W E L C O M E T O C L I M AT E M A S T E R
R E T S A M E TA M I L C O T E M O C L E W
Welcome to ClimateMaster!
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C O M M E R C I A L A P P L I C AT I O N S
S N O I TA C I L P P A L A I C R E M M O C
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
WATER-SOURCE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
swimming pools and spas, or to serve hydronic loads
such as snow-melt systems.
Water-Loop Energy Sharing
Water-source heat pump systems provide highly
efficient zone-controlled heating and cooling
throughout a building by using water circulating in
a closed piping loop as a thermal energy transport
and exchange medium. Individual heat pumps add or
remove heat from the air within each zone as required
to meet its unique heating or cooling load. During
zone heating, they extract needed heat (thermal
energy) from the common water loop. During zone
cooling, heat is rejected into the water loop where
it can then be shared with all other heat pumps
throughout the building. Thus rejected heat, which
is wasted to the outdoors in most HVAC systems, is
completely utilized before any new energy source is
used for heating the building.
Ventilation
Buildings contain year-round sources of thermal energy
(internal heat gains) that are recovered and recycled by a
water-source heat pump system, such as...
Lighting
Dedicated “outside air” heat pumps extract thermal energy
from the water loop to heat outside air used for ventilation.
The Heat “Pumping” Concept
Water-source heat pumps utilize a simple vapor
compression refrigerant circuit, very much like that in a
refrigerator, to efficiently provide zone heating or cooling.
The typical “water-to-air” configuration is illustrated.
During cooling mode, heat is extracted from the air and
rejected into the water loop. During heating mode, the
process is reversed, with heat being extracted from the
water loop and rejected into the air. Thus, thermal energy
can be transferred (“pumped”) between the air and the
water loop, in either direction, on demand.
Water-to-Air Heat Pump: Cooling Mode
Air Out
58°F [14°C]
The electrical energy used for lighting in most structures
varies from 1 to 4 Watts per square foot [11 to 13 Watts
per square meter].
People
Water In
85°F [29°C]
Humans emit thermal energy ranging from 300 to 500 Btu
per hour [88 to 147 Watts] depending upon their activity.
Water Out
95°F [35°C]
Fan
Equipment
The energy consumed by equipment such as computers,
printers, copiers, and motors is emitted as heat if they are
located within the conditioned space.
Air Coil
Expansion
Valve
Solar
Water
Coil
Perimeter zones with large glazed areas may require
daytime cooling even during cold weather.
The thermal energy recovered in the water loop of a
water-source heat pump system can be used for most
purposes that require heat, such as:
Space Heating
Reversing
Valve
Water-source heat pumps in zones that require heating
extract thermal energy from the water loop.
Air In
80°F [27°C]
Water Heating
Special “water-to-water” heat pumps extract thermal
energy from the water loop to heat service hot water,
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
Compressor
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C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Water-source heat pumps move heat very efficiently. The
best models will extract 5 kWh of heat from the water
loop for every 1 kWh of electricity used to power the
compressor and fan, delivering all 6 kWh as heat into
the air. This 6 to 1 ratio is called the COP (Coefficient of
Performance), and can be equated to a 600% efficiency
level. By comparison, the very best fossil fuel furnaces
and boilers produce heat at less than 100% efficiency.
Heat can be removed from the air at similar efficiencies,
providing EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) levels over 20 Btu/
Watt [5.86 Watt/Watt]. The EER of the best unitary large
air-cooled equipment is less than 13 [3.81 Watt/Watt].
Water-to-Air Heat Pump: Heating Mode
Air Out
100°F [38°C]
Water In
60°F [16°C]
The Advantages of Using Water
Water is the most efficient way to move thermal energy.
For example, a 2 inch [51 mm] water pipe can carry the
same amount of cooling as a 24 inch [610 mm] air duct,
requiring up to 90% less transport energy in the process
and taking up far less space. The mass of the water loop
also provides thermal storage, allowing a substantial
amount of heat to be carried from occupied periods into
morning warm-up. There is no storage benefit in most
HVAC systems.
Water-source heat pump heat exchangers are more
compact and efficient than air-cooled heat exchangers
because of the much higher mass and thermal
conductivity of water, providing closer approach
temperatures and higher heat pump efficiencies. Watersource heat pumps also operate at lower condensing
temperatures because they are linked to the outdoor
wet bulb temperature (using a cooling tower) or the
deep earth temperature (using a ground heat exchanger)
instead of the higher outdoor dry bulb temperature, again
leading to higher efficiencies and longer service life.
Water Out
54°F [12°C]
Fan
Air Coil
Expansion
Valve
Water
Coil
Reversing
Valve
Air In
70°F [21°C]
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Compressor
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Summer Occupied
Water-Loop Heat Pump Systems
Water-Loop heat pump systems combine water-source
heat pumps on a common piping loop with a heat rejector
and boiler, which are used to maintain the circulating water
temperature within a controlled range, typically from 60°F
to 95°F [15°C to 35°C]. The most common heat rejectors
are open cooling towers with isolating heat exchangers,
closed-circuit evaporative coolers, or dry coolers. Boilers
are usually gas, oil, or electric.
All zones require cooling and are rejecting heat into the
water loop. The heat rejector maintains the maximum
water loop temperature according to a predetermined
setpoint (fixed or outdoor reset). The boiler is off.
Each zone heat pump utilizes the water loop to provide
heating or cooling at any time, during or after hours,
regardless of the operating mode of the other heat
pumps. This is accomplished without duplicate heat
and cool distribution systems, without the double waste
inherent in reheat modes, and without concurrent
operation of the cooling source and boiler unlike most
HVAC systems that provide the same capabilities.
Water-loop heat pump systems also operate very
efficiently at part-load conditions, such as when a small
portion of the building remains occupied after hours.
Only the required zone heat pumps are used, unlike
systems that must keep a large central plant in operation
at an inefficient scaled-back capacity in order to serve a
small portion of the load.
A typical building has a perimeter with outside exposure
that is directly affected by variable outdoor weather
conditions and a core without outside exposure that is
almost unaffected by the weather. In order to understand
the energy sharing benefits of a water-source heat
pump system, the interaction of the loads in the core
and perimeter zones must be analyzed for occupied
periods (internal gains present) and unoccupied periods
(temperature setback/setup and little or no internal gains)
throughout the year. For illustration, the following are the
main energy consuming operating modes of an office
building in a temperate climate.
Winter Warm-Up
During recovery from night setback, most zones will require
heating and will be extracting heat from the water loop.
The boiler maintains the minimum water loop temperature
according to a predetermined setpoint. The heat rejector is
off. The warm-up period is typically one hour or less per day.
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C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Winter Occupied
Tenant Metering
Most core zones will require cooling because of the
internal heat gains discussed previously. Most perimeter
zones will require heating. Because heat is being
simultaneously rejected into and extracted from the
water loop, both the boiler and the heat rejector remain
off much of the time. The inherent sharing of energy
within the water loop minimizes boiler and heat rejector
operation and provides maximum system efficiency.
The majority of the system operating cost occurs at the
zone heat pumps, which can be metered at the tenant
level. Thus, each tenant pays for only what they use.
Quiet Operation
In many central plant HVAC systems, the noise and
vibration from reciprocating or high-speed centrifugal
chillers and high-speed, high-static centrifugal fans is
difficult to mitigate. Although they are located close to or
within the occupied space, contemporary water-source
heat pumps are capable of operating as quietly as many
fan coil systems. Sound power levels in the latest models
have been reduced through the use of new compressor
technology, variable speed fan motors, acoustical
isolation techniques, and optimization of design through
extensive sound testing. Quiet operation has become a
fundamental requirement for many tenants.
Low Initial Costs
Advantages of the System
The many benefits provided by water-loop heat pump
systems extend from architects, engineers and contractors
all the way to developers, owners and end-users...
Year-Round Individual Control
Each zone heat pump provides individual temperature
control. This allows each occupant to control heating
or cooling regardless of season, during or after hours,
regardless of what other zones are doing. Zones served
by single heat pumps can be as small as 200 square feet
[20 square meters] or as large as many thousands of
square feet (hundreds of square meters).
Energy Savings
Water-Source Heat Pumps provide zone heating and
cooling at the highest rated levels of efficiency. The
water loop inherently recovers much of the energy
needed for heating the building, minimizing boiler use.
Water-loop heat pump systems operate efficiently under
partial occupancy and at part-load conditions. They
also eliminate the double energy waste of zone reheat
(cooling with subsequent reheating), which is common
in many HVAC systems. This all translates into reduced
energy consumption and lower operating costs.
10
Water-source heat pumps are factory assembled and
tested, usually incorporating all zone-level controls
and hydronic accessories, reducing expensive on-site
labor. They utilize basic low-pressure duct systems or
in some configurations, no ducts at all. The water loop
is uninsulated and requires only two pipes, a supply
and return, and can even be designed in a single pipe
configuration. The central aspects of the system (pump,
boiler, heat rejector) require a minimum of temperature
controls and valves. This all leads to one of the lowest
initial costs among HVAC systems with comparable
capabilities. In addition, the installation of zone heat
pumps can be deferred until the tenant-finish phase after
the space is leased, improving owner cash-flow.
Maximizes Usable Space
Self-contained compact zone heat pumps can be hidden
within ceilings, installed in closets, or directly mounted
within the occupied space. The elimination of large central
station air handlers and associated ductwork, central chiller
plants, and complex 4-pipe distribution systems greatly
reduces mechanical space requirements. This creates more
rentable space and improves owner economics. The spacesaving attributes also make water-loop heat pump systems
ideal for the retrofit of existing buildings, especially historic
structures with limited space for mechanical rooms or for
mechanical chases above ceilings.
Adapts to Floor Plan Changes
Individual zone heat pumps can be easily moved to allow
for tenant changes with minimal disturbance. Re-zoning
is easy to accomplish, and most building particularities
can be handled without difficulty.
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Minimizes Downtime
Simpler to Maintain
Unlike large central systems, failure or maintenance
operations on a water-source heat pump only affect the
single zone served. Redundancy is usually provided for
the minimal central components of a water-loop heat
pump system. This improves tenant satisfaction and
reduces the risk of lost rents.
Water-source heat pumps are not complicated, requiring
only basic air conditioning service skills to maintain. In many
installations, zone heat pumps can be quickly removed
and exchanged by building maintenance personnel. The
system and control are easy to comprehend. This broadens
the range of competent service contractors and reduces
maintenance costs.
Simpler to Design
With thousands of pre-engineered configurations, watersource heat pumps can easily be selected to fit varying
locations and loads. Due to a minimum of controls, basic
low-pressure duct systems, and simple piping the design
time required for a water-source heat pump system can be
much less than that for comparable HVAC systems. Projects
can be completed faster and at lower design costs.
Simpler to Control
Control can be as basic as a unit or wall-mounted
thermostat for each zone heat pump. If desired, factorymounted DDC controllers allow zone heat pumps to be
directly connected to a central building management
system. The only other controls necessary are those
needed to maintain the water loop temperature.
This reduces maintenance costs and improves user
comprehension and control of the system.
Simpler to Commission
Many HVAC systems take months to properly commission
due to complex air and hydronic balancing, and
the debugging of complicated control systems and
algorithms. The simple, straight-forward design of waterloop heat pump systems greatly reduces this process.
Zone heat pumps are available with DDC controllers,
automatic water flow control valves and other accessories
as a factory-assembled and tested unit. Basic lowpressure duct systems require minimal balancing. This
reduces installation time and costs, and provides a
system that is far more likely to perform as specified.
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C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
Geothermal heat pump systems utilize the natural thermal
properties of the earth to maintain the temperature of
the heat pump water loop, completely eliminating the
boiler and heat rejector. They are recognized as the
most energy-efficient and environmentally-friendly HVAC
system generally available by the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Geothermal heat pump systems provide all of the benefits
of a water-loop heat pump system and many more:
• Eliminates boiler and heat rejector installation,
operation and maintenance costs
• Eliminates all outdoor equipment and any related
concerns over architectural aesthetics, radiated sound,
freeze protection, legionella or vandalism
• Eliminates the water-loop temperature controls and
associated panels, control valves, switches and sensors
• Reduces mechanical room space to just the
pumping aspects
• Increases energy efficiency by utilizing renewable
energy for loop temperature conditioning and by
providing more favorable water temperatures to the
heat pumps throughout the year
• Allows water-source heat pump systems to be
economically scaled down to applications as small as a
single zone
very cost effective to install, the land area required limits
the applications for horizontal loop systems.
Vertical heat exchangers are installed in drilled
boreholes, usually from 150 to 300 feet deep [50-100m],
requiring from 100 to 300 square feet of land area per ton
of block building load [3 to 9 square meters per kW]. The
borehole diameter is normally from 4 to 6 inches [1015cm]. Vertical heat exchangers are installed in landscape
and parking areas, and even under the building. They
are the most common ground heat exchanger for
commercial applications.
Ground-Loop Heat Pump System
Ground-Loop Heat Pump Systems
Ground-loop systems use water (and in some cases
antifreeze) circulating through a closed subsurface
piping loop that functions as a heat exchanger with
the surrounding earth. The subsurface piping loop, or
ground heat exchanger, may be placed in horizontal
trenches, or more commonly for commercial systems, in
vertical bores. The ground heat exchanger is essentially
an extension of the heat pump water loop, sized such
that it will passively maintain the circulating loop water
temperature within an acceptable temperature range of
30°F to 95°F [-1°C to 35°C].
Ground heat exchanger sizing is usually determined using
computer software and is based upon building loads, local
climatic conditions, and site-specific soil thermal properties.
They are typically constructed of high-density polyethylene
pipe (HDPE), with life expectancies exceeding 50 years.
All underground joints are thermally fused and provide a
finished product that is stronger than the pipe itself.
Horizontal heat exchangers are typically buried from 3 to
6 feet deep (1 to 2 m), requiring from 1000 to 2000 square
feet of land area per ton of block building load [30 to 60
square meters per kW]. They are installed in large open
areas such as athletic fields and parking lots. Although
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Surface-Water Heat Pump Systems
Surface-water systems utilize a heat exchanger that is
submerged within a body of surface water. The usual
applications are ponds or lakes. The heat exchanger is
constructed of coils of HDPE pipe or less commonly,
non-ferrous metal plates or coils. As with ground-loop
systems, surface-water heat exchangers are in essence
extensions of the heat pump closed water loop.
Surface-water heat exchangers generally require a
body of water with a minimum depth of 10 feet [3m]
and minimum surface area of 400 square feet per ton
of block building load [11 square meters per kW]. For
heating dominated loads in cold climates the required
surface area may be larger. For cooling dominated
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
loads, the addition of spray fountains may reduce
these requirements. Sizing of the heat exchanger and
determination of the minimum water body requirements
is usually performed with computer software and is based
upon building loads, local climatic conditions, and sitespecifics. On projects where a body of water is accessible,
or where one can be economically created (as from a
storm water detention area), a surface-water system is
usually the most cost-effective geothermal design.
Surface-Water Heat Pump System
Open System
Ground water is directly pumped through each zone heat
pump and then discharged. Flow to each heat pump is
typically controlled by a two-way valve. Although simple
and cost-effective to install, the energy sharing benefits
of a closed water loop are lost since the water is directly
discharged after use. In addition, the piping system and
all zone heat pumps are subject to scaling and other
water quality related issues. As such, open systems are
generally limited to buildings using a small number of
zone heat pumps.
Ground-Water Heat Pump System
Ground-Water Heat Pump Systems
Ground-water systems utilize water pumped from a well
as the thermal energy source/sink for a water-source
heat pump system. Ground water remains at a constant
ideal temperature for heat pumps throughout the
year, generally between 40°F and 80°F [5°C and 25°C]
depending upon geographic location. The discharge
water can be drained into a surface water body or returned
to the aquifer via an injection well. There are occasional
secondary uses for discharge water such as irrigation.
There are several methods of installing ground-water
systems and many considerations that factor into an
optimal design. Principal are water quantity, quality and
depth, water discharge options, local geology, total
system size and code requirements. Where applicable,
ground-water heat pumps systems can be very costeffective to install and require minimal land space. Typical
system configurations are...
Closed-Loop with Heat Exchanger
Heat exchanger systems combine water-source heat
pumps on a common piping loop with an isolating heat
exchanger (usually plate type), that utilizes ground water
to maintain the circulating water temperature within a
controlled range. They retain the energy sharing benefits
of the closed water loop, which minimizes the demand
for ground water. In addition, scaling and water quality
issues are limited to the plate heat exchanger, which
can be readily cleaned, reducing maintenance costs
and extending system life. The use of an isolating heat
exchanger makes ground-water systems practical in
large-scale buildings with many zones. Heat exchanger
systems are applicable to standard water wells or
standing column wells. They have also been successfully
used with surface water sources, including sea water.
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
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C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Standing Column
Standing column wells are semi-closed systems that
return most of the heat pump discharge water back
to the supply well. The well is specially designed to
combine direct ground heat exchange with a limited
amount of ground-water use. A single standing column
well is typically from 500 to 1500 feet in depth [150-450m],
and at maximum length can support up to 30 tons of
block building load [105kW]. From 80-90% of the supply
water flow is returned to the standing column well with
the remainder discharged by other means. This return
flow reduces the required aquifer production capacity.
The portion of supply flow that is discharged brings
“fresh” ground-water flow towards the well, limiting well
supply water temperature extremes. Being semi-open,
the systems remain subject to scaling and other water
quality related issues, unless combined with an isolating
heat exchanger as described above.
generally not balanced, with cooling being dominant in
most cases due to internal gains. Rather than upsize the
ground heat exchanger to meet the higher cooling load,
it is sized to meet the heating load and a heat rejector is
added to the system.
Hybrid systems still eliminate the boiler and the use of
fossil fuels, while at the same time reducing the land
area and first costs required to install the ground heat
exchanger. The reduction in ground heat exchanger size
can be more than what the difference in loads might
imply. When annual loads are imbalanced in systems with
dense ground heat exchanger arrays, there are long term
thermal buildup effects. Geothermal design algorithms
compensate for this by increasing the ground heat
exchanger size. A properly engineered hybrid system can
remove both the difference in loads and the long term
effects from the ground heat exchanger sizing calculation.
When water-loop heat pump systems were introduced
into the marketplace, most engineering guides
recommended the addition of thermal storage to the
water loop. Decades of low energy costs gradually
diminished the use of added storage. The ground heat
exchanger of a hybrid system provides the benefits of a
massive thermal storage capacity in addition to a source
of renewable energy. This provides more favorable loop
water temperatures to the zone heat pumps, further
improving system efficiencies.
Standing Column Well
Hybrid Heat Pump System
Hybrid Geothermal Systems
Hybrid designs blend the use of geothermal resources
and conventional heat rejectors to provide a highly
efficient and cost-effective system. They take advantage
of the fact that building heating and cooling loads are
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C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
RECENT WATER-SOURCE HEAT PUMP IMPROVEMENTS
Water-source heat pump technology has advanced
significantly in recent years. A multitude of
improvements have enhanced life cycle costs, increased
comfort and reduced sound levels. Today’s water-source
heat pumps are...
Expanded Product Capabilities
An expanded product offering, such as 100% outdoor
air units and the ClimaDry dehumidification option,
allow designers great flexibility in using water-source
heat pumps as the solution for today’s building design
requirements.
Are More Serviceable
More Efficient
In the mid-1990s, EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) was 12 to 14.
Now, the best water-source heat pumps are 18 to 20 EER,
with two-stage units operating at a remarkable 27 EER.
Quieter
Scroll compressors, larger heat exchangers, dual
compressor isolation, variable speed (ECM) fan motors,
and better cabinet designs have been instrumental in
lowering the sound level of water-source heat pumps.
New ARI standards provide manufacturers with guidelines
for generating sound power data. ClimateMaster’s stateof-the-art sound lab allows the design of new products to
include low sound level considerations.
Microprocessor controls (standard on all ClimateMaster
products) provide troubleshooting assistance; multiple
service access panels provide better access to
components; component placement is designed with the
technician in mind (such as the Tranquility series packaged
units with low profile control box and hinged cover).
All and all, today’s water-source heat pumps are much
improved from those manufactured just ten years ago.
Last Longer
Compressor technology, electronic controls with more
protection, e-coated air coils and coaxial heat exchangers,
stainless steel drain pans, polyester powder coat paint and
designed-in quality all make for longer life expectancies
than previous generation water-source heat pumps.
Utilize Green Refrigerants
Beginning in 2010, U.S.
manufacturers may no longer
produce air conditioning
equipment using refrigerant
R-22. EarthPure® (HFC-410A)
is the industry-accepted
alternative, although
it requires a complete
redesign of the refrigeration circuit. ClimateMaster
is already offering many product lines using this
new environmentally-friendly Zero Ozone Depletion
refrigerant, and is in the process of converting the
remainder of its lines.
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
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C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Typical Applications
The Water-Source Heat Pump
system can be applied to any
structure. The system offers
top operating economies in
structures which have excess
heat, or large areas from which
heat can be recovered and
transferred. Many features
of this system, other than
heat recovery, also suit the
particular requirements of
such structures. Major advantages include individualized
temperature control all year round, savings in mechanical
space, lower first costs, flexibility of installation, low
maintenance and operating costs, and quicker design and
installation, resulting in an early return on investment.
Since the system is basically all-electric, air pollution can
be reduced, which is an important factor today. Where a
fossil-fueled boiler is required as the heat source, usage
is very low, usually in the range of 50% of the capacity of
the full heating requirement.
The variety of sizes and configurations of the
ClimateMaster line of Water-Source Heat Pumps
allows them to be applied in many ways such as in
closets, mechanical rooms, ceilings, rooftops, along
perimeters, free-standing, semi-recessed, fully recessed,
in basements, garages, penthouses, etc. These systems,
comprising various sizes and types of units, have been
successfully installed in the following applications and
many more:
Apartments and Condominiums
Applications can be multi-unit high-rise or garden type
complexes. The advantages over
conventional systems are:
• Individual metering
• Individual tenant control
• Lower first cost
• Lower maintenance costs
• Diversity of operation due to
tenant occupancy
• Domestic water heating
Hotels and Motels
The range of sizes of units available from ClimateMaster
can provide total comfort for every size room from the
small individual room to large public spaces…
• Ducted or free-standing models are designed to be
acoustically quiet for the comfort of guests.
• Individual units provide protection from complete
shut-downs associated with a central system.
16
• The system maximizes economy of first cost, and
minimizes operating and maintenance costs.
• The units can be installed a few at a time, in the case
of renovation.
• The units provide individual guest control.
• The units can also provide recreational, restaurant,
laundry, and domestic water heat recovery.
• The system can be designed with front desk control
and low limit.
Schools and Dormitories
The system, besides being widely specified for
new school construction, is easily adaptable for
renovation and
modernization.
Benefits
include…
• Concealed
system
eliminates
tampering and vandalism.
• Each classroom or dormitory room can have
individual control.
• Units can be easily adapted for fresh air control.
• Economy of operation is achieved with night setback
controls and daytime programmed operation, especially
when specified with factory-installed DDC controls.
• Simplified design and operation can easily be
maintained by custodial people.
Office and Commercial Buildings
A Water-Source Heat Pump system is extremely
adaptable for applications
of this kind. Most office
and commercial buildings
contain constant internal
heat sources which can be
easily recovered. In order
to attract tenants, owners
and developers can offer
individual year-round
temperature control, with a
minimal first cost and low maintenance and operating
costs. The Water-Source Heat Pump system also offers
other tenant and owner advantages, such as…
• Minimal downtime in case of malfunction, due to
decentralized approach.
• Night setback controls for economy of operation.
• Programmed daytime controls for energy savings.
• Off-hour use controls for economy and convenience.
• Flexibility in partitioning.
• Space savings for more use by office equipment
and people.
• Quiet, comfortable operation.
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• Flexibility in design, allowing various spaces to be
completed only as needed.
• Separate metering.
• Easy design.
• Quick installation and early return on investment.
• Plus, an existing two-pipe fan coil system can easily
be converted to a Water-Source Heat Pump system to
provide the flexibility of simultaneous heating of some
spaces and cooling of others which is impossible with
the 2-pipe system.
Shopping Centers and Malls
Central shopping centers and malls are much like office
buildings in that they contain large internal areas where
heat can be recovered. Also, such areas often have
multi-tenant usage, each requiring its own control. Tenant
spaces can be separately metered for cost control. The
Water-Source Heat Pump system allows flexibility in
design for comfort control, ventilation and economy of
operation plus lower first cost. Large mechanical rooms
and big ducts are eliminated, thus providing more
rentable space.
Supermarkets
Today’s supermarkets
use many varieties of
refrigeration equipment
for the storage,
preservation, and display
of frozen and refrigerated
foods. These include
ice-machine equipment,
walk-in freezers, and
refrigerated display cases. All of this equipment gives off
heat. With the Water-Source Heat Pump system, this heat
can be captured and used for general store heating or
transferred to adjacent stores on the same system.
replace air exhausted from kitchen hoods or to make
domestic hot water for dishwashing.
Medical Buildings, Nursing Homes and Hospitals
The concept of de-centralized
zoned units provides the diversity
required to meet the different
comfort levels of different
patients. The system works
extremely well in hospitals,
nursing homes and other medical
buildings because of…
• Isolation in air supply. The
unitary system prevents roomto-room contamination.
• Dependability and provision for
almost instant replacement in case of malfunction. The
reliability of the equipment and its simplicity of operation
automatically eliminate trouble of various kinds.
Marine Applications
The system is well suited to all types of vessels which
require either heating or cooling, whether the boats are
small pleasure craft, or large merchant marine vessels.
Spaces within the vessels give off heat. This heat is
recovered and transferred to other areas. The individual
units provide constant de-centralized control with
varying outside temperatures and somewhat varying sea
water temperatures. Typically, a heat exchanger is used
between the heat pump and the sea water.
Industrial Applications
Most industrial plants have exhaust and makeup air
requirements. A properly designed Water-Source Heat
Pump system can take advantage of operational processes
to recover heat and use it to the maximum advantage with
other simultaneous processes within the structure.
Computer Centers
A large computer center, or areas with multiple computer
workstations can produce a significant amount of heat.
This heat can be absorbed with a Water Source Heat Pump
system and reused in parts of the building or other buildings,
where heat may be needed. In some cases, enough heat
can be recovered from computers to heat an entire complex
without the need for any additional heat sources.
Restaurants and Fast Food Chains
Since it is compact, easy to design and install, and
highly efficient, the Water-Source Heat Pump system
is well suited for use in food chains. Here, the system
takes advantage of internal heat transfer. The heat can
be transferred for pre-heating incoming air required to
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
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C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
WATER-SOURCE HEAT PUMP CONFIGURATIONS
The ClimateMaster Water-Source Heat Pump product
line includes the most versatile and comprehensive
model line-up in the industry. The full range of sizes,
the availability of free-standing and ducted units, and
the configuration flexibility result in relatively easy
application of the units. The correct location and method
of installation of the individual units should be considered
in the process of designing the system. One of the prime
considerations should be access for inspection and service
of components within the unit. Refer to the ClimateMaster
Engineering Design Guide for the particular product line
to determine information on the following:
Cooling
Tower
V
H
S
T
R
M
T
R
M
T
R
M
T
R
M
T
R
M
H
V
TRC
Rooftop
H
T
R
M
T
R
M
T
R
M
T
R
M
T
R
M
T
R
M
H
V
TRC
V
TRC
GL
•
•
•
•
•
Performance data and ARI/ISO ratings
Dimensions
Specifications of components
Electrical wiring diagrams
Options/Accessories
ClimateMaster units are available in multiple options
of electrical power supplies. This flexibility enables the
engineer to select the most convenient or economical
power supply for the equipment. The units operate
with 24 volt controls. The pre-wired, factory-furnished
unit requires the installer to simply connect the power
wiring and route the low voltage wire from the unit to the
thermostat. A single connection power supply is required
for all models including dual compressor circuits.
The units are furnished with safety devices that sense
abnormal operating conditions and automatically shut
the units off. All ClimateMaster units have microprocessor
controls as a standard feature with LED fault indication
at the unit control box and/or remote thermostat.
The controls section of this manual gives detailed
control information, including DDC options. The dual
compressor models are equipped with two stage controls
that provide capacity control. There is also a time delay
between the starting of the two compressors, to prevent
excessive locked-rotor starting current.
The products which comprise the broad ClimateMaster
equipment line are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
18
Vertical stack / high rise
Console
Vertical water-to-air
Horizontal water-to-air
Large tonnage horizontal and vertical water-to-air
Water-to-water
Rooftop water-to-air
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS)
TRC
Boiler
TRC
GL
Vertical Stack / High-Rise Units
The design of ClimateMaster vertical
stack, or high-rise (VHS) units provide
unmatched design flexibility and
ease of installation compared to
high-rise fan coil units or even other
packaged Water-Source Heat Pumps.
VHS units are comprised of two
pieces, a cabinet and a chassis. The
cabinet includes riser piping, blower
section, controls, drain pan and
hardware for installing the system
in a flush-mount configuration.
The slide-in chassis contains the
refrigeration components. This
concept provides a self-contained
heating and cooling system (when
used as a ductless installation) that
is recessed into the wall. The system
can also be ducted where required.
An attractive return air panel finishes
off the installation.
Water-Source Heat Pump systems utilizing the VHS
concept have a number of installation advantages. Since
the piping is attached to the cabinet at the factory, the
contractor simply connects the risers from the floor below
to the floor above, saving labor and reducing errors. The
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
two-piece concept also allows cabinets to be shipped
ahead of time for installation in the wall, while the chassis
shipment can be delayed to avoid on-site equipment
damage and storage issues.
Servicing VHS units involves minimal tenant disruption.
The chassis can be quickly removed and replaced with
a spare in minutes. All electrical connections are “quickconnect” type, and water connections are made via
flexible stainless steel braided hoses.
Console Units
Non-ducted console units are
ideally suited for perimeter
areas, or for conditioning a
single non-partitioned zone
such as a motel or hospital
room. They are also suitable
for single or multiple fixed
interior spaces. Furnished with
a decorative cabinet, they are normally located within the
room or space to be conditioned — usually on the floor
at the outside wall, but they may be mounted along an
interior wall. The unit can also be furnished without the
cabinet for use in a custom enclosure.
Vertical Water-to-Air Units
Vertical units are commonly used
in apartments, condominiums, and
core areas of office buildings. The
configuration helps save space. The
air is distributed through ductwork
to the various rooms. The return air
options permit ease of application in
unusual closet configurations. These
units can be installed where the room
acts as a return air plenum. When
doing so, always allow adequate
distance between the filter and the
wall or door for proper air return. The units can also be
equipped with return air ducts. The units are lined on the
interior with heavy density thermal insulation to provide
acoustical absorption.
Horizontal Water-to-Air Units
The horizontal
configuration of the
ducted units is ideal
for concealed ceilingmounted applications.
The units are shipped
with factory-installed hanger brackets for use with
threaded rod and isolation grommets. This model also is
available in different return air configurations to enable
the optimum in space saving application. The unit has
several removable panels providing ease of serviceability.
The space above the ceiling is typically used as a return
air plenum with a return air grille mounted in the ceiling.
Use of a discharge duct with at least one change of
direction is important to realizing lowest sound level.
Free air discharge is not recommended when low sound
level is important. Use of acoustical tile on the ceiling is
also effective for sound attenuation. For additional sound
treatment, a return air sound plenum can be attached to
the return air inlet.
Large Tonnage Horizontal and Vertical Water-to-Air
The large tonnage
series of equipment
ranges in size from
72,000 to 300,000 Btuh
[21.1 kW to 87.9 kW]
cooling capacity. The
units are completely
factory-packaged
in a unitized, heavyduty galvanized steel
cabinet. The vertical
units are designed for
vertical free-standing application in mechanical rooms or
closets with ducted discharge and either ducted or nonducted return. They are connected to the closed water
loop and can provide either heating or cooling all year
round. Horizontal units, up to 120,000 Btuh [35.2 kW] are
typically ceiling hung.
Water-to-Water Units
Water-to-water heat pumps provide
either chilled or hot water for numerous
applications, while still taking advantage
of the heat transfer through the building’s
loop piping system. Typical applications
include hot or chilled water for a fan coil/
air handler used to pre-treat outside
air; radiant floor heating, snow/ice melt,
industrial process control, domestic water
heating (with optional doubled wall heat
exchanger) and many other hydronic
heating or cooling applications.
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
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C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Rooftop Water-to-Air Units
Rooftop WaterSource Heat Pumps
provide all of the
benefits of packaged
water-to-air units
with the need for
mechanical space.
All rooftop units are
standard with extended range water and refrigerant
circuits for water loop (boiler/tower) or ground loop
(geothermal) applications. The retrofit of a Water-Source
rooftop unit provides a significant (40-50%) increase in
efficiency over air-to-air systems.
DOAS (Dedicated Outside Air Systems)
DOAS units allow designers
to incorporate an outdoor air
treatment system into the building
design, solving potential IAQ
problems. A water-source heat
pump DOAS unit also provides
building owners with significant
operating cost savings and works
in conjunction with the building
space conditioning water-source
heat pumps. Horizontal, vertical
and rooftop configurations are
available in capacities up to 100 tons (351 kW). Horizontal
and rooftop units are available with an optional energy
recovery wheel. ClimateMaster’s patented refrigerant
circuit precisely controls leaving air dew point, and
operates with entering conditions as low as 15°F (-9°C)
even on units without an energy recovery wheel, which
decreases or eliminates auxiliary pre-heating.
20
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
WATER-LOOP HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
Zone Design
ClimateMaster Water-Source Heat Pumps use the most
efficient methods to assure controlled comfort in all
seasons. In addition to providing air circulation and
temperature control, the system also filters the air and
dehumidifies in the cooling mode. The system features a
decentralized concept in a large building and divides the
space into zones.
This section provides base criteria for the design and
selection of a single heat pump applied in a structure with
multiple units. The complete system will include additional
units, piping, heat rejectors, boilers, pumps and controls. For
a system analysis, we have chosen an office building which
involves all the varieties of heat pumps. The analysis will
include a step-by-step selection of the auxiliary equipment.
Selection of the correct configuration of the unit
Selection and location of the equipment are extremely
important in order to minimize ducting, provide optimum
location of return air and location of water supply, and
assure the most favorable performance in the areas of
air return and condensate removal as well as electrical
serviceability. In this example, a utility closet was provided.
The closet acts as a return air plenum with a service door
to the corridor. The unit configuration is vertical.
Selection of the Size or Capacity of the Unit
The thermostat controls the temperature of the environment.
However, if the unit is undersized, it will continue to run
and possibly be incapable of meeting the demands
of the thermostat. If the unit is oversized, short-cycle
performance may result; that is, the unit may run for a
short period, satisfying the temperature requirements set
by the thermostat, but may not be able to dehumidify to
a satisfactory comfort level. The selection of a unit size is
estimated or calculated according to a set of guidelines
based on the indoor and outdoor temperatures of the design.
A heat gain for cooling and heat loss for heating for the space
or zone should be planned on the basis of factors such as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Orientation and geographical location of the building.
Wall areas, construction, insulation and exposure.
Window glass area for each wall and exposure.
Ceiling or roof areas, construction and insulation type.
Floor areas, construction and insulation.
Identification of heat producing appliances (such as
computers), equipment and lights.
• Influence of ventilation and exhaust requirements,
introduction of humidity and people-oriented loads.
After evaluation of requirements and loads, a 1-1/2 ton
[5.3 kW] unit is selected. Equipment parameters, which
determined the choice of the unit, are as follows:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Minimum airflow at required external static pressure
Design water flow rate.
Maximum cooling loop temperature.
Entering air DB/WB conditions for cooling.
Total sensible cooling required.
Total cooling capacity required (sensible plus latent).
Minimum heating loop temperature.
Entering air DB conditions for heating.
Total heating capacity required.
The Air Distribution System
The air distribution system (ducts, supply and return
grilles) for the unit should ensure the following:
• The correct amount of air must be distributed to
maintain comfort levels in each zone.
• The size of the duct should prevent extreme conditions
of velocity. If the duct is too small, the velocity will
be high, leading to high friction losses and potential
noise problems. If the ductwork is oversized, excess
air quantities will be delivered by the unit. Possible
result: too much air across the coil may prevent
dehumidification. Proper duct sizing is also essential
in order to maintain normal operating pressures within
the refrigerant circuit. Except console and vertical
stack series, the units, the fan and blower have been
designed to handle some external static pressure, and
thus should not be applied without ductwork.
• All supply air ducts must be adequately insulated
and made properly moisture-proof by a vapor barrier.
All joints must be sealed. The supply air connection
to the heat pump unit should be accomplished by
means of a flexible connector. In most small size heat
pump applications, return air ducts can be completely
eliminated; however, if return air ducts become
necessary, they should be isolated from the unit by
means of a flexible canvas connector or gasket that
will prevent metal-to-metal contact between the heat
pump unit and the return air duct.
In designing an actual duct system, two methods are
widely used. One method is known as the Velocity
Static Regain Method and the other as the equal friction
method. The Equal Friction method lends itself more
to the application of small capacity units and is the only
one discussed here. In this method, the friction loss per
unit length of ductwork is kept constant throughout the
system; recommended friction is 0.08 inches of water
column per 100 feet [19.6 Pascals per 30 meters] of
ductwork. To determine the total friction loss in the duct
system, the constant friction loss per unit of length is
multiplied by the equivalent total length of ductwork.
Return air ducts are designed in exactly the same way as
supply ducts. In principle, it does not make any difference
whether a blower pulls or pushes the air through the
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
21
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
duct. In general, return air duct sizes are larger than
supply air duct sizes to maintain low velocity noise level.
It is recommended that all supply air and return air ducts
should be kept to a minimum length. Turning vanes
should be used in all duct turns. Balancing dampers may
be installed within the ductwork. Under no condition
should the heat pump be allowed to operate with less
than the minimum air quantity recommended.
Proper care should be exercised in selecting supply
registers and diffusers. Consult manufacturers’ catalogs
for details as to size and air distribution patterns. It
is most important that each air outlet be selected
for both the heating and cooling functions it will be
required to perform. Return air grilles are usually of the
nonadjustable type and should be installed so that they
prevent line of sight into the ductwork.
Rejector / Boiler Selection
This section will follow the procedure for selection of heat
rejector and boiler for a small office building. Throughout
this section, criteria will be stated and assumptions made
which could vary from location to location depending on
codes, atmospheric conditions and design. Therefore,
each structure should be thoroughly analyzed. The criteria
and assumptions made in this section are intended simply
to illustrate the evaluation of some of the factors that may
require consideration in making such an analysis.
The building is designed as a 4-story, 22,000 sq. ft. [2,044
sq. m.] office building with a small board-room type
penthouse. On each floor, there are perimeter offices on
one side with glass windows and a 29” [74 cm] sill height of
pre-cast panels. The glass is insulated with a solar bronze
tint. The pre-cast panel is backed up with 3” [76 mm]
insulation and dry wall finish. The back side of the building
is all solid since it backs up to an adjacent building. The
service facilities such as bathrooms, elevators, mechanical
closets and electrical closets are at one end.
Although the building is somewhat small for a heat
recovery application, it was selected because it meets,
exceptionally well, the following criteria that had been
established for it:
• Offices facing the glass side are to be individual
executive offices. Thus, each one requires its own
temperature control.
• Since the building has no exposed back side, the
perimeter offices and core require cooling most of the
time. This provides an excellent heat sink for transfer
of energy to the glass side of the building.
• Low first cost for an individually controlled space.
• Low operating cost.
22
• Low maintenance cost with simple procedures.
• Simplicity of controls and flexibility of partitioning are
desired along the perimeter wall since the partitions
are not permanent and are subject to change.
In the selection of any system for a structure, the use
of the building and the preferences of the tenants
must be analyzed first. Normally, if individual perimeter
temperature control is desired year round and there is
a reasonable core area in the building, a water source
heat pump system is an ideal selection compared to
common forms of air conditioning and heating which
require either costly complexity in a single system, or
separation into two separate systems, in order to be
able to simultaneously supply cooling for the core areas
and heating for the perimeter areas - and still would not
provide heat recovery like Water-Source heat pumps.
The problem could be solved with a 3 or 4 pipe system,
either fan coil, variable air volume or induction, but first
costs are extremely high, and the system is vulnerable
to a chiller breakdown. A 2-pipe fan coil system would
be substantially less costly, but it cannot simultaneously
supply economical cooling and heating, and it also
presents the problem of chiller breakdown. An all-air
system with an economizer cycle and zone reheat may
offer lower first cost, but is expensive to operate when
reheat is required.
Piping
In all cases, the piping system should include the
following important items:
• Air venting of the system at the highest point in the
system, as well as at the cooling tower and the top
sections of risers.
• A system strainer, either separate or as part of the
pump suction diffuser, should be included for removal
of foreign substances, regardless of the type of piping
used. The strainer should have a drain-off assembly.
• Where possible, riser drain-offs should be included.
• Where possible, all two-pipe and one-pipe horizontal
loops should contain positive closure valves and drainoff tees for loop isolation.
• Condensate lines must have proper pitch for
condensate removal. Trapping of condensate at
horizontal and vertical units is recommended. Vertical
units include factory-installed internal traps.
• Circuit setters or “auto-flow” valves for flow balancing
the system is recommended.
• All units should be piped with positive hand shut-off
valves and unions for unit removal.
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
System Diagram
Positive
Closure
Dampers
Supply Header
Return Header
Spray
Pump
Expansion
Tank
Air Separator
Tower
Balancing
Valve
Main
Pump
Standby Pump
Make-Up
By-Pass
Overflow
& Drain
By-Pass
For Service
Boiler
Loads
It is necessary to calculate the heat losses and heat
gains of the building before designing and applying
the Water-Source Heat Pump system. The ASHRAE
Handbook includes load calculation methods, which are
widely accepted in the industry. Design conditions for this
example are as follows:
• Outdoor design: 0°F [-17.7°C] winter; 95°F [35°C] DB,
76°F [24.4°C] WB summer.
• Indoor design: 70°F [21.1°C] winter; 75°F [23.9°C] DB,
67°F [19.4°C] WB summer.
Based upon this data, a heat loss and heat gain load
can be determined. Take into consideration any special
constant load equipment such as cooking equipment,
hot plates, machinery motors and copy equipment,
transformers, and especially computers. All these types
of loads represent internal heat gains, along with people
and lights, which can be recovered and transferred to
the perimeter of the building for use when needed.
The loss and gain will not be calculated since this is
standard procedure from existing texts and guides. The
calculations are summed up in the following chart:
Heat Loss
Btuh
Heat Gain
Btuh
1st Floor Perimeter
74,250
60,000
2nd Floor Perimeter
74,250
60,000
3rd Floor Perimeter
74,250
60,000
4th Floor Perimeter
80,500
65,000
Penthouse
67,500
52,000
1st Floor Core
-
86,000
2nd Floor Core
-
112,000
Zone
3rd Floor Core
-
112,000
4th Floor Core
172,000
165,000
1st Floor Back Perimeter
38,000
33,000
2nd Floor Back Perimeter
38,000
33,000
3rd Floor Back Perimeter
58,000
46,000
676,750
[198.3 kW]
884,000
[259.1 kW]
Totals:
The above loads represent 73.7 tons [259.1 kW] of air
conditioning or approximately 300 sq. ft./ton [7.9 sq.
meters per kW] cooling load. A heat loss of 676,500 Btuh
[198.3 kW] represents a loss of approximately 31 Btuh/sq.
ft. [97 Watts/sq. m.].
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
23
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Heat Rejector Selection and Options
Historically, the Water-Source Heat Pump has proven
to be very successful in absorbing and rejecting the
heat to water obtained from wells. This concept is still
widely used for residences and small buildings generally
requiring only one unit in areas where chemically
compatible water is available from wells, and is often
used with optionally available cupro-nickel refrigerant-towater heat exchangers. The efficiency derived from this
type of application is ideal, in that there is direct transfer
from refrigerant to the underground water. Further,
this water remains at a relatively constant temperature
throughout the year regardless of outside air temperature
variations, and thus serves equally well as a heat source
or a heat sink, without the need for supplemental heat
or heat rejection. However, such water is not generally
available for most installations and, even if it were, its
use becomes unfeasible for large multi-unit projects.
Accordingly, other means of heat rejection are normally
used on multi-unit projects.
The purpose of the heat rejector in the Water-Source
Heat Pump system is to reject heat from the water
whenever the temperature of the water rises above a
predetermined temperature set point. In most latitudes,
there is a substantial number of operating hours
when heat removed from the core of the building can
be transferred to the perimeter areas where heat is
needed. Under these conditions, the operating water
temperatures will probably remain within a range of
60°F [16°C] and 95°F [35°C], and therefore there would
be no requirement to add heat to, or reject heat from,
the water. However, as outside temperatures rise, more
and more units switch to cooling, thus rejecting heat, for
which there is less and less need, to the water system,
and so the operating water temperature rises. As the
process continues, the temperature rises to the point
where heat must be rejected from the water to maintain
the building loop within the established operating limits.
This section will discuss the method of selection of the
type and size of heat rejector.
A closed circuit tower or evaporative heat rejector
is recommended as a heat rejector to minimize
contamination of the inside building loop, and thus
decrease maintenance and heat pump heat exchanger
scaling. In this method, the water is circulated in a series
of tubes in the tower and the heat is transferred to a
water film on the outside of the tube. The water film is
created by spray nozzles or troughs and circulated by a
pump with the evaporative action enhanced by a fan.
In order to size the heat rejector, it is necessary to determine
the maximum amount of heat that must be rejected - a
condition which would occur when all units are in operation
24
in the cooling mode. Aside from this information, flow
rates and temperature ranges for which the loop system is
designed would be necessary. In this particular example, a
closed circuit evaporative heat rejector is chosen, since there
is no usable lake, pond or well water available.
From design calculations, a total flow rate of 269.7
U.S. gpm [17.0 l/s] was determined. This is the total
amount of water to pass through the heat rejector.
The closed circuit heat rejector will be a continuous
water flow arrangement, summer and winter. Note that
the calculations were based on 90°F [32.2°C] entering
water temperature to the heat pump system. This is the
temperature leaving the heat rejector.
Since the climatic conditions for this example set the
design wet bulb at 76°F [24.4°C], the only other unknown
for proper heat rejector selection will be the entering
water temperature to the rejector which corresponds to
the water temperature leaving the heat pump system.
Refer to the engineering design guide for the particular
equipment series to determine temperature differential
(LWT – EWT) for the units at the design flow rate. For
this example, the weighted average final temperature
produces a temperature differential (TD) of 10°F [5.6°C].
Load Diversity
The calculated heat gain of the building is 884,000 Btuh
[259.1 kW]. The installed capacity of the equipment is
83.1 tons, or 997,100 Btuh [292.2 kW], which results in a
load diversity of 0.886.
884,000 Btuh [259.1 kW] actual gain
997,100 Btuh [292.2 kW] installed
884,000 ÷ 997,100 = 0.886
The leaving water temperature with a load diversity of
0.886 can be calculated as follows:
Calculated leaving water temperature:
(0.886 x 10°F) + 90°F = 98.86°F
(0.886 x 5.6°C) + 32.2°C = 37.16°C
Operating Diversity
The calculations for matching unit diversity to load are
based on the assumption that all of the units will be
operating at the same time in meeting the calculated
heat gain loads at maximum outside design conditions.
Diversity can be used in this condition. Maximum design
performance occurs for only short periods. Full capacity
operation of equipment is rarely required. Use of such
diversity should be made with caution and the result of
experience and a full understanding of the building’s
operations and functions.
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Operational diversity depends heavily on occupancy and
time of occupancy and is a weighted judgment factor.
Operational diversity can also be planned by use of load
shaving devices which will limit the demand to certain
predetermined load limits. Also, based upon location, and
the number of actual hours in the high wet bulb ranges,
diversity may or may not be used in the heat rejector
selection. In this case, select an arbitrary 0.9 diversity for
building operation and call it an Operating Diversity.
In selection of the heat rejector, the primary consideration
is the smallest size and most efficient unit, since both first
cost and operating cost are major factors. In general, the
best heat rejector selection will be obtained when using
the largest Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) as
possible within practical system design.
98.86°F – 90°F = 8.86°F
37.16°C – 32.2°C = 4.96°C
Operating Diversity:
(0.9 x 8.86°F) + 90°F = 7.97°F + 90°F = 97.97°F
(0.9 x 4.96°C) + 32.2°C = 4.46°C + 32.2°C = 36.66°C
Based on these two diversities, we will select the heat
rejector to produce 90°F [32.2°C] Leaving Water with a
97.97°F [36.66°C] Entering Water at 76°F [24.4°C] WB and
269.7 U.S. gpm [17.0 l/s]. From manufacturer’s catalog the
following is derived:
Range: 97.97°F - 90°F = 7.97°F [36.66°C – 32.2°C = 4.46°C]
Approach: 90°F - 76°F = 14.0°F [32.2°C – 24.4°C = 7.8°C]
From the curves of the evaporative heat rejector catalog
for 269.7 U.S. gpm [17.0 l/s], the pressure drop is 9 psi [62
kPa]. A 15 HP [11.2 kW] fan motor and a 3/4 HP [8.4 kW]
spray pump motor are required.
Refer to manufacturer’s installation procedures in all
cases. The heat rejector can be installed inside with
ducted air inlet and ducted outlet, or the room can be
used as an inlet plenum with ducted outlet. For outside
installations in moderate and cold climates, the heat
rejector should be equipped with discharge cones with
motorized closure dampers. This will prevent convection
blow through when the heat rejector is not operating
and can also be used as one step in the capacity control
sequence. The purpose of discharge cones is to allow
the discharge dampers to be smaller and less costly.
Full size heat rejector dampers can be used but become
quite expensive and difficult to operate. Refer to the
evaporative heat rejector manufacturer’s data when this
approach is used.
If the heat rejector manufacturer’s capacity control is used
in lieu of the ClimateMaster control, the heat rejector will
be equipped with fan scroll dampers. In these cases, the
discharge cones and dampers may be optional in mild
weather climates, but are required for heat loss protection
in colder climates. An additional requirement for colder
climates is insulation of the coil section as well as the
discharge cones in order to prevent excessive heat loss
from the circulating water to the atmosphere. Such heat loss
would otherwise have to be made up with supplementary
heat. Further, the sump section should contain electric
heaters to keep the spray water above freezing. In lieu of
sump heaters, a maintenance program should be set up to
drain the sump during the winter months.
In all climates, the evaporative heat rejector should
contain such necessary items as overflow drain and makeup water supply. The piping to the heat rejector should
contain shut-off valves. Each outlet on the coil section
should contain automatic air vents. In case a balanced
header arrangement without valves is used, a positive
means should be provided for shutting off the header
and draining the coils. Supply and return piping plus
water make-up should be heat traced and insulated for
outdoor installation where freezing could occur.
Freeze-up protection can also be provided with
automatic dump valves on the tower which are motorized
and spring loaded, designed to open whenever the
outside temperature goes below freezing, This type valve
is used when the system is bypassing the tower with
manual control.
Water Treatment
Water treatment is recommended on the sump or spray
water side of the heat rejector. However, consult local
water treatment companies as to recommendations.
Normally, the closed system does not require water
treatment once the final fill has been treated and
neutralized to the proper ph levels.
Boiler Overview
During certain periods of operation when the building’s
heat requirements exceed the cooling requirements,
additional heat may be needed. This normally occurs in
sustained cold weather when most of the heat pumps
are in the heating cycle and are absorbing heat from the
system water loop. The boiler is required to raise the
temperature of the water loop whenever it drops below
the minimum design temperature.
Typically, boilers have self-contained temperature
gauges, pressure relief valves and factory-wired
programmed controls. The controllers are designed
to regulate the water temperature at a desired design
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
25
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
temperature, and include sequencing controls for step
control at the design temperature. Among the standard
controls normally furnished with the boiler is a low water
flow sensing switch which deactivates the heater.
Step 1:
The boiler could be of several types, depending on
what source of fuel is readily or economically feasible.
Specifically, it can be any of the following:
Step 2:
•
•
•
•
Gas-fired.
Oil fired.
Electric.
Heat exchanger - if a central source of either steam or
hot water is available.
• Solar collector - usually as an energy-conserving
supplement to one of the above types.
Normally, the full system water flow is not maintained
through the boiler. Instead, a balanced bypass is required.
Boiler Selection
This section will deal with the selection of the boiler for
the example system. In selecting the boiler, first determine
the type of fuel available. In this case an electric heater
is chosen because adequate electricity is available at low
cost per kWh, and because the electric heater…
•
•
•
•
•
Eliminates air pollution.
Eliminates the need for a chimney or stack.
Is lower in first cost than oil or gas boilers.
Requires lower maintenance cost.
May be more costly to operate, depending on the
cost of oil or gas, but this disadvantage is diminished
by the fact that a substantial portion of the heat
required is supplied by the heat pumps.
Naturally, full evaluation of fuel cost, first cost and
application will be necessary on a job-for-job basis.
The Water-Source Heat Pump system operates in a
temperature range from 60°F to 95°F. Within these limits,
no additional heat is required. To calculate the Btuh (kW)
of the boiler, proceed as follows in the example:
Select the heater for the maximum requirement, which
is to maintain the building at 70°F [21.1°C] with 0°F
[-17.8°C] outside temperature in the Unoccupied Cycle
- that is, when there are no other sources of heat such as
lights, people, equipment and solar. The effect of night
set-back on the boiler selection will be discussed; as will
the effect of daytime “Operational Diversity.” Using the
example building, the boiler is selected as follows:
26
Determine the heat loss of the building. From the above
example, the calculated design heat
Loss is 676,750 Btuh [198.3 kW].
Use the unit heat output totals based on the design water
flow rate at 75°F [23.9°C] for only those units exposed to
the outside surfaces of the building. The typical control
sequence cycles the interior core equipment to OFF on
the Unoccupied Cycle and allows only the perimeter or
top floor core units to operate on night setback. Therefore,
based on this data, if all the units designated are running
to maintain the design conditions, the total output of the
installed equipment is as follows 846,450 Btuh [248.1 kW].
Step 3:
The total output is 846,450 Btuh [248.1 kW]. The total
heat loss is 676,750 Btuh [198.3 kW]. Therefore, the
Installed Diversity Factor is 0.799 (heat loss divided by
total output).
Step 4:
With all the above designated heat pumps running to
accomplish the total output, a certain amount of heat
is absorbed from the circulating water. This is called
Heat of Absorption (or Heat of Extraction). The Heat of
Absorption of a unit is always less than the heat output
of the unit because the latter is the sum of the Heat of
Absorption and the Heat of Compression. From the
Engineering Design Guide for the particular heat pump
series, the total Heat of Absorption can be calculated.
In this example, the total Heat of Absorption for the
designated heat pumps is 623,500 Btuh [182.7 kW].
Step 5:
The Total Heat of Absorption computed in step 4 at
design conditions is an instantaneous rate, which can be
modified by the Installed Diversity Factor of 0.799.
623,500 Btuh x 0.799 = 498,176 Btuh
182.7 kW x 0.799 = 146.0 kW
Step 6:
A boiler of 498,176 Btuh [146 kW] output capacity would
be selected. This represents the amount of heat that will
be added back into the water to offset the heat absorbed
by the heat pumps to meet the design conditions during
the unoccupied cycle.
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Night Set-back
If a night set-back schedule is used with setback to 60°F
[16°C], the heat loss calculations could be reduced by
approximately 8.5%. Therefore:
Heat Loss =
676,750 Btuh – [8.5% of 676,750 Btuh] = 619,226 Btuh
Heat Loss =
198.3 kW – [8.5% of 198.3 kW] = 181.4 kW
maximum pressure against which it can operate. In an
open system if the actual pressure or head is higher than
the one the pump is designed for, the impeller will merely
churn the liquid, and in a closed system, the pump will
reduce the flow rate pumped until the friction loss drops
to a head at which it can operate. Thus, proper pump
selection is exceptionally important to the performance
of the entire system.
Since the pump is the main part of the water system, it is
highly recommended that a stand-by pump be installed.
Each pump should be sized to handle the full system
flow rate at the calculated pressure drop; and the standby pump should be energized automatically in case of
failure of the operating pump. The two pumps could be
alternated with a pump alternator panel.
Installed Diversity Factor =
619,226 Btuh ÷ 846,450 Btuh = 0.732
Installed Diversity Factor =
181.4 kW ÷ 248.1 kW = 0.732
Total Heat Absorbed (from step 4) =
623,500 Btuh [182.7 kW]
Actual Heat Absorbed =
623,500 Btuh x 0.732 = 456,402 Btuh
Actual Heat Absorbed =
182.7 kW x 0.732 = 133.7 kW
A boiler of 456,402 Btuh [133.7 kW] output capacity
would be selected, thus saving installed capacity of
41,774 Btuh [12.3 kW]. With night set-back, the building
can be warmed up in the morning without the need to
oversize the boiler capacity and without power surge by
staging the time clocks for random start-up per zone,
floor or unit at 15 minute intervals, beginning an hour or
more prior to occupied time.
Operational Diversity
In this particular example, it can be determined that
during the occupied cycle, several factors affect the need
for the boiler to add heat to the water. For instance in the
core on the lst, 2nd, and 3rd floors, the units can satisfy
the requirements by operating on fan and ventilation
only, thus neither adding nor subtracting heat from the
water. This classifies these units as “neutral”. However,
with the space in full operation, the people and lights
load would require the units to switch to cooling and the
equipment will then be adding heat to the water. This
heat is called Heat of Rejection and becomes usable heat
for the perimeter equipment to absorb to combat the
heat losses.
The importance of vibration isolation should be stressed.
Water, being incompressible, will transmit sound
throughout the piping grid. Effective vibration isolation
can be achieved by using flexible connectors on the
suction and discharge side of the pump with vibration
isolation equipment at the pumps and piping supports.
Each pump should have positive closure valves on both
inlet and outlet for service. Each pump should have
pressure gauges on both inlet and outlet with snubbers
to settle out surges, and suction diffusers with strainers.
A combination balancing valve and check valve should
be placed on the discharge side of pump. Pumps should
be mounted on inertia pads or some form of vibrationeliminating device. Depending on pipe installation,
flexible connections should be on the inlets and
discharge lines of pumps.
A tank should be incorporated in the water system to
compensate for the expansion or contraction of the water
if the temperature changes. For the temperature ranges
utilized in the Water Source Heat Pump system, 1-1/2% of
the total water volume is necessary.
It is important that no air be trapped in the system. An air
separator and manual vents (installed at the highest point
in the system) should be used. The expansion tank and
vent devices are used only on completely closed water
circuit systems, and are not used in an open cooling tower.
Pump Selection and Options
Water pumps should be selected to deliver the necessary
quantity of water against the total pressure of the system.
Most heat pump applications use centrifugal pumps.
In a centrifugal pump, the impeller revolves and exerts
a centrifugal force on the liquid in the case around
the revolving impeller which is equal to the discharge
pressure or head. A particular impeller has an inherent
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
27
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Major advances have been made recently in sizing
ground loop (geothermal) systems. ASHRAE (American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning
Engineers) and IGSHPA (International Ground Source
Heat Pump Association) have published design manuals
for a number of years. Consulting engineers have used
loop sizing software (without building load calculation
function) for quite some time as well. The latest
improvement in ground loop simulation is built into
the latest version of eQUEST, a quick energy simulation
software with support from ClimateMaster. DOE-2 (DOE
is the U.S. Department of Energy), the simulation engine
of eQUEST, uses a successive algorithm to simulate
the whole building and the associated HVAC system.
DOE-2 was developed as a “generic” (i.e. non-HVAC
manufacturer specific) energy simulation engine that
can be built into a customized user interface. The latest
version of eQUEST includes add-on features for selecting
heat pumps from the ClimateMaster equipment library
and additional borehole field configuration choices.
response from a borehole field of several boreholes in
certain arrangements. The temperature response of the
borehole field was converted to a set of non-dimensional
temperature response factors, called g-function. The gfunction represents temperature change at the borehole
wall over certain time duration in response to a step heat
pulse. Once the response of the borehole wall temperature
to a single step heat pulse is represented with a g-function,
devolving the heat rejection extraction profile into a series
of step heat pulses, and superimposing the response to
each step heat pulse can determine the response to any
arbitrary heat rejection/ extraction profile.
G-function Example
45
40
Short-time g-function
35
Long-time g-function for 10X6 borehole field
30
Long-time g-function for 20X3 borehole field
25
G-function
GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEM DESIGN
Long-time g-function for 5X3 borehole field
20
15
10
5
Quick Energy Simulation Tool
0
-5
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
Ln (t/ts)
The latest version of eQUEST includes an integrated
building and HVAC hourly simulation program resulting
from continuous development and enhancement for
more than 25 years. Primary support of the development
has been from the U.S. DOE and U.S. electric and gas
utilities. A wide range of graphical and detailed text
reports provide summaries for building loads, energy
use, life cycle costs, etc. Once the building is modeled,
a g-function based model is used for hourly simulation
of the ground loop heat exchanger. In the model, a
sophisticated model has been adopted to calculate
borehole thermal resistance. Thermal properties of
various antifreeze aqueous solutions are calculated and
used in the calculation of borehole thermal resistance.
G-function is an algorithm proposed by Eskilson (1987)
at Lund University of Sweden for fast calculation of
borehole wall temperature. Eskilson calculated the
temperature distribution around a borehole using twodimensional transient finite-difference equations on a
radial-axial coordinate system for a single borehole in
homogeneous ground with constant initial and boundary
conditions. The temperature fields from a single
borehole were superimposed in space to obtain the
28
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
A user-friendly interface for specifying GHX (Ground Loop
Heat Exchanger) has been developed and integrated
in the design wizard of eQUEST. Parameters associated
with the GHX are categorized into four sections in the
interface. The first section is for specifying the circulation
loop including pump configuration, flow control, design
loop temperatures, etc. The second section is for
specifying ground and thermal grout properties as well as
years of previous operation of GHX. Thermal conductivity
and diffusivity of various types of soil/rock and thermal
conductivity of various commonly used grouting materials
are provided in built-in databases. Users can either
select rock/soil and grout type from the databases or
input the thermal properties directly. The third section is
for specifying parameters of boreholes, including GHX
type, configuration, geometry, pipe material and size.
More than 300 different vertical GHX configurations
are available, including boreholes in a straight line, in
the form of L- or U-shaped lines, and as open or filled
rectangles. The fourth section is for specifying properties
of the fluid circulating through the GHX. In addition to
pure water, aqueous solutions with different concentration
of antifreezes can be selected. Detailed on-line help,
databases, and design tips for each of the required
parameters can be accessed in the user interface.
Geothermal heat pump system design has evolved to the
point where it is no more difficult to design than a Water
Loop Heat Pump (boiler/tower) system or any other
HVAC technology. Today’s sophisticated but easy-to-use
software provides a powerful tool to optimize the design
of the ground loop heat exchanger and therefore achieve
cost-effective geothermal heat pump systems.
Interface for Specifying GLHE
Interface Example
Soil/rock Types
Main Ground-Source HP Equipment Screen
GHX Configurations
Grout Types
Fluid Types
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
29
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Control Selections and Options
Controls for a Water-Source Heat Pump system can be
very simple. The objective is to provide the maximum
amount of individual control with a minimum of
complexity - and at the lowest possible first cost. Controls
can be divided into five categories:
• Individual heat pump controls.
• Controls to maintain the proper water temperature in
the loop.
• Unit safety controls.
• Building management controls (DDC).
• ClimaDry Modulating Reheat.
Individual Heat Pump Controls
The console unit is furnished with unit-mounted
controls for individual control of heating and cooling
by the occupant. The control consists of a manualchangeover (or optional auto-changeover) from heating
to cooling and a unit-mounted thermostat to adjust
the temperature control. The unit can be switched from
heating to cooling and vice versa at anytime, year round.
The vertical stack (VHS) units can also be furnished with
unit-mounted controls.
Packaged horizontal and vertical water-to-air units
typically use wall-mounted thermostats for individual
heat pump controls. Console and VHS units may also be
operated with wall-mounted thermostats, depending
upon the application. The 24 volt thermostat interfaces
with the heat pump microprocessor control to determine
the operation of the heat pump (heating or cooling
mode) and to engage the compressor, fan and other
components as necessary.
Controls to Maintain the Proper Water Temperature in
the Loop
The Water-Source Heat Pump system operates in a water
temperature range of 60ºF [16ºC] to 95ºF [35ºC]. Within
these limits, no additional heat is required and none needs
to be rejected. Whenever temperature falls below 60ºF
[16ºC], heat is required. Above 95ºF [35ºC], heat needs
to be rejected. Therefore, the only necessary control is a
device to turn on the boiler or heat rejector as required. As
a practical matter, however, the addition or rejection of heat
begins in stages before these operating limits are reached.
The boiler controls are normally built into the unit to
maintain a mixed leaving-water temperature. This is sensed
by a thermostat located in the pipe at the point where mixed
water leaves the boiler. Similar type controls are used on the
hot water heat exchanger or steam converter if applicable.
If gas-fired boilers are used, a solid state sequencing device
30
can be installed to regulate the firing of boilers.
There must be a cooling tower control to energize the
heat rejector when heat must be rejected. ClimateMaster
offers a pre-wired control panel to provide loop water
temperature control and to indicate malfunction.
The specially designed control panel is necessary for
controlling the heat rejector and its auxiliary equipment,
and for maintaining the loop water temperature between
the predetermined temperature limits. An outdoor
thermostat can be supplied to lock out the heat rejector
spray pump whenever the outside temperature reaches
35ºF [1.7ºC]. A leak control can also be provided. A flow
switch in the expansion tank will indicate a low water
condition through a low water relay.
The system should be furnished with two circulating
pumps - one to be operational and one to be a standby. A safety device called a pump alternator should
be supplied which will automatically start the stand-by
pump in case of failure of the operating pump. This is
an electrical device which will sense an electrical motor
failure, switch over to the stand-by, sound an alarm, and
indicate the other pump has failed. Each pump should be
equipped with a check valve to prevent backflow when
switchover occurs.
Unit Safety Controls
In addition to the individual heat pump controls and
system water control, each individual heat pump has
built-in safety devices controlled by the CXM or DXM
microprocessor in the unit control box. The standard CXM
microprocessor control provides eight standard safeties
for water-to-air heat pumps with TXV metering devices.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anti-short cycle.
Low voltage sensing.
High voltage sensing.
High refrigerant pressure.
Low refrigerant pressure (loss of charge).
Water coil low temperature cut-out.
Air coil low temperature cut-out.
Condensate overflow.
In addition to the standard features of the CXM control,
the optional DXM control offers…
•
•
•
•
•
•
Multi-stage operation.
Two-speed fan operation (direct drive motors only).
Night setback.
Emergency shutdown.
ClimaDry modulating reheat control.
Boilerless electric heat control.
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Building Management Controls (DDC)
Factory-mounted LONWorks, or Multi-Protocol (MPC)
DDC controllers are available as an option on all
ClimateMaster products. These controllers give owners
the ability to implement a variety of building automation
protocols such as BACnet, Modbus, and Johnson N2.
Through a web-enabled PC, individual units, unit zones,
and entire building systems can be monitored and
controlled with the click of a mouse. The controllers
provide unit status, set point control, performance
tracking and fault indication. Unlike most DDC unitmounted controls, ClimateMaster controls allow the
building automation system “front end” to read the
actual fault code from the CXM or DXM control.
ClimateMaster DDC controllers lower installation
costs for the owner and contractor. Factory mounting
eliminates installation and wiring at the job site. Plus, the
DDC controller is added to the heat pump control box,
not replacing the CXM or DXM control. This approach
allows the unit to be operated independently of the
building management system if needed during building
start up or for troubleshooting purposes.
Simple temperature sensors or fully adjustable sensors
with LCD display can be utilized with the factorymounted DDC control options. Sensors with display can
read in ºF or ºC.
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
31
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
CLIMADRY MODULATING REHEAT OPTION
ClimateMaster’s ClimaDry Dehumidification option
(patent pending) is an innovative means of providing
modulating reheat without the complication of
refrigeration controls. ClimaDry is Hot Gas Generated
Reheat, which utilizes one of the biggest advantages of a
Water-Source Heat Pump (WSHP), the transfer of energy
through the water piping system. ClimaDry simply diverts
condenser water through a water-to-air coil that is placed
after the evaporator coil. If condenser water is not warm
enough, the internal “run-around” loop increases the
water temperature with each pass through the condenser
coil (see figure 1, below).
ClimaDry Benefits
ClimaDry is like no other reheat option on the market.
Proportional reheat is controlled to the desired leaving
air temperature set point (factory set point of 72°F, 22°C),
no matter what the water loop temperature is. Since
dehumidification operation will occur under less than full
load cooling conditions a good percentage of the time,
it is important to have a reheat function that provides
100% reheat in the spring and fall when the water loop is
cool. Supply air temperature is field adjustable to +/- 3°F
[+/- 1.7°C] for even greater flexibility with the optional
potentiometer. Competitors without ClimaDry typically
use an on/off (non-modulating) refrigeration based reheat
circuit, typically referred to as “Hot gas reheat” (HGR).
HGR needs higher condensing temperatures to work well,
typically 85°F [29°C] entering water temperature (EWT).
With HGR, cooler water temperatures produce cooler
supply air temperatures, which could overcool the space,
requiring additional space heating from another source
or a special auto-change-over relay to allow the unit to
switch back and forth between reheat and heating. Rarely
does HGR provide 100% reheat, like ClimaDry. ClimaDry
has a simple and easy to troubleshoot refrigerant circuit.
No switching valves or hard to diagnose leaky check
valves are utilized. No unusual refrigerant pressures occur
during the reheat mode. The ClimaDry refrigerant circuit
is like every other ClimateMaster unit (without reheat),
so everything the technician already knows applies to
troubleshooting the ClimaDry refrigeration circuit. Plus,
the water loop portion of the ClimaDry option is easy to
understand and diagnose.
ClimaDry Applications
ClimaDry can be applied to a number of common
applications, such as . . .
• Classrooms.
• Condominiums.
• Apartments.
• Computer rooms.
• Spaces with high latent loads like auditoriums,
theaters, convention centers, etc.
• Anywhere humidity is a problem.
Figure 1: ClimaDry Schematic
Water Out
(To Water Loop)
Water In
(From Water Loop)
Refrigerant In
(Cooling)
Mixing Valve
Internal Pump
COAX
Refrigerant Out
(Cooling)
Note:
All components shown
are internal to the heat
pump unit.
32
Diverting
Valve
(Modulating)
Entering Air
Evaporator Coil
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
Leaving
Air
Reheat
Coil
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Table 1: Example GC Latent capacity
With the ClimaDry option, return air from the space
is conditioned by the air-to-refrigerant (evaporator)
coil, and then reheated by the water-to-air (reheat)
coil to dehumidify the air, but maintain the same
space temperature (thus operating as a dehumidifier).
The moisture removal capability of the heat pump is
determined by the unit’s latent capacity rating. Latent
capacity equals Total capacity minus Sensible capacity.
For example, at 85°F [29°C] EWT, the moisture removal
capability (latent capacity) of a ClimateMaster GC036 is
9.6 Mbtuh [2.8kW] as shown in figure 2.
GC Series Latent Capacity at 85°F [29.4°C] EWT
Dividing the latent capacity by 1,069 BTU/LB of water
vapor at 80°F DB and 67°F WB [26.7°C DB and 19.4°C
WB] moist air enthalpy, converts the amount of moisture
removal to pounds per hour (multiply pounds per hour by
0.4536 to obtain kg/hr). Calculations are shown in figure
2. Most ClimateMaster heat pumps have a sensible-tototal (S/T) ratio of 0.72 to 0.76. Therefore, approximately,
25% of the cooling capacity is dedicated to latent cooling
capacity (moisture removal). When selecting a unit with
ClimaDry, the space sensible and latent loads should be
calculated. If the unit will be used for space cooling, a
unit with at least enough capacity to satisfy the building
sensible load should be selected. If the latent cooling
load is not satisfied by the selection, a larger unit with
enough latent capacity will be required. If the unit will
be used for dehumidification purposes only, the latent
capacity is the only consideration necessary. In this case,
sensible load is immaterial. Example latent capacities for
the GC series are shown in table 1.
Size
MBtuh
lbs/hr
kW
kg/hr
18
4.7
4.4
1.4
2.0
24
6.1
5.7
1.8
2.6
30
6.8
6.4
2.0
2.9
36
9.6
9.0
2.8
4.1
41
9.7
9.1
2.8
4.1
42
11.0
10.3
3.2
4.7
48
12.7
11.9
3.7
5.4
60
15.2
14.2
4.5
6.4
ClimaDry Sequence of Operation
A heat pump equipped with ClimaDry can operate
in three modes; cooling, cooling with reheat, and
heating. The cooling/heating modes are like any other
ClimateMaster WSHP. The reversing valve (“O” signal)
is energized in cooling, along with the compressor
contactor(s) and blower relay. In the heating mode the
reversing valve is de-energized. Almost any thermostat
will activate the heat pump in heating or cooling modes.
The DXM microprocessor board, which is standard with
the ClimaDry option, will accept either heat pump (Y,O)
thermostats or non-heat pump (Y,W) thermostats.
Figure 2: Example GCV036 Performance
Performance Data
GCH/V 036B
LC = TC - SC = 35.6 - 26.0 = 9.6 MBtuh
9600 Btuh 1069 = 8.9 lbs/hr (4.0 kg/hr)
1200 CFM Nominal Airflow
Performance capacities shown in thousands of Btuh
COOLING - EAT 80/67 °F
WPD
EWT°F
60
†70
GPM
TC
Sens/Tot
Ratio
KW
HR
4.1
38.2
26.8
0.70
2.74
7.4
39.0
26.9
0.69
2.58
5.1
11.8
39.3
27.1
0.69
4.5
1.7
3.9
36.8
26.3
6.8
3.1
7.2
37.8
26.7
9.0
4.9
11.3
38.3
6.8
3.0
7.0
9.0
4.8
4.5
6.8
FT
4.5
1.8
6.8
3.2
9.0
EER
HC
KW
HE
LAT
COP
47.6
14.0
39.0
2.94
28.9
100.1
3.88
47.8
15.1
41.4
3.03
31.0
101.9
4.00
2.50
47.8
15.7
42.6
3.07
32.1
102.9
4.06
0.72
2.95
46.6
12.4
43.9
3.12
33.3
103.9
4.12
0.71
2.80
47.3
13.5
46.2
3.21
35.2
105.8
4.22
26.8
0.70
2.72
47.6
14.1
47.2
3.25
36.1
106.4
4.26
35.9
26.2
0.73
3.01
46.2
11.9
49.7
3.36
38.2
108.3
4.34
11.0
36.7
26.4
0.72
2.94
46.7
12.5
50.5
3.40
38.9
108.9
4.35
1.6
3.8
33.1
25.0
0.76
3.24
44.1
10.2
49.5
3.35
38.1
108.2
4.33
3.0
6.9
34.8
25.8
0.74
3.11
45.4
11.2
50.9
3.42
39.3
109.3
4.36
9.0
4.7
10.9
35.6
26.0
0.73
3.05
46.0
11.7
51.5
3.45
39.7
109.7
4.37
4.5
1.6
3.7
31.6
24.3
0.77
3.34
43.0
9.5
50.8
3.41
39.1
109.2
4.36
6.8
2.9
6.8
33.5
25.2
0.75
3.21
44.5
10.4
51.8
3.47
39.9
110.0
4.37
9.0
4.6
10.7
34.4
25.6
0.74
3.15
45.1
10.9
52.1
3.50
40.2
110.2
4.36
4.5
1.6
3.7
30.1
23.5
0.78
3.43
41.8
8.8
6.8
2.9
6.7
32.0
24.6
0.77
3.31
43.3
9.7
9.0
4.6
10.6
33.0
25.0
0.76
3.25
44.1
10.2
4.5
80
†85
90
95
HEATING - EAT 70 °F
SC
PSI
1.7
3.8
34.4
25.6
0.74
3.15
45.1
10.9
47.9
3.28
36.7
107.0
4.28
Dividing the latent capacity by
1,069 BTU/LB of water vapor at
80°F DB and 67°F WB [26.7°C
DB and 19.4°C WB] moist air
enthalpy, converts the amount
of moisture removal to pounds
per hour (multiply pounds per
hour by 0.4536 to obtain kg/hr).
Calculations are shown in figure 2.
Operation Not Recommended
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
33
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
The reheat mode requires a either a separate humidistat/
dehumidistat or a thermostat that has an integrated
dehumidification function for activation. The DXM board is
configured to work with either a humidistat or dehumidistat
input to terminal “H” (DIP switch settings for the DXM
board are shown below in table 2). Upon receiving an “H”
input, the DXM board will activate the cooling mode and
engage reheat. Table 3 shows the relationship between
thermostat input signals and unit operation.
• 1st Stage Cooling: A simultaneous call from (G), (Y1),
and (O) to the (G), (Y1), (O/W2) terminals of the DXM
control board will bring the unit on in 1st Stage Cooling.
• 2nd Stage Cooling: A simultaneous call from (G),
(Y1), (Y2), and (O) to the (G), (Y1), (Y2), and (O/W2)
terminals of the DXM control board will bring the unit
on in 2nd Stage Cooling. When the call is satisfied
at the thermostat the unit will continue to run in 1st
Stage Cooling until the 1st Stage Cooling call is
removed or satisfied, shutting down the unit. NOTE:
Not all units have two-stage cooling functionality (e.g.
GC series units).
• 1st Stage Heating: A simultaneous call from (G) and
(Y1) to the (G) and (Y1) terminals of the DXM control
board will bring the unit on in 1st Stage Heating.
• 2nd Stage Heating: A simultaneous call from (G),
(Y1), and (Y2) to the (G), (Y1), and (Y2) terminals of the
DXM control board will bring the unit on in 2nd Stage
Heating. When the call is satisfied at the thermostat
the unit will continue to run in 1st Stage Heating
until the call is removed or satisfied, shutting down
the unit. NOTE: Not all units have two-stage heating
functionality (e.g. GC series units).
There are four operational inputs for single stage units
and six operational inputs for dual stage units:
-Fan Only
-1st Stage Cooling
-2nd Stage Cooling
-1st Stage Heating
-2nd Stage Heating
-Reheat Mode
• Fan Only: A (G) call from the thermostat to the (G)
terminal of the DXM control board will bring the unit
on in fan only mode.
Table 2: Humidistat/Dehumidistat Logic and DXM (2.1, 2.2., 2.3) DIP settings
Sensor
2.1
2.2
2.3
Logic
Reheat (ON) - H
Reheat (OFF) - H
Humidistat
OFF
OFF
OFF
Reverse
0 VAC
24 VAC
Dehumidistat
OFF
ON
OFF
Standard
24 VAC
0 VAC
Table 3: ClimaDry Operating Modes
Mode
Input
Output
O
G
Y1
Y23
H
O
G
Y1
Y23
Reheat
No Demand
ON/OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON/OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
Fan Only
ON/OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON/OFF
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
Cooling 1st Stage
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
Cooling 2nd Stage
ON
ON
ON
ON
OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
OFF
Cooling & Dehumidistat1
ON
ON
ON
ON/OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON/OFF
OFF
Dehumidistat Only
ON/OFF
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
ON
Heating 1st Stage
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
Heating 2nd Stage
OFF
ON
ON
ON
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
ON
OFF
Heating & Dehumidistat2
OFF
ON
ON
ON/OFF
ON
OFF
ON
ON
ON/OFF
OFF
Cooling input takes priority over dehumidify input.
DXM is programmed to ignore the H demand when the unit is in heating mode.
3
N/A for single stage units; Full load operation for dual capacity units.
4
ON/OFF = Either ON or OFF.
1
2
34
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• Reheat Mode: A call from the Humidistat/
Dehumidistat to the (H) terminal of the DXM control
board will bring the unit on in Reheat Mode if there
is no call for cooling at the thermostat. When the
Humidistat/Dehumidification call is removed or
satisfied the unit will shut down. NOTE: Cooling
always overrides Reheat Mode. In the Cooling
mode, the unit cools and dehumidifies. If the cooling
thermostat is satisfied but there is still a call for
dehumidification, the unit will continue to operate in
Reheat Mode.
ClimaDry Component Functions
The ClimaDry option consists of the following components:
•
•
•
•
•
Proportional Controller.
Supply Air Sensor.
Motorized Valve.
Loop Pump.
Hydronic Coil.
The Proportional Controller operates on 24 VAC power
supply and automatically adjusts the water valve based
upon the Supply Air Sensor. The Supply Air Sensor
senses supply air temperature at the blower inlet
providing the input signal necessary for the proportional
control to drive the motorized valve during the reheat
mode of operation. The Motorized Valve is a proportional
actuator/three-way valve combination used to divert
the condenser water from the coax to the hydronic
reheat coil during the reheat mode of operation. The
proportional controller sends a signal to the motorized
valve based on the supply air temperature of the supply
air sensor.
ClimaDry Application Considerations
The reheat coil adds a small amount of resistance to the
air stream. In some cases the high static option may be
required for applications with higher static ductwork.
Consult the submittal data or the Installation/Operation/
Maintenance (I.O.M.) manual for the specific heat pump
to review blower tables.
Unlike most hot gas reheat options, the ClimaDry option
will operate over a wide range of EWTs. Special flow
regulation (water regulating valve) is not required for
low EWT conditions. However, below 55°F [13°C], supply
air temperatures cannot be maintained at 72°F [22°C]
because the cooling capacity exceeds the reheat coil
capacity at low water temperatures. Below 55°F [13°C],
essentially all water is diverted to the reheat coil (no heat
of rejection to the building loop). Although the ClimaDry
option will work fine with low EWTs, overcooling of
the space may result with well water systems or on
rare occasions with ground loop (geothermal) systems
(Note: Extended range units are required for well water
and ground loop systems). Since dehumidification is
generally only required in cooling, most ground loop
systems will not experience overcooling of the supply
air temperature. If overcooling of the space is a concern
(e.g. computer room well water application), auxiliary
heating may be required to maintain space temperature
when the unit is operating in the dehumidification mode.
Water-Source Heat Pumps with ClimaDry should not be
used as make-up air units. These applications should use
equipment specifically designed for make-up air.
The Loop Pump circulates condenser water through
the hydronic reheat coil during the reheat mode of
operation. In this application, the loop pump is only
energized during the reheat mode of operation. The
Hydronic Coil is utilized during the reheat mode of
operation to reheat the air to the setpoint of the
proportional controller. Condenser water is diverted by
the motorized valve and pumped through the hydronic
coil by the loop pump in proportion to the control
setpoint. The amount of reheating is dependent on
the setpoint and how far from setpoint the supply air
temperature is. The factory setpoint is 70–75°F [21-24°C],
generally considered “neutral” air.
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
35
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
100% outside air solutions
Introduction
As ASHRAE 62 ventilation codes are implemented for
existing or new buildings, many facility managers are
encountering new indoor air problems in the form of
high humidity, mold, and mildew. This section reviews the
unintended side effects of increasing outside air volumes,
and describes a way to solve or prevent these new indoor
air problems without a need to change WSHP design.
Is there a way to successfully use existing air handlers,
modified to draw additional outside air, to implement the
ASHRAE 62 requirements? Can air handlers be applied
in new buildings with ASHRAE 62 requirements in a way
that prevents moisture problems? Yes! A pretreatment
dehumidification system can be used to remove the peak
moisture and heat prior to introducing the outside air to
the existing air handler. (See Figure 3.)
Figure 3: Pretreatment of Outdoor Air
ASHRAE 62 Requirements
The updated ventilation code requires the introduction
of 15 to 20 CFM [7.0 to 9.5 l/s] outside air per person
for most general applications. This is a three-fold or
four-fold increase over the original code requirement
of 5 CFM [2.5 l/s] per person. The most common
approach to implementing ASHRAE 62 requirements in
existing buildings is to simply modify the existing HVAC
equipment so as to increase the outside air introduced.
For new buildings, the first impulse may be to specify
more air conditioning capacity to accommodate the
added outside air during warm weather.
There is, however, an unintended consequence from
these approaches. For an existing system, the original
sizing was likely aimed at handling the sensible (indoor)
heat load plus only 5 CFM [2.5 l/s] per person of outside
load. The significant increase in outside air can result
in greatly increased interior humidity during the warm,
moist summer months.
For new buildings, even with added cooling capacity the
system can be inadequate for keeping up with incoming
warm, moist air. Usually a certain leaving air dry bulb
temperature is targeted, but then excessive moisture is
left in the air. (In some cases a particular relative humidity
is targeted, in which case the leaving air is far too cold
for comfort.) Offices, public facilities, and schools are left
with rising interior relative humidity because the HVAC
system design simply cannot remove the additional
latent heat load in the summertime.
If humidity is left uncontrolled, new indoor air problems
can occur. Occupants complain about working in a
"cold swamp" and productivity falls. Viruses, bacteria,
mold, and mildew all grow in a humid environment.
Increased mold and mildew on interior surfaces cause
allergic reactions. Continued high humidity can damage
wallboard, metal surfaces, and ultimately the building’s
structural integrity. Increased outside air solves one
indoor air problem only to cause others.
36
Pretreatment Solution
D
O/A
HGR
X
Dehumidifier
Return Air
Exhaust Air
WSHP
Supply Air
Conditioned Space
Ideally, a pretreatment system should emulate the
typical return air ("neutral") conditions of 72°F [22°C]
and 50% to 60% RH. Then the air handler would see only
the level of latent and sensible heat load for which it was
originally designed.
Caution must be applied in choosing the pretreatment
system. A standard dehumidification system with full
reheat can remove sufficient moisture, but will cause
problems because its typical leaving air temperature can
rise higher than 95°F [35°C]. A standard air conditioner,
meanwhile, cannot remove enough moisture to solve the
problem. What is required is a dehumidifier with a partial
reheat capability which can consistently ensure that the
air leaving the dehumidifier is at 50% RH and neither
excessively hot nor cold. In fact, the ideal dehumidifier
would not only hit 50% RH, but would have a variable
partial reheat capability so that the air passed along
to the air handler is consistently at room air design
conditions. (See ClimateMaster White Paper #1 for a
discussion of options, and the energy consequences of
various choices.)
Direct Feed to Space
In some applications it is desirable to have the outside air
fed directly into specific rooms, rather than using the indirect
method of dumping the outside air into the air handler.
Naturally, the issues just described apply in this situation
as well. The solution is similar, except that the outside air,
pretreated by the partial reheat dehumidifier, now enters
directly into the building rather than into the air handler.
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Figure 4: Direct Feed of Pretreated Air to
Interior Space
D
O/A
HGR
X
The enthalpy difference is calculated by taking the
enthalpy value (BTU/lb) [kJ/kg] at the entering wet bulb
temperature and subtracting the enthalpy value at the
design dewpoint. Table 1 provides typical design wet
bulb values for major cities. (The data in Table 4 is taken
from Table 1B of ASHRAE 97 Fundamentals.) Table 5 lists
enthalpy values at various dewpoint temperatures.
Outdoor Air
Dehumidifier
WSHP
Exhaust Air
Conditioned Space
Supply Air
Return Air
When direct feed of outside air into the space is
used, it is especially important to specify that the air
temperature be controlled to a specific value in all modes
of operation: full load, part load and winter. Without
specific temperature control, room occupants are likely
to be very uncomfortable as temperatures of the air
being introduced vary widely. A variable partial reheat
dehumidifier is especially useful in this instance in order
to achieve temperature control.
Calculating Energy Removal Requirements
The air entering the dehumidification system is 100%
outside air. Proper system size is selected by calculating
the amount of energy that must be removed from
entering air at the maximum design condition to achieve
a desired leaving air dewpoint (LAD). The most direct
calculation method is known as the total enthalpy
method. It is based on the enthalpy difference (BTU/lb)
[kJ/kg] between the maximum design condition and the
specified leaving air condition, multiplied by the air flow.
I.P. Units:
Rate of energy removal required (BTU/hr) =
Enthalpy difference ∆H (BTU/lb) x air flow (cu ft/min) x 4.5
(min/hr x lb/cu ft)
The 4.5 is a conversion factor of 60 minutes/hour divided
by 13.5 cu ft/lb (of air), and CFM is the specified outside
air volume.
S.I. Units:
Rate of energy removal required (kW) = Enthalpy
difference ∆H (kJ/kg) x air flow (l/s) x 0.0012 kg/l (of air)
The 0.0012 is a conversion factor for air (0.0012 kg per
liter), and J/s = Watts, leaving kW as the result. Airflow
(l/s) is the specified outside air volume.
Since the weight of air varies with temperature, further
accuracy could be gained by using the precise weights
for the two different temperatures involved, but this
approximation is nearly always sufficient for sizing purposes.
As an example, suppose we are sizing a pretreatment
dehumidifier for a building in St. Louis, with required
outside air introduction of 2000 CFM [944 l/s]. Table 4
gives a wet bulb temperature design value of 78°F [26°C],
and Table 5 shows an associated enthalpy value of 41.5
BTU/lb [96.5 kJ/kg] (78°F wb = 78°F dewpoint [26°C wb
= 26°C dewpoint]). If our air handler expects air at 72°F
[22°C] and 55%RH, or 55°F [13°C] dew point, we can look
up a corresponding enthalpy from Table 2 of 23.2 BTU/lb
[54.0 kJ/kg]. Our dehumidifier will need sufficient capacity
to remove energy at the following rate:
I.P. Units:
Rate of energy removal required (BTU/hr) =
(41.5 - 23.2) x 2000 x 4.5 = 164,700 BTU/hr
S.I. Units:
Rate of energy removal required (kW) =
(96.5 - 54.0) x 944 x 0.0012 = 48 kW
This energy removal rate is then compared to the
capacities for various dehumidification systems to help
determine the best system for the application.
Note that the total enthalpy method simplifies the sizing
discussion by focusing on total energy removal (combined
latent and sensible) rather than on a moisture load
(often presented in lb/hr [kJ/kg]) to be handled by the
dehumidifier. Instead of trying to develop a moisture load
from dewpoint and wet bulb values, the values are used
directly to arrive at the required dehumidifier capacity.
The ASHRAE guidelines in Table 4 state the design
condition simply as a peak wet bulb temperature.
Associated with that temperature is a wet bulb line on the
psychrometric chart. Sizing for the enthalpy difference
between the peak wet bulb and the leaving air dewpoint
will ensure that the dehumidifier can handle the wide
variety of dry bulb temperature / RH combinations that
fall along or beneath the wet bulb line. (See Figure 5.) A
dehumidifier sized to remove the necessary energy to
meet a 78°F [26°C] wet bulb requirement for St. Louis,
for example, will also handle 85°F [29°C] up to 70% RH or
90°F [32°C] up to 60% RH. If the dehumidifier was tested
at different points along the wet bulb line, the amounts
of latent versus sensible heat removed would change
significantly, but the total heat removed would not.
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
37
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Table 4: ASHRAE 1% Design Points
WET BULB TEMPERATURES °F [°C]
City
AK
AL
AR
AZ
Anchorage
Birmingham
Mobile
Little Rock
Phoenix
Long Beach
Los Angeles AP
CA
Sacramento
San Diego
San Francisco AP
Santa Barbara
CO
CT
DC
DE
Stockton
Denver
Hartford
Washington Nat’l
Wilmington
Daytona Beach
Fort Myers
Jacksonville
FL
Miami
Orlando
Pensacola
Tallahassee
Tampa
GA
HI
IA
ID
IL
Atlanta
Augusta
Honolulu
Des Moines
Dubuque
Boise
Chicago
Rockford
1%
60 [16]
78 [26]
80 [27]
80 [27]
76 [24]
City
IN
KS
KY
70 [21]
LA
72 [22]
MA
70 [21]
71 [22]
65 [18]
68 [20]
MD
ME
64 [18]
77 [25]
MI
80 [27]
80 [27]
79 [26]
79 [26]
79 [26]
80 [27]
Wichita
77 [25]
Indianapolis
Louisville
Baton Rouge
New Orleans
Shreveport
Boston
Baltimore
Caribou
Portland
Flint
Grand Rapids
Sault St. Marie
78 [26]
77 [25]
77 [25]
Detroit
71 [22]
MN
MO
MS
Duluth
Rochester
St. Paul
Kansas City
St. Louis
Jackson
Meridian
79 [26]
MT
77 [25]
NC
76 [24]
ND
Fargo
NH
Concord
79 [26]
79 [26]
78 [26]
77 [25]
68 [20]
79 [26]
77 [25]
NE
NJ
NM
1%
Fort Wayne
Billings
Wilmington
Charlotte
Raleigh
Omaha
Atlantic City
Newark
Albuquerque
78 [26]
79 [26]
80 [27]
81 [27]
City
NV
NY
75 [24]
80 [27]
OH
74 [23]
OK
71 [22]
76 [24]
76 [24]
OR
72 [22]
PA
78 [26]
78 [26]
79 [26]
80 [27]
67 [19]
81 [27]
77 [25]
RI
SC
SD
TN
66 [19]
Rochester
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Columbus
Oklahoma City
Eugene
Portland
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Providence
Charleston
Columbia
Sioux Falls
Bristol
Chattanooga
Knoxville
Memphis
Corpus Christi
78 [26]
77 [25]
New York
Brownsville
76 [24]
78 [26]
Buffalo
Nashville
78 [26]
74 [23]
75 [24]
Scranton
77 [25]
77 [25]
Albany
Reno
Erie
75 [24]
72 [22]
71 [22]
Syracuse
79 [26]
TX
Dallas
El Paso
Fort Worth
Houston
Dehumidifier Selection & Performance
With 100% outside air dehumidifiers, it is important
to understand how to select the correct system for
the application as well as to understand how the
dehumidifier will perform under the varying full and part
load conditions it will encounter.
The correct dehumidifier is selected by specifying the
following criteria:
• Volume of air required
• Max. design condition (db/wb)
• Leaving air dewpoint required
• Desired Leaving Air Temperature
The dehumidifier will be sized to balance the air velocity
across the coils, the capacity of the compressor and the
condensing temperature of the condensers. A wide range
of systems can be selected to meet the criteria above.
Table 6 shows the various sizes and their corresponding
leaving air dew points for various maximum design
ambient wet bulb conditions. The selections are for 2,000
CFM [944 l/s] at a 95°F [35°C] db ambient.
38
1%
Las Vegas
City
64 [18]
TX
74 [23]
UT
75 [24]
VA
77 [25]
VT
77 [25]
WA
76 [24]
75 [24]
76 [24]
78 [26]
69 [21]
69 [21]
WI
77 [25]
WV
75 [24]
74 [23]
74 [23]
75 [24]
81 [27]
79 [26]
WY
AL
80 [27]
80 [27]
78 [26]
80 [27]
Richmond
Roanoke
Burlington
Seattle
Spokane
Yakima
Green Bay
Madison
Milwaukee
Charleston
Cheyenne
73 [23]
66 [19]
79 [26]
79 [26]
75 [24]
74 [23]
69 [21]
65 [18]
68 [20]
76 [24]
77 [25]
76 [24]
76 [24]
65 [18]
Calgary
65 [18]
Winnipeg
75 [24]
Saint John
NS
ON
78 [26]
69 [21]
Norfolk
NB
NF
78 [26]
77 [25]
Salt Lake City
Vancouver
78 [26]
80 [27]
San Antonio
Odessa
BC
MN
77 [25]
73 [23]
CANADA
76 [24]
75 [24]
1%
Lubbock
St. John’s
Halifax
Ottawa
Sudbury
Thunder Bay
Toronto
Windsor
QC
SK
Montreal
Quebec
Regina
68 [20]
70 [21]
69 [21]
69 [21]
75 [24]
72 [22]
72 [22]
75 [24]
77 [25]
75 [24]
74 [23]
72 [22]
The total energy removal required, and therefore
the dehumidification capacity needed, is directly
proportional to air flow. Conversely, for the same air flow,
a lower leaving air dewpoint can be achieved by moving
to a dehumidification system with greater capacity.
For example, compare the performance of two
dehumidifiers with entering air at 78°F [26°C] wet bulb, a
2000 CFM [944 l/s] air flow requirement to meet ASHRAE
62, and a required leaving air dewpoint of 55°F [13°C]
or lower to match the original design conditions for an
existing air handler. (See Table 6 for the capacities.) At an
air flow of 2000 CFM [944 l/s], the smaller unit can only
produce a leaving air dewpoint of 60°F [16°C], which will
not meet our 55°F [13°C] requirement. The larger unit,
at the 2000 CFM [944 l/s] air flow, can produce a leaving
air dewpoint of 55°F [13°C], and would be acceptable for
this application.
A convenient way to portray the performance of a
dehumidification system over the wide range of ambient
conditions is by plotting on a graph with “entering air
wet bulb temperatures” on the x axis and “leaving air
dewpoint capabilities” on the y axis. The graph shows a
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Table 5: Enthalpy Values @ Dewpoint
Enthalpy Values BTU/lb [kJ/kg] At Various Dewpoint Temperatures °F [°C]
RH => 99.90%
°F [°C]
BTU/lb [kJ/kg]
°F [°C]
BTU/lb [kJ/kg]
°F [°C]
BTU/lb [kJ/kg]
35 [1.7]
12.9 [30.0]
52 [11.1]
21.4 [49.8]
69 [20.6]
33.2 [77.2]
36 [2.2]
13.4 [31.2]
53 [11.7]
22.0 [51.2]
70 [21.1]
34.0 [79.1]
37 [2.8]
13.8 [32.1]
54 [12.2]
22.6 [52.6]
71 [21.7]
34.9 [81.2]
38 [3.3]
14.3 [33.3]
55 [12.8]
23.2 [54.0]
72 [22.2]
35.8 [83.3]
39 [3.9]
14.7 [34.2]
56 [13.3]
23.8 [55.4]
73 [22.8]
36.7 [85.4]
40 [4.4]
15.2 [35.4]
57 [13.9]
24.5 [57.0]
74 [23.3]
37.6 [87.5]
41 [5.0]
15.7 [36.5]
58 [14.4]
25.1 [58.4]
75 [23.9]
38.5 [89.6]
42 [5.6]
16.1 [37.4]
59 [15.0]
25.8 [60.0]
76 [24.4]
39.5 [91.9]
43 [6.1]
16.6 [38.6]
60 [15.6]
26.4 [61.4]
77 [25.0]
40.5 [94.2]
44 [6.7]
17.1 [39.8]
61 [16.1]
27.1 [63.0]
78 [25.6]
41.5 [96.5]
45 [7.2]
17.6 [40.9]
62 [16.7]
27.8 [64.7]
79 [26.1]
42.5 [98.9]
46 [7.8]
18.1 [42.1]
63 [17.2]
28.5 [66.3]
80 [26.7]
43.6 [101.4]
47 [8.3]
18.7 [43.5]
64 [17.8]
29.3 [68.2]
81 [27.2]
44.6 [103.7]
48 [8.9]
19.2 [44.7]
65 [18.3]
30.0 [69.8]
82 [27.8]
45.7 [106.3]
49 [9.4]
19.7 [45.8]
66 [18.9]
30.8 [71.6]
83 [28.3]
46.9 [109.1]
50 [10.0]
20.3 [47.2]
67 [19.4]
31.6 [73.5]
84 [28.9]
48.1 [111.9]
51 [10.6]
20.8 [48.4]
68 [20.0]
32.4 [75.4]
85 [29.4]
49.3 [114.7]
family of curves corresponding to different air flow levels.
(See Figure 6.) Given the entering wet bulb temperature
and the air flow, the leaving air dewpoint can be read off
the chart to show the resultant leaving air condition at
part load conditions.
Reheat
One of the greatest benefits of using a refrigeration-type
mechanical dehumidifier for pretreatment is the availability
of free reheat energy. A partial reheat dehumidifier will use
energy recovered during moisture removal to produce,
via hot gas reheat, leaving air temperatures in a range
(typically 65°F to 80°F [18°C to 27°C]) that is likely to be
acceptable to the air handler. A variable partial reheat
adjusts the amount of hot gas reheat continuously to hit
a particular leaving air temperature (e.g., 72°F [22°C])
chosen by the design engineer.
Thus, the designer can specify the dry bulb temperature
(or temperature range) and the RH of the pretreated
outside air going into the air handler. Any energy
required to warm the dehumidified air is recovered
from the moisture removal process rather than being
added using a heater. In contrast, when a standard air
conditioner is used to remove large amounts of moisture
from air, the leaving air is unacceptably cold unless a
Figure 5: Total Enthalpy Psychrometric Chart
h(Btu/lbm)
[kJ/kg]
Total
Enthalpy
BTU/LB
[kJ/kg]
80
rh(%)
40
[93]
35
[81]
15
[35]
40°F
[4°C]
Dew Point of Leaving
50°F
[10°C]
60°F
[16°C]
70°F
[21°C]
W
(grains/kg)
23
140
20
120
17
100
14
80
11
60
9
40
6
20
3
O/A Wet Bulb Line
30
[70]
25
[58]
20
[47]
60
W
(grains/lbm)
160
80°F
[27°C]
90°F
[32°C]
100°F
[38°C]
substantial amount of electric reheat is used. The result of
using air conditioning for moisture removal is significantly
increased operating costs. (Refer to ClimateMaster White
Paper #1 for a detailed analysis of reheat technologies
and energy savings.)
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
39
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Table 6: Dehumidifier Sizing
Figure 7: Schematic with LAT Control: Cooling Mode
Entering
°F [°C] wb
Unit Size
HP [kw]
LAT
dewpoint
°F [°C]
Unit Size
HP [kw]
LAT
dewpoint
°F [°C]
80 [27]
14 [49]
55 [13]
10 [35]
60 [16]
78 26]
12 [42]
55 [13]
9 [32]
59 [15]
76 [24]
10 [35]
55 [13]
-
-
74 [23]
9 [32]
54 [12]
7.5 [26]
59 [15]
72 [22]
7.5 [26]
57 [14]
6 [21]
59 [15]
70 [21]
7.5 [26]
55 [13]
6 [21]
57 [14]
68 [20]
6 [21]
55 [13]
-
-
66 [19]
5 [18]
55 [13]
5 [18]
60 [16]
COMPRESSOR
COOLING
EVAPORATOR
WARM
HUMID AIR
95ϒF DB@ 78ϒF WB
[35ϒC DB @ 26ϒC WB]
A
I
R
55ϒF [13ϒC]
LEAVING AIR
DEWPOINT
C
O
I
L
90ϒF [32ϒC]
WATER IN
W
A
T
E
R
Leaving Air Dew Point
HEATING
EVAPORATOR
(INACTIVE)
cm lines
50°F
[10°C]
100ϒF [38ϒC]
WATER OUT
WATER
CONDENSER
Figure 8: Schematic with LAT Control: Heating Mode
45°F
[7°C]
COMPRESSOR
40°F
[4°C]
30°F
[-1°C]
COOLING
EVAPORATOR
(INACTIVE)
66°F
[19°C]
68°F
[20°C]
70°F
[21°C]
72°F
[22°C]
74°F
[23°C]
76°F
[24°C]
78°F
[26°C]
80°F
[27°C]
Entering Air wb
100% Outdoor Air System
ClimateMaster’s dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS)
heat pumps use a four-element refrigeration system to
overcome the typical problems of a two-element reverse
cycle system, including:
Reduced efficiency and performance.
High cost of oversized refrigeration valves.
Potential for liquid slugging and need for accumulators.
Refrigerant suddenly flashing into vapor, violently expanding and damaging pipes.
The ClimateMaster DOAS unit uses a unique method
of heating 100% outdoor winter air without the need
for a separate auxiliary heat source such as gas. Our
basic system is effective down to 15°F [-9°] winter design
temperature without additional auxiliary heat. With an
optional enthalpy wheel, the system is effective down to
-10°F [-23°C], again, without additional auxiliary heat.
40
RECEIVER
RECEIVER
C
O
I
L
55°F
[13°C]
35°F
[2°C]
1.
2.
3.
4.
W
A
T
E
R
C
O
I
L
Figure 6: Dehumidifier Performance
60°F
[16°C]
75ϒF DB@ 50% RH
[24ϒC DB @ 50% RH]
H
O R
T E
H
G E
A A
S T
100ϒF [38ϒC]
WATER OUT
100ϒF [38ϒC]
WATER IN
65°F
[18°C]
EEV
EXACT
LAT
COLD
WINTER AIR
EXACT
LAT
A
I
R
EEV
C
O
I
L
40ϒF [4ϒC] EAT
(PART LOAD)
H
O R
T E
H
G E
A A
S T
75ϒF DB [24ϒC DB]
57ϒF [14ϒC]
WATER OUT
65ϒF [18ϒC]
WATER IN
60ϒF [16ϒC]
WATER IN
W
A
T
E
R
W
A
T
E
R
C
O
I
L
HEATING
EVAPORATOR
RECIEVER
RECEIVER
C
O
I
L
65ϒF [18ϒC]
WATER OUT
WATER
CONDENSER
The key difference between the ClimateMaster system
option and prior solutions is the use of two independent
water coil. One acts as the true condenser for the balance
of the total heat of rejection (THR) of the system and the
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
other is the evaporator in the reverse cycle heating mode.
The hot gas reheat coil is sized to warm up cold air to
space conditions, e.g. from 15° to 75°F [-9° to 24°C] with
60°F [16°C] water. During off-peak times, the unused heat
of rejection boosts the water temperature before it is
extracted from the loop. This added energy to the water
loop increases the system’s efficiency. In the summer
mode the water evaporator is inactive and removed
from the refrigeration loop by a solenoid valve. In the
winter, the air evaporator coil is inactive and the water
evaporator will pull energy from the slightly heated
ground water loop. The evaporator reduces the water
temperature by 5°- 6°F [3-4°C].
The installation of a heat pump in an HVAC application
provides many advantages. First and foremost, this type
of system provides such an efficient exchange of energy
that a facility can expect an average of 50% savings
in heating and cooling bills with respect to the 100%
outside air dehumidifier.
While the concept of a heat pump is simple, the
application requires precise, flawless engineering.
Because our dehumidifiers are specifically designed for
energy recovery, a ClimateMaster DOAS unit can be
easily incorporated into the system.
Conclusion
To allow an existing HVAC system, modified to meet
the ASHRAE 62 ventilation code, to function as it
was originally designed, the added outside air must
be pretreated to match typical return air conditions.
Similarly, in new designs for ASHRAE 62, pretreatment of
outside air before it is introduced to the air handler or the
space is a necessary part of any practical solution, since
simply adding air conditioning capacity is not a desirable
method of removing moisture from that air. An effective
solution in new and existing buildings is pretreatment by
a dehumidifier with partial or variable partial reheat, to
remove peak latent heat load and maintain reasonable
entering air conditions for the air handler.
Proper dehumidification system sizing can be
accomplished by calculating the amount of total
(latent and sensible) heat to be removed per hour
from the additional outside air, based on ASHRAE wet
bulb temperature design values. As a convenience,
some manufacturers provide graphs (for each size
dehumidification system made) from which the leaving air
dewpoint can be obtained for a given entering wet bulb
temperature and air flow requirement.
Without pretreatment, increased outside air brought
into an air handler solves one indoor air problem only to
cause others. By pre-treating outside air with a partial or
variable partial reheat dehumidification system, all the
benefits of a healthy, productive environment for building
occupants can be realized without introducing excessive
moisture or improper temperatures.
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
41
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Economics
The ever-changing environment of commercial construction
offers exciting breakthroughs in technology and materials,
but it is not without some heartburn. Today, owners,
architects, and contractors face many challenges in the
design and construction of their projects. Challenges
such as usable space, indoor air quality, energy efficiency,
maintenance costs, building longevity, and the LEED®
program all come to the forefront of the design process.
When considering the solutions to these challenges, the type
of HVAC system chosen directly affects each one.
Usable Space
It has been said that the reason real estate grows in value
is because no one is making any more. As cities continue
to grow and spread out, the value of maximizing usable
space becomes increasingly important. When selecting
an HVAC system, you positively or negatively impact
the usable space on a project. As an example, Variable
Air Volume (VAV) systems utilize complicated ductwork
systems along with extensive equipment rooms to deliver
conditioned air into the building space. Additionally, VAV
duct systems many times require more ceiling height
which increases floor-to-floor space thus increasing
building costs. By comparison, ClimateMaster WaterSource and Geothermal Heat Pump systems require little
to no equipment room space and use a very simple,
compact, and independent ductwork system.
Indoor Air Quality
As important as the actual temperature of a building space
is, the quality of air within that space is equally important.
The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has implemented
Standard 62, which requires significantly higher amounts of
fresh outdoor air for buildings. The challenge now becomes
how to properly introduce, condition, and deliver this fresh
air into the building space. Traditional options like two- and
four-pipe fan coil systems must be up-sized significantly to
handle the additional conditioning load. This means larger,
more expensive units, larger, more expensive piping, and
larger more expensive boilers and chillers. In comparison,
ClimateMaster systems offer a variety of options that can
actually lower the overall system size, introduce 100%
outdoor air, and lower system usage cost.
Energy Efficiency
Today’s offices equipped with computers, copiers and
other office tools can dramatically affect the heating and
cooling load of a given space. When considering heating
and cooling loads, rising energy costs demand an HVAC
system that is efficient while building designs require a
system that is also flexible. ClimateMaster has a solution
for practically any application, and does so with some
42
of most energy efficient HVAC systems available on the
market today. In fact, all of ClimateMaster’s products
either meet or exceed the new federal mandated
efficiency minimums.
Maintenance Costs
Complex systems such as two- and four-pipe fan coils
and VAV systems require advanced maintenance and the
trained personnel to perform it. Large equipment rooms
filled with chillers, air handlers, or large-scale boilers
require personnel for monitoring and maintenance, which
consume building space and leasing profits. The effect
to the bottom line becomes significant when considering
the potential of a complete system failure along with
costly parts and equipment replacement. However,
Water-Source and Geothermal Heat Pumps require very
little monitoring and maintenance - aside from routine
filter changes. With factory installed DDC controls, the
entire building can be accessed via any web-enabled
computer for monitoring and set point control. No muss,
no fuss, no worries.
Building Longevity
New innovations offer longer life expectancies for today’s
buildings. You should expect the same from the HVAC
systems being placed inside these buildings. However,
when it comes to longevity, not all systems are created
equal. Complex chillers and air handling systems often
have a large number of moving parts that will wear out
over time. Water-Source and Geothermal Heat Pumps
offer the advantage of very few moving parts. Fewer
moving parts lower the occurrence of parts replacement
and extend equipment life. This simplicity of design
allows ClimateMaster systems to provide average life
spans of 20 years or more. In fact, there are a number of
ClimateMaster units that are still performing after 50 years
- providing the continual comfort our customers have
come to expect.
Many Choices, One Solution
When choosing a HVAC system for a project, there are
four basic types from which to choose.
Fan Coils
Fan coil systems are comprised of water-to-air coil air
handlers connected via a two- or four-pipe insulated water
loop. Fan coils require complex chillers and boilers to
provide water loop fluid in a particular temperature range
(i.e. chilled water for cooling and hot water for heating).
Two-pipe fan coils have a major disadvantage as control
is substantially limited to whatever mode the system is
currently set at (i.e. cooling or heating). A four-pipe version
can be installed that requires both chilled and heated
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
water to be available at the same time. Four-pipe systems
also require twice the piping and twice the circulation
equipment of a two-pipe system, which makes a four-pipe
system one of the most expensive systems to install.
Variable Air Volume (VAV)
Variable Air Volume is one of the most common types of
HVAC systems used in large commercial buildings today.
A typical system is usually comprised of a large air handler,
central ductwork system, and a relatively large equipment
room. Conditioned air is distributed throughout the
building via a central ductwork system and is regulated
via dampers in each space. VAV systems typically have a
higher first cost than Water-Source Heat Pumps, and may
have similar operating costs, resulting in overall increased
life cycle costs.
Rooftop
Rooftop systems are similar to VAV systems in that they
use a central ductwork system to distribute conditioned
air into the building space. However, instead of one
central unit, the system is comprised of multiple
units which can be tasked for different conditioning
requirements. Rooftop systems usually require additional
structural reenforcement as well as cranes or other lifting
equipment to place the units. Control in a particular
zone is limited to what the system is currently set to (i.e.
cooling or heating). Rooftop installation costs are low to
moderate, but operating costs are typically 50% higher
than Water-Source Heat Pumps. Additionally, the systems
are exposed to the elements and are subject to damage
and vandalism.
Water-Source and Geothermal Heat Pumps
Water-Source and Geothermal Heat Pump systems are
comprised of individual packaged units that transfer
heat via a single- or two-pipe water loop. Each unit can
be used in either heating or cooling mode year-round
and loop temperature is maintained via a boiler/tower
combination or earth-coupled loop. Each zone has
complete control of its heating/cooling mode and
each unit is independent from the others. This means if
one unit goes down, the whole system is not affected.
Controls can be as simple as one unit, one thermostat.
Water-Source and Geothermal Heat Pump systems are
the most energy, cost, and space efficient of any system in
the industry.
System Comparison
System
Ease of Design
Ease of Installation
Installation Space
Installation Cost
Maintenance Requirements
Maintenance Costs
Future System Expansion
Sound Levels
Operating Costs
Total Zone Failure Chance
Individual Tenant Control
Options
Additional Auxiliary
Equipment Needed
Structure
Modification Needs
System Longevity
Two-Pipe Fan Coils
Low
Low
High
Med
High
High
Low
Low
Med
High
Low
Low
High
High
Med
Four-Pipe Fan Coils
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
High
High
Low
Low
High
High
Med
PTAC / PTHP
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
High
Med
High
High
Low
Med
Low
Med
High
Low
VAV
Low
Low
High
Med
High
High
Low
Med
Med
High
Low
Low
High
High
Med
Rooftop
Low
Low
High
Low
Med
High
Low
Med
Med
High
Low
Low
Med
High
Med
Water-source Heat Pumps
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
High
High
Low
Low
High
Geothermal Heat Pumps
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
High
High
Low
Low
High
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
43
T H E C L I M AT E M A S T E R A D VA N TA G E
E G AT N AV D A R E T S A M E TA M I L C E H T
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The climatemaster advantage
produce follows this strict and sequenced path insuring no
stone is left unturned, and no detail is missed.
Who is ClimateMaster?
ClimateMaster Production
Who is ClimateMaster? ClimateMaster emerged from the
marriage of several Water-Source heat pump companies
in a blending of strengths to form a focused organization.
For over 50 years, we have been focused on enhancing
business and home environments around the world.
Our mission as the world’s largest and most progressive
leader in the Water-Source and geothermal heat pump
industry reveals our commitment to excellence - not only
in the design and manufacture of our products, but in our
people and services.
ClimateMaster Design
From concept to product,
ClimateMaster’s Integrated
Product Development
Team brings a fusion of
knowledge and creativity
that is unmatched in the
industry today. Drawing from
every aspect of our business:
Engineering, Sales, Marketing,
and Manufacturing, our Development Team has created
some of the most advanced, efficient, and versatile
products available.
Innovation, Concept, Needs
Great products are born from necessity. Whether it is
a need to reduce sound, fit in a smaller space, make
easier to service, achieve better efficiencies, or due to
changing technologies, or new government regulations,
ClimateMaster leads the industry in advancing the form,
fit and function of Water-Source and geothermal heat
pumps. Our Design Team continually strives for even the
slightest improvement to our products. It is this continual
drive for excellence that sets ClimateMaster apart from all
other manufacturers.
Start to Finish
At ClimateMaster, every product development project
begins with a comprehensive set of specifications. These
specifications are a culmination of input from the market,
a specific need, or a number of other factors. From
these detailed specifications, prototypes are constructed
and testing begins. After a rigorous testing period in
ClimateMaster’s own state-of-the-art lab facility, the data is
compared to the project specifications. Once the Design
Team is satisfied that all of the specs are met, the unit is
sent to the production department for pilot runs. After the
pilot runs are completed, unit literature is finalized and
the product is released to the marketplace. Every unit we
Innovative products demand innovative manufacturing
processes. ClimateMaster’s integrated production
process combines every aspect of the manufacturing
of our equipment into an organized, balanced, and
controlled whole.
Fabrication
Every sheet-metal component of a ClimateMaster unit
is produced in our fabrication
department. Panels are precisely
constructed of galvanized or
stainless steel using computerized
cutting, punching, and forming
equipment. This precise fabrication
means a tighter fit that makes for
a more solid unit and reduced
vibration, which equals reduced
noise. On certain series, an optional
polyester powder coating is then
applied to increase corrosion
resistance and enhance the look
of the unit. The final step is the
addition of fiberglass insulation
to the inside as an additional
layer of sound deadening. This
insulation meets stringent NFPA regulations, and includes
antibacterial material.
Assembly
ClimateMaster’s 250,000
square foot production
facility produces over
100,000 units per year
using the most stringent
quality control standards
in the industry. Each unit is
assembled under the close
supervision of our Integrated Process Control System or
IPCS. This multi-million dollar computer system watches
each unit as it comes down the assembly line. To back
up the IPCS system, our Quality department is stationed
on each line and performs random audits not only on
the units, but also on component parts. All component
parts must pass each and every quality checkpoint before
a unit is packaged and shipped. These systems and
processes are maximized due to the comprehensive and
ongoing training every employee receives from the date
they are hired.
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
47
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Component Parts
Engineering Lab Facilities
To produce a quality unit, you have
to start with quality components.
ClimateMaster’s purchasing
department is relentless in its
search for the best components for
our products - while securing these
components at prices that keep
costs low. Any new component
must go through a grueling testing
phase before it ever sees the production line. Working
closely with vendors and their engineers, we continually
find new ways to not only improve our units, but to
ensure component quality as well. Sister companies
like KOAX, who produce our coaxial heat exchangers,
allow ClimateMaster to provide components specifically
designed for our applications
ClimateMaster has one of the largest testing facilities of
any Water-Source heat pump manufacturer. Innovation
and product improvements are a mainstay of the
ClimateMaster Engineering Lab. Our people are what
make the difference in the development of superior
products in a timely manner. Our certified facility has six
automated test cells capable of testing a wide variety
of unit types under varying conditions. These cells are
capable of producing data twenty-four hours a day, seven
days a week. The development time of equipment is
significantly reduced allowing ClimateMaster Engineers
and Lab Technicians to spend more time on the actual
development process. This team effort has allowed us to
maintain a high degree of competence in our industry.
Our test cells and test equipment are calibrated and
certified periodically, per recognized industry standards,
to insure the data is accurate and repeatable. In addition
to testing new concept units, the lab continually audits
production units throughout the year to insure quality
performance and reliability.
ClimateMaster’s new Tranquility 27™ series has won
multiple awards and is taking the industry by storm.
Hot off the heels of winning The News Bronze Dealer
Design Award, the Tranquility 27™ won Best of Show at
ComforTech in September 2004. You know you are doing
great things when a lot of people tell you so.
48
O
R
AI
BR
I
HE
AT P U M P S
R
ST
AND
3
ARD 1
6
-1
WATER
TO
ClimateMaster works closely with the
International Standards Organization
(ISO), the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE), the Electrical Testing
Laboratories (ETL), and Conformité
Européene (CE) to insure that our
equipment not only meets the highest
performance standards, but meets
the highest industry standards as well.
In a recent milestone, ClimateMaster
celebrated three consecutive years of
100% success rate in ARI’s performance
certification program. An uncommon
feat in the industry, this award is a testament to the
craftsmanship, design, and construction of every
ClimateMaster unit.
A
TO
NE
ClimateMaster leads the
industry in product awards and
certifications. From 100% AirConditioning and Refrigeration
Institute (ARI) performance
ratings to industry awards for
innovation, ClimateMaster
applies cutting-edge
technology to every product we design and manufacture.
IFIED TO ARI A
RT
S
C
CE
NG WITH
LYI
MP
O
IR
ClimateMaster Awards
Industry Affiliations and Associations
IS
International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) is
a network of the national
ISO 9001:2000
standards institutes of
Certified
over 150 countries, on the
basis of one member per
Quality: First & Always
country, with a Central
Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the
system. ISO is a non-governmental organization that
occupies a special position between the public and
private sectors whose goal is to create, maintain, and
improve standards worldwide. ISO standards contribute
to making the development, manufacturing and supply
of products and services more efficient, safer and
cleaner. ISO certification demonstrates ClimateMaster’s
commitment to quality and continuous improvement.
MANUFACT
UR
ER
ISO 9001:2000 Certification
25
Customer Service
ClimateMaster has gone to great lengths to meet our
customers’ business-to-business needs. ClimateMaster
provides great products and our customer support is
second to none. Our highly trained and experienced
Customer Service department is available to assist you.
Visit our on-line Business Center or contact Tech Services
for any information you may need.
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
THE SMART SOLUTION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY
climatemaster.com
Controls
Our web site has become the central hub for all of
our customers’ information needs. Current literature,
specifications, presentations, and other resources are
readily available in an intuitive, easy- to-navigate format.
At the click of a mouse, our new on-line Business Center
allows you to check the status of your orders, lookup
sales history, manage contact information, and even
order literature, accessories, and units. Combined with
our unique EZ-ORDER and EZ-SEND software, we take all
the effort and guesswork out of unit orders.
ClimateMaster offers two levels of solid-state digital
controls; the CXM and DXM control board.
Engineering Design Specifications
Advanced units need advanced specifications.
ClimateMaster’s new Engineering Design specifications
provide the most detailed information for your next project.
Literature
At ClimateMaster, innovation never sleeps. As new
advances are made, and new products are released, the
need for accurate literature becomes critical. Every piece
of technical literature that ClimateMaster produces is
printed in our state-of-the-art on-demand printing facility.
What this means is that we print only the literature we
need at the time we need it. This insures that only the
most current and accurate data is in the field.
Shipping
When you need that critical service part or piece of
literature for your next presentation, you may rest assured
that ClimateMaster has a shipping option for you.
Networked with a variety of carriers such as FedEx, Watkins,
Estes, Central Freight, Dugan, and many others, we provide
fast and reliable shipping to anywhere in the world.
The Future of ClimateMaster
Our long history of innovation has paved the way for
future endeavors with a solid platform of success. Growing
markets in Europe and Asia demand a different way of
not only manufacturing our products, but also successfully
marketing them. New government regulations will phase
out R-22 refrigerant at the beginning of 2010 paving
the way for new R-410a, a much more environmentally
friendly refrigerant. Additionally, new federally mandated
efficiency increases of 30% becomes effective in January
of 2006. In looking ahead, we continually strive for better
processes, better designs, and better innovations that will
keep ClimateMaster as the Global Leader in Water-Source
and Geothermal Heat Pumps.
CXM
Our standard CXM control
board comes programmed
with ClimateMaster’s Unit
Performance Sentinel
(UPS) which monitors unit
performance and notifies
the owner of potential unit
problems before a lockout
occurs. Additionally, the CXM’s eight standard safeties
protect the unit from damage.
• Anti-Short Cycle.
• Low Voltage.
• High Voltage.
• High Refrigerant Pressure.
• Low Refrigerant Pressure (Loss of Charge).
• Air Coil Low Temperature Cut-out (Excluding GC Series).
• Water Coil Low Temperature Cut-out.
• Condensate Overflow.
DXM
Our enhanced controls option,
the DXM control board offers
all of the advantages of the
CXM board but adds the
following additional features:
• Multi-Stage Operation.
• Night Setback.
• Emergency Override.
• Reheat Control.
• Boilerless Electric Heat.
DDC Controls
Factory mounted LONWorks
or Multi-ProtoCol (MPC) DDC
controllers are an available option
on all ClimateMaster products.
These controllers give owners the
ability to implement a variety of
building automation systems such
as BACnet, ModBus, and Johnson
N2. Through a web enabled PC,
individual units, unit zones, and entire building systems
can be monitored and controlled with the click of a
mouse. The systems provide unit status, set-point control,
performance curves, and fault indications.
Advantage / Exclusives
Being a leader in innovation, ClimateMaster brings industry
firsts, as well as industry exclusives, to our family of products.
c l i m a t e m a s t e r. c o m
49
C L I M AT E M A S T E R W AT E R - S O U R C E H E AT P U M P S
Configurations
E-Coated Air Coils
No other manufacturer provides as many size,
performance, configuration, and cost options as the
ClimateMaster family of products offers. From our
smallest horizontal unit in the GCH006, to our largest
vertical in the GLV300, to our OA series with 100% makeup air, to the console, water-to-water, and two-stage
Tranquility 27™, we have a unit to fit your application.
All ClimateMaster Water-Source
heating and cooling systems
(excluding the RE series rooftop)
are available with an E-Coated aircoil option. This process provides
years of protection against coil
corrosion from airborne chemicals
resulting from modern building
material outgassing and most
airborne environmental chemicals.
In fact, ClimateMaster’s exclusive E-Coated air-coils
enhance corrosion protection to nearly 20 times that of a
traditional uncoated coil.*
Sound
Prior to the recently adopted sound standard ARI 2602000 there had been no standard for the evaluation of
Water-Source heat pump sound performance. Also, those
manufacturers who did generate and publish their own
sound data, did so in their own labs making it difficult
to have the data independently certified and accurate
comparisons were therefore, impossible. Now that a
standard has been established, it is critical to compare
the data correctly. If data from two manufacturers is
compared using different test procedures, results are not
comparable. ClimateMaster has tested its product line for
both ducted discharge and free inlet air combined with
case radiated tests. Comfort has never been so quiet with
our intelligent sound design. Our products use a variety
of technologies to maintain our lead as the quietest units
in the industry. As part of ClimateMaster’s commitment
to low sound levels, we have invested in a state-of-the-art
sound lab, capable of testing to ARI standards.
Dual Level Vibration Isolation
ClimateMaster units use an
exclusive double isolation
compressor mounting system.
This dual level isolation
deadens vibration and provides
quiet operation.
Torsion-Flex Blowers
Blower motors ,on select
models, are mounted with a
unique torsion-flex mounting
system which not only allows for
easy service, but also reduces
vibration from the blower motor
during operation.
UltraQuiet
ClimateMaster’s optional additional sound suppression
package enhances our already excellent sound performance
through the use of dual density acoustical insulation and
other strategically placed sound attenuating materials.
No other manufacturer’s mute package comes close to
matching the performance of the UltraQuiet package.
50
* Test based upon ASTM B117 Salt Spray test hours.
ClimaDry Modulating Reheat Option
Continuing to lead the industry in IAQ (Indoor Air
Quality) solutions, select ClimateMaster units are
available with an innovative method (patent pending)
of reheating the air. The ClimaDry microprocessorcontrolled option will automatically provide 100% reheat
by adjusting the amount of reheat capacity based upon
supply air temperature. This new approach to reheat
provides dehumidified, neutral temperature supply air,
while eliminating the problem of overcooling the space
when loop temperatures drop. All components are
internal to the unit, saving space and keeping installation
costs low. A simple humidistat or DDC controls activates
the option.
Voltages
ClimateMaster units are available in a wide variety of
commercial voltages, providing maximum flexibility in
building design. Available voltages are as follows:
• 208-230/60/1
• 208-230/60/3
• 265/60/1
• 460/60/3
• 575/60/3
• 220-240/50/1
• 380-420/50/3
* Not all units are available with every voltage combination shown above.
Accessories
ClimateMaster offers a complete line of accessories to
complete any project, including hoses, thermostats, valves,
pumps, fittings, controllers, sensors, filters and more.
C l i m a t e M a s t e r W a t e r- S o u r c e H e a t i n g a n d C o o l i n g S y s t e m s
T H E C L I M AT E M A S T E R F A M I LY O F P R O D U C T S
S T C U D O R P F O YL I M A F R E T S A M E TA M I L C E H T