10.
DETAILS OF ELECTIVE COURSES ^
10.1
Physics
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I f you wish to understand how nature works, both at the everyday level, and on scales of time large and small, you have
to turn to physics. For example, you may be interested in knowing why nature is the way it is. Where did the universe
come from and why is there a universe? What is a black hole? You may wisji to know about the mechanism that generates
sunlight which makes life possible, about gravity that keeps us restrained to the earth and makes heavenly bodies move
the way that do. about atoms of which matter around you is made of and on whose stability our world depends.
Tire answers to all such questions lie in the domain of physics. Physics is subtle, yet simple. The fundamental laws
of physics look simple yet they encompass a large variety of phenomena; physical, technological and natural. Tire
applications of the principles of physics throughout science and engineering are fascinating. Indeed, Physics is
fundamental!
You will discover the world of physics through a variety of courses listed below. We hope that this study will be a
rewarding experience for you.
Elementary Mechanics (PHE-01)
2 credits
We live in a Universe of continual motion. Electrons swarming around atomicinmatter.busesspeedingalonghighways.
planets orbiting the sun, tire stars and galaxies rushing apart are all examples of matter in motion.
The branch of physics dealing with the motion of bodies as well as bodies at rest or equilibrium is called mechanics.
Since motion is such an important feature of the world around us, it is the logical subject to begin the study of physical
phenomena. Therefore, we are offering this course entitled Elementary Mechanics as the first elective in physics. As
the title suggests, in this course you will study elementary concepts and laws of mechanics; including the laws of
conservation of linear momentum, angular momentum and energy.
We use the concepts and laws of mechanics constantly in everyday life and in engineering applications. We use them
when we ride bicycles, lift heavy loads, play tennis or construct bridges. Many fascinating developments of the space
age, such as launching of space probes and artificial satellites, are direct applications of the laws of mechanics. These
laws allow us to predict with remarkable accuracy the motion of planets in the solar system as well as to explain the
formation of stars and galaxies. You will study the applications of these concepts and'laws to simple and familiar
physical situations in Block 1 of this course. Their application^ more complex situations, such asplanetary motion,
manv-particle systems, rigid body dynamics and motioivn 'hor>fnertial frames of reference form.the subject of
Block 2.
Mechanics is the most fundamental area of physics. A sound knowledge of mechanics is needed to study vibrations and
waves, electromagnetism, thermal physics, quantum mechanics, special and general theories of relativity, etc. To stud>
physics at the undergraduate level, this course is a must.
Syllabus
Block 1 :
Concepts in Mechanics
Unit 1
Motion
Unit 2
Force and Momentum
Unit 3 . Work and Energy
Block 2 :
Unit 4
Angular Motion
Unit 5
Gravitation
Systems of Particles
Unit 6
Motion under Central Conservative Forces
Unit 7
Many-Particle Systems
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Unit 8
Scattering
Unit 9
Rigid Body Dynamics
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Unit 10 Motion in Non-Incrtial Frames of Reference
Appendix A
Conic Sections
Appendix B
Methods of Determination of Moment of Inertia
Video :
Rotation of Earth
Audio-Vision:
Problem Solving in Mechanics
Oscillations and Waves (PHE-02)
2 credits
The phenomena we normally observe innature canbe broadly classified into two categories: those concerned with matter
and those concerned with waves. Physics courses usually begin with discussion of phenomena dealing with mecha­
nics of matter and properties of matter. Next comes the phenomena of waves. Of our five senses, two deal with the
waves—hearing and seeing. Our contact with the external world is mainly through these two senses. Sound and light,
though of entirely different nature, have many properties in common. In this course, you will learn about waves in
general. This unified approach to wave motion is meant to bring out the underlying similarity between apparently widely
differing phenomena. Even our understanding of modem physics, particularly quantum mechanics, depends on clear
understanding of this course.
Before coming to wave motion it is essential to understand the physics of oscillations of an isolated body as well as of
two or more bodies coupled together. This course is therefore divided into two blocks. Block 1 deals with the study
of oscillations of isolated as well as coupled systems. The effect of damping and/or an external harmonic force are
discussed here. Block 2 deals with wave motion. The vocabulary ofwave motion, reflection, transmissionand refraction
of waves are discussed in detail. Superposition of waves can give rise to beats, stationary waves, interference or
diffraction. These have been discussed with particular emphasis on sound waves.
Syllabus
Block 1 :
Oscillations
Unit 1
Simple Harmonic Motion
Unit 2
Superposition of Simple Harmonic Oscillations
Unit 3
Damped Harmonic Motion
Unit 4
Forced Oscillations and Resonance
Unit 5
Coupled Oscillations
Block 2: Waves
Unit 6
Wave Motion
Unit?
Waves at the Boundary of Two Media
Units
Superposition of Waves-I
Unit 9
Superposition of Waves-II
Video:
Simple Harmonic Motion
Coupled Oscillations
Audio:
Acoustics of Buildings
Physics Laboratory-I (PHE-03 (L))
4 credits
Observation and experimentation are the two characteristic features of science. Prior to Galileo, scientists based their
theories on speculation and aesthetic preferences. He broke away from this tradition. Ever since, it has become a
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standard method ol science to accept theoretical predictions only if repeated observations and precise measurements
provide enough evidence. Indeed as Lord Kelvin so aptly put it: "When you can measure what you arc speaking about
and express it in numbers, you know something about it; when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is
of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind."
As a student of science, and particularly physics, you must be skilled observer and experimentalist. PHE-0.1 (L) is the
first laboratory course in physics. This course should enable you to (a) gain experience in the scientific method viz.
taking unbiased observation, interpreting and analysing data and deriving conclusions, (b) acquire basic skill in using
different measuring instruments, and (c) leant some standard techniques for the measurements of various physical
quantities. To achieve these objectives, preset and open-ended experiments bas e been designed for this course. These
experiments pertain to oscillations, waves and mechanical and electrical properties of materials.
As you work through this course, you will realise that a lot of good physics can be learnt tlirough simple experimental
arrangements.
Syllabus
Block I : Sonic Experiments on Oscillations and Waves
Unit
Introduction to Laboratory I: Measurement
Unit
Introduction to Laboratory 1: Error Analysis
Experiment
To investigate the Dependence of the Period of a Pendulum on Length, Amplitude and Mass
Experiment
Oscillations of a Spring-Mass System and a Torsional Pendulum
Experiment
A Study of Energy and Momentum Conservation Principles
Experiment
A Study of Coupled Oscillations
Experiment
Relation between Wavelength and Frequency of Stationary Waves
Block 2 : Some Experiments on Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Material
Experiment
Young’s Modulus for a Material by Bending of Beams
Experiment
Measurement of Law Resistance using Carey' Foster’s Bridge
Experiment
8
Variation of Thermo-E.M.F. with Temperature
Experiment
9
Frequency Response of A C. Series Circuits
Experiment
1!)
Zenar Diode Characteristics and Zener as a Voltage Regulator
Experiment
11
A Study of Transistor Characteristics
Mathematical Methods in Physics-i (PHE-04)
2 credits
Mathematics is the language of physics. It permits us to discuss the laws of physics and their consequences in an
attractively simplcand compact manner. As Galileo so delightful ly expressed: “The great book of nature lies ever open
before our eyes, but it is written in mathematical characters.” Experience tells us that there has been a fascinating
interplay between physics and mathematics all along.
To understand and express the concepts and laws of physics, it is essential that you learn the rcleva it mathematical
techniques. For this purpose, we are offering two (PHE-04, PHE-05) 2-credit courses on Mathematical Methods in
Physics. In the PHE-04 course you will study Vector Calculus (Block 1), and Probability and Statistics (Block 2).
The study of vector calculus is of great value in physics. While the use of vectors simplifies the expression of physical
concepts, their differentiation and integration is useful in determining the resultant of forces or momenta, determining
the work done on a particle moving in any force field, modelling the flow of fluids in pipes, computing the electric field
ductoa charged conductor; etc. Indeed, thctoolsofvcctorcalculus discussed inBlock 1 find extensive use in mechanics,
electromagnetics, quantum mechanics, fluid mechanics, optics, etc.
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There is perhaps no part of mathematics that is more intimately connected with everyday experiences than probability
theory. We all know that the element of chance dominates the physical world. Even the origin of life is itself a chance
happening! Probability theory serves as a model for chance phenomena. Along with statistical methods, it enables us
to deal with ;my problem involving large number of particlcs/variablcs. Knowledge of probability and statistics is
required in such diverse areas as the kinetic theory of matter, statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics, atmospheric
physics, design of experiments, interpretation of data and error analysis.
If you intend to study physics in depth, y ou must take this course, particularly because vector calculus is not being
discussed in any of the mathematics courses.
Svllahus
Block 1 :
Vector Calculus
Unit 1
Vector Algebra
Unit 2
Vector Differential Calculus
Unit 3
Coordinate Systems
Unit 4
Integration of Scalar and Vector Fields
Appendix
Block 2 :
Proof of the Vector Integral Theorems
Probability and Statistics
Unit 5
Basic Concepts of Probability
Unit 6
Probability Distributions
Unit 7
Applications in Physics
Mathematical Methods in Physics-II (PHE-05)
2 credits
Change is the law of nature. We all know that most things evolve with time. They are also diverse and non-uniform
in space. The evolution in space and time is best described in a quantitative way in terms of differentia! equations. The
oscillations of a simple pendulum, as in an old fashioned wall clock, propagation of sound and light waves enabling
uslohcarandsee. cxcitationanddcexcilalionof electrons in atoms which generate light waves, complicated interactions
in chemical reactions, growth of bacteria feeding on rotten foodstuff, foxes eating rabbits who eat grass, and similar
other physical problems can be modelled by differential equation^. In fact, most of the natural laws inphysics, chemistry',
life sciences, astronomy, engineering etc. find their most natural expression in the language of differential equations.
It is for these reasons that in this 2-crcdit course we have focused our attention entirely on differential equations. The
course is presented in two blocks. The first block deals with ordinary differential equations, i.c. differential equations
in which the unknown function depends only on one variable. Differential equations involving unknown functions of
more than one variable arc called partial differential equations. These form the subject of Block 2. Our emphasis in this
course ison studying the mcthodsofsolvingordinary andpartial differential equations, with particularrcfcrcnccto their
applications in physics.
Syllabus
Block 1 :
Ordinary Differential Equations
Unit 1
Unit 2
Second Order Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients
Unit 3
Second Order Ordinary' Differential Equations with Variable Coefficients
Unit 4
Block 2 :
First Order Ordinary Differential Equations
Some Applications of ODEs in Physics
Partial Differential Equations
Unit 5
An Introduction to Partial Differential Equations
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Unit 6
Partial Differential Equations in Physics
Unit 7
Fourier Series
Unit 8
Applications of Fourier Series to PDEs
Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics (PHE-06)
4 credits
Energy is intimate to our existence. The energy that cooks our food, lights our houses and operates machines appears
in its manifestation as heal released in burning of wood, coal, gas or oil. What is heat? How can we specify thedircction
of its How? The answers to these and other related questions fall in the domain of thermodynamics. This subject came
into existence on phenomenological basis long before we knew the nature of matter. There are two distinct approaches
to learn this subject. The classical approach is based on some postulates derived from experience. In the statistical
approach, on the other hand, the firm physical and statistical basis of thermodynamics is demonstrated by relating the
properties of bulk systems to the behaviour of their elementary constituents.
One of the oldest hypotheses is that matter is made up of molecules. The interplay between intermolccular forces and
thermal agitation gave birth to the molecular theory, which when supplemented by the laws of mechanics for individual
molecules leads to kinetic theory. It enables us to relate macroscopic and microscopic properties of gases. In a sense,
kinetic theory has great aesthetic appeal in that elegant laws govern the chaotic motion of a large number of molecules.
Moreover, this theory finds useful applications in frontal areas of physics.
In classical statistical mechanics, we supplement purely statistical methods by the laws of (classical) mechanics for
individual particles making up the system. The advent of quantum mechanics gave it a new shape. Many new
phenomena, completely unknown in the domain of classical statistical physics, can be satisfactorily explained. The
working of lasers, physics of superconductivity and superfluidity is much well understood now.
In its present stale, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics is one of the most fascinating courses taught to
undergraduate physics students. It finds use in material science, engineering, chemistry, quantum, atomic and
molecular physics, spectroscopy, energy studies and beyond. It provides opportunities to develop a sensibility towards
nature, the essential part of physics education. Therefore, a more thoughtful study will bring you extra rewards!
Syllabus
Block 1 : The Zeroth and The First Law s of Thermodynamics-
Block 2 :
Block 3 :
Unit 1
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
Unit 2
Measurement of Temperature
Unit 3
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Unit 4
Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics
The Second and The Third Law s of Thermodynamics
Unit 5
Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Unit 6
The Thermodynamic Potentials
Unit 7
Phase Transitions
Unit 8
Production of Low Temperatures and the Third Law
Elementary Kinetic Theory
Unit 9
Ideal Gases
Unit 10 Transport Phenomena
Unit 11 Brownian Motion
Unit 12 Real. Gases
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Block 4 :
Elements of Statistical Mechanics
Unit 1.3 Basic Concepts of Statistical Mechanics
Unit 14 The Partition Function
Unit 15 Quantum Statistics
Appendix :
A Brief Note on Stirling's Formula
A Brief Note on the Method of Lagrang Multiplies
Evaluation of B E. and F.D. integrals
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena (PHE-07)
4 credits
Today we li\ c in a world dominated by electrical appliances. Continued innovations in technology have revolutionised
our life style. And it is highly satisfying that such a wide variety of devices operate on a few simple electromagnetic
principles
The electromagnetic force plays an important role in our life in that it is solely responsible for the structure of matter
from atomic to macroscopic dimensions. Even chemical compound occurring on the earth owe their existence to
electromagnetic interactions. The electrical forces govern the replication of DNA molecules and hence lifconourplanet.
Moreover, the study of electromagnetism will be useful to you in understanding other courses ofphysics, like the special
theory of relativity, optics, quantum mechanics, etc.
{Syllabus
Block 1 :
Block 2 :
Block 3 :
‘
Electrostatics in Free Space
Unit 1
Electric Charge, Force and Field
Unit 2
Gauss’ Law
Unit 3
Electric Potential
Unit 4
Potential for Continuous Charge Distributions and Energy
Electrostatics in Medium
Unit 5
Dielectrics
Unit 6
Capacitors
Unit 7
Microscopic Properties of Dielectrics
Electric Current and Magnetic Field
Unit 8
Electric Current
Unit 9
Magnetic Field
Unit 10 Motion of Charges in Electric and Magnetic Fields
Unit 11 Magnetism of Matcrials-I
Unit 12 Magnetism of Matcrials-II
Block 4 :
Electromagnetics
Unit 13 Electromagnetic Induction
Unit 14 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
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Unit 15 Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves
Appendix:
Physics Laboratory-II (PHE-08 (L))
4 credits
The first level physics laboratory course is an exercise to develop basic experimental skills in a student. In the second
level laboratory course we wish to cultivate confidence in you in handling sophisticated instruments, apart from
generating ability to overcome difficulties when an experimental arrangement does not work. Moreover, interpreting
and analysing data should sharpen your scientific skills.
The experiments in this course can be broadly divided into three groups: Electrical Circuits and Electronics. Optics
and Thermodynamics. A deliberate effort has been made while deviating in the choice of equipments, particularly for
electrical circuits.
We hope that this course will prepare you to tackle situations without external help.
Syllabus
Experiment 1
A Study of Network Theorems
Experiment 2
Calibration of a Thermistor and Determination of its Energy Gap
Experiment 3
Construction and Characterisation of Power Supplies and Filters
Experiment 4
Study of OPAMP as Summing and Inverting Amplifier
Experiment 5
Study of OPAMP as Differentiator and Integrator
Experiment 6
Detection and Measurement of Charge using an OP AMP
Experiment 7
Study of Lens Properties and Optical Instruments
Experiment 8
Spectral Analysis using a Prism Spectrometer
Experiment 9
Interference of Light: Young’s Experiment
Experiment 10
Spectral Analysis using a Grating Spectrometer
Experiment 11
Production, Detention and Reflection of Polarised Light
Experiment 12
Study of Interference of Polarised Light
Experiment 13
Measurement of cjcy by an Acoustic Method
Experiment 14
Measurement and Interpretation of Cooling Curves : Phase Change
Optics (PHE-09)
4 credits
Light is central to human perception. Light from all directions bombards our eyes, and our brain constructs images of
objects by processing this information. As a consequence, we perceive shapes, textures, colours and motion of objects.
Theplay ofearly morning sunlight on the snowcaps of mountains, the left-handed image ofa mirror, the colour of crystals
or the distorted view of objects under water has revealed to us deep secrets of nature. This is, perhaps, why the study
of light, the phenomena associated with it, and its interaction with matter has engaged human mind for over three
thousand years.
While reflecting upon the developments in the study of light today, we have chosen the most interesting and relevant
themes. In this course on optics, we present the generic themes like nature of light, perception of light, interference
and diffraction, apart from the latest developments in optical technology, such as lasers, holography and fibre optics.
6!
Syllabus
Block 1 :
Block 2 :
Block 3 :
Introducing Light
Unit I
Nature of Light
Unit 2
Reflection and Refraction of Light
Unit 3
Perception of Light
Unit 4
Polarisation of Light
Interference
*
Unit 5
Interference by Division of Wavefront
Unit 6
Interference by Division of Amplitude
Unit 7
Interferometry
Diffraction
Unit 8
Fresnel Diffraction
Unit 9
Fraunhoffer Diffraction
Unit 10 Diffraction Gratings
Unit 11 Diffraction and Resolution
Block 4 :
Lasers and their Applications
Unit 12 Coherence
Unit 13 Physics of Lasers
Unit 14 Holography
Unit 15 Fibre Optics
Electrical Circuits and Electronics (PHE-10)
4 credits
Electronics plays a major role in almost every sphere of our life—our homes, factories, offices, banks, shops and
hospitals. It isbeingused more and more in entertainment, communication, defence, industrial sector, medical sciences,
instrumentation etc. Its importance increases with every advance in technology and with the urge to computerise human
tasks and industrial processes.
Electronics is a fast changing area and a thorough grounding in the subject fundamentals is absolutely necessary. This
course covers areas like basic electrical circuits, linear integrated circuits and digital electronics in detail. This course
will also give you a feel for the exciting applications of modem electronics. We have made efforts to develop in you
application skills required for a career in electronics.
This course will help you in the study of the hardware aspects of computers and other complex digital systems.
Block 1 : Network Analysis and Devices
Unit 1
Circuit Analysis
Unit 2
DC and AC Circuits
Unit 3
Electron Devices
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Block 2:
Eh^tronic Circuits
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Block 3:
Linear Integrated Circuits
Unit 7
Unit 8
Unit 9
Block 4:
Amplifiers
Oscillators
Power Supply
The Operational Amplifier
Applications of Operational Amplifier
Linear IC-Amplifier and Voltage Regulator
Digital Electronics
Unit
Unit
Unit
Unit
10
11
12
13
Number System and Codes
Fundamentals of Boolean Algebra and Flip-Flops
Counter Register, Memory Circuit and Analog/Digital Circuit
Electronic Instruments
Modern Physics (PHE-11)
So far your study of physics has been restricted to the classical domain - the laws of nature that you
have studied are the laws of classical physics. This means that you have studied physical phenomena
in the macroscopic world, and in particular, their gross features. For example, using these laws, the
motion of a macroscopic system consisting of pulleys, flywheels, levers, etc. can be described if the
relevant parameters, viz. The density and modules of elasticity of the material are given. However, if
you ask w hy the densities and clastic constants have the values they have, the laws of classical physics
are silent. Similarly, if we wish to know why sodium vapour emits yellow lights, what makes the sun
shine, why the uranium nucleus disintegrates spontaneously or what happens when objects travel at
speeds close to the speed of light, classical physics does not provide us the answers. We then turn to
new areas of knowledge, namely, the special theory of relativity, quantum mechanics and nuclear
physics. They are the most remarkable intellectual creations of the early twentieth century physics.
These areas of physics embody concepts which are foreign to our everyday experience. To give a feel
for this we are presenting to you two adventures of Mr. Tomkins, the hero of Gamow's Mr. Tompkins
in Wonderland. George Gamow is a well-known physicist of this century.
Mr. Cyril George Henry Tompkins, after listening to a popular lecture on the tbeoiy of relativity,
dreams of a visit to a fantastic city in which the speed of light is only 25 km h'1. What does he observe
there? At first, nothing unusual seems to happen around him - a policeman standing on the comer
looks as policemen usually do! The streets are neatly empty. But when a cyclist coming down the
street approaches Mr. Tompkins, he is absolutely astonished. For, the bicycle and the man on it appear
unbelievably flatttened to him. When the clock strikes twelve, the cyclist, who seems to be in a hurry,
pedals harder. Though he does not gain much in speed, he appears flattened even more. Mr. Tompkins
decides to overtake the cyclist and ask him about it. He borrows a bicycle and pedals on it hoping to
get flattened. But amazingly, nothing happens to him Instead, the picture around him changes
completely. The streets grow shorter, the windows of the shops begin to look like narrow slits and the
policeman on the comer becomes the thinnest man he had ever seen!
In another adventure, Mr. Tompkins dreams of going to a land where the value of Planck's constant is
very high. He goes hunting in a forest. When he encounters a tiger, much as he tries, he cannot shoot
it - for the tiger is spread out in space and appears as one too many to Mr. Tompkins.
What topsyturvy worlds Mr. Tompkins visits in his dreams! And what weird experiences he has! We
are sure you will be interested in finding explanations to these happenings in Mr. Tompkins' dream
world. This course will help you to do so.
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Syllabus
Block 1 :
Block 2 :
Special Theory of Relativity
Unit 1
Emergence of Special Relativity
Unit 2
Relativistic Kinematics
Unit 3
Relativistic Dynamics
Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
Unit 4
Inadequacies of Classical Physics
Unit 5
Matter Waves and Uncertainty Principle
Unit 6
Schrodinger Equation
Unit 7
Observables and Operators
Block 3 : Application of Quantum Mechanics to Some Systems
Unit 8
Some Simple Systems
Unit 9
Spherically Symmetric Systems : Hydrogen Atom
Unit 10
Atomic Spectra
.'nit 11
X-ray Spectra
BIoi ' 4 : Nuclear Physics
Unit 12
General Properties of Nuclei
Unit 13
Radioactivity
Unit 14
Nuclear Ehergy and its Applications
Unit 15
Building Blocks of Matter
Physics Laboratory-III (PHE-12 (L))
4 credits
In this course, you will find experiments on Wave Optics and Galvanomagnetic Phenomena and Electronic Circuits.
In addition, a new component which deals with analysis of experimental data has also been included. This should give
you a feel as to how we can connect various physical parameters. In particular, you should be able to verify some of
the established laws of physics. The equipments used in this laboratory course are quite sophisticated. Thus, you will
be required to handle them with extra care. This should help you gain some more confidence and sharpen your
experimental skills.
Syllabus:
Block 1 : Experiments on Wave Optics
1.
Some Investigations on the Rotation of Plane of Polarisation.
2.
Some Investigations on Interference of Light.
3.
To Study Diffraction Pattern of a Thick Wire.
4.
Resolving power of a Telescope.
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Block 2 : Experiments on Galvanomagnetic Phenomena and Electronic Circuits
5.
To Investigate the Temperature Dependence of Radiation from a Hot Filament.
6.
Study of Magnetisation Intensity in a Magnetic Material.
7.
Measurement of Inductance: Anderson Bridge.
8.
To Study an Off-Balance Wheatstone Bridge and to Investigate its use in the Measurement of Strain.
9.
Study of an Audio Frequency Amplifier using Bipolar Junction Transistor.
10.
Some Investigations with Logic Gates.
11.
Study of Hall effect in a Metal.
Experimental Data Analysis
i)
Different electron transport properties (co-relation)
ii)
Classical astronomical data (Kepler’s Law)
iii)
Fourier analysis of Periodic Waveforr'"
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B ojMSjfGiio re
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8 6-Sc-I
PHYSICS I
Matter, Motion, Force, Energy and Thermal Physics
Matter : States of Matter-Solids, liquids, gases, and
plasma-examples of
plasma-crystalline and amorphous
solids-Crystal structure of sodium chloride and graphite.
(5 hrs.)
Motion : Motion in one dimension :
Review of
vector algebra-Motion with non-uniform acceleration in
straight line-Simple harmonic motion-Energy of simple
harmonic motion-Oscillation of a loaded Spring-Compound
pendulum and expression for the period. (5 hrs.)
Motion in two dimensions : Motion in a plane-Radial
and transverse components of velocity and accelerationCircular motion.
(4 hours)
Frames of reference ! Two frames moving with cons­
tant relative velocity-Galilean transformation-Two frames
moving with constant
relative
acceleration-Rotating
frames-Fictitious forces such as
centifugal force and
Coriolis force, with examples.
(4 hrs.)
Conservation of linear momentum-Motion of a rocket.
Conservation of
energy-Rotational motion of a rigid
body-Kinetic energy of rotation-moment of intertia of a
rectangular plate, solid sphere, and cylinder. Angular
momentum and couple-Conservation of angular momentumMoment of intertia of a fly wheel-The combined translational
and rotational motion of a rigid body on an inclined plane.
(7thrs.)
2
Force and Energy : Basic forces in nature-Qualitative
deas about gravitational force, electromagnetic fcrce, and
nuclear forces (weak and strong).
Study of elastic force : Electrical origin of an elastic forceRigid bodies and elastic bodies-Concept of stress and strainHooke's law and its origin-Elastic limit-Elastic coeficientYoung's modulus, rigidity modulus, bulk modulus & Poisson's
ratio ; derivation of relation between them. Bending momentSingle cantilever-Torsional oscillations-Rigidity modulus of
the material of a wire by dynamic method.
(8 hrs.)
Study of gravitational force : Newton's law of gravitationgravitational potential and field due to spherical distribution
of matter-Boy's method for determining G-Derivation of
Kepler's law from Newton's laws of gravitation.
(7 hrs.)
Sfudy of frictional force : Friction between solid surfacesFriction between liquid layers (viscosity)-Poiseuille's formula
for liquids and gases-Stoke's law and expression for terminal
velocity.
(4 hrs.)
Liquids : Molecular forces in liquids and the liquid
surface. Adhesive and cohesive forces-Surface tension Angle
of contact-Pressure difference across a curved liquid surfaceCapillary ascent-Inter-faciaI surface tension-Vanishing o'
surface tension at the critical point-Quincke's method. Calcu
lation of the force between two plates separated by a thin laye
of a liquid and the force required to withdraw a plate from
liquid surface.
(6 hrs.
PART
B
Kinetic theory of Gases;
Basic assumptions-Der
vation of pv*= (1/3)mnc— Derivation of ideal gas law pv-l
3
Principle of equipartition of energy and U= (3/2)RT-calculation for diatomic gases.
(5 hrs.)
Mean free path : Expression fcr mean free path Frcbsbility
of a molecule having free path X. Transport phenemenaDiffusion, viscosity, and thermal conductivity of gases.
Maxwell's law of distribution of velocities (no derivation)-lts
interpretation and application calculation of mean velocitymost probable velocity, and root-mean-square velocity.
(7 hrs.)
Real
gases-Andrews
isothermals-Critical constants
Vander Waals' equation-Expressions for critical constants*
(3hrs.)
Thermodynamics: Isothermal and adiabatic changesDerivation of ihe equation pvr = constant-Expressions for work
done during these changes. First Law of Thermo-dynamicsConcept of enthalpy.
(4 hrs.)
Cyclic processes-The Carnot cycle-Efficiency of a Carnot
engine-Kelvin's thermodynamic scale of temperature-Application of Carnot's cycle to (1) Clausius-Clapeyron equation,
and (2) elevation of boiling
freezing point-Refrigeration.
point
and
depression of
(6 hrs.)
Second Law of Thermodynamics-Entropy-Reversible and
irreversible prccesses-Carnot s theorem-Principle of increase of
entropy-Clausius inequality-Applications to heating of water*
melting of ice and equalization of temperature. Entropy of
mixing.
(5 hrs.)
Helmholtz and Gibbs potentials and their properties.
Maxwell's thermodynamic relations and their applications
Difference between the two heat capacities Cp and Cv,
Calusius-Clapeyron equation.
The
(5 hrs.)
4
Conditions for existence of thermodynamic equilibrium and
minima of thermodynamic potentials. Porous plug experiment
and its theory-Expression for inversion temperature-Production
and measurement of low temperatures-Air liquifiers. Cooling
by adiabatic demagnetization (qualitative)-Third Law of
(5 hours)
Thermodynamics (qualitative)
Radiation : Instruments to detect and measure radiationBlack body radiation and distribution of energy'in itsspectrumKrichoff's law-Stefan-Boltzmann law-Wien'sdistribution lawWien's displacement law-Ray-leigh-Jeans law-Derivation of
Planck's law-Radiation Dressure-Derivation of p“(1/3)aT4,
Solar constant and its determjpmion-Estimation of the surface
temperature of the sun.
(10hrs.)
List of Experiments in Physics
Practical-I
1.
Analysis of errors.
2.
Gaussian distribution using marbles.
3.
g by bar pendulum.
4.
q by stretching a wire.
5.
q by cantilever.
6.
n by static torsion.
7.
n by dynamic method.
8.
Searle's double bar.
9.
K of rubber.
10.
Moment of intertia of a fly wheel.
11.
Moment of intertia of an irregular body.
12.
Interfacial tension.
13.
Viscosity of a liquid using Stoke's law.
337
s
14.
Thermal conductivity of a bad conductor by Lee's
and Charlton's method.
15.
Specific heat of a liquid by the method of cooling.
16.
Thermal conductivity of rubber.
17.
Verification of Stefan's law.
18.
Emissivity of a surface.
19.
Platinum resistance thermometer.
20.
Temperatere of sodium flame.
Note : A minimum of sixteen (16) experiments from the
above list must be perforrmro by each student.
PHYSICS OF WAVES, OPTICS AND ELECTRICITY
PART-A
Physics of Waves
Review of properties of waves and wave propagationLongitudinal and transverse waves-Wave solution of the form
^r(x, t) =f(x-vt)—Differential equation of a wave-Sinusodial
waves-Phase velocity and group velocity-Energy transport in
a wave. Stationary waves-Fourier analysis of periodic
functions-Square wave and saw-tooth wave.
(8hrs.)
Sound
Sound as elastic waves. Diffraction and interferences of
sound waves. Cundt's tube experiment. Velocity of propa­
gation of waves in material media namely, in a rod and in a
gas. Accoustics of auditoria-Derivation of Sabine's formula.
Diffraction grating by ultrasonic waves.
(8 hrs.)
Light
Light as wave motion
Huygen's construction-Laws of reflection and refractionTotal internal reflection.
(2 hours)
Interference of Light
Coherent sources-Super-position of waves. Biprismlnterference in thin films-lnterference at an air wedgeNewton's rings. Michelson's interferometer-Determination of
wavelength difference for sodium lines.
(7 hrs)
Diffraction of Light
Rectilinear propagation. Fresnel diffraction-Spherical
wave front-Zone plate-Cylindrica wave front-Straight edge.
2
Fraunhofer diffraction-S'ngleslit Plane-diffraction
Dispersive power and resolving power.
grating(8 hrs)
Polarization of light
Huygen's theory of double refraction in uniaxial crystals.
Quarter wave plate. Production and detection of plane,
circularly, and elliptirally polarized light—Nicol Prism
Fresnel's theory of optical activity.
(8 hrs)
Velocity of light
Determination of Focoult's method
method.
and
Michelson's
(2 hrs)
Geometrical Optics
Fermat's princ'ple-Application to reflection and refraction
Lens formula-Focal length of a combination of two thin lenses
separate by a distance. Defects of images formed by lensesCorrection for defects-Huygen's and Ramsden eyepieces.
Deviation and dispersion in a thin prism—Dispersive powerCombination
of two thin
prisms—Deviation without
dispersion and dispersion without deviation—Direct vision
spectroscope. Cauchy's constants of a prism.
(7 hrs)
PART—B
Electrostatics
Review of electric potential. Statement and proof of
Gauss' theorem, Poisson's and Laplace's equations. Electric
displacement and field due to an electric dipole. Energy of a
charged conductor and a capacitor. Loss of energy due to
sharing of charges between two conductors. Energy density
in an electric field—Force on a charged conductor—Attracted
disc electrometer. Capacity of a parallel plate capacitor
partly filled with dielectric.
(13 hrs)
3
Magnetostatics
Magnetic force on a moving charge—Concept of magnetic
field Torque on a current loop—Dioole moment of a current
loop—Equivalence between a current loop and a short bar
magnet. Biot—Savart's law—Magnetic field due to (1) a
straight current—carrying conductor,—and (2) a solenoid
carrying current. Helmholtz galvanometer. Ampere's circuit
law—Force between two straight parallel conductors carrying
current—Definition of Ampere, Ballistic galvanometer—
Damping and current sensitivity—Measurement of(1) high
resistance by leakage, and (2) capacitance.
(12 hrs)
Magnetic Media
Permeability and susceptibility, relation between the two
quantities. M—H curve and B—H curve. Energy loss.
Diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism.
Electromagnetic induction
Faraday's law—Lenz's law—induced charge. Eddy current
and applications. Electromagnetic damping. Earth inductor
to find H, V, and dip. Review of self and mutual inductance.
Energy
stored-in an
inductor-Electromagnetic waves,
(qualitative)
(10 hrs)
Thermoelectricity
Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects- Calculation of
total e.m,f. of a thermocouple. Expression for the thermo­
electric power, Peltier coefficient, and Thomson coefficient in
terms of temperature. Thermoelectric, diagram Thermopile.
(7 hrs)
List of Experiments Practical II
Practical II
1.
2.
3.
Newton's Rings.
Interference at a Wedge.
Biprism.
3k l
4
4.
5.
6.
Diffraction at a straight wire.
Diffraction grating—minimum deviation method.
Diffraction grating-normal incident method,
7.
Dispersive power of a prism.
8
Cauchy's constant of a prism.
9.
Resolving power of a telescope.
10
11.
12.
13.
14.
Polarimeter.
'f' of a combination of two lenses seperated by a
distance.
'V of a liquid by liquid lens-parallex method.
Refractive index of a prism by total internal reflec­
tion.
Volume resonator.
15.
Frequency of mains supply using a sonometer.
16.
Mode constants of a vibrating strip.
17.
18
19.
Determination of the constants of a B. G.
Capacity of a condenser using B.G1
Reduction factor of a Helmholtz galvanometer
using potentiometer.
20.
E C.E. of copper using Helmholtz galvanometer.
Note : A minimum of sixteen (16) exoeriment^f6m the
above list must be performed by each student.
Part A-Electromagnetism
Electrical Networks : Kirchoff s law-VoItage law and
current law-Applications with examples to circuits analysis
nodal and mesh current methods.
(5 hrs)
LCR Circuits; Growth and decay of current in LR and CR
circuits-Time constants. Discharge of a condenser in LCR
circuit. Alternating fcurrent (sinsusosidat)-Peak value-rms
value-mean value. Sinusocdal e.m.f. applied to LR, CR and
LCR circuits Reactance, impedance and admittance. Power
factor Choke-Impedance diagram. Series resonance and
parallel resonance circuits. Resonance curve-Band width and
Q factor.
(10 hrs)
Electromagnetism : Review of the experimental basis for
Maxwell's equations-Setting up of Maxwell's electro­
magnetic (e. m.) field equations, their physical significance
Derivation of the e.m. wave equations. Light asane.m. wave.
Propagation in free space. Transverse nature of e. m. WavesRelation between electric and magnetic vectors—Poynting's
vector. Energy density in an e.m. field. Propagation of e.m.
waves in a conducting medium-Skin effect
(10 hrs)
Part B—Electronics
Thermionic and Photoelectric Emission : Richardson's
equation (qualitative). Thermionic tubes-Diodes triodes
Tetrode, and pentodes and their characteristics-Thyratron
and applications.
Photoelectric
emisson — Photoelectric
equation—Photoelectric cell-Applications.
(4 hours)
Semiconductor Diode : Diode under forward and reverse
bias - characteristics in each case.
Diode as a half-wave
rectifier-output d.c. current and Voltage—Ripple factor and
rectification efficiency. The frequency content of output of
3
half-wave rectictifier, Diode used as full-wave rectifier-output
d.c. current and voltage-Ripple factor and rectification
efficiency—The frequency content of output of full-wave
rectifier—Filter cirtuits and their action in reducing rippia—
Zener diode and charateristics-Zener diode as a voltage
regulator.
Transistors: PNP and NPN transistors-biasing of
transistor-Trsnsistor amplifier in CF, CC, and CB configurations-h parameters of a transistor. Four chsracteriest'cs of
the amplifier-Expresson for voltage gain, current gain, input
impedance and output impedence in Toms of h-parameters,
their experimental determination. CC amplifier
(emitter
follower) and its special properties-Field-effect transistor and
its applications.
(8 hours)
Principles of Modulation : Amplitude modulated carrier
wave-Frequency spectrum of AM wave-Band width of AM
wave-modulation—Factor depth of mcdulution Power in the
AM wave. Frequency modulated carrier signal-Frequency
spectrum of FM wave. Demodulation (detection) Principles
detection of AM wave.
(3hrs)
Cathode-Ray Oscillscope : Deflection sensitivity of a
CRO of the electrostatic type-Linear time base-Applications
of’CRO.
(3 hrs)
Part—C
Special theory of Relativity : Frames of reference-Galilean
relativity—Covariance of
the equation F =r.ui MichelsonMorely experiment.
Postulates of the special theory of
relativity-Lorentz transformed ons-Lerrmtz-Fitzgnra Id contraction-Einstein’s time dilation.
Velocity-addition theoremVariation of mass with velocity - Mass - energy - Simple
problems.
(10 hrs)
4
Quantum Mechanics : Failure of classical mechanics to
explain microscopic phenomena like atomic spectra, backbody radiation, photoelectric effect, and Compton effect
(2 hrs)
de Broglie's hypothesis of matter waves and experimental
evidence—Davisson and Germer experiment, Heisenberg's
uncertainty principle-Gamma-ray microscope experiment—
problems.
(4 hours)
Development of the Schrodinger equation-Application
(in one d’mension) to (I) a free particle, and (2) a particle
in a box—Derivation of eigen values and eigen functions.
Setting up of the Schrodinger equation for harmonic
oscillator—Eigen values and zero—point energy Eigen values
of the hydrogen atom (qualitative),
(9 hrs)
Paper IV Modern Physics
Part A—Nuclear Physics
Basic Properties of Nuclei : Continuents of the nucleusWhy electron is not found inside the nucleus ? Nuclear harge.
Rutherford scattering. Nuclear mass-Aston's mass spectrograph
(with theory). Binding energy of the nucleus. Stability of the
nucleus. Characteristics of nuclear forcen. Nuclear spin—
Nuclear magnetic dipole moments—Size and shape of nucliei.
(7 hours)
Radioactivity ; Nuclear decay—Laws of radioactive
decay—mean life. Theory of successive disintegrations. Radio­
active series and transuranic elements.
Alpha decay
(qualitative)—Alpha—ray spectra.
Beta decay—Neutrino
hypothesis.
(6 hours)
Nuclear Reactions : Cyclotron and synchrotron. Detectors
—Variation of ionization current with applied voltage—
Proportional and Geiger counter. Conservation laws in
nuclear reactions with examples-Derivation of the Q-equation
for a reaction—Exoergic and endorgic reactions.
(7 hours)
5
Elementary Particles : Classification of
elemsntary
particles. Properties of muons and pions Interaction between
elementary particles—Qualitative ideas of electromagnetic
weak, and strong interactions
(5 hours)
Part B—Atomic Physics
Review of the Bohr model of the atom—variation of the
Rydberg constant with nuclear mass. Sommerfeld's modication of the Bohr model (qualitative)
Excitation and
ionization potential-Frank-Hertz experiment, e/m of electron
by Dunnigton's method—e by Millikan’s method.
(7 hours)
Vector model of the atom : Spinning electron—Space
quantization—Stern—Gerlach
experiment.
Spin—orbit
interaction in one—electron atoms—Fine structure of the
H-alpha line. Spectra of alkali elements-Spectral terms and
their notation-Selection rules.
(5 hours)
Pauli's exclusion principle-Distribution of electrons in
shells and subshells-Periodic table. Experimental study of
normal Zeeman
effect.
Quantum theory of normal and
anamalous Zeeman effect. Paschen-Back effect (qualitative).
Stark effect (quantitative).
(8 hours)
Rayleigh scattering (qualitative)-Molecular Spectrum
Raman effect and application. Principles of a laser-Heliumneon
laser.
(5 hours)
Part C-Solid State Physics
Production of x-rays-Contineous and characteristic
x-rays-Moseley's law-Scattering of x-rays-Compton effectBasic ideas of crystal Structure-Lattice planes-Miller indicesspacing between lattice planes for cubic crystals-Bragg's law
of x-ray diffraction—The powder method.
(6 hours)
Different types of binding in crystals-lonic crystalsCovalent crystals-Metallic crystals-Hydrogen-bonded crystals.
(3 hrs)
7
16.
17.
Characteristics of a thyratron.
Lorgarithmic decrement of a B.G. as a function of
circuit resistance.
18. Determination of the constants of the RichardsonDushman equation.
19. Calulation of interplanar distance using an x-ray
photograph.
20. Determination of an unknown resistance
using
potential divider arrangements.
Note: A minimum of sixteen (16) experiments from the
above list must be performed by each student.
Practical IV
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Note :
Engergy gaps of a semiconductor (Thermistor).
Zener diode charactarstics, Dynamic resistance.
Current sensitiveness of a pointer galvanometer.
Transistor characteristics-determination of alpha.
Transistor characteristics-determination of beta.
Transistor amplifier.
Emitter follower.
Field effect transistor.
Series resonance circuit.
Parallel resonance circuit,
e/m by bar magnet method.
Characteristics of a G.M. Counter.
Ionization potential of Xenon.
M-H values for a few cases.
Study of power transfer theorem.
Maxwell's impedance bridge.
Detetmination of H, V, and dip using ballistic
galvanometer and earth inductor
Measurement of high resistance by leakage.
Specific heat of water/kerosene by electrical method
Conductivity of an electrolyte
A minimum of sixteen (16) experiments from the
above list must be performed by each student.
3U1
6
Specific heat cf sohds-Dulong and Petit's law—Einstein's
theory.
(2hrs)
Classical free electron theory of metals-Ohm's law-Wiedemann-Franz law-Expression for electrical conductivity. FermiDirac distribution function-interpretation of Fermi level-Derivation of the Richardson-Dushman equation. Hall effect in
metals.
(6 hrs)
Formation of energy bands in solids-Distinction between
metals, semiconductors, and insulators-lntrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors-Expression for the carrier concentration in an
intrinsic semiconductor. Theory of the p-n junction, p-n.p
and n.p.n transistors. Concept of “holes" Hall effect in
semiconductor. Thermistor Photo.Conductivity-Experimental
facts about super-conductivity.
(8 hrs)
List of Experiments in Physics—Practical III
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11 .
12.
1314.
15.
Measurement of low resistance.
Indentification and measurement of R.L. and C in a
black box.
Thermo—couple and calculation of constants.
Peltier coefficient of a junction.
Triode characteristics-determinition of rp, gm, and mu.
Tetrode Charactersties.
Pentode characteristics.
L by Anderson's bridge/Owen's bridge.
Conversion of a galvanometer into a voltmeter.
Conversion of a galvanometer into an ammeter.
Capacitances in series and parallel.
Mutual inductance by direct method.
Construction of a half—wave rectifier using semi—
conductor diodes.
Construction of a full—wave rectifier using two semi­
conductor diodes.
Construction of a bridge rectifier and shunt capacitance
filter.
3-&c
3ULBAKGA UNIVERS1:Y.
.
i\
Syllabus fcr 3. 5c. , curse
Sc* o jgc V. . ; y a—*..:
Class
: F:. Sc.
taper
Mechanics, Properties of matter,
Heat, and Thermodynamics
founts
uli a o S
I Mechanics
1
Frames of Reference
5
Inertial frame,
Galilean principles of relativity,
non
rotating frame of reference;
ine_rtiai frames^,, fictitious force,
Concepts of Corioii's force.
Centre cf mass frame and laboratory
f rame s.
2 Uniform Circular Motion
4
Centripetal
and
centrifugal
' forces,
their
characteristics. Radial and Transverse components of velocity and
gCw6
oJicr* •
3
Conservation Laws
13
Conservation
of
linear
momentum:
motion of a rocket,
multi
stage rocket.
Elastic ana
inelastic"
collisions
m
laboratory and centre of mass frames of reference.' Conservation
cf angular momentum. Central force, rerm'orion of Newton's law of
gravitation and Kepler's laws.
Con oer
of energy: Conserva­
tion
of
energy as a basic principle . _neluding jsiass-energy
(c\
oscillations
-ixu strati on s witn n--i:.a
of a light spiral spring,escape velocity of satellite,, nuclear
fission and fusion with examples.
, ,
j-v
4 Elements of Satellite Motion
’
'3
Derivation
for
closed
and
_rer.
orbits;
stationary
satellites. Weightlessness. artificial gravity in space station.
5
Rigid Bodies
6
angular
momentum and
Rotational motion abou,t an. a.. .
rotational energy. Theorems of MI: eramv.ies: MI of circular
disc,
annular ring,
rectangular roc
and
hollow and
solid
cylinders
Theory of compound penduldm:
example of bar pendulum
with small and finite amplitude.
II Properties of matter :
?
6
i Unit
I
Elasticity
6
Moduli cfelasticity for isotrooic
materials;
relation
between
elastic
constants.
Bending;
expression
for bending
moment. up.iform bending, theory of light cantilever end I-section
girder.
Torsion: expression for couple per unit
twist,
torsion
pendulum.
7
Surface Tension
3
Forces on
a
surface,
angle of
contact and surface
energy;
effect of temperature and impurity.
Pressure within a
curved surface with examples.
3
Viscosity
3
Stream
line
and
turbulent motion.
Derivation cf
5 tone s
temperature on
ec ua tiers
viscosity.
1
PI
III Heat and. Thermodynamics :
2.5 Units
I*
Kin-.-tic Theory
Maxwell's lew for The distribution of molecular velocity
vtc derivation), mean free path.' rms velocity. Degree of freedom,
principles of eeuipartition of
energy,
application' to th3
specific heat or gase:
12
10 Thermodynamics
Isothermal and adiabatic
First law of th srmodynamics.
Phase
ges.
work done in isothermal an d adiabatic changes.
2T r*IT* S
of Carnot's
Heat engine,
expression fo r efficiency
e. -r'
cycle,
principle
of
reversibility
of
Carnot' s
iy oration.(7; Secor.c lav; of thermo dynamic s.
En tropy: ■Ma cro~
ic and microscopic definition3.
Principle of increase of
opy in irreversible process.
Clau
for variation of melting and boiling points. (5):
^
.
11 Low Temperatures
...
7
Ideal anc real gases:
Andrew's experiments. Porous, plug
experiment. Expression for temperature of inversion. Principle cf
regenerative cooling,
liquid air.
liquid nitrogen and liquid
helium.
Adiabatic
demagnetisation,
production
cf
lew
Law
temperatures.
c:
ac30lute
third
,oncep;
zero;
v'iis.t, ics.
12 Radiation
, 8
Black body radiation.
distribution cf energy in the
Wien ' s lav; and
black body spectrum,
statement cf Stefan's law.
Ray ieigh-dean' s
law.
Planer.'3 quantum theory of radiation,
derivation
of Planck's /law.
Radiation momentum and pressure,
Crooke'a radiom
7
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
.wC..c'..Uw —
C
■j *
■7
O
J .
O
o .
c.
"
. ..
Wftvj*,yci} ,7,
Properties of Matter - J. C. Upadnyaya
Mechanics - R. Shankaranarayana
Newtonian Mechanics • A. ?. French
Heat and Tnermcdynamics
na jam
»«pf, »■ _ 1/ , S. Mathur
», VV
Classical and Modern Physi cs - Voi I -- K. W. Ford
Physics : Part I- Hallycay and Resni ck (Wiley Eas tern)
Berkeley Physics Course
by E.H
:
Vol
I,
Mechanics Ed.
Puree .i i.
i 0 Heat a '.a Thermodynamics - by M. W 1 Zeemansky, McGraw Hill
2
'oxe'-i.- Each experiment is
Minimum of 24 experiments ere to be d,,ue
ExperinentaT errors should oe eob_:;.atea wcerovs: possible
Some of the laboratory session shall be vised for practice
or iNumo;
d"
real Problems of Paper I.
Student.’aha i x submit a
record
jf problems served;
a - minimum of: 5 problems pear
Unit.
1.
’Precision of measurement ana significant • f iguz*«|S
(excorsises
with data from this 3et of practical may be given)
Experimental
errors,
propagation of errors,
error, analyses
l data frc:r. this
set of practical’s may be
L Vs T and L2 Vs LT2 graphs
determination of g and unknown mass
grap.ns
Y'S. Ptfrsion pendulum •• rigidity modulus
* 2-r Ml of an irregular body using inertia table.'
>5. Verification of para lieu, and perpendicular axes theox-ems of HI
>y3b/Y by stretching- verification r.cf Hooke’slaw and det^^minAt^on,. ^
!
' *-f •
v*’Y •
of unknown mass. 10 Y 'ey uniform bending - load elevation graph.
f •
InS/*V by cantilever - load depression graph
,
» 12 Y cantilever oscillation - graphical method
>13 Y Koer.ir.g method’s - determination of unknown. load
version
' ■
ivy Modulus
.
e's Double Bar- dete vination of Y.n and .aignia-^~.T,
si on in twe aimensio; r — r\-v-s dr ’ tv-* nf momentum
a liquid - Drop Wei,
»-»
yj/c* . J - v. ke's drop - ST ana a:
1
facial tension
20^vtoke' s methcc for coefficient of viscosity .c ^
21 l'e:crr.inn-.ion of critical pressax-e for streamline flow
cif;c heat by coding - graphical mat.-.od
' V;
umisivity of surface
.
..
Thermal-' conductivity of a
o&d conductor- by,
._s ^..and
Charlton'a method
i 2c/veri:ieaticn ci Stefan's - Boltcmann s law
By black body radiation
* It Deterr,ination of Stefan s cor.stam.
determination
of -boiling
<atinu:n resistance tnermometer
a 4- 4 —
O wCV w J. w
j
^ c i- i.
*r* j. ct *. i ^ t.i x c .
2b Diameter of a molecule - Monte Carlo method
; i
a
t
3
o
c
■P
£
3
•H
Ui
a
CD
TJ
O
GUL3ARGA UNIVERSITY. GtlLfcAHOA
1
Waves and Oscillation
i
12
Progressive V.Tave: Equation for wave
in
one diluent ion
' -X on era!
form;; differential equation for wave motion; expression
for relation between ampliitude and
intensity.
Expression
for
velocity of progressive waves in a medium.
Newton's formula with
derivation,
Laplace's correction.
"Expression
for
staionary
longitudinal
vibrations
in a rod.
Expression for harmonics in
free-free rod ana m fixed-fixed rod.
Vibration of a ...stretched
string, harmonics.(6) Superposition of SHM s: Lissajou's "figures.
--nposit;
rig V.+ .angler
per rod s at
fanalytical treatment).
Seats, expression for beat frequency.(2)
Forced Vibrations:
Equation
vibrations.Forced
!or
damped
vibration.
Resonance.
expression
solution in exponential form.
;e and phase at resonance.(4)
II Light :
2
3 Units
Theories of Light
3
Wave theory: Huygen's principle,
explanation of laws of
reflection and
refraction.
Group
and wave velocity,
relation
between
them.
Corpuscular
theory:
Concept
of
photon,,
photoelectric effect.
,
.
3
Interference
1' ■' : 8
Coherence of light sources.
Interference by division of
""-.ve freer.. Young' s double slit experiment,. Fresnel's biprism and
Interference by division of amplitude, thin film
-myc s mirr r.
of unifrom
thickness ana of
wedge
shape,
Newton's
ring3,
.
i.t li-.. .. 's
o
interferometer,
Fabry-Ferot interferometer.
Inter;erence
iiters.
A
Hiiffraction
9
-C-P
Explanation
of
raction.
Fresnel
rectilinear propagation of iigh
Theory of zone plate.
;ion
diffraction at straihgt edge and at wire-.
Fraunhofer diffraction
^cn
.at a single s it, Fourier transforms. Reflection and transraiss:
tings,, dispersion and resolution of a grating.
Optical Instruments
5
Spherical and chromatic aberration in
lens,
achromatic
eomomation
of . ense;
Cardinal points,
Huygen's and Ram3Qen's
pieces.
Resolving and magnifying power of telescopes and
Modern telescopes,
Sehimdt-Carsegr&n
microscopes (qualitative),
te iesccpe.
6 Polarisation
1C
Double refraction
uniaxial crystal,
Huygen's theox'y.
Positive and
negative
c.
;tals.
Principal refractive indices.
Huygen's construction of 0 and E waves in uniaxial
crystals
fbr
piano wave iron
lates.
Production and analysis cf
.-te tare mg
1 ineariy,
ticaiiy polarised light.
Babinet
cireu.ariy
. e_
ccmpenstcr.
u:p 11 ca 1
vi
Freesei s theory.
Laurents half
c.**
^
shade polar •
carts.;7)
Effect of electric and
magnetic
tie id’
on
:. mn
r ef’--->ct and Faraday effect.
Kerr
c<:il me thou fur toe determination of velocity of light.(3)
4
Practieala II
I'tj: l
)
'T
" 'K '
Saui. oxpijrimonx. la‘ of 3 hours duration'-V*4*’
H.x.iaiuta of 24 experimonta are to ho
.
BxrurJmental errors shoul4 ,b« eatiroated'llj^f^&ir^jppBsibie
oc.n.o of the laboratory seaMioh^c^ii'lbe.-U'MjJSrOit^prAOtioe
of Numerical Frobieme of-Paper II. Student'' 'anallyfcubttttN a
record’ of prooiems solved;' a a in .louts ; of '
p,er .
r spectrometer experiments both the ve$Ai$|S^r>rtO*/.
uecd.
. •
.;
•
of errors, (examples from this
*/S ■
begivt:.’:) .
v 4 Vv >**• Vrin *it Vnc >
. > r. c*
f random errcr-Binomial distributiOAtK-coin^^psainc
:::r.'.'/!■,• of random error-G&u sai&n
’
‘
*
• *' •-•*-' --*•• si&n distribu
mrement of thiq^©3$pf£‘ KV.y ‘
I.'rc-ivornrice at a wedge - Measurement
Hutton ‘ s Kings- Radius of Curvature ,‘.Ver if icaiioiJ^py1 tele scope
*••
jIf;
-i-cr .1 on grating - Kormal incidence1 •
i-frriicc .on grating -- Minimum, deviation
). i i f: vscoion at a v;ire
Diameter of a' wire
0 specific rotation of sugar
TV T?: aol ■/ lug power of a grating
K I:ai;r.i(.c c;c*::;p*nsator
'
- efficiency of a bulb
i.’ .
■
.. tn..n transperer.t firm using bipriara. j
.£ L-or c •’ telescope
:»
20
2f
rJy.
Iti;
ti-i
’K
. c,
2:0
51
■2
w
i
■ • ■• -• •••wr of y prism
' jvr
ruxi riur.tion by reflectip^; KrvB^.Wte^;^viW^
^ ruquunny. • oi AC (sonometer)''
'■ u ' *it.‘*
Baircholtts resonator •1
Damped oscillations if.Bn- ty Keimhcitn galvanometer
*
‘
/", .
Measures; ant cf low resistance using potentiometer
{"I'.y.i Ji- s* •n-.sitivir.y of a« B G (ahy quo method)
• r .
I,.- !5.T.v;’,.y ' :.: bridge. - DC using EG or AC using head ,Ph«?A©s.-.• , .
L-.ut
H .nn vass filters
i
' ' '■
C:. ■ :’g r.; a.vf ::.-.ich*i'3iv.G of a. CR Circuit
?:'%rtg-‘y!Sv'!"- ‘
■ 1 : .
'.i.2 axis of a circular
vanr:. • s Gruiiumoter.
’• ‘
..v-r
vc indices of 0 and E rays
;. “
f •K.j
:ivud>
eictromagnotic induction -.by oscillati'piillO- IVax5 oag^et
Y by Cornu 1 s method.
'' ’ '
''' ’ :>i >' ’ '•
'■
Mutual incuction by direct ..method ;
Kerias and parallel resonance.
GU LBARGA UN I VERS «'EY , GULBAHGA,
Syllabus feu
Subject
Class
Atomic-
Coarse
Physics
III
Paper
, Molecular- and Nuclear- Physics
I Atomic Physics:
2 units
1
Basic Properties of Atom
5
Determination of charge
of electron .by-.- r*.Millikan‘s
metn.od.
e/m by u. 0. Tnomson ana Dunningtcn methods. Atomic mass
by Dempster's method. Atomic mass un*t.
2 Models of Atom
6
Review of Rutherford's model
(qualitative); .Bohr's
tr.eory of nycrcgen atom,
its
inadequacies;
Semmerfeld rraodei
■.qualitative;. Wave mechanical mode., and orbitals. Excitation ar.d
ionisation potentials; Prank, and Herts experiment.
• ...
3 Vector Model of Atom
'
12
Space quantisation,
electron
enir.,
quantum numbers,
Pauli's exclusion principle.
Fine structure of spectral
lines;
frern-Gerlach
experiment:
degeneracy, associated with magnetic
quantum number.
Selection, rules.
Co up ling
senerne.
LS and JJ
coup* me
1
ro
electron
onsu..(S';
Beaman effect:
Normal and
.tomic model: .
qualitative).(3)
4 X-ray Spec
1jnt.i!*uciis and
iracter 1:
spectra.
Mosley's
law,
Duane a;
Hunt limit.
II Quantum Theory:
1 unit
5.
Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
12
Failure of
classical mveu.cmos.
"article nature of
waves;
tempter: scattering (theory;.
Wave nature ox particles:
experiments
of Davisson and Germer and that of Thomson; • concept
of matter waves.
'Jr.cercanity principles;
illustration by
Gamma
ray
microscope
and diffraction at a
single
slit.
Schrcc mger wave equation(Time
independent;.
interpretation of
wave function. Applications of Schroidmger equation: Particle in
a box, solution for one uimention, extension to three dimensions,
degeneracy;
Harmonic oscillator.
seropoir.t energy:
Qualitative
discussion of energy levels cf rigid rotator and hydrogen atom.
III. Molecular Physics:
1 Unit
6
Molecular Spectra
5
Molecular orbitals. Degrees of freedom:
introduction to
electronic.
vibrational and rotational
spectra of diatomic
molecules (eigen, value equation; and band sVrucrure. Ficure3cer.ce
and Phosphorecen.ee .
7
Scattering of Lignt
4
ai1.
PayIe)eh.
Brilicuin and
Brief
discussion
cf Ty
v ion cased on quantum
Raman scattering.
Rama.; effort: e
a
r. i erir.g;
intensity and
theory;
experimental
study cf tarn
polarisation of Raman lines (qualitative;: •„ sc of Raman effect in
determining molecular structure.
8 Lasers
Genera.) principles cf lar-ovc.
Puny laser.
He-Ne laser.
no .ograpr.y
u 2 scr1rt
nr;
applications of racer.
7
/
iV Nuclear Physics:
2 units
Basic properties of Nucleus
ar.c,
protcr.-neutron
C :r. _'4icuerrcs:
proton-electron
nypcthesis
of
nucleus.
Qualitative
a ascription of properties:
c iscr ; bat _cr. of mass and charge, sine.'d ensl.ty, spin ana magnetic
j
force:
binding energy of
forces,
Yukav?a'3 theory
'. -v.nl ..car
; .
Nuclear mod e 1 s: liquid drop model. ' semtemper icai
. .;.ss forla . She 11 node 1 ( qua ! i ta tve ) .
nuclear energy levels ar.c
magic numbers.
10 Radioactivity
5
Radio active decay;successive
disintegrations; radioac­
tive equilibria. Alpha rays: range and energy of alpha particles.
Geiger-Nuctal lav.
alpha decay theory(qualitative ).
Beta rays:
here ray spectrum, neutrino hypothesis; attenuation of beta rays
Gammarays:
attenuation
of gamma rays.
Applications: rariiactive
dating and age of earth; Unit of radiation dosage.
11 Nuclear Instruments
4
Accelerator's: Cyclotron:Betatron.
Qetectcrs:
G M
Counter; scintillation counter.
Nuclear P.eactions
.ear
reaction.
Reactions
induced
by
Q
vs sue
of
protcr., r.t. utrcn,
deutron,
alpha particle and photon. (2) Nuclear
' - s s i .' r..
enplane, tier.
on the basis of liquid crop model.
Controlled and uncontrolled chain reaction,
four factor formula.
Types of reactors.;2; Nuclear fusion: thermonuclear reaction, C-N
cycle and p-p cycle, magnetic confinement of plasma.i2)
13 Elementary Particles
2
Four basic .interactions
in
nature.
Particles
and
lassif icat. ion
cf
particles.
‘Quark model of
.cement.
...... 1.r;
Binding
energy
characteristics
and
nuclear
of
nuclear
hvdrons.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE
introduction to atomic and nuclear Physics- H. Semat and J. R.
Albright.
Atomic and Nuclear Physics- T.A. Littlefield and 1. V. Thoriev
Nuclear Physics- I. Kaplan
Introduction to modern physics-Richtmayer and Kennard
Atomic spectra and atomic structure- G. Hersberg
runcamenta 1 s of university Fhys.ics, Yoi III- Alenso and Finn
Atomic Physics - Yarwood
Nuclear Physics - by D. C. Tayal
Modern P.cysics - R. Murugeshan
.Yoder:: Physics - Sehgai and Chopra
*1 Modern Physics - Satyaprakash
12 Nuclear Fhys.ics- R. C. Sharma
1 r. Concepts of Modern Physics- A Be.iser
0
P3-3
Practical III
. h cr €■•:
* e::per iumeriT is cf
n
irr.urri of 12 exoerincuts
;*rat ton
o be ter formed
o me:. tax ettoru s..O'ild b
ec"
/• coo whe
", a of the lab c rate r v af — C* •* ~’Tt4 t’ in "< X’ 1 oe
Dec. xor prac
rice of truner xcai • ?roblams
a f Paper
Problems of
paper ill.•
ill
Students shai
sr i t:. it a
recora of oroblems
orobi emu
solved :
solved:
a minimum cf
prooxema per Caro.
For spectrometer experiments both the verniers are to
used.
O *. * -V 4
*mj
'X i i.O*
io
t-M
t;i t*i
n
*-i
> tj o
n
'
iu h 2 \
Analytes of random errors Poisson
ticn: Statistics' of
uciear counting.
emperature of flame by line reversal matnod.
ydberg:s constant
harge of an electron by dispersion method
u
/m by Thomsons method
-r by photo cell
haractersics of G. M. tube
etermination of half *ife cf K-fO using Gif counter
bsorption cceffcient of aluminium for beta rays
heymicnic emission
r.terpiannar spacing
nergy gap of semiconductor
etermination of Debye temperate-a
V charOiCterstics of solar celi
arm inductor using E G
;ncuction
Andersens triage -determination r; «v
Fewer supply using bridge type recti;
18
Determination of Curie temperature
20 Experiments with lasers.
* N-»
k. V/
GULEARGA UN IVERSITY,
GULBARGA
Syllabus for E. Sc. Course
Subject : Physics
Relativity,
caper IV
Solid State Physics and Electronics
I Relativity:
1 Unit
1
Specials Theory of Relativity
13
Michelson-Korley
experiment.
Basic postulates
of
theory
of
relativty.
Lorentc
transformations.
Fitzgerald
simuitaneity,
time dilation:
velocity addition
contraction,
theorem;
relativistic variation of mss (with derivation); massenergy relation,
energy and momentum relation.
Concept of
four
vectors.
II Statistical Physics:
Statistical Physics
iciccts
atistrca.
:in and
and their comparison.
1/2 Unit
2
in Plivsics
Fermi- Lira
Ill Solid State Physics :
Derivation of Haxwellcistrifcution
functions
2 Units
Electrical and Thermal Properties
i
Free electron theory of metals,
expression for electri
thermal
conductivities.
Ohm's
Law.
Calculation
electron
density
of
states,
interpretation
of 'Fermi-energy,
expression for Fermi-energy at absolute sero and
above absolute
zero.
Specific heat of solids: Buicng and Petit's law;
Einstein
and
Debye theories.
1
Crystal Structure
4
Concepts
of
lattice,
periodic
crystal,
unit-cel-,
ravias
lattice,
crystal
planes and
Millar
indices.
X-ray
iffraction, Bragg’s law, Bragg spectrometer, structure of NaCl.
Band Theory of. Solids
10
Elementary
ideas regarding the
formation of energy
■ uds,
ecu .la:;.-: ion
of
e lev. r Leal
conductivity of conductors,
semiconductors and
insulators.
Intrinsic
and
extrinsic
semi
conductors. Derivation of expression for electrical conductivity.
my sics of PH junction and rectifying action.
Physics of NFN and
FN"?
transistors.
their amplifying action.
Si i icon solar cells:
:abr icatier. .
characteristics.
eff iciency
and
application .
tn n. u;
3
*• iiO v'jC d'--'. LUC v
V" *
f
Magnetic Properties of Materials
3
Dia,
para and ferromagnetism.
Qualitative explanation
based
on
electronic
structure.
Curie and
Curie-Welss
law
' o ua 1 ta t : ve ) . iia 11 e f feet.
buper Conductivity
2
Elementary
ideas and
experimental
facts.
Meissner
CriticaI magnet ic
field.
Applications
of
super
•:ty.
Qualitative
discussion
of high temperature super
conduct:-/ ity.
10
P4-2
IV
8
•> r, r>. ;
Electronics
Networks
ia«3.
Seperposlt i or. theorem.
Mesh analysis.
;haven in and Ncrtrcn theorem;
te:r applications.
3 Devices
Diodes.
?N
junction as a dioce.
:ene: diode and its
action as a voltage regulator, A =T>
4^
«J
use of LED in display. Liquid
crystals and their U3e in display,
Tunnel diode.
Transistors:
transistor characteristics dor common emmiter configuration.
DC
ar.d
AC
current gains.
operatig point,
seif biasing, of
transistors, DC leadline. FET. M03EET .
10 Applications
' 6
Amplifiers: CE amplifier.
AC load line.
equivalent cir.t
cuit or in? h-parameters.
voltage, current and power gains. Input
and output resistances CB and CC configurations and their special
properties. ; 3> Oscillators:
Concept of feed back.
positive ar.d
feed back. Barkhausen criteria.
Erase
icillatojand Wein bridge oscillators. (3)
11 Digital Electronics:
Basic logic gate3: AND.
OR.
NOT.' ,NOR, NAND and XOR
gates.
Half and full adders.
Flipflots,
JK and M/S flip fiop3,
D
ig
1 cr
-eg
1st'.
Basic
rour tit sicary counters,
RAM.
ROM:
3
enema
linitai cornr
organisaation of a
storage devices, output devices.
J 2 Ftadio. TV and Radar
Radio wave propagation: need for modulation, amplitude
bandwidth-power in AM
modulation. modulation factor, side hands,
reciever3: demodulation.
wave.
Frequency modulation.i3"
"
ietection of AM wave,
mock diagram of AM and FM
Principle o
Caper
heterodyning,
ire a tic;
gain
control
receive r s.
(qualitative).(3i TV : elementary ideas of TV including colour
TV. Radar; principle of Radar and appioatrons (brief).(2)
Ls y
BOOKS
FOR
REFERENCES
Special theory of relativity - Resnick
Specie- n. lativity - A P French
mctei
Solid State Physics - A J Dekkar
S Biackmore
In*reduction to Solid State ?hvs:cs
Fc
ic Principle a - Halviao
Digitalprinciples and application-Halvino and Leach,
Electronics made simple - J&ccbowitn,
Grob
ec ironies
:ic
*'
■ !*"’ 3
Mehta
rerroqul
:ctr on i c s
~
.
-\- • r-T *
O
T A
X \*»
O
.r.
vd u
m,~ 4.* •
■
*. 1 *.7
w •
—• r >
• * • -
•»
^
Practical IV
cacn cxpe rimer.' is of 3 hours duration
2. Minimum of 12 experiments are to be performed
Experimental errors should, be eat:mated wherever possible
Gome of the laboratory sessions shall be used for prac
tics of Numerical Problems of Paper
IV.
Students shall
r.ubr it
record of problems solved;
a minimum of t
problems per Unit.
For .-.11 straight line graphs least squares fit should be
US6G
L in ear reg ration- straight 1 ine f it by least, squar
/ data in? y be taken from exper imer. ts cf this set;'
H
lag earey Fes ter b ridge
V
.11
of Per ton. Tnev
and ina x ;.mu m power
“* i Ci * tors tics of PN d; ode. Zener d 1 s.:>d e and LED.
C fi V c
e r s t icn of Tran si ster- C E
jter s tics of F 2 T
t
cu rve using Magnetometer method.
t
he;;:r. i st or - Temperature respense and
ergy gap
dv OI f requency
CO:'.r.;»o
mitter ampii •2 *
'u r
t of gain
"’m * o*r follower Kea surem.
ga in Input
:« «.*
ct >-> ;
-• * . X * »
w V.i V- -L
•
* V. *,•
*2 A
• <— W
m
4
pm
*■*
a.
a
fr v i i
w k/
>■» ..
r, ?
> *V
r
i
st
ca
•
^
,-x -e
. — — .
construction
and
frequency
Phase
shift
d e t a r r in a t i or.
Weir, bridge oscillator- construction and frquency extermination
Study cf logic gates and realisation of various logic
fiTnctiors.'
........
DC response of LK circuit using CEO
DC response of LCR circuit using CRO
PkotoconcFuctcr-spcetral response.
Carey Foster bridge- IOw resistance.
Maxwells bridge- AC or DC
Conductivity of an elctrolyte
Transistor astabie multivibrator.
srer.ee neons jor Pit
Advance level practical physics Worm op and fliiit
A lab course it; electronics F&maliagam and Haghupulan
it troduevior. to Electronics M.A. Thangara.jar. & Viswaaathan
Transistor circuits experiments Greygory F John sen
Basic electronics test Lab manual Paul & E Zhar
A . .b munnaal fer U G classes D ? Kuandeiwal
CO 51P bu 11 e t i n s .
j c
12
35^
&
•
/
B. Sc. Part-I
:-,n*
th\-:
PHYSICS
fk-rr
list II Hu,.
Scheme of Teaching t
Theory: 1 Paper of 5 hours durationp4r we£k.''* <’■
. \ i
Practicals: 1 Practical of 3 hours duration per week Mini- J ■
‘ ■
mum of 15 experiments have<td-,be performed*
satisfactorily for eligibility. 'Sx’ j
v • *
V^.v-rj
r
Scheme of Examination t
i Theory : 1 Paper of ICO marks and of 3 hours dt.ratic 1.
g
i-
• Practicals: 1 Practical of 3 hours duration and of 45
marks and the journal marks 5.
, }.
Total Maks : 15Q
ae
id
rs.
v'- --SECTION I
Properties of Matter, Heat and Sound
an,
;y
General Physics t
Simple harmonic motion. Composition of two S. H. Ms
• along mutually perpendicular directions. Lissajoua figures
Damped and forced oscillations. Reasonance, Bifiler
suspension, Bar pendulum.
15 hrs.
; Elasticity:
Strees, strain, elastic limits Hooks law,Young's modulus,
hulk modulus, rigidity modulus and Poissions’ ratio, relation
between them. Work done during strain. Bending of beams,
single cantilever, Torsion of a Cylinder-Experimental deter
Tpinntion of elastic constants, Maxwell's needle, Koenigj-method, dynamicai method,
■
-
!
ath.
ena«
nian
leory
cular
ments
dsen’s
y> hrs-
Part-I (Physics)
:
5 hrs.
SECTION—II
K in e tic T h eo ry o f G a s e s :
Maxwell’s law of distribution of velocities, Mean,
R. M. S. and most probable velocities, mean free path.
Clausius and Maxwell’s expression. Transport phenomena*
Viscocity, thermal conductivity and self diffusion.Brownian
motion. Law of equipartition of energy, Einastein ’s theory
and determination of Avagadros number. Molecular
streaming Knudsen's theory, production and measurements
of law pressure-diffusion pump, ionisation pump. Knudsen’s
manometer.
22 hrs.
T heory o f E rro rs:
Classification of errors, probability of error, limiting
errors with illustrative examples. Gaussion law of distri­
bution of errors. Expressions for averages, r. m. s. and
most probable errors. Propagation of error in the
measurement with illustrative examples.
7 hrs.
methods of determination.
Stationary waves (mathematical treatment), Helmoltz
resonator, Fourier series, application to the case of plucked
string. Accoustics of building sabines formula, reverbera­
tions time and its correction. Absoipuun cuc.'ILicnt-
S ou n d
M o m e n t o f I n e r tia :
Kinetic energy of a rotating body, Moment of inertia
and radius of gyration. Moment of inertia theorems.
Calculation of moment of inertia of regular solids,
uniform rod, rectangular lamina, circular' lamina, solid
cylinder and solid sphere. Fly wheel experimental deter­
mination of moment of inertia.
10 hrs.
S u rfa ce T e n s io n :
Angle of contact. Surface energy. Determination of
Surface Tension by Jager’s and Quincke’s methods. 5 hrs.
B. Sc.
:
Part-I (Physics)
:
32 hrs.
6.
7.
8.
9.
5.
4.
3.
2.
—Newmann and Searle.
Mechanical properties of matter —S. G. Starling.
General properties of matter —J. C. Upadhya.
Properties of matter —D. S. Mathur.
General properties of matter —H. R. Gulati.
Properties of matter —Brijilal and SubramannyamSound—Richardson.
JSound—F. G. Mee.
Text book of sound— A. Ghosh.
of matter
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
1. General properties
Bl<a.ck Body
radiation. Stefan’s law and its derivation,
determination of Stefan’s constant, Weins displacement
law, Rayleigh-Jeans law, Planks law and its derivation,
solar constant and its determination.
11 hrs.
R a d ia tio n
Third law of thermodynamics.
equations.
Maxwell’s thermodynamical relations and their appli­
cations. Joule-Thomson effect, porous plug experiment.
Explantion of Joule-Thomson effect from the equation of
state. Heat engines, indicator diagrams. Otto, Diesel,
Liquification of gases air, hydrogen and helium, properties
of liquid helium.
mic scale
First and second law of thermodynamic?, Thermodyna-'
of temperature and its relation to absolute scale
of temperature. (Qualitative ideas only)
Concept of entropy, entropy and probability. Entropy
in reversible and natural processes. Entropy of steam and
perfect gas. Entropy-temperature diagrams. Latent heat
T h e r m o d y n a m ic s
B. Sc.
360
Sound—Brijilal and Subramannyam.
Errors and Observations —Topping.
Kinetic Theory of gases—I. K. Kelkar.
Physics—D. Halliday and R. Resnick.
Text book of Heat—D. S. Mathur.
)G.
Tot-* v,r>c>i- of Sound—KhaBna and Bedi.
Theory of Errors —Yardley.
on
21.
'
Physics. Foundation and Applications—
R. M. Eisberg and L. S, Lerner,
19.
1C..
17.
A course
in Kinetic theory of gasses—
R. S. Bhoosnurmath.
Treatise on Heat —Saha and Srivastav.
Text book of Heat—J. B. Rajam.
15.
14.
13.
—Gadad and Hiregoudar.
lv . Errors and their obseravtion
11.
10.
B.Sc. Part-I (Physics).
..
, . .
...... — ~Ayoi iuushmu ueter
minatton of elastic constants, Maxwells needle Koenig
L ist o f E x p e rim e n ts s
1v Probable error :-determine the volume of a hollow
cylinder using slide callipers and estimate probable
error.
2 / Calibration of set of weights.
3/ Bar pendulum.
4./ Fly —Wheel.
5../Voung ’s modulus by Koenig's method.
6S* Maxwell’s needle.
7.
T Poission’s ratio using cathetometer.
8. ^Dynamical method —totaling disc.
9 ^ Surface tension by Jaeger’s method.
10^ Coefficient of viscosity by Stoke’s method*
IK. Biffillar suspension*
4
Part-I (Physics)
Practical Physics—C. L. Arora.
Dravid.
Practical Physics—Rajopadhye and Purohit.
Experimental Physics—Gadad and Hiregoudar.
Experimental Physics—M. A. Hipparagi.
Advanced Practical Physics—Chauhan and Singh.
Text book of Practical Physics—Bhagavat and
BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR PRACTICALS
18^/Determination of J by electrical method with
radiation correction.
19vfpecific heat by cooling.
20./Letermination of J by contineous'flow method.
Yl/'S urface Tension by Quinke’s method.
method.
12/^Study of Gaussian law of errors by taking 100 lead
shots of uniform diameter and measuring their
di maters.
13/ Volume resonator.
In fre q u e n c y of A. C. using sonometer.
15. Melting point of wax using thermocouple.
16ffherm al conductivity of bad conductor by Lee’s
B. Sc.
36
S
B. 8c. Pm-ii.
PHYSICS
q «rO
i> .
1 Paper df 6 hour* per week.
JR.'"
f£- w
^-v
•vr
^•>S
<•- -/
a y Yv
r"
H.di\ W A *r-! .
/*■'*■
c.
Practical:
1 Praetieal of 4 hotlr* per week
Minimum of 15 experiments have to be satis
factorily completed for eligibility.
•
Theory:
t
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
-S'
1 Paper of 160 marks 5 hours duration
!£
;V* •*. .- Pfrftcticftls:
1 Practical of 8 hours duration carrying 45 marks
andthe journal marks 6.
Optics and Electromagnetism
SECTION-I
Optics
Geometrical Optics t Fermat’s Principle, Derivation.
ot laws of refraction, Thick lens and thin lens system, cardi­
nal points, Location and their determination-Geniometer
t and Turn-Table. Aberrations, Chromatic aberration Calculation of longitudinal chromatic aberration of a lens,
Achromatic combination of two thin lenses in contact and
separated by a distance. Spherical aberration ef a ions,
. Longitudinal and angular, Caustic curve methods of mini^
J
tmahig.
>.
_ r. \
f!i( tmn a
SCHEME OP TEACHING^ r?
Theory: _ t
V“r\
. j'
ifFT*
i'}
'4 r
/
B. Sc.
Part-II Physics
22 hrs.
T
— 8
‘
hrs.
separated by a distance Spheres?
contac '
Longitudinal and angular C»n«ti
ab wr*t: 0n c f a i,
miafe*
snguiar, Caustic curve method, of m
sphere.
’
Electromagnetism
Electrostatics : Energy density of electrostatic field.
Energy of a .uniformalytcharged sphere. Field in a uniformaly charged sphere-Boundary conditions for electric
fields. Electrical im agesearthed conducting plane and
SECTION-11
_
light and their'production, Nicol prism. Analyses of pola­
rised light by quarter wave plate and Babinet’s Compen­
sator.
Huyghen ’s construction for propogation of light in
doubly refracting media wave velocity J and ray velocity.
Fresnel’s theory of Optical activity, Optical rotation
Lorentz’s half shade polarimeter.
12 hrs.
Polarisation: Circularly and elliptically polarised
D iffr a c tio n : Huyghen’s construction, zone plate.
Fresnel diffrac tion at straight edge and Fraunhofer diffrac­
tion at single slit double slit (qualitative). Plane diffrac­
tion, transmission grating. Resolving power.- Rayleigh’s
criteria. R. P. of telescope. Prism and grating. __ 15 hrs.
’
Physical O ptics : Wave theory of light. Huyghen’sPrinciple, idea of secondary wavelets deduction of laws of
refraction from the wave theory. Interference : Division
of wave front and division of amplitude Fresnel’s biprism
experiment. Stoke’s law. Derivation of expression for the
path difference'in thin ’films/ Colour of thin films. Theory
of Newton’s rings and experiment. Michelson ’s interfero ­
meter. Standardisation of meter. (Febry - Perot inter­
ferometer with applications).
__ 15 hrs.
Velocity of Light - Micholson’s method.
Spherical aberration(qua]itative).Eye-pieces-Ramsden*s
and Huygbens, Fibre Optics, Principle and amplifications.
2
1
B.
Sc. Part-11 Physics
■■rar
Electrical Instrum ents & M easurem ents : Balastic
galvanometer (moving coil type) dampings correction,.
measurement of capacity, Earth inductor theory, determi­
nation of components of the earth ’s magnetic field C. R. O.
and its ufces.
_ 6 hrs.
Electromagnetic Theory i Mathematical background,
gradient of a scalar, divergent and curl of a vector and
their Physical significance. Gauss, Stecke’s and Green’s
theorem (without proof) generalisation of Ampere’s law,
displacement current, Maxewell’s equation Propagation of
electromagnetic waves in vacum,transverse nature of radia­
tion, Poynting ’s theorem. Radiation from a Hertzeian
dipele.
_
_ 10 hrs.
_
^Alternating C urrent : Impedence, Phase, power factor
and r. m. s. value Circuites containing C-R, L-R, L-C and
L-C-R. Uae of vector diagrams. Series and parallel resenance circuits. Theory of transformer A.C. Bridges : Desauty
and Anderson’s bridges.
12 hrs..
Dielectrics: Electric polarisation, Electri
ment vector, electric susecptibility, Electrostat
in the presence of a dielectric Clausis and Mesett
measurement of dielectric constant.
— 7 hrs.
/M agnetestatics : Force and Couple between two small
bar magnets, end-on, broad side-on and any position.
Paramagnetic substance in a magnetic field, Magnetic indu­
ction (B) and intensity (H) Boundary conditions for magne­
tic field, Magnetic susceptibility, nature of ferromagnetic
substances, variation of magnetic induction with magnetic
field Hysterisis.
— 10 hrs.
.✓C u r r e n t E le c tr ic ity : Force between two straight
conductors definition of Ampere, Force between Two loops
of current Amperes law and Magnet ic field due to solenoid
current, effect of magnetic material in n sol«neid. self and
mutual inductance and their experimental determination,
Faraday ’s law of induction.
.... 11 hrs.
i
j
3 €3
16.
15.
14.
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
6
4
3
2
1
Part-II Physics
Conversion of instrum ents :
(a) Convert the ammeter of lower range to one of
higher range and use it to.verify Ohms law.
(b) Convert an ammeter into a voltmeter and use
to verify Ohm’s law.
mistai..
*.
senarated bv a distance. Spherical aberration of i
Longitudinal and angular, Caustic curve methods of m
2.
Constants of Ballistic galvanemeter : Period,
current sensitivity. Volt sensitivity, figure of
merit and resistance.
3. Magnetic field along the axis of a coil.
1.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Fundamentals of optics— Jenkins and White
Optics- Ghatak
Principles of optics — B. K. Mathur
Light— Ditchburn
Treatise on light — Heusten
Optics— Khanna & Gulati
Physics— D. Halliday and R. Resnik
Electricity and Magnetism — S. G. Starling
Electricity and Magnetism — Page and Adams
Electricity Magnetism and Atomic Physics— Yarwood
(Vol. I & Vol. II)
Electricity and Magnetism — Sehgal, Chopra & Sehgal.
Electricity and Magnetism — D. N. Vasudeva
Electrical measurements and measuring instruments
—Rajendra Prasad.
Physics, Feyndation and Application— R. M. Eiberg
and L. S. Lermer.
Electricity and magnetism — Brijlal Subramanayam.
Optics— Brijlal and Subramanyam.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
B. Sc.
Part-II Physics
Cylinderical obstacle.
Analysis of polarized light using quarter wave
plate.
Polarimeter.
Mutual Inductance Rayleigh’s method.
Mutual Inductance - Carey - Paster’s method.
Capacity by Desauty method.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR PRACTICALS
1. Advanced Practical Physics—Worsnop and Flint.
2. Practical Physics - Rajopadhye and Purohit.
3. Advanced experiments in Practical Physics—
Calthrop
4. Advanced Practical Physics— Chauban and Singh
5. Practical Physics— M. A. Hipparagi.
24.
23.
22.
21.
20.
19.
17.
Biprism.
18. Lloyd’s mirror.
16.
15.
14
13.
12.
11.
10.
table.
Calibration of spectrometer.
Dispersion curve using a spectrometer.
Retractive index by total internal refraction
method.
R. P. of a prism.
R. P. of a diffraction grating.
R. P. of a telescope.
Newton's rings.
-
GoDiemeter.
9. Turn
8.
7. Measurement of capacity by the method of mixture.
6. Use of C. R. O.
4. Helmhelts galvanometer.
5. Measurement of capacity by absolute mowaoa.
B. Sc.
365
ft. 6c. ftart-l!l
.?r~
PHYSICS
'•
SCHEME OF TEACH!
pharWa d).;!)
................ ..............JQlf
v
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l 2 Pa^eM, 8 hour* per week per paper.
PRACTICALS
2 Practicala per week each of 3 hour* duration. Mini­
mum of 12 experiments from each group have to jba
satisfactorily completed for eligibility.
• . . . ;\U »■
,;vVcif$f
•
SCHEME OF EXAMINATION
L .. •*; * , : • f>£ »•.
..'
.
*
I*
• .+/??, < Theory:
2 Paper of 100 marks each with 3 hours duration.
. ,
- . v/» *- ' V
,
(100 + 100)
A;
PRACTICALS ,
'
2
Practices
each
of
3 hours duration, Marks (45+45)
■
■ &.*
\
Journal Marks (5 + 6)
F •
\
(InS I. Units)
.•'*
n'+Amlj.'t
" ;
i.
:a>:T' m*.
ft ClasslcawMechanlcs
-
)T
SECTION-I
..•***- <
a.
'A’
, .
Total Marks - 300
PAPER :, I
Classical and Modern Physics - I:
i,V
ft .-o' Mechanics of a particle and generalisation of system of
ft particles, centre of mass and its motion, Elastic condition
- between two particles,centre of mass and laboratory system
•• v-u g* -and the relation between them, Generalised co-ordinates,
+.. • <
Delethbe^s Principle and Lagrangian formulation of motion.
Physical significanceof Hamiltonian function, application
• to the cases of simplo pendulum and a charged particle in
I-electro-magnetic field.
'-V' ( Two body central force problism, Kopler’s Laws, scatte■- • - /* , ;
g incentral force field (Rutherford’s formula): 25 Hrs.
- .fiVr
v
vll ill
, <
vc;\
v4
-/library
(1992-93 and onward
•
"'
*
‘
^
•
:
C U u n fio tio n »•
S o lid S ta te P h y sic s
•
'
.
;
' j,;-,o
P*
m e ta llic ,
'»•- ,,j/
'
L “ c _ t j 'r t n i « « ,e i U n i t '
•
case, applications of, laser.
..
, ,
;
'■
SECTiON-Itt
L a se rs-.
through popuUtion V in version,
Stimulated emission, throng P” b la8er
“
^
Selection values for transiu
fine stru ctu re.
M o le c u la r S p ectra :
vibrational and
D iatom ic molecule-.
two elec tronic levem,
ro tatio n al states
ariS . molecu l»r systems. sponUnious
Interaction o f radiation with
B coefficients,
and induced transition
Pri ticip« ot Bamim
mean life and energy width of a iev.i
g Hrg.
effect and applications..
v .• ;*-*
'
^ .- ■ r .s .r .s s :
method, charge
b y /M ilU k ae v in c e £or
Aston ’s mass ®Pectr ° gr
tbrouo>h m easurm ent of excitaquaDti,ation o£ energy 1
e rtr's e,p< nm ent.
L e .» d
^ T '- o i r Ww ^™n i-H
Periment.
.pace gue»>'*»“ 0 ' ‘ y
tio„
P,drogee »K.m
S p ectro sco p y .
f electron by Thomson ’s
Constituents of th e Atom: e /®
fttomic masses by
i
P a rt-Ill Physics
SECTION-H
B. Sc.
Part-III Physics
$
J
•
I
■
4 Hrs.
2 Hrs.
.
significance' itf zero point energy. Quantum statistics
‘
Q u a n tu m M e c h a n ic s a n d R e la tiv ity t '
; Duality. Particle nature of photon photoelectric effect,
Compton effect and pair production, wave nature ,df
particles, Debroglie wave length, experiments cf ‘Devieon
and Germer apd Thomson, Uncertaipity principle,. Schoringer’s wave equation, interpretation ,of ,>he wave.fupction,
particle in one dimensional box. Epergy levels apd pwfofH
Superconductivity (qualitative)
PAPER-lI
^ SECTION-!
erne .•
S e m ic o n d u c to rs :
Energy gap, determination of Energy gap by measure­
ment of electrical conductivity as a function of temperature.
Hall effect, experimental determination of Hall Coefficient.
Classification of solids as ida. para and ferromagnetic
substances, experimental determination of paramagnetic
s -tscepiiuiiity, Lengevin theory of paramagnetism, Weise
theory of ferromagnetism,
4 Hrs.
cell, crystallographic axis, Miller indices, crystal planes,
Rayleigh sattering by bound electrons, Bragg’s law,
experimental determination of crystal, structure. Sodium
chloride and potassium chloride
7 Hrs.
Free electron theory of metals : expression for electrial
and thermal conductivities; - wiedeman FraDnz’s ";law,
Thermionic emission, Richardson current. Thermoelectri­
city : Seeback, Peltier,' Thomson effects-tbeir experimetal
determination. Therodynamics of thermoelectric effect^
Tdit-diagram thermocouple, Sp. heats of solids, Einstein
and Debye’s theories.
8 Hrs.
M a g n e tic m a te ria ls :
B. Sc.
B. Sc.
P art-Ill Physics
SECTION-II
:
N«cl«*r fis s io n :
.
,
•■<*«(
Liquid drop fdod<el kh i huclear fission, energy genera­
tion and nutrori ‘eniission dir fUBioh, • fchdin'reaction and
,T
v
•principle of atomic keactor. ':?; * ,v
Y ‘ ‘ Nuclear reactions : ‘6 value of a nuclear reaction with
derivations, discussion of some typical nuclear^eactionsi
Interaction of radiation with m atter: attenuation-of
beta particles in matter,' 'attenuation of gamma rays in
matter, mass attenuation coefficient, ...
' 7 Hrs.
'i., vJ^UjCie^r;Jnstrumenta G..M. Countor, bubble chamber,
•fSfintilljation counter
■!<•,:.-,:u '
Basic properties of the nucleus : Constituents of the
nucleus, Basic properties of protons and neutrons, size and
charge of the .nucleus by Rutherford alpha , scattering,
variation of binding energy per nucleon with mass number.
Alpha decay, tunnelling affect (qualitaive) relation
between alpha energy and half life.
Beta decay, continues nature of beta spectrum, Neutrino
hypothesis, gamma decay, discretness of gamma spectrum,
energy level diagrams, production of internal conversion
lines.
8-Hrs.
N uclear P hysics i
Galelian transformation, Invariance of Newton’s laws
under Galelian Transformation, Ether-drag theories,
Michelson. Morley experiment. Significance of the
negative result. Postulates of special theory of relativity,
Lorentz’s transformation relativity of length and time, Law
of addition of velocities, Variation of mass with velocity,
mass energy relation.
12 Hrs.
Distinction between Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Eimtein
statistics (without derivation).
13 Hrs.
R elativity t
d
r
n
.
P art-m Physics
6
:
.
•
•
•
•
■
■
C. . om
pntor S cien
. .» .
i ce
r . t : .> tk J A • '
Illustrative computer oriented procedure, flow charts,
flow chart symbols, .simplified model of computer, 'flow ­
charting examples. IBsstc language characters used In
Sasic.' ’
'
6 Hk
•
D igital electronic* i
.
Device models, Diode regions at operations, ideal diode
circuit models, normal model, active region model and cut
off i region jnodel, Saturation region model. Basic logic
design Boolean algebra., truth tables, basic theorems, logic
symbol*, Diode logic OR, AND.NOR, NAND gates, RTLDTL and TTL logics.
7 Hr*.
. ’
jv» V ;
/ ;
'. . . :
■
■
E lectronic d e v ic e s :
Diode, diode rectification-half wave and fullwave recti ­
fication, Power supplies with filteres, comparision of filter
circuits. Use c-f zener diode in voltage regulation. Traneistor6-PNP and NPN transistors Transistor as a circuit
element, U6e of traneister with different eonfigurationarameters, Transistors amplifier (CE modification Transistor
oscillator-Hartley oscillator. PNP as a circuit element and
amplifier.
8 Hr*.
E lectronics and C om puter Science i
Network circuit analysis using KirchofPs laws,
4 Hra.
Thevinin’s theorem. Norton ’s theorem.
SECTION-111
nuclear fusaion energy generation in stars through proton
and carbon nitrogen cycles.
8 Hrs.
Cosmic Rays : Nature of primary cosmic rays, forma­
tion of cascade showers in atmosphere, Secondary cosmic
'particles, Pions and muons and their decay.
4 Hrs-
B. Sc.
oar
'
5
6
.
’
j
-
.
‘
Takawale.
.Atomic Spectra : H. E. White..
Introduction to Atomic & Nuclear Physics : H. Semat.
7 Introduction to Atomic Spectra : Hertzberg.
8 Elements of Spectrosc opy : Gupta. Kumar and Sharma.
9 Perspective of Modern Physics: Beiser.
10 Atnrnic Physics : J. B. Rajam.
11 Solid State Physics : C. Kittel.
12 Solid Stale Physics : A11 Oir.er.
13 Quantum Mechanics : Pauling and Wilson.
14 Quantum Mechanics : B. N. Shrivastava.
•16 Quantum Mechanics:
Gupta, Kumar and Sharma.
16 Quantum Mechanics! Satyaprakash and Singh.
17 Quantum Mechanics : S. I. Mohiti and Chantli.
18 Nuclear Radiation Detectors : S. S Kapoor and V. S.
Ramamurtby.
19 Nuclear Physics ’: 1 Kaplan.
‘
20 Electronic Devices and circuits:
' Allen M ottershed.'
21 Solid State' Electronic Concepts:
JohnM athea.
22 Digital Principles and Circuits : Malvino andLeaeb.y
23 Electronic Devices and Circuits : G. K. Mithal;*- f.
\—24
Principles of Electronics : V. EL Metha.
25 Basic Electronics and Linear Circuits By Bhamgav,
■Kulshfe'kar and Gupta.
- (■, ;!J
36 Electronic Principles : Malvino. /—27 Network Analysis : G. K. Mithal.
.r.
y s t:;
28 . Physics-Foundations and Applications : /R. n ! Fishery
Introduction to Modern Physics, P. K. Ritchmever,
E. H. Kennard and T. Lauritsen.
2 Physics : D Halliday and R. Rashmack.
3 Classical Mechanics : Goldsrain.
4 Introduction to Classical Mechanics: Puranik and
BOOKS RECOMMENDED
B. Sc. Part-III Physics
•
"
■
‘
Group I I :
1. Cbarcterstics of Zener diode
2. Characteristics of FET
3. h-parametera. CF confirmations..
4. Tranhister Amplifier (Emitter follower)
61 R. G coupled transiste* amplifier
6. Hartley Oscillator using transister.. .
7. Colhits oscillater using transister.
8. Pha^esbift oscillator. - '
9. Study of low pass filter (II and T Type)
10. Study of high pass filter (TT khd T Type)
11. Transistor as table Multivibrator. ?i ., '
18.
19.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
12.
11.
10 .
9.
8.
7.
0
Building of Battery eliminater.
Construction of a Multimeter
Building of Battery charger.
Rydberg constant.
'
i
Specific resistance of a electrolyte-Kolhrach pethod
Thermistor : Determination of energy gap.
Determination of time c instants of RC and RL circuits
Resonance in LCR circuits
Raul*igbf’s Potentioroeter.Vcrification of Theveniu's and Not ton's the roretna
using ladder network
Verification of Thev3r,in’& and Norton ’s theorems
using unbalanced Wheatstone’s network.
Study of Photoconductive cell.
Study of Photovaltic cell.
C
Plank ’s constant using Photocell.
Characteristics of G. M. tube..
Attenuation coefficient of gamma radiation.
Absorption coefficient of beta particles.
Dead time of G. M. tube by double source method. .
Statistics of nuclear conting.
Group I
LIST OF EXPRIMENTS
B. Sc. Part-HI Physics
.
P:
IP'
I
€
'Z
res.
bar
B. Sc. ^art-IU Physici
/
16.
15.
14.
13.
12.
11.
10.
9.
6.
7.
8.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
%
Realisation of basic gates using DTL.
Realisation of basic gates using HAND gate.
Study of JK flip flop &decade counter using JK flip flop
Study of poles & zeros of KJ network
Straight radio receiver. 1 ' .
Radio mixer amplifier.
*
If amplifier in Radio receiver.
Half-adder & full adder using NAND gates
Building logic circuit far Boolean expression
Study of microprocessor 8085 writing assemely langu­
age with flowcharts
Complementing a number, resistor-resistor movement.
Memory resistor movement, program examples for
adding and subtracting numbers multiplying and
dividing number.
" do - .* , ,
Digital to anlog conventer using operational amplifier
Basic programming language with PC
Fortroe programming.
Group III:
(Selected from B. S. Gottfried, programming with
Basic using casio programmable pocket calculator
type or any other equivalent model)
15. FET Amplifier
;> •
'
16. BASIC computer programming expt. Set No. 1'
17. BASIC computer programming expt. Set No. 2
18. BASIC computer Programming expt. Set No. 3
>
12. Study of RTL gates. < - * i13. Use of NAND GATE to operaate OR, NOR, AND an&
Not gates.
,
, ...
14. e/m by Thomson’s method. ?■
6
Part-Ill Physics
2.
3.
4.
Advanced Practical Physics—Worsno.
Advanced Experiments in Practical Physics-CaltBfOpr-— __
Advanced Practical Physics—ChaVan and Singh.
Basic Electronics A text-Lab Manual Paul B. Zbar
and P. Malvino.
6 . Principles of Electronic Instrumentation : A James.
'
Diefenderfer.
6 . Radiation Detection and Measurement: G. F. Knoll.
7. Advance Practical Physics—S. K. Singh.
1.
B. Sc.
BOOKS "RECOMMENEDED FOR PB
&■
. li
iiv:
Bio
KIJVPMPU UNTVERGTTY
|'
_
I
^ • SV LUDUS_FO!R_THRER_y EAR_B. Sc .(PHYSICS )_COURSE - iQOp-Qj onwards.'
, ‘
I B.Sc. ( PHYSICS I )
(Mechanics, Properties of matt'er"7_"Ee aT and Thermodynamics)
^Vectors : Differentiation of vectors, derivative of a vector of
f
constant magnitude ( no detailed treatment ). Vector1 expressions
for Torque and Angular momentum. Point mass, vector; expressions
for instantaneous velocity and pccoleration for arbitrary motion.
;;
4 hrs.
f' Frames of reference in uniform relative
motion - inertial frame. Oalilann transformation - Galilean pri­
nciple of relativity. Frames of reference in accelerated motion
- non-iriertial frames, fictitious force, centrlfugal force as an
uxample of fictitious force. Centre of mass frame and laboratory
frame. Uniformly rotating frame - concept of Coriolis force.
Radial and transverse components of velocity and acceleration for
motion in a plane.
11 hrs.
Conservation__law;s :
1. Co
ion f linear momentum, motion of a rocket - express'1 on
or -its ‘
antaneous and maximum velocities taking into c.onsld.
on_ .ha—vprV-iat-ion—of—-masss wli.jiouc'-hno with external force
multi-stage rocket( qualitative discussion only ). plastic and
inelastic collisions, coefficient of restitution, head-on collision
of two particles, elastic oblique collision of two identical masses.-.
4
-]
1 \■
in a plane. |
?. Conservation of angular momnntumjjcentrnl force.., examples of
motion under central forces - a) Newton's law ofjgrnvlta11 on,
Kepler's laws, b) Simple harmonic' motion, e) Uniform jcircular motion
D
3. Conservation of energy as a basic principle including mass
-energy, discussion of S.H.M. and oscillation oi.j (light spiral
spring as examnles of conservation of energy.
■ >Mj;;
16 hrs.
,
;
Elements of SateHite jnotioa: Expressions for orbital'-velocity
-md period of revolution, escape velocity, condition1 for an Earth
,-v.i tell ite to be stationery, wei-htlossn^cs , artificial gravity in
-sivice station, uses of artificial satellites. Breif account of
•r.-Indian satellite programme.
g> hrs.
properties
OF
matter
£_p|g;ld bodies : Dotations! motion about an axis, theorems of moment
nl' inertia, MI of a rod, plate and cylinder. Theory 'of physical
mndulum - finite amplitude.
1
,
■
'
6 hrs.
.
i
: Modulii of elasticity for isotropic materials, relation
'
.
lC -fu! 1 ween elastic constants. Expression for .bending moment, uniform
**-."nid non-uniform bending. Theory of light cantilever. T-section
*
i
girder. Torsion, expression for couple per unit twist, Torsion
.
ivndulum.
12. brs.
g!JLl222_T®H§i22 : Forces on a surface, molecular theory, surface
energy, effect of impurities. Pressure within a curved surface
- application to drop and bubble.
4 brs.
'^I5£22i!:i • streamline and turbulent motion in capillary tubes
;;d cylinders. Store's law - expression for terminal velocity.^)
3 hrs.
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
c
: Distribution of molecular velocitlesC .no deri­
vation ). Mean free path - expression. Decrees of freedom, law
PKiHKXplR of equipartition of energy with proofs
'
i,
S ihrs.
Thermodynamics : Isothermal and Adiabatic changes, indicator dia­
gram.
Expression for the efficiency of Carnot's cycle. -Reversibility
of Carnot's cycle - principle of refrigeration and air condition­
ing. Second law of thermodynamics.
10 :hrs.
t
intrnpy : Definition, principle of increase of entropy in irrever­
sible processes, change of entropy when ice rhon^es to ‘steam,
I
f't fj
on
rft ■,
——~r,.
Clau^.f Ui'3—/’lo p3yi'oir ctjuai/.i.oir'TOtj'rjv'!
of melting and boiling point
,ri atloir
6, hrs.
i: r
l.lnuo fnction_of_gases: Ideal and real gases. Porus plug;,experiment
- expresion for temperature of inversion. Principle of Regenerative
cooling, Liquid air, Liquid Helium
7 jhrs.
£>'adintion : Plack body radiation, distribution of energy; in the
black body spectrum, statement of Wein's law and RaleighR lean's
! ,i v;. Einstein's concept.of quantum theory of radiation ,; jderivnti on
,.f Planck's law, Eadiation momentum and pressure,mention: of the
I ail of comet, Crooke's radiometer. I
'
i '
•"
lOphrs.
« HI » M U X
MOTH :
1/
1. This syllabus is to be covered engaging FOlIR'hours
per week. Total - 100 hours.
?. S.T.Units must be followed throughout.
3. A good number of problems, in each topic, must be
worked out in the lecture class. Adeouate teaching
hours have been provided in the syllabus for this
pur pose.
( l.lOQ.KfJ FOR REFERENCE :
— — — — — —— — — — — — — — — —
•
; I.
Mechanics
?.
P.
■ k.
\S,
6.
7.
H.
‘).
Properties of Matter - J.C.Upadhyaya
Mechanics - R.Shankarnarayena
i i;
Clements of Mechanics - J.P.Agrawal and Satya Prakash
Newtonian Mechanics - A.P.French
,-<e‘ ■
Properties of Matter - D.S.Mathur
Heat and Thermodynamics. - J.B.Pa.iam
Heat and Thermodynamics - Brljlal and Subramanynnbj l;j .
A text book of Heat - Saha and Srivntsavn
^
Kl. Heat
-
-
J.C.Upadhyaya
D.S.Mathur
i l . Classical and Modern Physics - K.W.Ford
IP. Physics Part I ■- Ilalliday and Pesnick (Wiley Eastern)
IP. Berkley Physics Course - Vol I, Mechanics Ed. by E.H [’Purcell
Hi. Heat and Thermodynamics (International Ed.,McGraw Hilii) -
M. V/. Zee man sky
* PRACTICALS
-(•'iEnch experiment is of THREE hours juration. A minimum! jo'f EIGHTEEN
,
uerime-nto must be' dana_al; ~'bhti rate of ONE tixyt.
jerllJiJjok )
pe
I'll
l.lnt of Experiments
'/1 i
Bar Pendulum - g (2 hole method, h^- h'L'2 and h - T
\y^r‘ .
.Spiral spring - determination of g and unknown mass’
MI of a Flywheel ( M -graph )
Torsion Pendulum - rigidity modulus and MI of irroglijlar body
vP.
&
r,
«*r.
(2)
uv.
(nj
fa ph)
Verification of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems of MI
q by stretching - Hooke's law verification, unknown jmass
/
.
j j -i
q by uniform bending ( Load - Elevation graph )
q by cantilever method ( Load - Depression graph)
q by cantilever oscillation ( graphical method )
Rigidity modulus by static torsion method
q by Koenig's method - determination of unknown load .
-.Searlels double bar - q,'n, q—'
I' ,J
Coefficient of dynamic friction - graphical method, unknown mass
v+h . Surface Tension by capillary rise method
& Ouincke's drop -ST and Angle of contact
Surface Tension and Interracial Tension by drop weight me r. nod
y
/
313
fs
'/
Oi7. Stoke's method for coefficient tit Viscosity
j
Specific heat by cooling ( graphical method ) Ij
Thermal conductivity of n bad conductor by Lee's and
Charlton'6 method with graph
Verification of Stefan-Boltzmann law ( meter bridge or
potentiometer to be used )
i:|
PI. Platinum resistance thermometer - determination, |of boiling
point of a liquid
i,ji
?P. Temperature of Sodium flame
i!|
♦
?3. Tngenhauz's experiment for comparing the thermal icoductivities
.*«**•»»
W-tckoAM'a -
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:
, IX R.Sa.C PHYSICS II )
m.v^« *v
*« Lfl *$f *. '»J •'
t-« i’f**
jt'.
'
{
> ( jSound, Light, -Electricity and Electromagnetism )
j! : :
,.i ]
SOUND
'i
•
,
* V'
*«■'.
. .Surer
position of SHMs : Llssnjou’s
figures ( analytical|| treatment)
—— ——
«
v*! or time periods 1 : 1 and different phases, Boats.
i!
j 3 hrs,
.'S f'1
- *
;
’
jS»
-k
•
•
.-
• . .
.
J
•' ' ''..V
H
VI^-rr‘2n.i.vj:.:^2rced-Vibr^^ons_i: Equations for damped vibrations. F^r^ed
.
1 vibration - soluti on.-in .exponential form, resonance, expression
■ I.
■
;••■•■*•••
i I
--for amplitude and phase at resonance.
;j 5 l»rs.
Progressive waves_: Equation for wave in one dimension,1 IJlifferential equation for wave motion. Relation between amplitude and
Intensity. Expression for velocity of progressive wave 3 n a
medium, Newton's formula, Laplace's correction. Longitudinal vib­
rations in a. rod, Expression for frequency of vibrati o Wj of a
r
■<T
stretched string, harmonics.
8 brs.
*
LIGHT
•,;v
of_light_; Huygen's principle - explanation of
/ Wave_theor^
_
xicflectionand refraction. Group and wave velocity- religion
III!
between them.
j
,
.irs.
Interference : Double slit experiment, coherence of li mt sources,
iiimplitude .
.interference "by division of wave front and division of
of
Ere finel1s biprism and Lloyd's mirror with theory. Thin i!■ films
is
Coating
uniform thickness and wedge shape. Interference filter
of lenses. Michelson's interferometer - applications.
j) hro.
I
Diffraction : Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. Explanation of
’roctillinear propagation of light. Theory of zpne platei] Fresnel
diffraction jt a straight edge and wire. Fraunhofer di||r.raction
„t a single slit with theory. Reflection and transmission gratings
ID npersl on and resolution of a grating.
1
hrs.
■
•
1! i
>>utlcal Instruments : Defects of lenses, achromatic compjlnation
lenses. Huygen's and Ramsden's eye-pieces. Resolving]and mag
'.iil.fying >rtelescopes and microscopes( qualitative ). Mention
of modern telescopes.
:.16: brs.
:l:
'ol art sat ion : Double-refraction in a uniaxial crystal,! 1 Iluygen ' s
1
n
theory, positive and negative crystals. Principal refractive ind­
ices. Huygen's construction of 0 and E wave fronts in uniaxial
5
IS
t==J
P
h * 3 7 s'
0
r *
Retarding plai.es. Production and analysis of linearly,
'.circularly and elliptically polarised light. Babinet compensator,
optical activity - Fresnel's theory. Potatory polarisation. Use
nl' biquartz.
!
fi
'!:
Miect of electric and magnetic fields on light - Kerr dffect
••nd Faraday effect. ^
M2
ELECTRICITY
hrs.
I
-
*I£e™ating_Currents 5 RMS values, response of LR, CR,;LQR circuits
to sinusoidal Voltages ( discussion using 'j'symbol ).!Series and
lurallel resonance. Half power frequency. Bandwidth, Q-factor.
Power in electrical circuits, Power factor. Maximum power transfer
1 heorem.
!■i;
jlM hrs.
I ;i
-
!l'il!;££§ : High-pass and Low-pass filters with LR and CRl comblnations.
Cut-off frequency.Band
pass filters.
d1,
;: j3 hrs.
C
!''i£!li£i2E2 : Half and full wave semiconductor rectifiers. Ripple
-factor. Expression for efficiency of rectification. Voltage regu­
lation. Filters.
.
.ji.i
:ii5 hrs.
: Measurement of voltage, current, power
and frequency ( principles ). CRO.
■' ’
6 hrs.
Hr
j£al2R_a2d_Veetor_fields : Gradient, divergence and curl of a
vector. Statement of the, theorems of Gauss and Stoke
.
; k hrs.
o
!l'l2£YC2l!32Cnetic_theory : Concept of a dipole. Ampere' s'circuital
law. Current loop as a dipole. Torque on a dipole. Maxwell's field
equations. Wave equation for field vectors. Poynting vector (no der­
ivation), Equation for plane electromagnetic waves. Normal and
anomalous dispersion, theory of Normal dispersion.
'■.
l’roduction_of_EiM_.Waves : Accelerated charges and oscillating
dipoles. Hertz experiment. Radiation losses, synchrotron radiation.
13 hrs.
X##****#**
NOTE
This syllabus is to be covered engaging FOUR hours per
week. Total - 100 hours.
2. R.T.Units must he-used throughout.
i.
A good number of problems, in each topic, must be worked
out in the lecture class. Adequate teaching hours have
been provided j.n. the syllabus for this purpose.
6
P
r*%
.0
BOOKS FOB REFERENCE
t
1.
A Text Book of Optics - Subramanyam andBrijlal
P,
3.
A Text Book of Optics - B.K.Mathur
|;
j
if.
Optics - Eugene Hect and Alfred 7,ajac
Fundamentals of Optics - Jenkins and White
R.
Electricity and Magnetism - Sehegal Chopra Sehegal'.
| j
6. Electricity and Magnetism - K.K.Tiwari
l-jl
7. Electricity and Magnetism - Aurthur K1.p
j1'1,
8. Engineering circuit analysis - W.II.Hayt & J.E.Kemrm erly
0. Classical and Modern Physics , Vol. II - K.W.Fordi;
10, fundamental University Physics - Vol. II - Alonspjand Finn
11. Berkley Physics Course - Vol. TI and Til
1?.
Electromagnetism - Grant and Fillips
''j
i if:
;ji;
13.
Physics Part II - Halliday and Resnick
pL
Ui.
Text Book of Electrical Technology - Thereja
pj'
IB. Electricity and Electronics - D.o.Taynl
if). Introduction to circuit analysis - Boylestaed
h !
17. Bound - Subramanyam and Brijlal
18. Sound - Khanna and Redi
19. Waves and Oscillations - A.P.French
PEACTICALS - II
C Each experiment is of THREE hours duration. A minimum of EIGHTEEN
experiments must be done at the rate of ONE expt. per week.
)
List of Experiments :
■A
. Interference at a wedge - measurement of thickness
y5.,Newton's Rings - Radius of curvature, verification by telescope
method,
V/3. Cauchy's Constants
Njf. Diffraction grating - Normal Incidence
■j(.
Diffraction grating - Minimum deviation
s/. Diffraction at a wire - Diameter of a wire
7. Cornu's fringes - Elastic constants
8. Specific rotation of sugar
9. Resolving Power of a grating
7
6
.0
'*</• L-D Photometer - efficiency of a bulb.
1 1 . 't1 of thin film(transparent) using bipri6m
IF. Resolving power of a telescope
x/’ Dispersive power of a prism
l'l . Polarisation by reflection - Brewster's law
Ir>. Kundt's tube expt.
xrf. Frequency of AC.(sonometer)
yr. Helmholtz Resonator
f..]
in. Mode constant of a vibrating strip
ill],
s/>. Bjj - by Helmholtz galvanometer and potentiometer
!if
Jo. Measurement of low resistance using potentiometer
v/l .
Charge sensitiveness of a B.G.
De-Sauty's bridge( DC ) using B.G. or ( AC ) using] headphones
- laws of combination of capacities.
;i '
n/7'.
Low and high pass filters
:Vh
sj"h . Charging and Discharging of a CR circuit
Field along the axis of a circular coil using magnetometer
MC Thermo e.m.f. using a mirror galvanometer - melting point
of wax.
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35
V8fLLABUS FOR B.SG. PHYSICS MAJOR, COURSE
j
I B.Sc. (Theory) (Physics -I)
("Po be covered at 3 hours per week)
,
i
MECHANICS ■
Introductory Vector Calculus: Derivative of a vector, derivative
of A', (A -i B), (A-B) and (A x B) .
Instantaneous velocity and
acceleration in vector form.
Derivative of a vector with
constant magnitude.
2
Frames of reference: Inertial frame, Galilean principle of
fel’a’tivTty - norTTnertial frames, pseudo force, centre of
mass-reduced mass of a binary system.
4
Unif_orm_ circular motion: Centrifugal force as a pseudo force
coneepT’oT'torFoITs Yorce , Radial and Transverse components
of velocity qnd acceleration. ■
4
Conservation laws: Conservation of linear momentum, Motion of
a roT'keT’~~muTtTstage rockets, General equiation for collision elastic collision. Conservation of angular momentum - law of
areas. Central force - examples (i) Simple harmonic motion,
(il) Uniform circular motion. Planetary motion - Kepler’s
laws, Newton's law of graviation - Kepler's law from Newtons
law of gravitation.
j 7
Conservation of
conservation o?
escape velocity
conservation of
oscillations of
energy: Definition of partial derivative,
’energy in a central field, PE as work done,
of a satellite.
Illustration of law of
energy in (i) SHM 8. (ii) Vertical
a light spiral spring.
5
Elements of Satellite motion: Derivation of the condition for
closed ari'cf "open orbits, -stationary .satellites,'Weightlessness,
artificial gravity in space station.
3
i
■ GENERAL
PHYSICS
......
Rigid bodies: Rotational motion about an axis, theorems of
mdinenT of Triertia - calculation of MI for a rod, plate
(circular and rectangular) and solid cylinder.
Theory of
compound pendulum - collinear points with the same period. 4
p
Elasticity: Hooke's law - Elastic potential energy = V2Kx ,
moduli” or "elasticity, derivation of relation between elastic
constants - Youngs modulus.by stretching, expression for
bending moment, uniform and non uniform bending, theory of
light cantilever, I - section girders - Torsion, expression
for couple per unit twist, torsion pendulum.
7
.i
S_urface_Ten_sion and Visjcosity; Angle of contact, pressure
within a curveTsurlace, spherical and cylindrical drops
and buboles - ^rop weight and Ju.i.ncke's method for surface
tension. Poisuelle's formula {or rate of flow of a .liquid. 4
IMLA1:'1-! _rjJHJIMODJ/NAMIC73
•
I
HeaJ.: Molecular distribution of velocities (no derivation) mean
free path, degrees of freedom - principle of equiparti tiori of
energy - ratio of specific heats for monoatomic, diatomic and
triatomic gases.
Expression for an ideal gas undergoing
adiabatic expansion. Work done during isothermal and adiabatic.
^
-:
2
g
:~
c, BSc-r;
Thermodynamics: Working and expression Cor efficiency of a
Carnots "engine *• reversibility of Carnot’s engine - Principle
of refrigeration.
Second law of thermodynamics
Carnot's
theorem - Diesel cycle.
bntropy: Microscopic and macroscopic definitions - change in
eViTropy in reversible and irreversible p. ocesses, principle
of increase of entropy - Latent, boat equation for variation of
melting point and boiling point.
■
10
Liquefaction of gases:
Ideal and real gases - Porus plug
eVp7.>'rinu.MTr*"-“'*l£xp"r'es'sIon for tempera ture of inversion Principle of regenerative cooling and its advantages,
Principle of adiabatic demagnetisation - measurement of low
temperatures.
6
SOUND
Oscillations; Expression for a SHM in exponential form
Inb derive tfon J~ Superposition of two SHMs of equal frequency
in perpendicular directions - Lissajou’s figures - Superposition
of two SHMs of- different frequency - beats - Equation for a
harmonic oscillator - solution in complex form. •
4
tree and forced vibrations: Tree vibrations, damping.
Equation" '■ or ’damped~Vi]Jrations - solution in the exponential
form, effect of damping, forced vibration ~ equation and
solution in exponential form - condition for resonance,
expression for amplitude and phase at resonance, sharpness
of resonance.
4
Pi'0_gress_ive_ wa ves: Equation for a wave in one dimension,
di.Tf erenFIaT’"equa tion for wave motion, relation between
amplitude and intensity of a wave.
Expression for velocity
of progressive waves in a medium - Newtons formula - Laplace's
correction. Longitudinal vibrations in a rod.
Expression
for frequency of vibration.
Free vibrations of a stretched
string - harmonics.
4
Fourier Theorem:
Statement and expression for amplitude in
exponeTitia 1 form ~ analysis of a square wave.
2
Practicals -I
(List of experiments - each experiment is of 3 hours duration)
Gcoup_ A:
(Minimum of 9 experiments
to be done)
1. Bar pendulum - g (2 hole method, h‘~ - hT
?..
and h-T graph)
Spiral spring.- determination of g and unknown mass.
3. M.I. of a flywheel - (M - eO graph.
4.
1
Torsion pendulum - rigidity modulus and MI of an irregular
body,
.'). Verification of parallel and perpendicular axes
theorem of MJ. .
if 6. q by stretching - verification of Honker, law and
de tormina I; ion of unknown mass.
’•
/. '! uniform bending - load elevation graph.
I
3. q cantilever - load depression graph.
* 9. q cantilever oscillation - graphical method,
10. q Koenig's method - do term i tin l.i on of unknown load.
/
{Y)ortepl°re
/
d-Sc.'Ij:
- b i
^
-SyLIABUS FOR II B.Sc. - PHYSICSJ^jEORYjlIl
*
■
■
An-
(To be covered at 3 hrs per week)
OPTICS
Velocity of light; Michelson's method
*4
-r
Total
75 hours.
Wave Theory of light: Huygen's principle - explanation of
. Taws oT~refTecTion and refraction on wave theory, i Group
and wave velocity - relation connecting them,
'
'
Interference of light: Coherent sources. Interference
Toy”dTvT s*ion'“of wave~Tront and division of amplitude.
Fresnel's biprism experiment. Thin films of uniform thick­
ness and of wedge shape. Colour of thin films.' Newton's
rings - Michelson's interferometer - Measurement of Xand
d/-.
Determination of ^ of a thin transparent film.
3
6
Diffraction of light; Rectilinear propagation - Fresnel and
'^rau’nHcTer~ "cfiTTraction. Theory of zone plate, Fresnel's
diffraction at a straight edge and wire. Fraunhofer diffraction
at a single slit (with theory) and at double slit (qualitative)
Plane Diffraction grating (theory) - missing orders, overlapping »
spectra, minimum deviation. Dispersive and resolving power of
\
a grating.
9
Optical Instruments: Aberration in lens - spherical and chromatic
ioerraTTon - Achromatic combination of lenses - Huygen's and
hams jan'; eyepieces. Resolvingand magnifying power of tele­
scopes ani microscopes (qualitative).
4
Polarisation: Double refraction in a uniaxial crystal. Huygen's
TKeory, pcsTtive, and negative crystals, principal refractive
indices. Huygen's construction for O and E wavefraonts in uni­
axial crystals. Retarding plates. Production and analysis of
linearly, circularly and elligticqlly polarised light. Babinet
compensator - Optical activity - ^resnel’s theory - h0i-atory
polarisation. Use of biquartz.
8
ELECTRICITY
DC Nfe two rV, an a 1 y s i s : Kirchoff's laws - superposition theorem,
mesh anaiytis-star-delta conversion. Thevcnins and Norton's
theorems - Application to simple DC networks (Examples to be
worked out)
6
Transients: fR & CR circuits - time constants.
UCR "circuit.
Discharge of
4
Alternating currents: RMS values, respense cf LR, CR and LCR
clrcults To ITnusoTHal voltages 'discussion using j operators)
seri.s and paralle resonance-half power frequency - band width.
Q factor power in an electrical circuit - Power factor - maximum
power transfer theorem.
8
Filters: High pass and low pass filters 'with LR and CR combinations
expression for Cjt off frequency - 3and pass filters.
2
Rectif iers:. Half ar.d full wave rectifiers with semiconductor
oTodes-rTpple factor - expression for effiency of a‘full wave
rectifier. Voltage regulation - filters for smoothened output
(qualitative discussion)
4
Power tr ensmissior: Three phase distribution - star - delta connactions “- flne~a"nc phase voltages, line and phase current- expression s relatin' these quantities. Eddy current-rotating
magnitic field-ircluction motor-squirrel cage rotors.
3
/’"A'
I ***
x
%
...2
fTT
i
Electrical measurements; Ballistic galvanometer, theory, ^mp,
Trig, de*term 1 riaTToh ofTapacity of a condenser by absolute^,
thod. Measurement of inductance by Anderson;'s method, rat\
of capacitances by de-sauty and Wiens bridge.
\<
•
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Scalar and vector fields: Gradient, divergence and curl of a
vector, "Sta t emehV" oT’ "Eli'e theorems of Gauss and stokes.
2
Electromagnetic theory: Concept of a dipole. Ampere's circuit
TawTcuYrVrrFToop as a dipole, torque on a dipole.
Setting
up "Maxwell's field equations, wave equation for field
vectors. Pointing's vector (No derivation) Electromagnetic
waves - equation for plane waves - Normal and anomalous dispersion. Theory of normal dispersion-radiat i.pn momentum and
pressure (No derivation)
l
7
Production of EM Waves: Accelerated charges apd oscillating
cflpoTes - Her tz~experTment.
'
Books for reference:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
f
j
2
s
A Text Book of Optics - Subramanyam & Brijlal.
A Text Book of optics - B.K.Mathur.
Optics - Eugene Hecht and Alfred Zajic.
|
Fundamentals of optics - Jenkins and uhite,
Electricity and Magnetism - Sehgal - Chopra-^ehgal.
. .
6. Electricity and Magnet ism - Arthur Kip.'
7. Engineering circuit anal/sis - W. I.Hayt and J.E.Kemmurt
8. Classical and Modern Physics - vc.i . II - K.W.Ford.
9. Fundamental-University Physics - VD1 n _ Alonso and Fi.
10.Berkely Physics Course - VqI. II and III
11. Electromagnetism - Grant and Philips.
12. Physics Part II - by Hall.iday and Resnick.
13. Text Book of Electrical technology - Theroja.
14. Electricity and Electronics - D.C. ^hay-al.
15. Introduction Circuit Analysis - 3aylestaed.
to
•
Practicals II
(to be done in 3 hours)
\
\
Group A: (Minimum of 9 expts to be done)
1. Interference at a wedge - measurement, of thickness.
2. Newton's ^ings- Radius of cur. vature- Verification by
telescope method.
3. Cauchy's constants.
'
4. Diffraction grating - Normal incidence.
5. Diffraction grating - Minimum deviation.
6. Diffraction at a wire - Diameter of n wire. ;
7. °pecific rotation of sugar.
8. Resolving power of a grating.
9. Babinet comoensator.
10. L-3 photometer - efficiency of a bulb
t
11.
of thin transparent film using biprism
12. Verj.fication of Inversepsquare law using photo cell.
13. Polarisation by reflection ~ Brewsfp.r1 s Law.!
Group B: (Minimum of a 9 expts to be done)
1. B^ - by Helmholtz galvanometer and potentiometer.
2. Conductivity of an electrolyte.
3. Measurement of low resistance using potentiometer.
4. Charge sensitiveness of a 3.G.
• • •
3
SYLLABUSi of
_j;
m
•Sc-TTr
f ■
ft)
i
/ /
YEAR B.ScDEGREE (Effective from ; 1991-92)
(Yten^eJo're
r,, 4Sub j e Cjt,?.xPhy3i.cs -(MaJ*r or Optional) ....
^/f>hysics HI:. Atqmic and Nuclear Physics:
(To be covered.at ? hours per week)
Total 75 Hrs
method
ELECTRON:- e/m.of the electron by Thomson1 s/expression' f or
deflection in electric field only.
Electronic charge by
Millikan's method.
2 hrs.
ATOMIC SPECTRA:- .Energy level diagram of hydrogen and hydrogen like atoms.
Excitation and ionisation potentials, Franck and
Hertz experiment.
Short comings of Bohr's model.
Vector
atom model, spinning electron and space quantisation.
orbit interaction.
nn'R spin.
systems.
Magnetic moment due to orbital motion
The different quantum numbers.
principle.
Spin -
Pauli's exclusion
Mention of LS and JJ couplings for multielectron
Stern - Gerlach experiment.
structure of *< and D
lines.
Explanation of Fine -
Zeeman effeU - Normal and
anomalous; experimental observation and explanation based on
I
vector atom model.
’
,
n , „
9 hrs.
MOLECULAR SPECTRA:- (diatomic molecules only) General features
and classification.
and transitions.
Pure rotational spectra, energy levels
Vibration - Rotation spectra, vibrational
levels and fine structure of VR-bands. Electronic, spectra
i
and fine structure. Application of molecular spectra.
4 hrs
FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE:- (Qualitative study only)
i
Raman effect, Brief discussion of Tyndall and Rayleigh
scattering.
Theory of Raman effect. . Experimental technique
fc- studying Raman spectra in liquids.
sation of Raman lines.
Intensity and polari­
Applications of Raman effect.
X-RAYS:- Bragg's law and Bragg spectrometer.
ideas of different types of crystals.
4 hrs
Elementary
Miller indices.
Structure of NaCl and KC1 crystals. .Continuous X-ray-spectra.
Duane and Hunt limit.
X-ray-energy levels.
Characteristic X.-rays, Moseley's law,
Theory of Compton effect
including
7 hrs.
calculation of energy of recoil electron. .
i. n. Nu..._............
.V-
I MAP. iv; i
.
■
f
2L,:3;
RADIATIuii:- Black body radiation, distribution of energy
the black-body'spectrum.
.387
Jn
\
Statements of Wien’s displacement
law, Wien's l-.,w and d ;yleigh - Jean's law.
Statement of
Planck's law.
Derioxion of Planck's law using Einstein's
coefficients,
deduction of VVein's law and Rayleigh - Jean's
i
law from Planck's l. w.
i
3 hrs
LASER OPTICS:- General principles of production of laser action.
Ruby laser, Helium - Neon laser.
discussion of holography.
Applications of lasers.
>
,
4 hrs.
WAVE MECHANICS:- Failures of classical mechanics,
Davisson and Germer and Thomson.
Uncertainty principle.
Experiments of
Concept of matter waves.
Illustration by'YEray microscope and
diffraction at a single slit.
Setting up of Schrodinger's
equation (time independent only).
function.
Brief
Physical interpretation of wave
Particle in a one dimensional potential box with
derivation of expression for energy.
dimensional box.
Degeneracy.
Extension-to three
Derivation of expression for
energy of a Linear harmonic oscillator assuming relation for
wave function.
Zero point energy.
Brief discussion (without
any derivation) of ttigid rotator and Hydrogen atom.
NUCLEAR PilY^TP1:; — liu the r f or d ' r.
particle scattering.
l:hcuj
atom —
Alpha
Derivation of scattering formula (,v-.cimiDq
expression for impact parameter).
Marsden.
y uf
8 hrs.
Experimental verification by
Demptser's Mass spectrograph and isotopes.
istics of Nucleus - Nuclear mass.
Character-
Atomic mass Unit (a.m.u.).
(C-12 standard) Nuclear sire and density.
Nuclear Charge.
Nuclear spin and Magnetic moment (qualitative only).
3 hrs.
RADIOACTIVITY:- Successive disintegrations, Radioactive equilibria.
The three natural radioactive series.
Range and energy of Alpha particles.
Nuttal empirical rule.
Alpha decay.;
of the earth.
The Geiger -
Tunnel effect in t\-decay (qualitative
cnly). /3 -decay and electron capture.
(qualitative).
Units of Radioactivity.
Nuclear isomerism.
The Neutrino hypothesis
Radioactive dating and age
:
5 hrs.
... 3
388
‘
1
'
ARTIFICIAL TRANSMUTATION OF ELEMENTS:0,-vilues.
reactions induced by p,
Nuclear reactions,
d, <.\ - particles,
photo disintegration, reaction cross sections (mention only).
Neutrons.
Discovery, properties.
Mention of transuranic elements.
Artificial radioactivity.
Radio isotopes and their
uses (brief).
5 hrs.
\
ACCELERATORS:- Linear accelerators, Cyclotron, Betatron and
principle . of Pro tor. - synchrotron.
Nuclear detectors: G.to.Counter, Bubble Chamber and Principles
of semiconductor detectors.
5 hrs.
NUCLEAR. FORCES.:- Binding energy of nucleus.
nuclear forces.
Yukawa’s theory (qualitative).
NUCLEAR MODELS:- Liquid drop model.
mass formula.
Characteristics of
2 hrs.
Setting up of semi-empirical
Shell model and magic numbers (qualitative only).
3 hrs.
NUCLEAR FISSION:- Explanation, estimation of fission energy on
the basis of Liquid - drop model, controlled and uncontrolled
chain reactions.
Four factor formula
for Reactors^
Types of
Reactors- Swimming pool Reactors and fast breeder Reactor.
Radiation protection, Units of Radiation Dosage.
NUCLEAR FUSION:- Thermonuclear reactions.
energy.
5 hrs.
Source ofiStellar
Carbon - Nitrogen cycle and proton - protonjcycle.
Magnetic bottle.
I
(
2 hrs
i
_ COSMIC RAYS:- Primary and secondary cosmic rays.
Geomagnetic effects.
Showers.
Composition of primary cosmic rays.
Origin of cosia..r. rays.
— FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES:-
\
Particles and Anti-particles',.
Classification of fundamental particles.
Mention of basic
2 hrs
BOOKS Foil REFERENCE:
.
1
Introduction tv Atomic and Nuclear Physics: H Semat and
I
J R Albright.
f
2.
Atomic and Nuc.l ?3.r Physics
3.
Nuclear Physics: I Kaplan,
4.
Introduction te Modern Physics: Richtrnyer, Kennard and
5.
I A Littlefield and T V Thorle
Cooper.
Source book on Atomic energy: S. Glasstone.j
6.
Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure: G. Herzberg.
7.
Fundamental University Physics Vol III - Alonso and Finn.
8.
Atomic Physics: Yarwood.
9.
Mc-Graw Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology.
Max.Marks: 80
PHYSICS PAPER III: Scheme of the Examination:
Internal assessment:
••i
20
100
PART-A:
Atomic spectra including electron, '
Fluorescence
Molecular spectra/and laser optics
:
2 out of 3
questions
2 X 8 =
16
2 X 8 =
16
3 X 8 =
24
PART-B:
X-rays, Radiation, Wave Mecnanics
:
2 out of 3
questions
PART-C:
Nuclear Physics
:
3 out of 5
questions
ParT—D•
(a) Short"answer type questions
:
8 out of 10 1 8 X <L =
16
(b) ^hort answer typo questions
:
8 out of 10,8x1
08
I
80
(Instruction: In part A, B and C ques tions will have only 2 sufc
divisions.
Weightnge to problems will be 25% of the total mark
srya 25% of the total subdivisions will have problems).
.
-:,^(sr'6
1
',
]
SYLLABUS: III Year B.SC. : 'PHYSICS !
.■
'
i
PAPER IV
/
RELATIVITY, SOLID ST. IE1 PHYSICS a ELECTRONICS:
Total Hours 75
(to be covered at*3 hours per week)
if
j
*
.
,
SPECIAL TIEORY OF RELATIVITY:-
Michelson - Morley experiment.
Basic postulates of the theory of relativity.
The liorentz
Transformation (No derivation).Fitzgerald contraction. Simultan­
eity.
Time dilation.
Velocity addition theorem.
Qualitative
discussion of the relativistic variation of mass and derivation
of Mass - energy relation (E=MC ).
Energy and Momentum
relations.
8 hrs.
SPACE PHYSICS:- Upper Atmosphere, Van Allen Belts^ Deep space
stellar evolution.
0
Vi
(Mention of Chnndrnshekar Hmit, Red -md
Blue uaints, White Mwarfs, Black holes, Pulsars and Quasars).
i
STATISTICAL PHYSICS:- Statistical ideas in Physics,
_of Maxwell Boltzmann distribution.
^irac Statistics.
4 hrs.
Statement
Bose Einstein and Fermi
Qualrtative discussion of distinction between
BE and FD statistics, MB statistics as the Classical limit of
either.
\
.
SOLID STATE PHYSICS:
I
SPECIFIC HEATS OF SOLIDS:- Dulong and Petit's law,
L
theory of specific heats.
Debye's theory.
for electrical conductivity.
E+dE.
Einstein's
|
FREE ELECTRON THEORY OF METALS:- Classical theory.
theory.
3 hrs.
4 hrs.
Expression
Ohms law.
Quantum free electron
j
Statement of Number of available states between E and
Interpretation of Fermi energy.
f
Expression for Fermi
Energy and average energy at Absolute Zero - Derivation of
expressions.
Fermi energy and average energy abcjve Absolute-Zero
(No derivation).
,
7 hrs.
• • *
6
1:
\
-
\
iU--)
3^
\
BANDIT flEQ^Y OF SOLIDS it Elementary ideea regarding the f orm*'+t »:
of energy bands.^
Explanation of electrical conductivity of
metals, insulators arid semiconductors.
Intrinsic semiconductors.
i
Derivation of expression for electiical conductivity.
semiconductors.
PF Junction - rectifying action.
NLN and PNP types.
Solar cells.
Their, amplifying action.
magnetic field.
Transistors.
Hall/effect.
~S . . .
Photoconductivity.
ideas and experiment;! facts.
Impurity
Meissner effects
Critical
/.pplicati ons of super conductivity.
Qualitative
discussion of high t---:;., erature super conductivity.
11 hrs
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS:- Dia, Para and Ferromagnetism.
Qualitative explanation based on electronic structure.
2 hrs.
ELECTRONICS:- Analog systems. Different types qf solid .Statediodes. PN Junction, Zener diode, SCR, Tunnel cjiode, LED. Zenei
diode as voltage regulator.
Transistors - FET and MOSFET,
Emitter and collector - characteristics of Transistors for
common-Emitter configuration (discussion for only NPN Transis­
tors).
DC and AC current gains.
biasing of transistors.
The operating point.
DC loadline.
6,hrs.
AMPLIFIERS:- Common Emitter configuration.
Equivalent circuit using h-parameters.
power gains.
Brief description
Cjmparison of the three configu­
Brief introduction to operational amplifiers.
OSCILLATE,■!'>:- Concept of feedback.
feedbac :.
AC load line.
Voltage, current and
Input and output resistances.
of CB and CC configurations.
rations.
Self­
4 hrs.
Positive and Negative
F> o l.-'haustn criteria (no derivation). Phase shift
oscillator us.rg
transistor.
Wein bridge oscillator using
an opc-r-jtinr.il amplifier.
4.hrs.
DIGITAL ELECTRC ilCC:- Number systems - decimal, binary, hexa
decimal and oinary coded decimal numbers.
* • •
7
\
: ■
Paper IV;
:
1
-s <§.^r |
.Scheme of Examination
3<Qu
• MaXiMarks
Internal Assessment
8*
20
100
Part A:
Special theory of Relativity and
Space Physics-
'1 out of 2
questions
1x8
3 out of 5
questions
3x8
24
3x8
24
(a) $hort answer questions
8 out of 10 2 x 8
16
(b) Short answer questions
8 cut of 10 1 x 8
8
Part B:
Statistical Physics and
Solid State Physics
Part C:
Electronics
3 out of 5
questions
'
Part D:
80
(Instructions:
subdivisions.
In part A, B and C questions will have only 2
Weightage to problens will be 25% of the total
marks and 25% of the total number of subdivisions will have
problems).
I
PRACTICALS:
III B.Sc. Degree - Paper V (pj-acticals III & IV)
Ten
Group A: (Any/ experiments to re done each of 3 hours duration).
1.
Capacity of a capacitor using BG by
absolute method.
2.
High resistance by leakage (Resistance of the capacitor to be
taken int^ consideration) using EG
3.
earth I.nductor-Magnetic elements af the Earth.
4.
Mutual Indue Lanej .by an absolute method.
5.
Stefan's constant.
6.
Andersen's brief>e - L.
7.
'
-_Solar spectrum •• Rydberg's constant.')
8. ^e/m of electron
- Bur magnet method.
9. £ Verification of
't. ovp - Boltzmann law (meter bridge or
potentiometer to ot used).
• • •
9
;
-=
$
LOGIC (SATES; AND , OR and-NOT gates, Boolean algebra,
jji.norgan's theorem.. NOR,' NAND and XOR gates. Binary addition.
Half adder and full adder.
Flip FiopS.
and JK M/S flipflops.
jk
Counter. (4-bit binary counter) Registers.
‘
)
MEMORIES: RAM, ROM, PROM
arid EPROM and magnetic tape (mention
only) Output devices - Teletypewriter add printer.
Basic
organisation of o digital computer.
-11 hrs.
RADIOWAVE PROPAGATION:- duel for modulation.
FM.
Side bands - AM and
Propagation of Radiow-v* s - different types.
Role of tin.
ionosphere.
RADIO RECEIVERS:- Wtectici of AM and FM Waves (Blbck dia rams
only).
Block diagram of AM and FM receivers.
Heterodyni q-
Automatic volume contro. (qualitative).
hrs.
TELEVISION:- Elementary ideas including those of colour
Radar and its applications. CRO - Simple time base circa'
hrs.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:
1.
Special theory of Relativity - Resnick.
i
2.
Special Relativity - A F French.
3.
Introdu ction to Sol.d State Physics - C Kittel.
4.
Solid State Physic; - A J Dekkar.
5.
Introduction to So]id State Physics - J S Blackmoi
6.
Mc-Graw Hill Encyclopaedia of Science and Techpolt
7.
Electronic P rincip.es - Maivine.
;
i
i
i
8.
Digi ca- pr :.nc:.,.'l»3 and applirations - Mai vino and J
9.
Elect conic
10.
Basic E’.
11.
El -ctcurias -- ! ,-h ta.
12.
Electronics • • F
~>adr simple - Jo;obewitz.
or; Acs - Grob.
r
or qi.
.C?> '-S.NO................
c*
' l!Ai719;
-:d°yi
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:
1.
2.
■
; .
.
‘
V Ativaneed level practical Physics' - Worsnop and Flint
A Lab course in electronics - Kamalingam and Raghupalan
i
OXF & IBH.
31
.
!
Introduction to electronics- M A Thangarajan, Vishwanathan,
Madras.
5.
experiments - Gregory F Johnson)Tata
;
) McGraw
test
Lab.
manual
Paul
B
Zbar
mill
Basic electronics
6.
Text book if practical Physics - Khandelawal.
7.
Los ip oull.otins - Old issues.
4.
Transistor circuit
,
PRACTICAL EXAM[NATION V.
Note: The ? ’:u.'onts shall be informed in advance, their experimental
'
schedule fc;.
*
.. up
i
and Group R experiments separately on the
Practical examinetion Timetable.
!
PRACT1CALS PA I-Li. v:
j
PRACTICALS III? Jh
c. noidate will do one experiment from Group
A/R in i.hroo hours.
PRAGTICALS
IVj Thc candidate will do one experiment from Group
■■-pvpcrb/P. .i n t.hree hours. '
j
Note: Scientific calculators without facility for programming are
allowed during practical examinations.
Assignment of Marks for each experiment
Experiment - proper
40
Class records
10
J
Tota 1 marks
Formula
Setting up and electrical connections
Observations and trials (Repetitions)
5Q
3
8
15
Knowledge about the experiment being
performed’
Calculations and graphs
5
4
Result and Accuracy
5
40
3
-=J^°
10. * Mass of electron (using current balance
kit)
11.iC> Photo conductor - Spectral response and energy gap.
12., | Absorption lines of Iodine.
*
13., vStudy of flame spectra using Prism spectrometer. K
14.^ Thermistor - Temperature response and Energy gap.
Group B:
(Any Ten experiments to be done each of 3 hours
duration).
1." M and C using Carey - Foster bridge.
-
Se ies Resonance.
3.,,
Parallel Resonance, .
4. ^Characteris tics of a transistor - Common Emitter.
5.
Characte-riv ties of a PN diode, Zener diode and LED
6. ^'Bipriasn
Measurement of
X
• 1
7.L- I~*H Curve - Magnetometer method.
j
8.
Study of
i
Common emitter amplifier - (npn transistor).
frequency response and measurement of gain.
9. ^” Construction of a fullwave rectifier - Bridge type variation of Ripple factor with different filters.
lO.^Wein bridge oscillator -- Construction and frequency
determination (op Amp or transistor).
;
!
11Study of logic gates .and realisation of various logic
/
I
functions using NAND gates.
12.
f
Conversion of a moving coil Galvanometer into an ammeter
and a voltmeter.
(Given resistors or resistance wires).
13.
DC response of LOU circu.i-
uoing CRO.
14.
Characteristics of a GM tube.
15.
Determination of half life of K^O using a GM counter.
-A'
^
10.
VnI-E-F
oy\Un?^.
_________ ________________
•£j
' UNIVERSITY JDE^JWSORE ------ ^
I CS
>>1A( 28-*1
SYLLABUS FOR B^Sc^ (Physics) MAJOR COURSE
- 22^1^”
'~v^
A JE<3.Sc. (physics I)
hrs* pGr
(Mechanics, properties of matter^_Heat and Thermodynamics)
MECHANICS
Frame of Reference: inertial Frame, Galilean principle of
Relativity, Non inertial frames, centre of mass and laboratory
frames.
- 4 Hrs.
Uniform circular motion: Centripetal and Centrifugal forces, their
characteristics, Radial and Transverse components of velocity and
acceleration, Conical Pendulum, Concept of Corioli1s foreei
- 4 Hrs.
Conservation Laws:
i) Conservation of Linear momentum - Motion of rocket,
Elastic and in elastic collisions - Head-on collisions different cases.
•
ii) Conservation of angular momentum - Central force
(a) Newton's Law of Gravitation, Kepler's
Laws derivation.
(b) Simple Harmonic Motion
(c) Uniform Circular Motion.
iii) Conservation of Energy: Conservation of Energy as a basie
principle including mass energy., Examples: 5HM,
Oscillations of a light spiral spring, escape velocity of
a satellite.
-1.2 Hrs.
Elements of Satellite Motion: Stationary Satellites. Weightless­
ness, artificial gravity in Spaee stations.
- 2 Hrs.
.GENERAL PHYSICS .
Rigid Bodies: Rotational Motion .-bout an axis, theorems of Ml.—
examples - MI of a rod, plate and cylinder; Theroyh of Compound
pendulum - Centres of suspension and oscillations are inter­
changeable. Behaviour of period with distance from C .G.
■ - 4 Hrs.
Elasticity: Hookes Law, Elastic Potential energy Moduli! of
elasticity for isotropic materials. Relation between elastic
constants. Expression for bending moment, uniform and non uniform
bending. Theory of light Cantilever. I - section girder, Torsion
expression for couple per unit twist - Torsion pendulum, static
torsion, searles double bar.
- 9 Hrs.
Surface Tension: Forces on a surface, surface energy. Effect of
impurities. Pressure within >a curved surface - examples. Drop
weight method. Quincke's method of determining S.T. and angle of
contact of mercury.
*
- 3 Hrs.
Viscosity: stream line and turbulent motion, in capillary tubes
and'cylinders. Stokes Law, (derivation by dimensional method)
- .2 Hrs.
HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS
•
Kinetic Theory? Distribution of molecular, velocities (no derivation)
Mean free path. Degree of freedom. Principle of equipartition of
energy.
—
Thermodynamics: First law of thermodynamics, Isothermal and
Adiabatic changes. Phase diagrams. Work done in Isothermal and
Adiabatic Process, second law of thermodynamics - its implication,
Heat engine, Cornot's engine, Expression for efficiency, reversi­
bility of Cornot's cycle - Refrigerator, Cornot's theorem.
,
Absolute scale of temperature. Clausius - Clapeyron 1st latent
heat equation .and its applications.
-10 Hrs
3
Entropy: Its meaning. Change of entropy in roversiblc and
irreversible cycles. Fncroby --.nd availability of energy.
3 Hrs.
Liquefaction of gases: Ideal and real gasesi Porous plug experi­
ment - £xprcssion tor t.aipo^aiurc cl inversion* principle of
regenerative cooling. Liquid air, Adiabatic Demagnetisation.
Concept of Absolute Zero - Third law of thermodynamics. .
■",
** 8 Hrs»
Radiation: 21 eckbody radiation, Distribution of; Energy ’in theBlackbgdy spectrum, Statement of Wien's Law and' Raleigh Jean's
Law. Einstein's Concept of quantum theory of Radiation, derivation
of Planck's law, from Einstein's Coefficients. Derivation of-v/ien's
Law, Raleigh'Jean' s Law, Stefan's law and Wien's displacement Lav;
.from Planck's law.. Surface Temperature of Sun.
- 9 Hr3.
t
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
BOOKS FOR ;• REFERENCE
Necn cnics, J.C. Upadhyaya
Properties of Matter, J.C. Upadhyaya
Mechanics, R. Shankaranarayana
■ .
i
Newtonian Mechanics,-A P Franch
■
Heat and Thermodynamics, J B Rajam
Heat, D s. Mathur
■
Classical and Modern Physics, iVol.-I - K;V/Ford
Physics, Part I, Holliday and Resnick' (Wil.Gy-Eastern)
Berkeley Physics Course* Vol. I, 'Mech arJLcs1 *' Ed. by E H P^oell
Heat and Thermodynamics/ (Inti. Ed.) McGraw -Hill by M W /'/?■
Zcemansky
'• • .
....
PRACTICALS I
(List of Experiments each experiment is-of 3 hou is 'dur^t
(Minimum of IS experiments to be done) ■'
- ”
''v
,
o
1* Bar Pendulum - g (2 hole method, h“ - hT and.h-T-j
2. Spiral Spring - Determination of g and unknown mass’0^.3. Moment of Inertia of a flywheel
4. Torsion Pendulum ~ rigidity modulus and MI -of-an i'^fc
S5+ q .by-‘ stretching - Verification of Hooke's law andi.d
of unknown mass
•
* •
6».qby / Uniform Bending - Load Elevation Graph
7. q by Cantilever - Load depression Graph
8. q - Cantilever Oscillation - graphical method
9. q - Koenig's method - determination of unknown load:;
10. Rigidity Modulus - Static Torsion
11. Searle'a Double bar
^•12 s T of a liquid and interfacial tension ^ .Drop weigh
13 Quincke's method ( s.T and Angle of Contact)
""
✓14 Monte-earlo expt.
15 Stoke's method for coefficient of viscosity
16. Specific heat by Cooling • - rgraphicalm method
,17 * Th ermal ..conductivity of a bad conductor by,Lee's
Charlton*''s method
V ;•* ’
18. Verification of Stefen - Boltzmann law (Meter bridge/pp^1
meter to be used)
•'
■
:
19. platinum resi stance .thermometer. Boiling point of a liquid]
-=oo00oo=- '
• '
i
ore
\ C) ^
II B.sct (Physics II)
- \<VH,
/J’
(Sound, Light, Electricity & Electromagnetism)
Sound
(3 Hours per week)
[Analysis of complex waves: Fourier's theorem - square wave
analysis
“ 2 Hrs.
Superposition of SHMS: Lissajou's figures,
Forced Vibrations: Equation for damped vibrations. Forced vibration,
solution in exponential form. Resonance. • Expression for amplitude
and phase at resonance.
- 4 Hrs.
Progressive Waves: Equation for wave in one dimension. Differential
equation for wave motion. Relation between amplitude'and intensity.
Expression for velocity of progressive waves in a medium. Newton's
formula - Laplace's correction, Longitudinal - VLbrations in a rod.
Expression for frequency of vibrations of a stretched string ' hormonics.
“ 6 Hrs# \
’ .
Light
Wave theory of light* Huygens principle - explanation of laws of
reflection and refraction. Len3 formula. Group and wave velocity relation between them.
- 3 Hrs.
interference: Theory of interference, Expression for fringe width ~
Coherent sources. Int crference by division of wave front and
devision of amplitude. Fresnel's biprism and Lloyd's mirror.
Thin films of uniform thickness Newton's Rings. Interference at
--a wedge. Michelson's interferometer - measurement of .
and - *
•
- 6 Hrs.
.Diffraction: Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. Explanation of
Rectilinear propagation of Light. Theory of zone plate - comparison
with convex lens* Fresnel diffraction at a straight edge.
Fraunhofer diffraction at.a single slit - transmission grating -theory—fior—Normal incidence as in Jenkins & white; dispersion and
resolution of a grating.
- 9 Hrs.
Optical instruments: Defects'of lenses. Achromatic combination of
lenses* Huygens and Ramadan1s eye pieces* Resolving and magnify­
ing pow .r of telescopes and microscopes (qualitative). Modern
telescopes.
- 5 Hrs.
Polarisation: Double - refraction in a uniaxial erystal. Huygens'
theory. Positive and negative crystals. principal refractive
indices. Huygens' constructions of 0 and Ewave fronts in'uniaxial
crystals. Retarding plates. Production and analysis of linearly,
circularly and ellipbically polarised light. Optical activity Fresnel's theory. Rotatory .polarisation. Use of. biquartz'.
v'.
•
-6 Hrs.
^Effect of Electric and magnetic field on light: Kerr effeet Velocity
of light-Michelson's method - Kerrcell method. )
2 Hrs.
Electricity
Electrostatics: Mechanical foree & electric pressure on a .charged
surface - formation of clouds.
Path traced by a ch arged particleia..an electric field.,
c
Attracted
. qg electrometer construction theory
applications
' - 4 Hrs.
Galvanometers: Moving coil B.G. Construction theory damping
correction. Current & charge sensitiveness.
- 2.Hrs.
Self Inductance - Calculation of L in case of soliinoid - Anderson's
bridge.
.
Mutual Inductance - Calculation of M for a pair of coils-.3'Hrs.
•j
,.1-aneu.iy cutr encs: RMS values, response of LR, CR and LCR
circuits to sinusoidal voltages (di Hussion using 1J1 symbol) .
Series an 3 par llc.l r , a nee. Half power §(v]f&. • aey. &\y\4wi i\\\
Q-£ac tor . Power in -.lcci. rioa" cirenivo, Powc • IiClj).,
....
r trrioicr Llu-mrcm.
- G Mrs*
Filters: High-puss and low-rone f i.lu. ta with LR and HR c
i.e
Cur Of Lav gurney .
Hm.' p.vv, f.1.1
.
- 2 H' :..
:
S.l .T.a'ir'i m amua merits: M-. asurv :r,nt of volt a re, current/ p.-.vi; "
I'.ryu ncy (principles) usi>vi CRO.
- 3
r.'l.f ctomanm i.ism
( "r'. il a .mi.! Vector fields: Cradle nt, div .vrgenoe and curl
their physical significance.
and Stokes.
<f
:
• v «.
3 La cement of fh._ theorems :. :
nf.s.
Electromagnetic theory: Concept of n dipole, /.mpere's circuited
law. Current loop as a dipole.
Torque on a dipole. ba;:w .1.1 's
i:ield eqmtion W';vc cquativn for field, victors. P lynfcinq v-ct > •
(no derive, ion).
Equation for plane < 1-. ctromagnctic waves.
-
5 Krs .
Production
f E M waves: .‘.reelera u d eh .urges and osillating ui.x>le
Herts, ox. .. ri.iu.nt..
Radiation lessees. Synchrotron radiation. \
2^'rlr
Soaks for Reference
1.
' 2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
text bark of Optics -■ Sueram my am and Drijlel.
tv xt B.>,1 |1 f: Opt j.v:s ■ B .K.ttiUuir
Ot>l ios -- Eugene il ciit a,.! Tllr.d i'.a jac •
Fundnmorival >C 0.pvicc, Jenkins and Malta .
Electricity and Magnetism/ seha-<l Choprs Schgal.
Electricity .and M ign.i.ism, y.rihur Kip.
Engineering circuit analysis/
.May t and J.H.Kcmmerly.
Classical and Modern physics/ Ve>l. II/ K.'7.Ford.
Fundamental University Physics, Vol.II, /.lenso and Finn.
Berkeley Physics Course, Vol. IT and III.
El ..c t.romarj net ism, Grant and Phillips.
12. Physies Part II,
13.
14.
15.
IS.
17.
10.
:
Halli.by and Uesniek
Text Book of' Electri Ceil Technology, Thera ja.
Electricity and Electronics,** D.C. Tny3l.
introdu cr. ion to circuit .analysis, - Boyles tend.
Sound, KJianno and 3cdl.
Sound, E Subromanyam and Br^^lal
Haves and Oscillations, 7aP. French.
Pr action Is
II
(Minimum of 15 Experiments to be done, each .of
3 hams duration)
L.
72.
5tx
v<3.
4.
X5 •
V^5.
7.
8.
9•
K>.
11.
12.
Incv.rfore.nce at n wedge, m nsurement of thickness.
Kewton’n Hinqs, Radius of curvature, ve-rificc tion by telcsv.-p:*.
me thod.
Cauchy's constants.
Diffraction grating, Minimum devi ation.
Diffraction at a wire, Diameter of n wire.
Specific rotation of Sugar.
Frequency of .f.C (son-omc c r).
Biprism.
H e 1 moho 11 ?. res c - n a to r .
3!i - by Uolmoholtr. cjalvanamv. L-_ r and pot..ntiom. ter.
Measurement ..£ low re sis eancc using pot entiomccer.
De-sauty's Cridge ( Vor i ?. i.ea tic n cf law of
a paci to nc.cs in
series and parallel)•
^5}-
koo
6
4
7
13.
14.
15.
16.
Low and high pass fillers. '
Charging and diSfehardjing of a RC circuit.
/
Capacity of a capacitor using DG by absolute method
High resistance by leakage using SG (Resistance of the
capacitor to be token into consideration)
17. Earth inductor - Magnetic elements of the earth.v
10. Mutual Inductance by an absolute method.
^
^J.9. Anderson's bridge - L.
~=o0o=
I
l*
t•
.
vvu
Mm
vn'i
•\
\
rTT
physics.. Paper J[ II
Ltomic, Molecular and Nuclear physics
*.......... ............. ..... —•*
( 3 h -nr
/topic: iml Molecular
•T
.'••r,n’l’uoN:
err-.-ct of vL. ci.ri.c and Genetic fialdo on elect- t.-.
Determination of 1 c/m' by The ison's, and. Dunning ton1 s methods..
Ov’..trmin ation of 111 -Millikan • e 011-drop -method.
— 4 Mrs-.
i'OMlC SP.eCi’R/: Hydrogen and Hycirogon-like atoms,Bohr 1 o M-.,del-an!
it’s i’nadaqu :7cTe s; Scmmcr field model (qualitative only) Ere it ici o.
and Ionisation potentials - Franck and Hertz experiment, Vector
atom model-spinning el .ct-.ron and rqiict quantization F. L rn--' < 1.1 *■
experiment Spin-orbit interact! .:ru Fine-structure of spectral
lin-.s.
junnaim numbers, se-lccti ,.n ruler., Pauli exclusion «m: Ire
Electron configuration •. .f atoms. Valence electron. Mention .! L
*i.J c-upliny for .:iulti-e-lectivn system.
- 1< f . c.
Zeeman Effect: Explan -tic-n of normal Zeeman effect a iv
b -asis of Vector-atom model Paschcn-Rack effect stark effe-o(qualitative only)
~ 2 Hrs .
MOLICCJJLOR SJPECI'Rh: Degrees oF freedom/ quantum numbers for • -*ch
Scarce* of freedom, corresponding selection rules, Band sti-ict. >■.
noli ont features of band spectra csqplanation of rotation ---r.d
vibrational energy levels. Theory of pure rotation, and r -t • ; .b.;
vibration" spectra' ; .applications.
- f> Hr-;.
SC.1TTERIMG OF LIGHT: Brief discussion of Tyndall, Rayleigh, and
Raman sea ttcring,“’“Fluorescence and Phosphorescence (qualitative)
Theory of Rirnan effect, Experimental techniques for studying n-*rr.
Spectra; Intensity and Polarisation of Ram-n lines; applications
Raman effect.
- S Hrs.
X- R/YS:. Bragg’s law and Bragq spectrometer Elementary ideas of
'JiTCtCrcrit types of crystals Mll;.r indices;, s ".ructure of Nacland
KC1 Crystals.* . Continuous X-r-ay «pvctra-Dunno end Hunt Limit,
characteristic X-r.ay fo-;ctrn j^osley's law and its significance.
X-ray energy levels. Compton effect; expression for the comptonshift, Contrast with P.-.nnn r. ff^ct.
,
— o n*.mra
LASERS: # General principles of Lasers ;
applications of Lasers.
Ruby laser, Ho-Nc laser,
Blaientuy ideas of Holography1'*
- 4 Hrs.
VdVE KTCK/.NICS: Failures of classical mechanics• Experiments of
Davis’s’ah’ 'and Germor, and of Thomson. Concept of matter waves/
Group velocity and wave velocity. Uncertainly principle/
illustration by Gamma-ray microscope: and by diffraction at a
single--slit experiments, Setting up of time-independent, gem: xling
wave equation, interpretation of wave function. Particle in ore
dimensional box, extension to three dimensional box - degeneracy.
Harmonic Oscillator, zero-point energy, qualitative discussi an el
on-.ray levels of Rigid rotator and of Hydrogen atom. - 9.rs.
NUCLFTR PHYSICS
NUCLEUSRutherford's nuclear-atom model, characteristics of
nucleus - nuclear mass, nuclear size and density, cl’-aqc, spin
and magnetic moment, (qualitative), Dempster's mass spectrograph
and isotopes, atomic mass unit in C-I2 standard.
- 2 Hrs.
It',DIO TCTIVIIT: Successive dis.1 nt;gration, Radioactive equilibria
Radio-active series, Unit of radio-activity - Range and •. nergy of
particles - their in<..*>sur< merit. Theory of/., d-cay (qualitative).
Gicger-Niit c al law.
- ray r-poetra. Paul's ne*utrino hypothesis.
K-olcctrcn capture, internal conversion f'-ray speetrum, Nuclear
isomerism. Radio active carbon dating and age -f the earth.
- 6 Hrs.
'•**.
k4L
n
.UCLEAR theory^
Failure of proton-electron ii/pc.ih.s-Ncutronfts~ di^orvcryy .determination of moss mul properties
Protonneutron hypothesis* Binding energy of the nucleus,
characteristics
of rlucl^ar forces, Yukawa's theory (qualitative*, .
4 Hours
NUCLEAR REACTIONS: Q values, Threshold energy of endoorgic reaction,
tfcac£iohs ‘’TnHucecE by protoq,
dcuteron and
Particles, Photodisintegration. ‘
•• 2 Hrs.
ACCELERATORS: Linac,- Cyclotron, betatron, and pri.i-alglc of electron
sy nchr"01r on. "
• 3 Hrs.
NUCLEAR Diri'ECTORS: G .M .Counf-r, Bubblcchambc. .
c’onrluct’or detectors.
hr j nciplo of serni~ 2 Hrs.
NUCLEAR MODELS: Liquid-drop model, Semi-ompirleal mass formula.
Shell‘ model arid Magic numbers(qualitative) .
- 2 Hrs.
NUCLSAR_ FISSION:
Explanation. Estimation of fission energy on the
!jasis*'’of^T3-quicr-drop model, controlled and uncontro] led- chain
reactions.
Four factor formula* Types of reactor:; - 'Swimming
Pool' and -'Fast Breeder'. Radiation protection, unit of radiation
doaage.
3 Hrs.
NUCLEAR FUS ION: Thermo-nuclear reactions - Sou race of stellar
energy. C-N cycle and proton-proton cycle.
Electric and magnetic
confinement of plasma. Tokomak.
- 2 Hr3.
COSMIC RAYSj_ Primary and secondary cosmic rays Showers, Geomagnetic
effects.* "Composi tj.on of cosmic, rays. Origin .if cosmic rays.
- 2 Hrs
r 1
i.
jFNTAL
1P KITCLE SPartlcl.;s and anti-particles.
of "par tides V
Classification
Mention of basic interactions in nature.
2 Hrs
Pr ac^| -- \jl
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE:
1. Introduction to At.-caic and Nuclear Physics
2.
3.
4.
5.
S.
7.
S.
S.
- H.Somgt & j.R.
Albrignt.
- T .A.Littlcfcld & T .V-Thorley.
z.tomic and Nuclear Physics
Nuclc-ar Physics - I. Kaplan.
introduction to Modern Physics - Richtmyer, Kcnnard & Cooper
Source book on /'.tonic Energy ••• s.Glass tone
Atomic spectra and Acomic structure - G.Hcrobeag
Fundamental University physics Vol.III - Alonso'md Finn
Atomic Physics - Yarwood
Me Grawhill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.
-=oOo=-
III B »sc./ physics - Paper IV
'
(Rcl-atiyity, solid state Fhysics & Electronics)
•
RELATIVITY
'SPECIAL theory of relativity:
Michclson
Morley. experiments
Bisic poVtuIaTcs dF’tKocry
relativity. Lcafontz transformat
equations (No derivation). Concept of 4 voctor. .Fitzgerald
contraction. Simultaneity. Tims dil ffcion, . Velocity—addition
theorem. Relativistic mass variation-derivation. Derivation of
E = MC2.
Energy-Momentum relation, Elementary:ideas of 'General
"theory of relativity and its predictions* v,.
- ll Hrs.
sr/ri STICA.L TIWS_ICS_:_ Statistical ideas in physics"*TM“S/. 3-E and
-F-D'dTstrlbutions'-comporison.
t
?/ .
SOLID STATE-PHYSICS
,
,
•
' SPECIFIC• HEATS OF SOLIDS: Dulong and Petit's laW;-'( statement:)> :
E'fris*t eTrPsTheary7XSeTBye1"s Theory.
*
'
- 4'Hrs.
FREE ELECTION THEORY OF METALS! ExpressionVfcrfftilcictrical -conduct,
vity - ohm's TavT. '*Qu an turn "theory of free eidderb'n.
Statement r,*
of
number of available energy states' between’ fh $di)^+,'.'d£*' Intor•protation of Fermi energy." Expression fdr:'F dpi’f'bncrgy an d aVer ac
' ' - 7 Hrs. .
energy at absolute zero and above absoli
tfl&y.-k'int'rjin^ic. 'and
■BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS: Concept- o-fbandajj
-ExtrTnsic5 cmiconcFuc tor s. De r iVati?1'"
Jsl'offJlo"r^- ;c61 r i ca 3
conductivity. Expression for eherg^?gai]
r"'b f f ec t-bxpr esa ion
^iYP .coll's,..' .."super
for Hall coefficient. Solar c<3iI's-r"J
conductivity-elementary' ideas
*'" tsi "v/M'c-is sner
■effect. Critical Magnetic :.£iGld'i,'v‘-'’A'ppii'C^j
J£ r'sup er-c ondu<cti\
Qualitative discussion on 'high temperature^^sup-a^vconductors '.
'T
8 Hr2.
•magnetic PROF 'rites’'OF MATERIALS; Din, Para andf-orr.othag'^eAism.
QuaTrtatTve"'expranat£d"n "based on cl<yctranlc configuration^
. ;
.
'
'
-;2Xvs.
ELECTRONICS
NET WORKS: Kirchoff's Laws,
superposition theorem. ..Mesh analysis
Ihcven£nTs and Norton's theorems -(DC a naly si a- >onl^^^^^prioa tions
DEVICES: Analogue systems - PN junction-’‘ lt&
ancTTisa of led in display systoms. MentioH^o^^^^WflpP'i^lodQ'. '
Bridge rectifier, Ripplo factor, ExpressiorTj^^jM^L^ncy, •'
Filters.
Sener diode as
a voltage, roaul
,5«-.Hrs.
TRANSISTORS: Types and configurations.. Transi^^^Pcharact eristics
for conhon emitter configuration. DC and AC';ctirmg&t.-^aains. .
Operating point. Self biasing (Potential diyiS^^pypG) in
transistors,
DC load line.
FET and its chab’^^^fti's^ics.
1 ‘.,'S
k:. .
5 Hrs.
..'
•
-
AMPLIFIERS: CE amplifier, AC leadline, h-parameters-transistor
equivalent circuit using h-parameters * Vblta§e7rCurrent and power
gains.
Input and output resistances.
Mention-of CB'andCC
.amplifiers and their special properties in:comparison with CE
amplifier.
- 6 Hrs.
^SCrLthYTORS: Concept of feed back. Posi-tiVo^and Negativ e-feed back
Mention o'FUarkiiauscn Criteria. Phase-shift and Wien bridge
oscillators (qualitative only). Frequency and gain expressions
(no derivation)
,
- 3 Hrs.
logic
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS: AND* OR and NOT basiq/gntes- Symbols, function;
truth tnSIe "and construction (using diodes .and transistor).
The NOR, NAND and XOR gates (symbols , function and truth table only?
•* V. »*»»•
10
DIO WAVE PR0P/>GPiTBI0NVRole of ion')sphere in rndio-corrtnunicntion.
Need for moduTntian In radio communication. Amplitude modulation.
! Modulation index. Side bands - Band - width
power in 7M wave.
. Elementary ideas of Frequency Modulation.
- 5 Hrs.
RADIO RECEIVERSDan adulation. Principle of detection of 7.M wave
Ffioclc Hi'arfraTti''"d’e«cription of heterodyning ;:M receiver.
Loudspeakers -and'condenser microphones.
- 5 Mrs.
TV & radar? Hcmcntary id as of TV-picture transmission and
reception^ Principles of Rad.ar^arjd-d.ts applica.tions
3 Mrs.
BOOKS FOR .REFFRENCE:^
1.
2.
3.
4
5.
5.
Special theory >f. Relativity
Special Relativity
Introduction toatsoJid state physics
Solid state Physics
Introduction to oolid state Physics
Me Graw Hill Encyclopedia of Science
Sc Technology.
Electronic principles
Digital principles and applications
Electronics made simple
Basic electronics
Electronics
Electronics
Basic Electronics
.
7.
.
8
9.
10.
11
.
12.
13.
PRACTICALS - III
Resnick
.p. French
C .Kittel
A. J .Dekkar
j .S .Blnckmorc
Maivino
Malvina & Leach
Jocobovitz
Grob
Mehta V.K.
Fnrroqui
B .L .Thernjn
f
(Minimum of 8 experiments to be done, 3 Hrs. duration)
\,x«
2
.
.
3
/U.
.. .
6.
' 7.
8
.
'9.
'Xe'rSF2*rttLo-n -pot ential - (Ora phi cal me thod)
c/m of the el ectron - bar magnet method
Mass of the electron - (Magnetic field intensity by current
balance kit)
Hydrogen atom spectrum (using discharge tube) - Rydberg
constant determination.
Series Resonance - (Bandwidth, quality factor, effect of
load, 'L' value).
Parallel Resonance - (
-do)
Energy gap of intrinsic semiconductor - (Resistance- determina­
tion by using Meterbridge or P.o. Box)
Conversion -jf moving ceil galvanamcter into ammeter and
voltmeter (given the resistance wires or resistors)
Verification of inverse - square law of
i0'. Absorption of
11
.
Y
rays - liner/absorption coefficient
determination.
Determination of half - life of K—-10
^ IV
(Minimum
'2.
3*
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
f rays.
i
e experiments to be done,
duration).
3 hours
Triodc characteristics (bath plate1 and mutual) - determination
of constants.
FET .characteristics
and/'calculation.
Transistor characteristics in CE configuraivlon — l> and output
resistance determination.
Characteristics of znner diode and LED
Ph^to-diodc (or photo-transistor) characteristics - inversesquare law verification.
Maximum power transfer theorem & Thev cnin’s Uioorcm-vcr.ification
Semiconductor Bri dg e Recti fier-Ripplc factor calculation for
(no filter, C-filtcr, XT filtrr) different loads.
Study of basic 1 ogic gates - (AND, OR, MOT gates -.nly)
using drsc rote components.
'9. phase measurement using CRO
'10. Common emitter amplifi cr - gain and frequency response,
11. Phase shift (or Wien bri<1gc-) oscillator - Construction and
frequency measurement.
Books for References:
1. Advanced leVv.1 practical physics
2. A lab course in electronics
Workshop and Flint
;
Rama ling am and Rcghupal;
OXF and SBR.
3. Introduction to electronics
;M;; .Thangarajan,
j
'vishwanathap, Madras.
Gregory F.Johnson Tata t
Grew l-f
i;
Paul Bzbar
4. Transistor Circuit experiments
5. Basic electronics - Text lab
Manual.
6. A Laboratory Manual for Under
graduate classes.
D.P .Khandclwal
(Vani publishers/ Nov; De£
;
7. Cosip Bulletins - Old issues.
i
SCH.'ME OF EXAMINATION
FIRST YEAR •
Paper I: Mechanics., properties of Matter,, Heat
Max* Marks 70Theory Time: 3 hours
Max . Marks 30
/:
Practical-I
4 Hours
&r experimen«
( 2 expts, of 2 hours each shall be set (255 marks
marks ■ for-records) «
SECOND__ :^r Y.EAR
Paper~II Optics, Sound and Electricity Time 3 hours
Practical-II time 4 hours
(2 Expts. of 2 hours each)
Meax. Marks 70
Max* :Mar3csw 30
«
(25 marks for experiments!
5 marks for records)
Time
THIRD YEAR
Max. Marks
3
hours
100
Paper-Ill Modern Physics-I
3
hours
100
Paper-IV Modern Physics-II
3
hours
50
PRACTICAL-III
(40
marks
for
ex£>t
•
(One expt. of 3 hours shall, be set
10 marks for records)
3
Hours
50
PRACTICAL-IV
(40
marks
for
experiment
(one expt. of 3 hours shall be set
10 marks for records)
******