1 Co., Ltd. , Kanchanaburi. (COD 2012) Total > 10 MWp, Bangkok Solar Power Co., Ltd. (COD 2009‐2010‐2011‐2012‐‐‐‐) Solar Roof on Residential Buildings
2.0 kWp, Dr. Dusit Kruangam, Bangkok. (2009) 2.0 kWp, Dr. Pirom, Bangkok. (2010) 3.2 kWp, Ms. Wanna Siriwong, Hadyai. (2010)
3.6 kWp, Khunying Sompong
Wanissorn, Bangkok. (2010) (Adder)
1.2 kWp, Ms. Sirima Nilrat, Hadyai. (2010)
3.6 kWp, Ms. Marisa Soratja, Ladawan Rangsit, Pathumthanee. (2010)
3.6 kWp, Mr. Danaithorn, Songkhla. (2010)
3.6 kWp, Mr. Montri Uwanno, Hadyai. (2010)
Solar Roof on Commercial Buildings
330 kWp, Energy Complex, Bangkok. (2009) Solar Roof on Commercial Buildings
130 kWp, Central World Plaza, Bangkok. (2011) Solar Roof on Commercial Building
240 kWp, IKEA Store, Mega Bangna, Bangkok. (2011) 330 kWp, TESCO LOTUS, Talad
330
kWp TESCO LOTUS Talad Bangphra, Sriracha, Cholburi. Bangphra Sriracha Cholburi
(Construction Period Sep‐Dec 2011) Solar Carport
25.8 kWp, Ekarat Solar, Amata City, Rayong. (2009)
24 kWp, Thammasart University, Pathumthani. (2010)
10 kWp, Petchaboon Innovation Co., Ltd., (2010)
7.5 kWp, Sabic Innovative Plastics Co., Ltd., Rayong
(2012)
Solar Carport
11 kWp, Delta Electronics (Thailand) PCL., Samutprakarn. (2011)
Book
How to Invest and Construct
SOLAR FARMS, SOLAR ROOFS
in Thailand
Author:
Size:
Pages:
Sell:
Dr. Dusit Kruangam
A5
250 pages
2013
Book
Directory
Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Thailand
h l d
Editor: Dr Dusit Kruangam
Editor: Dr. Dusit Kruangam
Size:
A4
Pages: 350 pages
Sell:
2013
5.6 5
6
M
Wp
Comparison Between Japan and Thailand
Japan
Thailand
Population
Million
126
60
El
Electricity Energy
i i E
TWh
1 070
1,070
150
Electricity Power
GW
282
28
Electricity Consumption per person
Electricity Consumption per person
kWh/person
8 459
8,459
2 500
2,500
Nuclear Power Plant
Plant
53
0
Electricity price
Yen/kWh
30
13
Cumulative Solar PV Installation
GW
7.4
0.50
Feed In Tariff for Solar Electricity
Yen/kWh
42 Yen/kWh (20 Years)
23 Yen/kWh (25 Years)
การติดตั้งระบบโซลารเซลล รวมในประเทศญี่ปุนจนถึง ค.ศ. 2012 = 7,000 MW
(เฉพา คค.ศ.
(เฉพาะ
ศ 2012 ตดตง
ติดตั้ง 2,000
2 000 MW)
ตัวอยางการใหการสนับสนุนจากภาครัฐของประเทศญี่ปุน
เพื่อสงเสริมใหประชาชนติดตั้งโซลารรฟ
เพอสงเสรมใหประชาชนตดตงโซลารรู
(ติดตั้งแลว จํานวนมากกวา 1 ลานหลัง)
1.1 การผลตไฟฟาจากโซลารรู
ิ ไฟฟ โ  ฟฟใในบาน

1.1 รัฐบาลกลางรับซื้อไฟฟาสวนเกิน (Net Metering) หนวยละ 42 เยน
(13 บาท) ระยะเวลา 10 ป
1.2 สนับสนุุนการลงทุุนจากจังหวัด สัดสวน 20%-50% ขึ้นกับนโยบาย
ของแตละจังหวัด
2. ใหเงนไมเกน
ใหเงินไมเกิน 100,000 เยน (33,000 บาท) ตอโครงการสาหรบการตดตง
ตอโครงการสําหรับการติดตั้ง
ระบบบริหารจัดการการใชไฟฟา (House Energy Management
S t HEMS)
System:
3. ใหเงินสนับสนุนลงทุนระบบประหยัดการใชไฟฟา
4. ให
ใ เ งินลงทุนติดตั้งแบตเตอรี่ชนิด Li Ion รถยนตไฟฟา ไไมเกิน 1 ลา นเยน
ตอโครงการ
Wind
Solar
Greeny Gifu,
1) International
International Cooperation between Japan
Cooperation between Japan
and Thailand on PV during 1974‐2012
1) Thailand‐Japan Joint Workshop on PV Support by JSPS
Y
Year
J
Japan
Th il d
Thailand
1990
Hamakawa, Chaya,
Konagai
Somsak,
Dusit
?1996 Hamakawa, Chaya,
Konagai
Somsak,
Dusit
2004
Konagai
2012 Konagai
Dec 7‐
8
P i
Province
P j t
Project
Bangkok,
Srakeow
1st Joint Workshop,
Field Trip
Bangkok,
Phuket,
Chiangmai
2nd Joint Workshop,
Field Trip
3rd Joint p,
Workshop,
Field trip
Porponth
Kobsak,
Dusit
Bangkok,
Lopburi
p
4th Joint Workshop
Workshop,
Field Trip
Ph t
Photo
2) Dr. Students from Japan Universities
Year
Universityy
Laboratoryy
Place of Work in Thailand
Name of Thai Dr.
1974
Osaka
Inuishi, Shirafuji
Chulalongkorn
Dr. Somsak
1987
Osaka
Shirafuji
Kasetsrat
Dr. Korakot
1987
TIT
Konagai
NSTDA, TIT
Dr. Porponth
1988
Osaka
Hamakawa, Chulalongkorn,
Okamoto
Thai Solar F t
Future Dr. Dusit
1990‐
2012
TIT
Konagai
NECTEC, NSTDA
Dr. Kobsak, Dr. Amornrat
Dr. Jarun, Dr. Thaweewat, Dr. Suttirat,
D S
Dr. Sorapong, Dr. Assawin
Total
About 12 Dr.
Ritsumeikan
Photo
3) New Energy Development Organization (NEDO) Projects
Year
Japan
Thailand
Province
Type
kWp
1980
NEDO
PEA
Tak
Stand Alone,
Grid
120
2000
NEDO
DEDE
Libon
Island
Ranong
Minigrid
100
2008
NEDO
Naresuan
University
Pissanulok Grid
120
Photo
4) Machinery for Production of PV Modules Y
Year
J
Japan
Th il d
Thailand
P i
Province
M hi
Machine
2003
NPC
Solartron
Nakornractchas
ima
Module
15
Assemblying
2004
NPC
Ekarat Solar Chasengsao
2005
Sharp Sharp Nakornpathom
Module Assenblying
MW
MWp
10
Module 7
Assemblying
Ph t
Photo
5) R&D Projects on Fabrication of PV
Year
Japan
p
Thailand
Province
Machine
kWp
p
1986
Donated from JICA
Chulalongkorn
University
Bangkok
Electron Beam Evaporator
R&D
1987
Donated from Hitachi Foundation
Chulalongkorn
University
Bangkok
Solar Simulator
R&D
1988
Donated Donated
from Osaka
University
Chulalongkorn
University
Bangkok
Glow Discharge Glow
Discharge
Plasma CVD for amorphous silicon
R&D
2002
Donated from JICA
Chulalongkorn
University
Bangkok
MBE for III‐V
Compounds
R&D
Photo
5) R&D Projects on Fabrication of PV (continued 2)
Year
Japan
Thailand
Province
Machine
kWp
1990
TIT Technology
Solar Energy Research L b
Laboratory
Bangkok
Plasma CVD for amorphous silicon solar ili
l
cells
Pilot Production Li
Line Photo
6) Demonstration Projects of Grid‐Connected Systems
Y
Year
J
Japan
2000
P i
Province
P j t
Project
kW
kWp
Mitsubishi, EGAT
Kaneka, others
Several
10 Solar Roofs on Residential
2.5 x 10
2002
Mitsubishi, EGAT
Kaneka, others
Several
50 Solar Roofs on Residential
2.5 x 50
2003
Mitsubishi, EGAT
Kaneka, others
5 x 10
Several
Provincial Office Building
Several
Factories
10 x 6
2004
Th il d
Thailand
Mitsubishi, Federation of Thai Kaneka, I d
Industries
i
others
Ph t
Photo
7) Thailand‐Japan Joint R&D on PV
Y
Year
J
Japan
Th il d
Thailand
P i
Province
P j t
Project
Gifu NECTEC,
University
TPVA
(Prof
(Prof. Nonomura, Prof. Kobayashi)
y
)
Bangkok
Forecast of Climate and PV Generation
AIST
(Dr. Kondo)
Bangkok
Monitoring
of PV Generation
Generation from Different Modules
NECTEC
KMUTT
NEDO, JICA, Naresuan,
Institute for Development p
of Economy and Commuynity
Power
kW
kWp
5 x 5
Ph t
Photo
Examples of Brands of PV Modules Installed in Thailand
Thailand
Japan
China
Germany
Ekarat Solar (c)
Solartron (C)
Thai Agency E i
Engineering (C)
i (C)
Bangkok Solar (TF)
Kyocera (c)
Kyocera
(c)
Sharp (C)
Mitsubishi (C)
Panasonic (C)
Panasonic (C)
Solar Frontier (TF)
Mitsubishi (TF)
Sharp (TF)
Sharp (TF)
Kaneka (TF) Suntech (C) (C)
Chint Solar (C
Chint Solar (TF)
Chaori (C)
SUNGEN (TF)
DuPont Apollo (TF)
GS Solar (TF)
GS Solar (TF) Q.Cells
Q
Cells Hanhwa(C)
Conergy (C)
Solar World (C)
Schott Solar (C)
Schott Solar (C)
REC Solar (C)
First Solar (TF)
Schott Solar (TF)
Schott Solar (TF)
USA
Taiwan
UNI‐SOLAR (TF)
DelSolar
Power Com (C) ( )
Green Energy Technology (TF)
NexPower (TF)
Examples of Brands of Inverters Installed in Thailand
Thailand
Japan
China
Germany
Leonics
Delta
Sanyo Denki
Sanyo
Denki
Sharp
(Hitachi)
(Fuji Electric)
(Fuji Electric)
Chint Power
Sun Grow ??
SMA
Oelmaier
Schneider
ABB
Conergy
Austria
Korea
Taiwan
USA
Fronius
Soleaf (Dasstech)
Delta
Power One ??? Thailand is in the center of 600 Million Population
“ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)” (to Start from the Year 2015)
**
**Center and Bridge of Investment of Solar Photovoltaic Projects***
d d
f
f l
h
l
***
Thai Photovoltaic Industries Association (TPVA)
Establishment
Acting Chairman
WWW
E‐Mail:
Tel:
June 2012
June
2012
Prof. Dr. Dusit Kruangam
www.TPVA2012.com
dusit@tpva2012.com
dusit@thaisolarfuture.com
085‐918‐3691
085
918 3691
Appendix
pp
Solar Modules
Inverters
DC
AC
AC Cabinet
(AC Surge Protectors) AC
Electricity Selling
kWh Meter
AC
<10 kWp
6.96 Baht/kWh
(23 Y)
25 Years
Y
Electricity Buying
kWh Meter
Consumer Unit
AC
AC
Case of Low Voltage House
Solar Roof System with Feed In Tariff Program
AC
MEA, PPEA, Low Vooltage Liness
House
Solar Modules
Inverters
DC
AC
AC Cabinet
(AC Surge Protectors) AC
Electricity Selling
kWh Meter
AC
10-250 kWp
6.55 Baht/kWkh
21 Y
25 Years
Electricity Buying
kWh Meter
MDB or
Consumer Unit
AC
AC
Case of Low Voltage House
Solar Roof System with Feed In Tariff Program
AC
MEA, PPEA, Low Vooltage Liness
Enterprise
Building
SME
Solar Modules
Inverters
AC
DC
AC Cabinet
(AC Surge
Protectors)
AC
Electricity Selling
kWh Meter
AC
Transformer
22-33 kV/
380-400 V
AC
Enterprise
Building
SME
AC
MDB or
Consumer
Unit
Transformer
22-33 kV/
380 400 V
380-400
Electricity Buying
kWh Meter
AC
AC
Case of Medium Voltage Customer
Solar Roof System with Feed In Tariff Program
AC
MEA, PEAA, Medium VVoltage Linees (22-33 kVV)
10-250 kWp
6.55 Baht/kWh
21 Y
25 Years
Solar Modules
Inverters
AC
DC
AC Cabinet
(AC Surge
Protectors)
AC
Electricity Selling
kWh Meter
AC
Transformer
22-33 kV/
380-400 V
AC
Enterprise
Building
AC
MDB or
Consumer
Unit
Transformer
22-33 kV/
380 400 V
380-400
Electricity Buying
kWh Meter
AC
AC
Case of Medium Voltage Customer
Solar Roof System with Feed In Tariff Program
AC
MEA, PEAA, Medium VVoltage Linees (22-33 kVV)
>250 kWp
6.19 Baht/kWh
20 Y
25 Years
Normal Electricity Prices in Thailand
Normal Electricity Prices in Thailand
Residence
Normal Meter
3‐4 Baht/kWh
3
4 B ht/kWh
(10‐13 Y)
1 Baht = 3.3 Yen
TOU Meter
Before VAT
B
f
VAT
On Peak: 09:00‐22:00 hrs
5.72 Baht/kWh
(18 Y)
(18 Y)
Off Peak: 22:00‐09:00 hrs.
2.80 Baht/kWh
(9 Y)
(9 Y)
Commercial
TOU Meter
Before VAT
B
f
VAT
On Peak: 09:00‐22:00 hrs
4.00‐4.50 Baht/kWh
Off Peak: 22:00 09:00 hrs
Off Peak: 22:00‐09:00 hrs.
2.80‐3.00 Baht/kWh
+
Demand Peak: 132‐196 Baht/kW
MWp PV Grid Connection
(Operating in March 2013)
99 %
Solar Farm (Adder)
l
( dd )
486 MWp
486
MWp
<1% S l R ft
Solar Rooftops
2 MWp
p
Adder
10%
Selfuse
90% Size: Year: Program: g
Type: Investors: Place: Source: 200 MWp
p
2013
Feed In Tariff
Solar Roof
Private
Private
Ft
<10 kWp
10‐250 kWp
250‐1,000 kWp
6.96 B/kWh (23 Y)
6.55 B/kWh (21 Y)
6.16 B/kWh (20)
Market Volume: 16,000 MB
Market of PV in Thailand
On Grid Solar Systems
Solar Roofs
Off Grid Solar Systems
Solar Farms
Size
•1‐10 kWp: Residential
•10‐250 kWp: Commercial Bldg.
•250—1
250 1,000 kWp: Commercial Bldg.,
000 kWp: Commercial Bldg
Non‐Electrified Area
Size
•VSPP: 0.5‐10 MWp
•SPP: 10‐90 MWp
Size
•0.1‐50 kWp
(with Batteries)
Customers
Private Projects
Government Projects
Module Manufacturers in Thailand
Company
Product
Solartron Plc.
Cryst. Si Modules
Bangkok Solar
A Si Cells/Modules
A-Si
A-Si Cells/Modules
A-Si Cells/Modules
C t Si M
Cryst.
Modules
d l
Cryst. Si Modules
A-Si Modules
Cryst. Si Modules
Cryst. Si Cells
Sharp (Thailand)
Sh
(Th il d)
Thai Agencies
Ekarat Solar
Total
Capacity
Location
(MW)
75Nakornraschasrima
5Chaseongsao
10Chaseongsao
15Chaseongsao
7N k
7Nakornpathom
th
5Ayodthaya
5Ayodthaya
15Chaseongsao
25Rayong
162
กราฟแสดงสัดสวนของปริมาณการติดตั้งโซลารรูฟ ตอ โซลารฟารม ในตางประเทศ (2011)
กรณี
กรณ
ประเทศญปุ่ปน โซลารรู
ประเทศญี
โซลารรฟ (MW) ตอ
ตอ โซลารฟารม
โซลารฟารม (MW) = 98% ตอ
ตอ 2%
ประเทศเยอรมนี โซลารรูฟ (MW) ตอ โซลารฟารม (MW) = 90% ตอ 10%
New RE Plan in EU (2020)
ในประเทศเยอรมนี
ระบบโซลารเซลลและลม สามารถผลิตไฟฟาปอนเขาระบบ
เพื่อ Cut Peak วนท
เพอ
วันที่ 8 พฤษภา 2011 ไดมากถง
ไดมากถึง 50% ของความ
ตองการพลังงานไฟฟา
ราคา FIT ทรฐบาลญปุ
ที่รฐั บาลญี่ปนรัรบซอไฟฟาจากระบบโซลารเซลล
บซื้อไฟฟาจากระบบโซลารเซลล