E-ISSN: 2278–179X
JECET; March - May 2013; Vol.2.No.2, 299-315.
Journal of Environmental Science, Computer Science and
Engineering & Technology
An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences and Technology
Available online at www.jecet.org
Engineering & Technology
Research Article
Analysis on Micro Grid using Solar Cell / PhotovoltaicFuel Cell for Energy Supply in Remote Areas
Virendra Kumar Maurya1, H. P. Agarwal1, Rituraj Jalan1,
Rishi Asthana2 and Dharmendra Pal3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shekhawati Engineering College & Technology, Dundlod
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, BBD National Institute of Technology & Management,
Lucknow, Gautam Buddha Technical University, Lucknow, India
3
Department of Physics, BBD National Institute of Technology & Management, Lucknow,
Gautam Buddha Technical University, Lucknow, India
Received: 28 March 2013; Revised: 18 April 2013; Accepted: 22 April 2013
Abstract: This paper aims to investigate how sustainable electricity generators such
as fuel cells and photovoltaics and appropriate storage elements like batteries and
supercapacitors are best integrated in energy systems suitable for domestic
application. Research topics in this context include bidirectional and multiport dc-dc
converter topologies, modeling and control of power converters, means for storing
energy, system power flow management, public utility interconnection system, and
power quality control Solar energy can be exploited for meeting the ever-increasing
requirement of energy in our country. Its suitability for decentralized applications and
its environment-friendly nature make it an attractive option to supplement the energy
supply from other sources.A generation system can simultaneously be operated as an
active filter to deal with local harmonic-producing loads. MATLAB simulations
perform comparative tests of two popular MPPT algorithms using actual irradiance
data. The thesis decides on the output sensing direct control method because it
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requires fewer sensors. This allows a lower cost system. Each subsystem is modeled
in order to simulate the whole system in MATLAB. It employs SIMULINK to model
a DC pump motor, and the model is transferred into MATLAB. Then, MATLAB
simulations verify the system and functionality of MPPT. At last we present the
implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab/Simulink software
package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on
simulation platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a
dialog box like Simulink block libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily
simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power electronics for a maximum power
point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature into
consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated
and optimized using the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power
system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and optimized. The integrated hybrid green
energy system with key subsystems are digitally simulated using the
Matlab/Simulink/Sim-Power software environment and fully validated for efficient
energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality under different operating
conditions and load excursions.
INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is a renewable source, which is generated from a natural resource that is sunlight. Solar
power is the conversion of solar electricity. Solar energy is free, needs no fuel and produces no waste
or pollution. Sunlight can be converted directly into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) cell. However,
PV system has gained less support from private sectors and users due to the high cost to install the
system and long payback time from the system [1]. There are two types of photovoltaic system which
are stand alone system and grid connected system. For a standalone system it requires battery backup
for the system application. It is more suitable for rural areas where there is difficulty getting power
supply from utility grid. Excess energy produced during times with no or low loads charges the
battery, while at times with no or too low solar radiation the loads are met by discharging it. A charge
controller supervises the charge process in order to ensure a long battery lifetime. Grid connected
system is more applicable in the urban areas where the residents can easily get power supply from
utility grid and transmit back the excesses power generating from a photovoltaic (PV) array.
Stand alone photovoltaic system is the concept of satisfying its own power requirement. A stand-alone
system is much costly to implement that net zero energy system because of the large requirement of
power storage devices that PV modules. Total energy requirement of power meet by using roof top
photovoltaic system. Diesel generator sets and micro gas turbines are usually the main source of
power supply, In remote isolated areas and arid communities such as small islands. Fossil fuel for
electricity generation has several drawbacks: it is costly due to transportation to the remote areas and
it causes global warming pollution and green house gases. The need to provide an economical, viable
and environmental safe alternative renewable green energy source is very important.
As green renewable energy, resources such as Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel Cells have gained great
acceptance as a substitute for conventional costly and scare fossil fuel energy resources. Stand-alone
renewable green energy is already in operation at many places despite solar and hydrocarbon
variations and stochastic nature. Isolated green energy hybrid operation may not be effective or viable
in terms of the cost; efficiency and supply reliability unless an effective and robust stabilization of
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AC-DC interface scheme and maximum energy tracking control strategies are fully implemented. An
effective approach is to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization by combining
these different renewable energy sources to form a coordinated and hybrid integrated energy system.
Integrated green energy system is a valid alternative solution for small-scale micro-grid electrification
for remote rural and isolated village/island where the utility grid extension is both costly and
geographically difficult. Hybrid renewable green energy system incorporates a combination of several
diverse renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, fuel cells and possibly wind, wave energy
sources. A system using such diverse combination has the full advantage of supply diversity, capacity
and system stability that may offer the strengths of each type. The main objective of integrated green
energy scheme is to provide supply security for remote communities. Hybrid integrated green energy
systems are also pollution free, and can provide electricity at comparatively viable and economic
advantages to Diesel generator set or micro grid using Solar cell/photovoltaic fuel cell utilized in
electricity in remote areas. Many people in rural areas in developing countries do not have access to
electricity and even electrification of the metropolitan areas and suburbs is incomplete or unreliable. It
has been reported that more than 1.6 billion people, mostly in developing countries, do not have
access to electricity and that most of them live in rural areas.
If one would provide all people on earth with access to electricity by the year 2030 we should realize
that the number of new consumers during this coming 23 years will be some 4 billion taking the
projected global population growth into account. From this perspective, we have to understand that
today just over 4 billion people have access to electricity and that this achievement has taken over 100
years. According to projections of the International Energy Agency the electrification rate in 2030
will be 65% for rural areas and 94% for urban areas (Table 1).
Today these figures are 60%and 91% respectively. The challenges are enormous, from the technical
as well as from the financial and organizational perspective. All need innovation and new ways of
thinking; “business as usual” is not applicable.Unfavorable technical conditions (long distances, low
load densities, low average loads), limited government resources, and limited ability of customers to
pay for electricity characterize rural electrification. These observations induced Cigré to address the
subject of electricity supply to rural and remote areas. In 2005 a Cigré Regional Conference and a SC
C6 Colloquium in South Africa (Cape Town) addressed problems, difficulties and opportunities in
extending electrification in the rural areas of Southern African countries. The outcomes of these
events were among the motives that inspired Cigré to establish in autumn of 2006 the international
Working Group C6-13 “Rural Electrification”. This Group was assigned the task to specifically
address the electrification of rural and remote areas.
MOTIVATION AND OBJECTIVE
•
In this work, dynamic modeling and simulation of photovoltaic energy conversion system for
water pumping application will be presented.
•
The proposed system will include
•
o
The dynamic modeling of the photovoltaic (PV) cells with the effects of solar
irradiation and temperature changes.
o
Model of the DC to DC boost converter,
o
The system employs the maximum power point tracker (MPPT).
The investigation includes discussion of various MPPT algorithms and control methods.
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•
The whole system will be developed and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink environment
via graphical user interface. The simulated results will be validated with theoretical results.
•
The subject of this research work is relevant because distributed generation is becoming the
preferred method of modern power generation. Our future power systems will require
interconnecting all kinds of energy sources and most power will be generated at the point of
use. The main objectives of this paper are
•
to explore novel multiport bidirectional converter topologies that are suited to
multisource/storage power conversion;
•
to model multiport converters and develop adequate control strategies;
•
to improve the converter’s performance by means of novel control methods to achieve, for
example, soft-switching;
•
to realize added functionality in small distributed generation (DG) systems and design a highperformance utility interconnection system;
THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The experimental water pumping system proposed in this thesis is a stand-alone type without backup
batteries. As shown in Figure 1-1, the system is very simple and consists of a single PV module, a
maximum power point tracker (MPPT), and a DC water pump. The system including the subsystems
will be simulated to verify the functionalities.
PV Module
DC Water
Pump
Fig. 1-3: Block diagram of the proposed PV water pumping system
PV Module: There are different sizes of PV module commercially available (typically sized from
60W to 170W). Usually, a number of PV modules are combined as an array to meet different energy
demands. For example, a typical small-scale desalination plant requires a few thousand watts of
power. The size of system selected for the proposed system is 150W, which is commonly used in
small water pumping systems for cattle grazing in rural areas.
Maximum Power Point Tracker: The maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is now prevalent in
grid-tied PV power systems and is becoming more popular in stand-alone systems. It should not be
confused with sun trackers, mechanical devices that rotate and/or tilt PV modules in the direction of
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sun. MPPT is a power electronic device interconnecting a PV power source and a load,maximizes the
power output from a PV module or array with varying operating conditions, and therefore maximizes
the system efficiency. MPPT is made up with a switch-mode DCDC converter and a controller. In
addition to MPPT, the system could also employ a sun tracker. The two-axis tracker is only a few
percent better than the single-axis version. Sun tracking enables the system to meet energy demand
with smaller PV modules, but it increases the cost and complexity of system. Since it is made of
moving parts, there is also a higher chance of failure. Therefore, in this simple system, the sun
tracker is not implemented.
Fig. 1: Various system structures for a fuel cell and battery generation system.
Photovoltaic Cell: Photons of light with energy higher than the band-gap energy of PV material can
make electrons in the material break free from atoms that hold them and create hole-electron pairs, as
shown in Figure 2-1. These electrons, however, will soon fall back into holes causing charge carriers
to disappear. If a nearby electric field is provided, those in the conduction band can be continuously
swept away from holes toward a metallic contact where they will emerge as an electric current. The
electric field within the semiconductor itself at the junction between two regions of crystals of
different type, called a p-n junction.
Fig.2: Illustration of the P-N Junction Of PV Cell
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Fig. 3: Schematic of a PV cell
Table-1: Summarize the different technology in Thin Film technology
Thin Film Technologies
Silicon based
Chalcogenide-based cells
Single junction amorphous silicon
Cadmium Sulphite (CdS)
Multiple junction amorphous silicon
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
Crystalline Silicon on Glass
Copper
Indium deselenide (CIS)
In the thin film technology it can be divided into two major parts which is silicon based and
chalcogenide based. As for beginning look at silicon based which consists of single junction
amorphous silicon, multiple junction amorphous silicon and crystalline silicon on glass. Below in
Figure 2.is the single junction amorphous silicon
Modeling a PV Cell: The use of equivalent electric circuits makes it possible to model
characteristics of a PV cell. The method used here is implemented in MATLAB programs for
simulations. The same modeling technique is also applicable for modeling a PV module.
The photovoltaic (pv) power technology uses semiconductor cells (wafers), generally several square
centimeters in size. From the solid-state physics point of view, the cell is basically a large area p-n
diode with the junction positioned close to the top surface. The cell converts the sunlight into direct
current electricity. Numerous cells are assembled in a module to generate required power. Unlike the
dynamic wind turbine, the pv installation is static, does not need strong tall towers, produces no
vibration or noise, and needs no cooling. Because much of the current pv technology uses crystalline
semiconductor material similar to integrated circuit chips, the production costs have been high.
However, between 1980 and 1996, the capital cost of pv modules per watt of power capacity has
declined. The "photovoltaic effect" is the basic physical process through which a PV cell converts
sunlight into electricity. Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons
contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum.
When photons strike a PV cell, they may be reflected or absorbed, or they may pass right through.
Only the absorbed photons generate electricity. When this happens, the energy of the photon is
transferred to an electron in an atom of the cell (which is actually a semiconductor). With its
newfound energy, the electron is able to escape from its normal position associated with that atom to
become part of the current in an electrical circuit. By leaving this position, the electron causes a
"hole" to form. Special electrical properties of the PV cell—a built-in electric field—provide the
voltage needed to drive the current through an external load (such as a light bulb).
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Fig. 4: P-Types, N-Types, and the Electric Field
Fig. 5: p-Types, n-Types, and the Electric Field
Modeling a PV Module by MATLAB
Solar PV module, pictured in Figure 2-7, is chosen for a MATLAB simulation model. The module is
made of 72 multi-crystalline silicon solar cells in series and provides 150W of nominal maximum
power [1]. Table 2-1 shows its electrical specification [8].
Fig. 5: Picture of BPSX 150S PV Module
After some trials with various diode ideality factors, the MATLAB model chooses the value of n =
1.62 that attains the best match with the I-V curve on the datasheet. The figure shows good
correspondence between the data points and the simulated I-V curves.
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Fig. 6: Ideal I-V Curves of PV Module at Various Temperatures
Fig. 7: I-V Curves of PV Module At Various Temperatures Simulated With The MATLAB
Fig .8: I-V Curves of PV Module at Various Temperatures Simulated With The MATLAB
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Fig. 9: Effect of Ideality Factor on I-V Curves of PV Module At given Temperatures
Fig.10: I-V Curves Of PV Module At different Ideality Factor Simulated at 75C With the
MATLAB
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Fig 10 I-V Curves Of PV Module At different Ideality Factor Simulated at 50C With The
MATLAB
Fig. 11: I-V Curves Of PV Module At different Ideality Factor Simulated at 25C With The
MATLAB
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Fig. 12: Effect of Series Resistance by MATLAB Simulation
The I-V Curve and Maximum Power Point: Figure 5-12show the I-V curve of the PV module
simulated with the MATLAB model. A PV module can produce the power at a point, called an
operating point, anywhere on the I-V curve. The coordinates of the operating point are the operating
voltage and current. There is a unique point near the knee of the I-V curve, called a maximum power
point (MPP), at which the module operates with the maximum efficiency and produces the maximum
output power. It is possible to visualize the location of the by fitting the largest possible rectangle
inside of the I-V curve, and its area equal to the output power which is a product of voltage and
current[4-6].
Fig. 13: Simulated I-V Curve Of PV Module
It reveals that the amount of power produced by the PV module varies greatly depending on its
operating condition [5]. It is important to operate the system at the MPP of PV module in order to
exploit the maximum power from the module.
2.8 Advantages of the photovoltaic power: Major advantages of the photovoltaic power are as
follows:
1.
Hort led time to design, install, and start up a new plant.
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2.
Ighly modular, hence, the plant economy is not a strong function of size.
3.
Owner output matches very well with peak load demands.
4.
Static structure, no moving parts, hence, no noise.
5.
igh power capability per unit of weight.
6.
Onger life with little maintenance because of no moving parts.
7.
Ighly mobile and portable because of lightweight.
Solar photovoltaic in India: India is implementing perhaps the most number of pv systems in the
world for remote villages. About 30 MW capacities has already been installed, with more being added
every year. The country has a total production capacity of 8.5 MW modules per year. The remaining
need is met by imports. A 700 kW gridconnected PV plant has been commissioned, and a 425 kW
capacity is under installation in Madhya Pradesh. The state of West Bengal has decided to convert the
Sagar Island into a PV island. The island has 150,000 inhabitants in 16 villages spread out in an area
of about 300 square kilometers. The main source of electricity at present is diesel, which is expensive
and is causing severe environmental problems on the island. The state of Rajasthan has initialed a
policy to purchase PV electricity at an attractive rate of $0.08 per kWh. In response, a consortium of
Enron and Amoco has proposed installing a 50 MW plant using thin film cells. When completed, this
will be the largest PV power plant in the world. The studies at the Arid Zone Research Institute,
Jodhpur, indicate significant solar energy reaching the earth surface in India. About 30 percent of the
electrical energy used in India is for agricultural needs. Since the availability of solar power for
agricultural need is not time critical (within a few days), India is expected to lead the world in PV
installations in near future.
Interesting fact: One of the attractive features of the pv system is that its power output matches very
well with the peak load demand. It produces more power on a sunny summer day when the airconditioning load strains thegrid lines. Power usage curve in commercial building on a typical
summer day is shown.
Fig. 14: Power usage curve
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Modeling a PV Module by MATLAB: This work uses the electric model with moderate complexity,
shown in Figure 15,
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Fig. 15: Equivalent Circuit Used in MATLAB Simulation
IV curves for a photovoltaic module at different temperatures
IV curves for a photovoltaic module at temperatures
Tac = 0,25,50 and 750c
calculates module current under given voltage(Va), irradiance (G)and temperature((Tac)
No of series connected cells
Ns = 72;
Reference temperature (25C) in Kelvin
TrK = 298;
open circuit voltage per cell at Reference temperature
Voc = 43.5 /Ns
short circuit current per cell at Reference temperature
Isc = 4.75;
Module temperature in Kelvin
TaK = 273 + TaC
Cell voltage
Vc = Va / Ns
Calculate short-circuit current forgiven temperature
The short-circuit current (Isc) is proportional to the intensity of irradiance, thus Isc at a given
irradiance (G) is:
It is denoted as photon generated current given irradiance Iph
The reverse saturation current of diode (Io) at the reference temperature (Tref) is given by the
equation with the diode ideality factor added:
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The reverse saturation current (Io) is temperature dependant and the Io at a given temperature (T) is
calculated by the following equation.
Calculate series resistance per cell as
Finally, it is possible to solve the equation of I-V characteristics by the Newton’s method is chosen
for rapid convergence of the answer
Current-voltage relationship of the PV cell, and it is shown below.
IV curves for a photovoltaic module at different temperatures are shown in Figure.16
Fig. 16: IV curves for a photovoltaic module at fixed temperatures and different ideality factor
(n)
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The diode ideality factor (n) is unknown and must be estimated. It takes a value between one and two;
the value of n=1 (for the ideal diode) is, however, used until the more accurate value is estimated later
by curve fitting [7]. Figure17 shows the effect of the varying ideality factor. n = 1.0,1.25, 1.5,1.75
,2.0
Fig. 17: the effect of the varying ideality factor. n = 1.0,1.25, 1.5,1.75 ,2.0
FUTURE AND SCOPE
•
This work facilitates it using MATLAB models of PV cell and module.
•
Each subsystem in the PV water pumping system is modeled for MATLAB simulations.
Finally, the functionality of MPPT for water pumping systems is verified and validated.
•
This work is limited to providing theoretical studies and simulations of PV water pumping
system with MPPT.
•
The system will not be built in this work; that is left as future work. Thus, it will not cover a
discussion about actual implementation of hardware implementation.
•
A major assumption made in simulations is the use of an ideal DC-DC converter, as opposed
to a more realistic model that includes losses. The model, however, should provide sufficient
results for verification of MPPT functionality.
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1
*Corresponding Author: Virendra Kumar Maurya
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shekhawati Engineering College & Technology,
Dundlod Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India
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