Lions, Tigers & Bears
24402 Martin Way
Alpine, CA 91901
P: (619) 659-8078 F: (619) 659-8841 www.lionstigersandbears.org
Tax ID# 33-0938499
EXOTIC ANIMALS IN OHIO:
Standards for Public Safety & Humane Care (June, 2012)
Introduction
As a result of the provisions of the Dangerous Wild Animal Act, the state of Ohio will soon need to conduct facility inspections and may have to transport and house (on a temporary basis, hopefully) exotic animals which are no longer wanted or cared for by their owners.
For 10 years, Lions Tigers & Bears (LTB) has been home to a growing number of abused and abandoned wild animals, and has gained hands-on experience in providing a safe and humane environment for these creatures. In this report, we offer a brief summary of what we have learned.
This summary is not, nor is it meant to be, comprehensive.
Thorough standards of care have been drafted by the Global Federation of Animal
Sanctuaries (GFAS) for small, medium, and large felids (attached as Appendix A) and for bears
(Appendix B). Standards for other animal groups are also available from GFAS. In addition, the
State of California has promulgated extensive “Restricted Species Laws and Regulations”
(Appendix C) which cover in great detail many of the issues discussed in this report. We will reference these appendices where relevant.
Issues
As we see it, the new law has generated the following issues with respect to large, dangerous animals:
(a) How should permanent enclosures be maintained and temporary enclosures be built so as to minimize the risk of contact between wild animals and their caregivers or the public?
(b) How should wild animals be transported so as to minimize the risk of escape or injury to the transporters?
(a) How should permanent enclosures be maintained and temporary enclosures be built so as to provide wild animals with a humane environment?
(b) How should wild animals be transported so as to minimize their stress and risk of injury?

Standards
ABITAT
NCLOSURES
NTERIOR
ENCING
Certain minimal fencing standards need to be maintained, whether the enclosures are temporary or permanent in nature. (
“GFAS Felids,” Appendix A at 9-12; “GFAS Bears,”
Appendix B at 7-10; “Calif. Regs.,” Appendix C at 26-28).
First, should be:
-- at least 1-5/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe (2-3/8 inch at the corners),
-- at least 8 feet high (most of the LTB enclosures are 12 feet high),
-- sunk in concrete to a depth of 18 inches, and
-- no more than 10 feet apart.
Second, should be
-- made of at least 9-gauge chain link (large animals are quite capable of destroying fencing weaker than that), including fasteners of the same gauge;
-- with schedule 40 steel pipe placed horizontally at 4-foot intervals or where the animals are likely to exert pressure, beginning at ground level (so the fencing cannot be pushed out).
Third, unless the fencing is at least 16 feet high, it should have a
with
-- cross-members of schedule 40 pipe, again at 4-foot intervals, or in the shape of a truss.
Here are examples of these construction features at LTB:
Enclosure with a 12-foot-high roof. Enclosure with an 8-foot-high roof.
Both enclosures have horizontal cross-members at 4-foot intervals beginning at ground level.
The roofs also have trusses or cross-members at 4-foot intervals.
2

Chain link perimeter fence, with posts sunk in concrete.
“Tiger Trails,” the big cat exercise area at LTB, is a 16-foot-high enclosure with no roof.
NCLOSURE
IZE
(
, “GFAS Felids,” Appendix A at 7-9; “GFAS Bears,”
Appendix B at 5-7; “Calif. Regs.,” Appendix C at 20-23)
Minimum habitat size is a function of both the specific species of animal and the number of animals per enclosure.
For
enclosures, the sizes specified by the California regulations are probably sufficient. So, for example, tiger enclosures are required to be at least 300 square feet for one animal, 450 square feet for two animals, and an additional 150 square feet for each additional animal (Appendix C at 22). This, of course, assumes that multiple animals are compatible, which often they are not!
3

On the other hand, for
enclosures, humane treatment requires much larger dimensions. Hence, GFAS requires that two tigers have a minimum enclosure size of 1,200 square feet (Appendix A at 9), rather than the 450 square feet specified in the California regulations.
ERIMETER
ENCING
Some sort of perimeter fencing is absolutely necessary as a back-up in case an animal escapes its enclosure.
For some facilities, economic considerations dictate the use of one perimeter fence around the entire compound. However, in our view, each enclosure or group of enclosures should have
. A perimeter fence around the facility’s outer boundary is insufficient, because:
(1) people are more likely to leave an exterior entry gate open or unsecured;
(2) weaknesses and breaches along an extensive perimeter fence are much more difficult to detect; and
(3) animals that escape into the compound itself pose a danger to workers and visitors.
Whichever option is chosen, each perimeter fence should itself be at least 8 feet high, and built to the same standards as the interior fence.
Here are examples of perimeter fences at LTB:
: CO
2
fire extinguishers (not the chemical variety) or bear spray should be placed at strategic locations outside the enclosures and along the perimeter fences, because these are highly effective at deterring an attacking animal without injuring either the animal or the attackee.
4

ATES AND
OLDING
OCKOUT
REAS
Each habitat should have a small, separate “room” in which the animal(s) can be kept while the main cage is being cleaned or otherwise serviced, or to segregate an animal from others in the enclosure. The
for this smaller area should be accessible with a pole or other device so that it can be opened and closed without a person having to enter either part of the enclosure.
A leopard emerging from the lockout area of its enclosure. Using a pole to close the lockout gate.
The should be sized so that, when opened, a transfer cage or squeeze cage can be rolled up flush to the opening (i.e, leaving no gap) so that the animal can be loaded safely into the cage for relocation to a medical facility, exercise area, or another habitat.
Here’s a tiger entering a portable cage from the lockout area of its habitat
(note the closed interior gate separating the lockout area from the rest of the enclosure):
5

As for the
, we found it handy to make them large enough (12 feet high) to be able to back up a large trailer all the way to the gate(s) of the inner enclosure:
RANSPORTATION (
, “Calif. Regs.,” Appendix C at 31-33)
Each animal should be transported in its own sturdy
, large enough for the animal to turn around. Such cages can be purchased commercially (see, e.g., http://www.lbarmranch.com/Exotic-Animal-Transport-Cage-p/exotic_animal_cage_eatc464st.htm
and http://www.lglacp.com/transfer_restraint_cages.htm
), or fabricated by a skilled welder.
The cage should be constructed so that food and water can be provided to the animal and waste removed without having to open the cage (features which commercial cages may or may not have). In addition, the doors should slide open (either horizontally, as in the lower photo on page 5, or vertically, as in the photo at right) rather than swinging open, so that the cage can be opened and closed while flush against the animal’s habitat enclosure.
The cage can be either a simple transfer cage, such as the example in the small photograph above, or a “squeeze” cage, in which one side can be moved inward to immobilize an animal for medical or dental treatment:
6

In addition, we have found that, although four caster wheels may be sufficient for portable cages used on smooth, flat surfaces, they are inadequate for bumpy or rough terrain. Hence, the
LTB squeeze cage has
sets of
:
Here are the squeeze-cage specifications we recently gave to a San Diego welder:
Aluminum squeeze cage dimensions to be 42" wide + 84" long + 48" tall. Cage to have two (2) slide doors. Cage to have removable stainless steel pins every third containment bar. Cage to have [food
& water] access panels where requested. Cage to have sub-cart with casters and tow bar as per sample. Cage to have two (2) removable urine collection pans.
Questions
As noted at the outset, this presentation is only a brief summary of issues pertaining to the safe and humane treatment of exotic animals. We remain available by phone to answer any questions that may arise during implementation of the new Ohio law.
Thank you for the opportunity to be of service to you and to the animals.
Bobbi Brink, Founder & Director
, a non-profit 501(c)(3) corporation.
7

Please help us improve this document by sending us any suggestions you have!

ANIMAL   DESCRIPTION__________________________________________________________________________ 3
HOUSING ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6
SANITATION_________________________________________________________________________________ 19
TEMPERATURE,   HUMIDITY,   VENTILATION,   LIGHTING________________________________________________ 21
NUTRITION   REQUIREMENTS____________________________________________________________________ 23
VETERINARY   CARE   AND   PHYSICAL   WELL ‐ BEING ____________________________________________________ 28
SOCIAL,   PSYCHOLOGICAL    AND   BEHAVIORAL   WELL ‐ BEING ___________________________________________ 33
STAFF   SAFETY _______________________________________________________________________________ 38
TRANSPORT _________________________________________________________________________________ 39
RECORD   KEEPING ____________________________________________________________________________ 41
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 2

a. This taxonomic group is represented in sanctuaries by native and exotic cat species and includes first generation hybrids at the size of the largest parent. b. The Felid family definitions for the purpose of this document: i. Small felids (adult weight under 20 lbs (9.1 kg)). ii. Medium felids (adult weight 20 lbs (9.1k) to 60 lbs (27.2 kg)). iii. Large felids (adult weight over 60 lbs (27.2 kg)).
Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah
GFAS size
L
Caracal aurata African golden cat
Caracal caracal Caracal
Felis chaus Jungle cat
Leopardus colocolo Pampas cat
Leopardus geoffroyi Geoffroy's cat
Guiña
Leopardus guigna Kodkod
Felis aurata
Profelis aurata
Lynx caracal
Felis caracal
Lynchailurus colocolo
Oncifelis colocolo
Oncifelis geoffroyi
M
S
S
S
Leopardus jacobita Andean cat
Leopardus pardalis Ocelot
Leopardus tigrinus Oncilla
Leopardus wiedii Margay
Leptailurus serval Serval
North American lynx
Oncifelis guigna
Felis jacobita
Oreailurus jacobita
Oreailurus jacobitus
Caracal serval
S
M
S
S
M
M
S
S
S
S
Lynx lynx Eurasian lynx
Lynx rufus Bobcat
Neofelis diardi Sunda clouded leopard
Neofelis nebulosa Clouded leopard
Otocolobus manul Pallas' cat
Panthera leo
Panthera tigris
Lion
Tiger
Panthera onca Jaguar
Panthera pardus Leopard
Panthera uncia
Pardofelis badia
Snow leopard
Bay cat
Uncia uncia
L
L
L
L
L
M
M
M
S
M
S
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 3

Pardofelis marmorata Marbled cat
Pardofelis temminckii Asiatic golden cat
Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat
Prionailurus planiceps Flat-headed cat
Prionailurus rubiginosis Rusty-spotted cat
Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing cat
Catopuma temminckii
Herpailurus yagouaroundi
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
Felids are powerful animals that require large spaces to accommodate natural behaviors. In addition to ample size, felid enclosures must provide physical challenge and sufficient environmental complexity. Housing felids in inadequately sized and enriched enclosures can result in stress to individual animals unable to express natural behaviors, including the ability to retreat from disturbance. Parent-reared felids are typically secretive and shy animals that require large enclosures to accommodate natural activity patterns.
Behavioral indicators of stress in carnivores may include pacing, circling and other repetitive behaviors that are well documented in captive felids.
NOTE: Though often associated with stress there are other triggers which result in pacing. This behavior, therefore, needs to be considered a part of an overall picture rather than taken on its own as an indicator of stress.
The aggressive nature of most felids, and their physical strength and capabilities, demand that caregivers pay close attention to details when designing enclosures for any felid species, regardless of their size, to reduce the risk of escape or reaching through enclosure fencing.
In the wild, all species of felids, other than lions, are more or less solitary, i.e. intolerant toward adults of the same sex, and exhibit a spatially and temporally dispersed social system. With the exception of lions, felids are solitary carnivores. Their group behavior depends on relatedness and thus does not carry over into most captive settings.
Felids are predators and many rely on cover for survival. Many adult big cats are the top predators in their environments and use cover to aid in ambushing and hunting. In these instances cover may also offer protection from human interference and provide a sense of security from conspecifics. Lion and cheetah are often found in open country: the former as a top predator and the latter in order to have long views over which to observe prey and to expedite escape from lion, hyena and perhaps baboons.
Felids are inquisitive, exploratory and in the wild are particularly active at night, dawn and dusk. Many are avid climbers and need trees for climbing, playing and living space.
Trees or other suitable substrate such as wood or carpet are also used to shed and sharpen their claws.
Felids are capable of climbing, jumping, tearing and damaging the sturdiest of structures and enrichment items. The physical space for felids should provide varied opportunities for interaction with the environment and key elements that are changed often, resulting
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 4

in a dynamic living space. Thoughtful facility design and husbandry programming are the foundations necessary to keep these active, intelligent creatures challenged and engaged.
While enclosure size and structure are important, creating a stimulating environment in which captive animals can express behaviors consistent with wild activity is the goal in a sanctuary setting. It is incumbent on those housing these species to stay abreast of the current information and work to meet the needs of the animals in their care.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 5

IMPORTANT: The following standards are minimal and every effort should be made to exceed them. For each goal, guidelines have been provided to help you determine your sanctuary/rescue’s level of success in meeting this goal. The intent is to assess to what degree your organization meets the stated goal; the guidelines are a tool to provide a framework for the assessment-not a pass/fail for each listed guideline. We recognize that you may be utilizing other acceptable ways of achieving these goals which we ask you describe in the comment section on the Ratings Document.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

Thoughtful facility design and husbandry programming are necessary to keep these active, intelligent creatures challenged and engaged.

The physical space provides varied opportunities for the felids to interact with the environment and key elements are changed often, resulting in a dynamic living space.

Felid habitats and living conditions are appropriate for the species housed, replicating their wild habitat with a balance between hygiene requirements and the species' biological needs.

Adequate space, both vertical and horizontal is provided to allow for expression of the species’ natural behaviors as observed in the wild.

Appropriate space, in terms of diversity and complexity is provided to allow for expression of the species’ natural behaviors as observed in the wild.

The habitat ideally provides appropriate visual, olfactory, and acoustic
 barriers.
The habitat provides security from predators .

Ideally felids are kept in open space settings, where they have enough acreage per cat for the species being housed, with trees or other suitable
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 6

substrate to ensure healthy claws. This acreage functions as the primary housing space.

Accommodations take into account the natural habitat of the species and seek to meet the physiological and psychological needs of the felids being housed.

The physical space for felids provides varied opportunities for interaction with the environment and key elements are changed often, resulting in a dynamic living space.

Non-compatible felids are not housed together.

Enclosure is well drained.

Enclosure includes a minimum of one animal transfer door leading to the shift yard, indoor area or lockout.

Enclosure shape may be variable to take in natural landscape features and curved walls are preferred to straight lines as they discourage pacing.

Cage walls are securely anchored at ground level and hung and supported sufficiently to prevent sagging and to ensure containment of the felid.

Fasteners are of the same gauge wire as the cage walls.

Two other enclosure areas are still needed as alternative housing for sick or injured individuals. o Indoor day/night rooms
 Provides secure shelter during inclement or extreme weather
(hurricane, tornado, heavy snow) during which outdoor containment could be compromised; provides alternative housing for sick or injured individuals. When appropriate for the species, the indoor space is in close proximity to the animal’s social group. o Shift yard or lockout
 For use while primary enclosure is serviced, for animal management needs of sick or injured individuals or for introduction of new individual to a group if appropriate for the species.
 An outdoor space for animals temporarily separated for health or social reasons.
 Small cage area is accessible from indoor housing.

Housing requirements all include a double entry system so that there are two doors between the felid and freedom at all times. The two doors are never open at the same time.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 7


All enclosures interconnect without creating 'dead ends' to allow for the freedom of movement of subordinate individuals.

Common walls are constructed so that paws, ears and tails cannot cross into nearby cages.

Shift yards include a minimum of one door to main cage area.

Outdoor o Functions as the primary living space.

Shelters o Provide secure protection during inclement or extreme weather
(hurricane, tornado, heavy snow).

Indoor o Provides housing for sick or injured individuals needing temperature controlled areas or restricted space for medical treatment. o Felids are only locked indoors when treatment for a medical condition requires such containment. o Indoor cages for felids are not used for the full time housing of captive felids. o Felids are predominantly nocturnal and are not locked up during their most active time of day.

Shift yard or lock out o Small cage area for use while primary enclosure is serviced or for animal management needs, including introduction of new individual to a group as appropriate for the species. o It is also an outdoor space for animals temporarily separated from the main group for health or social reasons. o Shift yards are easily accessible from the main enclosure. o Felids are familiarized with the shift yards through a regular routine of feeding, transfer and/or continuous access.

Open o Ideally felids are kept in natural settings where they have appropriate acreage (hectares) for the number of animals (enclosure sizes preferably exceed the minimums listed below), access to water features such as ponds/streams/pools for thermoregulation and enrichment and opportunities for climbing or other natural behaviors. o This functions as the primary housing space, the outdoor enclosure.
 access o Outdoor Enclosure (1-2 Felids)
 A minimum of 600 sq. ft. (55.7 sq. m) per enclosure for
 compatible small felids.
A minimum of 900 sq. ft. (83.6 sq. m) per enclosure for compatible medium size felids.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 8

 A minimum of 1,200 sq. ft. (111.5 sq. m) per enclosure for compatible large felids.
 For each additional felid add 50% more floor space.
 A minimum vertical dimension of 8 ft. (2.4 m) for small felids.
 A minimum vertical dimension of 12 ft. (3.7 m) for large felids.
 Top is covered with mesh of the same strength as cage walls. o If sufficiently high (i.e.16 ft. (4.9m) for lion and tiger or 8ft. (2.4m) for cheetah) above the nearest footfall, and constructed in such a way as to prevent escape (i.e. using an overhang or hotwire) a roof is not needed for these species. o Indoor Enclosure
 A minimum floor space of 10 ft. x 24 ft. (3.05 m X 7.3 m) for large felids.
 A minimum floor space of 6 ft. x 12 ft. (1.8 m X 3.7 m) for small to medium felids.
 A minimum vertical dimension of 8 ft. (2.4 m).
 If indoor areas are used only for medical recovery, the felids are transported in secure crates between the hospital and their home cage

For cats under the direct care and supervision of the attending veterinarian, temporary housing that is smaller, in order to accommodate healing or treatment, may be permissible but vet records should reflect this need on a case by case basis.
o Shift Yard and Lockouts
 If the felid is expected to spend more than 4 hours in the shift area:

A minimum of 400 sq. ft. (37.2 sq. m) for small and medium felids.

A minimum of 600 sq. ft. (55.7 sq. m) for large felids.

A minimum vertical dimension of 8 ft. (2.4 m) for small to medium felids.

A minimum vertical dimension of 12 ft. (3.7 m) for large felids.

Top is covered with mesh of the same strength as cage walls. o If sufficiently high (i.e.16 ft. (4.9m) for lion and tiger or 8ft. (2.4m) for cheetah) above the nearest footfall, and constructed in such a way as to prevent escape (i.e. using an overhang or hotwire) a roof is not needed for these species.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 9


Other than when being transported or for medical reasons, felids are kept in secure enclosures, pastures or other appropriate areas at all times.

Enclosures are designed to allow for felids’ normal defense reactions and appropriate 'flight' or escape distances.

All enclosures, pastures, etc., are designed, constructed and maintained to securely contain felids and to present no likelihood of harm to them.

Rubbish likely to cause harm in felid enclosures is cleared as soon as possible.

Distance or barriers between felids and between enclosures and personnel is sufficient to minimize stress to felids and reduce the risk of disease transmission.

Enclosures, pastures, etc. are designed to allow for proper and safe cleaning and drainage.

Cages are either covered, with minimum height to allow for natural behaviors, or open roofed, with cantilever angle, hotwire or sufficient height to prevent escape (see Housing Dimensions for appropriate measurements).

Digging o Perimeter containment in areas with soft substrate is constructed so as to prevent digging under the barrier.
o Fence lines and enclosures are inspected daily for signs of digging activity. o Where fencing meets hard surfaces such as rock or concrete, the fencing is securely anchored in place. o If the felid exhibits digging behavior, wire mesh may be buried under the substrate extending 2 ft. – 3 ft. (.6 m - .9 m) into the enclosure from the fence and a minimum of 12 in. (304.2 mm) below the enclosure substrate. o In areas where burying fencing is difficult or unlikely, a concrete apron may be laid at the base of the fence and extend into the enclosure a minimum of 2 ft. (.6 m) on the inside of the fence including at access gates.
 Plantings or other obstructions should be strategically placed to prevent pacing along the concrete apron. o A concrete apron or equivalent hard surface is recommended at all gates to minimize wear in these sensitive areas.

Fencing o Dimensions
 A maximum dimension of 2 in. x 2 in. (50.8 mm X 50.8 mm) for small felids is recommended for chain link fence or wire mesh.
 A maximum dimension of 3 in. x 3 in. (101.6 mm X 101.6 mm) for medium felids is recommended for chain link fence or wire mesh.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 10

 A maximum dimension of 4 in. X 4 in. (101.6 X 152.4 mm) for large felids is recommended for chain link fence or wire mesh. o For facilities with multiple cages, common fence lines are avoided but where they exist they are wrapped in mesh small enough to prevent paws, ears and tails from reaching into adjacent cages. o Barbed or razor wire is not used to contain felids. o The supporting posts for fences are firmly fixed into the ground. Fence material is sufficiently secured to supporting posts using the same guage thickness as the primary material and affixed in such a way that the weight of felids cannot detach it from the support nor dislodge the supporting posts. o Gaps at gates, posts and other places do not exceed 1 in. (25.4 mm) for small to medium felids and 2 in. (50.8 mm) for large felids. Gaps are designed to prevent paws, ears and tails from reaching into adjacent areas that contain animals or from becoming trapped. o Gates and doors are at least as strong, and as effective in containing the felids, as the rest of the enclosure barriers. In particular gates and doors are designed and maintained so as to prevent felids from lifting them from their hinges or unfastening the securing device. o Fencing of 12-gauge chain link or wire mesh is recommended for small to medium felids. o Fencing of 9-gauge chain link or wire mesh is recommended for large felids. o Fence mesh is not vinyl coated as felids may ingest the coating and the coating hides any corrosion (weakening) of the wire that may be developing.
 barriers o Solid barriers can be used in conjunction with other types of enclosure materials. o The barrier supports are secured in appropriate footings to ensure stability. o Concrete block, poured concrete and artificial rock have been used successfully as solid barriers in felid enclosures. When concrete block is used, the voids are filled with sand or soil to strengthen the walls and reduce potential for harboring unwanted species. o Contours in artificial rock are used to create elevated perches for large felids. Jump distance is considered when perches are provided in barrier walls. o Walls are of sufficient strength to anchor caging and furniture. o Height of the wall is the same as that for fences when measured above the nearest secure footfall. o Solid structures reflect and contain heat, therefore design of areas using solid walls allows for sufficient air flow throughout the enclosure to prevent felids overheating.

Dry o Dry moats are recommended for containment with caution. o An escape route is built in to allow felids who fall into the moat back into their enclosure. o Moats are surrounded by fences, walls, hedges or shrubbery to prevent others from approaching too close to the edge.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 11

o Moat width is greater than 18 ft. (5.5 m) for small to medium felids and
25 ft. (7.6 m) wide for large felids to prevent cats from jumping out. o Height of outer wall is the same as that for fences.

Water o Water moats are recommended for containment with caution because most felids are strong swimmers. o Rescue equipment is readily available at the moat area in the event a human falls into the water. o There is a management plan for regions where moats may freeze. o The moat does not serve as the primary source of drinking water. o Moat width is greater than 18 ft. (5.5 m) for small to medium felids and25 ft. (7.6 m) for large felids. o Care is taken to ensure felids who go into the water moat can, at all times, escape safely back into their enclosure, taking age and fitness of felids in the enclosure into account. o Moats are surrounded by fences, walls, hedges or shrubbery to prevent others from approaching too close to the edge. o Moats are deep enough to prevent the animal achieving a foot purchase on the bottom that might aid escape, and the external wall of the moat is sufficiently high above water level to prevent an animal climbing over it. o Hot wires are not considered sufficient deterrent at the perimeter barrier as the sole secondary containment. o Acceptable water quality parameters are established, and moat water is monitored on a weekly basis.

In all cases adequate ventilation and temperature control is provided.

Cage walls are securely anchored at ground level and supported sufficiently to prevent sagging and ensure containment of the felid. Fasteners are of the same gauge wire as the cage walls.

Dimensions o Vertical height is at least 8 ft. (2.4 m). o Maximum dimension of 2 in. x 2 in. (50.8 mm X 50.8 mm) for small felids is recommended for chain link fence or wire mesh. o Maximum dimension of 3 in. x 3 in. (101.6 mm X 101.6 mm) for medium felids is recommended for chain link fence or wire mesh. o Maximum dimension of 4 in. x 4 in. (101.6 mm X 152.4 mm) for large felids is recommended for chain link fence or wire mesh.

Solid o Solid barriers can be used in conjunction with other types of barrier. o The barrier supports are secured in appropriate footings to ensure stability. o Concrete block, poured concrete and artificial rock have been used successfully as solid barriers in felid enclosures. When concrete block is used, the voids are filled with sand or soil to strengthen the walls and reduce potential for harboring unwanted species. o Contours in artificial rock can be used to create elevated perches for large cats.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 12

o Jump distance is considered when perches are provided in barrier walls. o Walls are of sufficient strength to anchor caging and furniture. o Solid concrete or concrete block walls are sealed to make them impervious to contaminants and pathogens if used indoors. o Solid barriers allow for sufficient ventilation.

Fencing o For facilities with multiple cages, common fence lines are avoided but where they exist they are wrapped in mesh small enough to prevent paws, ears and tails from reaching into adjacent cages. o Gaps at gates, posts and other places do not exceed 1 in. (25.4 mm) for small to medium felids or 2 in. (50.8 mm) for large felids and are designed to prevent paws, ears and tails from reaching into adjacent areas that contain animals. o Fencing of 12-gauge chain link or wire mesh is recommended for small to medium felids. o Fencing of 9-gauge chain link or wire mesh is recommended for large felids. o Fence mesh is not vinyl coated as felids may ingest the coating.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section .

Any natural materials (e.g., plants and their products, such as seeds or fruit) are assessed for toxicity to the species held before use and any vegetation capable of harming felids is kept out of reach.

Trees within or near animal enclosures are regularly inspected and lopped or felled as necessary to avoid felids being harmed by falling branches, toxicity, or trauma.

Trees and climbing plants are pruned to prevent their aiding felid escape.

All outdoor enclosures, where possible, have a natural substrate.

Solid concrete floors are not suitable substrate. o Joint discomfort, especially in older animals, ulcers on the skin at pressure points and excessive wear on the footpads can result from housing on concrete.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 13


The substrate drains well and is amended with organic materials including, but not limited to, soils, sand, leaf litter, bark mulch, grasses, straw and hay.

The substrate provides an area that cleans easily and dries quickly for any ground feeding.

Felids who dig and root are provided habitats with suitable substrates, nesting and bedding materials if required.

Climbers are provided with appropriate three-dimensional environments, with appropriate sleeping and resting areas, which accommodate an array of moving and foraging behaviors.

All indoor enclosures have a non-slip concrete floor sloped to a drain and are preferably insulated (especially in cold climates).

For new construction, the indoor area is designed to accommodate a deep litter substrate.

Existing construction ensures that all floors are sealed.

Bedding materials are provided in sufficient amount/depth to prevent contact with the concrete.

Bedding material suitable for use includes, but is not limited to, bark mulch, leaf litter, wood wool, straw hay, and wood shavings.

All felids are observed to ensure they do not consume wood shavings, hay, bark mulch or other materials that may pose a hazard if ingested.

Shift areas can have a soil or well-drained, non-slip concrete substrate.

Concrete is covered with substrate to minimize risk of footpad abrasions.

Suitable substrate materials include, but are not limited to, soils, sand, leaf litter, bark mulch, grasses, straw and hay.

If the felid exhibits digging behavior, shift areas are secured with buried fencing or a poured concrete pad or apron.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 14

Guidelines to help you determine your Sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

Animal transfer doors are a key element of facility design.

Transfer doors are of a size and security to allow the use of transport crates to safely attach to the doors and to move in and out of the enclosure through the transfer gate.

Doors have safety mechanisms to ensure they can be ‘locked’ into the closed, half-opened or open position for both human and animal safety.

Transfer doors are designed to remain functional under all circumstances, are maintained in good working order and are free from any encumbrances that may prevent opening and closing.

Transfer doors for large felids are located at ground level.

The minimum dimensions of a transfer door are such that the felid can leap through the opening without hitting the top or sides.

There are double doors preventing escape from any animal holding area.

Doors are designed to allow caregivers to view enclosures while operating them.

Facility design includes a sufficient number of transfer doors to ensure that caregivers have two secured transfer doors between them and the felids when entering enclosures to service them.

Caregivers are able to manipulate doors safely and doors can be manipulated from outside the enclosure.

Caregivers are always accompanied with a responsible and adequately trained co-worker when working with the larger species.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 15


Shelter structures are available to provide protection from wind, weather or social partners.

Shelter areas provide dry space during wet weather.

Shade and shelter are provided in multiple locations within enclosures to ensure that all occupants simultaneously have access to shade/shelter throughout the day/night.

Shelter can be created through natural and artificial means within outdoor yards and indoor spaces.

Examples of shelter include hollow logs, rock overhangs, underground dens, shade structures, trees or shrubs, indoor areas or den boxes.

If more than 2 felids are housed together, shelter design does not result in
'dead ends' in which subordinate individuals can be trapped by more dominant felids.
Guidelines to help you determine your Sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

The physical space for felids provides varied opportunities for interaction with the environment and key elements that are changed often, resulting in a dynamic living space.

Enrichment materials are designed to aid and encourage normal behavior patterns and minimize any abnormal behavior.

Care is taken in movement of animals or furniture/toys from one enclosure to another in order to prevent exposure to aberrant parasites or diseases.

Plantings o Some of the outdoor enclosure plantings provide visual barriers, shade and resting sites. o All plant materials in an enclosure are evaluated for potential toxicity, including leaves, buds, seeds, fruit, bark and flowers. o Enclosures are planted with grasses, shrubs etc. that the felids do not tend to eat, and in sufficient quantities to survive spraying by the
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 16

felids.

Trees o Trees that may be used as an escape route are identified and removed or means to prevent felids from accessing them have been identified. o Health of trees close to fence lines is checked regularly and any removed if there is concern that they may come down on fence line. o Large trees can provide important shade areas. Large felids may, however, damage bark by scratching. Key shade trees within an outdoor enclosure are, therefore, identified and protected from a level of damage that might jeopardize the survival of the tree. o Felids can leap great distances (up to 20 ft (6.1 m) for several species and up to 40 ft (2.2 m) for the snow leopard). Trees are, therefore, positioned far enough away from cage walls so that the felid cannot use them to escape. o Arboreal species are provided high climbing areas. Cages are designed to allow felids to utilize the vertical component of the enclosure by providing aerial pathways.

Topography o Varied topography provides visual barriers, increased enclosure complexity and elevations that enable felids to see over a long distance. o Variation can be achieved using naturally occurring topography at the selected construction site or through addition of soils, culverts, rocks, logs etc. o The slopes and undulations associated with varied elevations provide beneficial physical challenges to the felids as they move about the enclosure. o Enclosures accommodate natural locomotion and behavioral patterns for the species. o Elevated areas are designed so that they can be negotiated by all ages of animals being held, particularly the very young and the very old, and to prevent accidents that could result in injuries. o Pathways exist throughout the enclosure to ensure subordinate individuals do not reach 'dead ends' in the enclosure. o Enclosures are furnished with deadfall, logs, or boulders. o Enclosures are accessible by staff for routine sanitation, repairs and updates. o Placement of perches or platforms includes consideration for access to felids for close observation, medication or training sessions.
 barriers o Secluded areas are provided within felid enclosures as visual barriers and places for felids to retreat from disturbance. o Examples of visual barriers include but are not limited to:

Plantings

Climbing

Fallen

Culvert

Shade
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 17


Large enrichment items

Climbing o Includes horizontal and vertical elements. o Accommodates natural locomotion patterns for the species housed. o Includes platforms or perches to allow resting, sleep, social behavior, and feeding ‘as well as locations and/or mechanisms to provide enrichment above ground level o A minimum of 50% of total climbing space is designed to allow access by individuals of all ages and physical capabilities. o Soft substrate such as soil, bedding material, mulch or leaf litter is installed below climbers to minimize risk of injuries from falls, especially to youngsters and older individuals. o Metal pipe and platforms are not used to construct climbers as metal becomes dangerously hot in summer sun and can damage skin during cold weather. o Is accessible by staff for routine sanitation, repairs and updates, and is subject to a regular maintenance program. o Placement of perches or platforms includes consideration for access to animals for close observation, medication or training sessions.

Pools o Permanent pool structures have an adequate filtration system to maintain institutional water quality parameters or are replenished at suitable intervals to ensure water remains potable. o A pool or comparable water source is available for tigers, jaguars, and other fishing felids or other species who enjoy getting into water in very hot weather. o In excessive heat, fountains and misters may also be used to cool the air. o Permanent pool structures lacking a filtration system have an amply sized drain to allow draining, cleaning and refilling of the pool at suitable intervals. o In the absence of a pool structure, large stock water tanks can be substituted. However, care is taken to ensure proper drainage of tanks for cleaning and that standing water or marshy areas do not result within the enclosure. o Felids are able to safely and freely enter and exit the pool. All ages and levels of fitness are accommodated. Ramps and surrounds are non-slip.

Benches and Climbing structure o A minimum of 50% of total climber space is designed to allow access by individuals of all ages and physical capabilities. o Includes horizontal and vertical elements to allow resting, sleep, social behavior and feeding above ground; and to accommodate natural locomotion patterns for the species housed. o Caging includes enough benches of appropriate height for the felid species housed such that each felid has a bench or elevated space o Caging includes enough caregiver access points such that each felid has his/her own access point for medical care where he/she can be segregated from the others in the group.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 18

o Logs for scratching are provided when felids are routinely housed indoors overnight. o Soft substrate, such as soil, bedding material, mulch or leaf litter, is installed below climbers to minimize risk of injuries from falls, especially to youngsters and older individuals. o Metal pipe and platforms are not used to construct climbers as it becomes dangerously hot in summer sun and can damage skin during cold weather. o Is accessible by staff for routine sanitation, repairs and updates, and is subject to a regular maintenance program.

Visual o Secluded areas are provided within felid enclosures to serve as visual barriers and places for felids to retreat from disturbance. o Examples of visual barriers include but are not limited to:

Plantings
 structures

Fallen

Culvert

Shade

Large enrichment items

Required when the shift yards are used as alternate outdoor access for felids temporarily housed indoors and when felids are restricted to a shift yard for more than 4 hours.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

Local, county, state (province) laws regarding proper waste removal are observed.

Fomites (shoes, clothing, etc. which carry infectious materials) may be a source of zoonotic disease. All who may come in contact with such materials are made aware of these risks and trained accordingly. This may be particularly important in those who are pregnant or have a weakened immune system.

Uneaten food is removed regularly.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 19

o Uneaten perishable food is removed within a timeframe appropriate for the type of foodstuff and prior to contamination or mold developing. o Important element of pest control and disease prevention. o Enables caregivers to monitor animal health, including changes in food consumption. o Minimizes risk for consumption of spoiled food items.

Damaged and soiled enrichment items are removed daily.

Removal of animal waste o Animal waste is removed regularly. o Efforts are made to prevent native wildlife accessing carnivore waste. o Soiled bedding material and substrate are removed and replaced with fresh materials daily. o Enables caregivers to collect fecal samples in a timely manner. o Can reduce or help minimize occurrence of infections and intestinal parasites. o Opportunity for animal observation.

Tools o Ideally, each enclosure has dedicated tools to prevent cross contamination. o When resources restrict ability to have dedicated tools, tools are disinfected between enclosures to prevent the spread of parasites and disease. o Quarantine tools and cages are labeled when use is restricted. o Sanitation tools or equipment are not used for transport or storage of foodstuffs or bedding.

Cleaning and Disinfection o Water containers and drinkers, food containers, and feeding areas are cleaned and disinfected daily. o Care is taken to minimize over spray of waste, directly or via aerosolizing, into adjacent cages during cleaning. o Care is taken to minimize exposure of felids in adjacent spaces to over spray, disinfectants or waste materials. o Animals are not present in enclosures being cleaned using power hoses. Care is taken to prevent accidental spraying of animals in adjacent enclosures when power hoses are used for cleaning. o Concrete floored enclosures are dried with a squeegee, and as needed fans, to ensure floors are dry before bedding material is replaced. o All hard surfaces including walls, floors, ceiling, benches, cage mesh and staff work areas are sealed to facilitate cleaning and sanitation. o Staff follow proper disinfecting procedures when moving between enclosures. o Cleaning and Disinfection Standard Operating Procedures are developed to address:
 Safe disinfectant use to prevent hazards to felids, caregivers and the environment.
 Cleaning and disinfecting protocols for food preparation and veterinary care areas using more powerful disinfectants on hard surfaces.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 20

 Daily, weekly, monthly and quarterly cleaning schedules for all hard surfaces including walls, floors, ceiling, benches, cage mesh and staff work areas are designed to minimize the risk of disease transmission.
 Disinfectants and other cleaning products are stored separately from foodstuffs.
 An MSDS sheet or equivalent is readily available for all cleaning products in use and all containers are properly labeled as to contents.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

The temperature is within the acceptable temperature range (thermal maximum and minimum) and optimum temperatures (thermal neutral zone) for species housed. Felids are found in habitats ranging from deciduous forest to temperate rain forest.

Many felid species can tolerate temperatures between 30 o
F/-1.1
o
C and
85ºF/29.4ºC, but allowance is made to accommodate individual animals not able to tolerate temperatures above or below the usual range of comfort for their species.

Snow leopards, tigers, Canada Lynx, Eurasian Lynx, some bobcats and some cougars can tolerate lower temperatures but are provided dry, wellbedded shelter.

Jaguars and clouded leopards have access to heated areas when temperatures drop below 50 o
F/10 o
C. Smaller tropical felids may need supplementary heat at higher levels than this.

Care is taken to prevent direct animal contact with heat sources.

Infrared bulbs or 'heat lamps' are not used as heat sources due to risks associated with bulb breakage, fire potential and tissue damage in animals.

Heating blocks/panels may be used, but care is taken with their installation and use to ensure that they pose no risk to the felids.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 21


Weather conditions, such as wind and precipitation, are considered in addition to temperature.

Dry, well-bedded den space is available at all times for felids to burrow into, utilizing their own body heat to stay warm.

All felids have access to air-conditioning or alternative cooling options when temperatures exceed 100
o
F/37.8
o
C (80ºF/26.7ºC in the case of snow leopards and Pallas cats).

Shade is available throughout the day in a number of areas and windbreaks are sufficient in number to accommodate all felids within the enclosure with consideration for social structure and relationships in a group.

Average ambient temperature range is between 30 o
F – 85 o
F/-1.1
o
C – 29.4
o
C for most felids. The indoor temperature for jaguars, clouded leopards and other felids not native to areas where temperatures fall to 50 o
F/10 o
C is, however, kept above 50 o
F/10 o
C.

Indoor temperature in all cases is above freezing to protect plumbing and ensure water is available.

Individuals with health concerns, aged individuals, kittens and cubs may require warmer temperatures.

When ambient temperatures rise above 85 o
F (29.4
o
C), fans, air conditioning or similar relief are provided.

Felids are provided with opportunities to choose temperature ranges within an enclosure.

Humidity is within optimal range for species housed. For felids, a humidity range of 40-70% is generally adequate. Maintaining higher humidity levels may be necessary for the health of tropical species.

Prolonged periods of very low humidity may affect coat quality in some species.

Indoor enclosures have sufficient ventilation to keep the air free of dust, urea and other contaminants.

Where negative air pressure is not used, HEPA filters may be installed to maintain re-circulated air quality.

Light, natural and artificial, is appropriate for the species housed in terms of intensity, spectrum and duration.
 enclosures
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 22

o Natural lighting is optimal and can be obtained from skylights, windows, roll up doors or other means. o Animals have access to natural shade and sunlight. o Supplemental lighting is provided to ensure adequate lighting for caregivers to observe animals, clean enclosures and perform related felid care tasks. o A natural diurnal rhythm should be maintained. When felids are confined indoors and if natural light is not available indoors, sufficient lighting is used to extend the daylight period to allow felids time to eat and select sleeping sites. o Lighting provides for good visual acuity and is of sufficient intensity to stimulate natural circadian rhythms as an artificially shortened day length can adversely impact food consumption and other behaviors.
o Fluorescent lighting, although energy efficient, is used with caution as there is evidence that some species are negatively affected by the high frequency flickering of some fluorescent light sources.

Outdoor enclosures and shift yards o While not necessarily required, consideration is given to supplemental lighting or power sources for use in outdoor areas in the event of emergencies.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

Fresh clean water is available at all times.

Multiple water sources are available for colonies of felids to ensure highranking individuals do not dominate water sources.

Water quality parameters are maintained at a generally accepted level for the species housed.

Drinking receptacles are placed in positions that minimize the risks of contamination from soiling by the animals, wild birds, rodents or other potentially invasive species.

Receptacles for animal water are designed to minimize spillage, are not used for any other purpose, and are cleaned daily.

Automatic Devices can provide a clean and reliable source of water with minimal waste, however the following precautions should be noted:
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 23

o Great care is taken when introducing felids to automatic drip devices that do not pool water, to ensure the felids are readily drinking from the system and are obtaining the necessary volume of water each day. o Automatic devices can be easily disabled when animals must be fasted for medical exams. o It is not possible to monitor individual water consumption using automatic devices. When monitoring of water consumption is required, alternative means of providing water has been devised. o The bowl diameter of automatic water devices is selected carefully to ensure that felids have clear access into the bowls as some are not comfortable putting their heads into containers that touch their whiskers. Standard widths for livestock may be too narrow. o Devices are tested daily to ensure water is available. o Devices are cleaned daily. o Devices may be installed with heat sources to prevent freezing and to ensure water consumption does not decrease with lower ambient air temperatures.

Water bowls or tubs o Felids routinely defecate in water. Water bowls are cleaned daily or more often if needed. Elevating the bowls above the tail of the felid protects them from the felid’s natural tendency to eliminate in streams and ponds to avoid predators. o Care is taken to ensure bowls of water are available at all times by securing the bowl in such a fashion that the felid cannot tip it, play with it or hide it from view.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

A veterinarian or qualified nutritionist periodically reviews all aspects of animal diet at the sanctuary.

The diet is of a quality, quantity and variety suitable for the age and life stage, species, condition, and size of the felid and modified as physiological changes dictate. Any need for vitamin supplementation is determined based on these parameters.

All felids are separated as needed to ensure each individual receives adequate nutrition regardless of status in social group.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 24


The food is wholesome, palatable, free from contamination and of sufficient quantity and nutritive value to maintain all felids in good health.

Each felid’s daily dietary needs are documented and made available to animal care staff.

Other than commercial diets prepared specifically for felids, only food considered "fit for human consumption" is fed.

Felids are obligate carnivores and are offered a meat-based diet in captive settings. The best diets are flash frozen, nutritionally balanced, prepared diets with no byproducts, hormones, antibiotics or preservatives.

Carefully sourced (see Carcass Feeding below) whole or partial carcasses are also appropriate when adequately balanced and supplemented under the supervision of a veterinarian or animal nutritionist.

Meat products are offered when large felids are most active and likely to consume the diet, as they spoil quickly in temperatures above freezing.

Bones can be offered once or twice weekly to felids maintained on commercial prepared diets, as they may be beneficial to dental health. Care is taken to avoid feeding brittle bones that may splinter.

Diets that consist primarily of muscle meat, chicken or turkey necks are not balanced. While these foodstuffs may be fed, they should only be one component of a balanced diet developed by a veterinarian or animal nutritionist.

Carefully sourced whole carcasses may be offered to felids to mimic their natural diet.
o If hunted meat is offered, be aware that lead may be present and, if possible, remove it.

Meat from animals that have died from disease, are suspected to have been diseased or sick or have died of unknown causes is not fed.

Animals euthanized with chemical agents are not used for food.

Felids in captivity have developed prion disease from being fed infected meat. This information should be taken into consideration in areas where
CWD, BSE or other prion diseases are present.

Feeding receptacles are placed in positions that minimize the risks of contamination from soiling by the animals, wild birds, rodents or other potentially invasive species.

Food receptacles, where used, are cleaned daily.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 25


Receptacles for animal food are designed to minimize spillage and are not be used for any other purpose (Note: Feeding chutes or feeding boxes may be used as a means to safely distribute feed).

Food may be presented in stainless steel buckets or bowls or on easily sterilized pads. o NOTE: Standard widths for containers should take into account felid reluctance to place their heads into any container that touches their whiskers.

Felids on balanced commercial diet are fed a minimum of once daily during the active period of their day. o Felids on this diet may be fasted one day per week but a bone or other chewing enrichment should be provided on fast days. o Fast days should not be implemented in cold weather and are not appropriate for very young, elderly, thin or sick animals.

Satiation fed felids, i.e. those that are given a whole carcass and allowed to eat as much as they want, may be fasted for two to three days per week provided they maintain their weight and are not overly hungry after the fast. o Fast days may be especially appropriate in hot weather when appetite is decreased but should be limited in cold weather to prevent weight and condition loss. o This feeding protocol may be inappropriate for very young, elderly, thin or sick animals.

Felids are fed individually to avoid aggression over food and to regulate quantity.

Diet can be offered in shift yards and indoor areas to increase felid comfort levels with those areas and improve reliability in transferring from one area to another.

Adjustments made to a nutritionally balanced diet are made so as to ensure continued nutritional balance.

Considerations for diet increase or decrease include weight, condition
(including pregnancy, lactation or medical issues), overall food consumption, activity level, ambient climatic conditions and behavioral issues.

Diet increases or decreases are made in modest increments with individual animal response, including weight and condition changes, to the change assessed for a period of time before additional changes are made.

Felids may experience decreased appetite/food consumption seasonally during warm weather. Amount of food offered is adjusted accordingly to avoid consumption of spoiled food.

In warm weather felids are fed during the coolest part of the day.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 26

Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

Fresh foods are suitably refrigerated for times not exceeding national guidelines.

Goods o Dry goods are stored in clean, dry storage areas in sealed containers or on pallets. o Products are dated and rotated to use oldest stock first. o Expired food is discarded on or before expiry date. o Bags damaged by pests are discarded.

Frozen o Items frozen for later use are dated and labeled. o No frozen items are thawed and refrozen.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

Food is protected against dampness, deterioration, and mold and from contamination by insects, birds, rodents or other animals.

No food that is spoiled or otherwise contaminated is served.

Uneaten portions of carcasses are removed from enclosures after 12 hours if temperatures exceed freezing.

Diets are prepared in a safe and hygienic manner to reduce the possibility of contamination or spoilage.

Guidelines for thawing frozen food items: o Meat chunks, fruits and vegetables can be fed frozen in an ice block, especially as a 'treat' during warm weather. o Frozen food items, that are not going to be fed frozen, are thawed in a refrigerator to minimize risk of spoilage. o Food is fed within 24 hours of thawing.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 27


Diets are prepared in a safe and hygienic manner to reduce the possibility of contamination or spoilage.

Meat and fish are prepared using separate cutting boards, utensils and food preparation surfaces from those used to prepare produce.

Food preparation surfaces are thoroughly cleaned after use (see Cleaning and Disinfection section).

Staff and volunteers wash hands thoroughly prior to handling food. o Wearing gloves during food preparation is recommended.
Guidelines to help you determine your Sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section:

A licensed veterinarian with relevant experience -the attending veterinarian- oversees routine felid health evaluation, treatment and medical emergencies. o The attending veterinarian is responsible for developing veterinary protocols and procedures for the felids. o Diseased, injured, or stressed felids are reported promptly to the veterinarian or supervisor on duty. o Licensed veterinarians with relevant experience are available and on call at all times for medical emergencies. o There is a standard operating policy of providing appropriate medical care for sick and injured animals.

The attending veterinarian, in consultation with the Sanctuary Director, determines a schedule for routine physical examinations, including ocular, dental and musculoskeletal assessment and implements any necessary treatment. o Hematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis may be appropriate whenever a felid is anesthetized. o Radiography and ultrasonography may be utilized where appropriate.

Medications are stored appropriately on site, according to label directions. o Medications requiring refrigeration are stored separately from food items.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 28


In areas where fleas are a problem they are controlled by periodic replacement of bedding and, if needed, spraying the enclosure with an approved insecticide. o Topical insecticides as approved by the attending veterinarian as safe for feline species may also be used as and when necessary.
Guidelines to help you determine your Sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section:

Felids are able to enjoy lives that are as close to their wild counterparts as possible with regards to stimulation and interest. o This can be achieved by adopting husbandry and management procedures, including appropriate housing and enclosure design, environmental enrichment programs, operant conditioning programs and a balanced diet to meet nutritional requirements.

Experienced veterinary support is provided to prevent and treat illness and disease and maintain welfare at a good standard.

Records of individual felids are kept to provide both behavioral and veterinary history.

All felids are visually inspected on a regular basis. o A daily general assessment is made and any unusual activities are recorded after each inspection. Ideally, reports include observations such as condition of urine and feces, eating and drinking patterns, administration of medications (if any), activity patterns (which may change seasonally) and general condition and behaviour.
 In some situations, particularly within controlled space environments, operant conditioning may be an appropriate tool to facilitate regular body exams (which ideally include feet, eyes, ears and mouth) to check for any signs of abnormalities.
 For felids who enjoy interacting with people, operant conditioning may provide additional enrichment.

Ideally, the decision to use operant conditioning is decided on a case-by-case basis. o
In Open Space enclosures, it may not be possible to observe each animal on a daily basis. In such habitats, it is important to get an accurate count and to spend time observing all felids at least weekly.
o Healthy felids are characterized by the following:
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 29

 Full and lustrous coat
 Bright
 Sound
 Able to carry themselves with grace and ease
 Good muscle tone and appropriate weight
 Appropriate response to sound
 Healthy

Felids are provided with opportunities to climb, rest, forage for food, play and bathe by providing platforms, different substrates, water sources and other structures where food/enrichment can be hidden. Places to rest/hide in comfort are also provided.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section:

Appropriate preventative medicine programs are in place to manage all felids with special attention paid to geriatric animals.

The preventative medicine program includes quarantine procedures, parasite surveillance and control, immunization, contraception, infectious diseases screening, dental prophylaxis, and periodic reviews of diets, husbandry techniques and invasive species control, as appropriate for the species at your sanctuary.

Preventive heartworm medication is given to all felids housed in areas where this parasite is prevalent, and an occult heartworm test performed periodically.

When circumstances permit, and as appropriate for the individual animal, an overall examination is performed annually, blood is collected, serum banked as a baseline control and the results are recorded. o NOTE: Any anesthetic poses a risk. In felids, who are prone to kidney degeneration, repeated anesthetic increases the chance of aging felid kidneys being unable to eliminate the anesthetic. Where possible the use of operant conditioning for blood collection and other procedures may reduce the need for anesthetic use.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 30


A veterinarian or veterinary technician performs fecal examinations to look for parasites and other problems at least twice a year. Results are recorded.

Fecal examinations are repeated following treatment to evaluate efficacy.

Routinely scheduled anthelmintic treatments may be required to control persistent parasitic infestations.

All felids are immunized as recommended by the attending veterinarian, using currently recommended procedures and products as appropriate for the country, species and individual.
o Standard domestic cat viruses are a potential threat.
Vaccination protocols should take into account felid sensitivity to some modified live vaccines.
o Killed rabies vaccine is recommended for felids housed outdoors . o Killed FeLV vaccine may be appropriate, especially for small felid species.
o Non-domestic felids may be susceptible canine distemper virus. Consideration should be given to using a ferret distemper vaccine (further information available from USDA) in areas where distemper in dogs and wildlife (raccoons) may be an issue.

Schedules and products are dictated by the disease status of domestic and wild animals in the area surrounding the sanctuary and relevant local and national laws.

The type, serial number, and source of product are recorded in the individual animal's medical record.

Upon arrival, all felids undergo quarantine for a minimum of 30 days according to protocol as established by the attending veterinarian. Felids previously housed together may be quarantined together.

If the sanctuary has known virus-free animals, testing for Feline
Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), Feline
Leukemia Virus (FeLV), and Toxoplasmosis may be considered prior to moving the new animals into enclosures with virus-free animals.

Footbaths are used prior to entering and exiting all quarantine felid enclosures or areas containing quarantined animals. Each is filled with a disinfectant and its use strictly adhered to by all personnel. All utensils and outer clothing used in quarantine are restricted to that area.

Local, state/province, or national regulations regarding quarantine of newly arrived felids are followed.

Management of felids in quarantine includes:
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 31

o Protective clothing, boots and footbaths used by all staff entering the quarantine area. o Quarantine clothing is not removed from the quarantine area except in a sealed container for cleaning. o Caregivers wear protective gloves and masks when cleaning or handling anything the quarantine felids come into contact with. o Where possible staff working in quarantine areas does not work with other sanctuary animals. If this is not possible, work is done in the quarantine areas last. o Quarantine staff cares for newly admitted felids in their quarantine area before caring for sick felids, which are housed in separate quarantine enclosures.

The quarantine area allows for daily cleaning and sanitation, either with removable catch trays or a drainage system that allows fecal matter to flush into a septic system; waste is otherwise removed and disposed of properly.
In enclosures housing animals carrying infectious or transmissible diseases, to the extent possible, all surfaces of the enclosure are properly sanitized.

Quarantine areas have adequate ventilation, heat and air conditioning, which are used to ensure optimum conditions, particularly in the case of young, elderly or sick felids who may be more sensitive to environmental changes.

Quarantine Animal Waste is handled separately from all other manure or compost at the facility. Quarantine waste is not spread on pastures or composted if there is a risk of disease transmission.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.
Note: The Operations Application (separate document) addresses prevention of breeding and keeping young with mothers. This section addresses additional special considerations for Felids.

All felids are prevented from breeding.

Unless altered or contracepted males and females are not provided access to each other.

Where male & female felids are housed together, all males are neutered or in the case of lions the males may be altered via a vasectomy.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 32


Spaying females will often decrease aggression and can have medical benefits for the felid.

Cautions o Vasectomy or castration of males will not prevent potential adverse effects to females from prolonged, cyclic exposure to endogenous steroids associated with the obligate hormonal pseudo-pregnancy that follows ovulation in felids. Endogenous steroids and steroid contraceptives cause similar side effects o Progestin contraceptives are associated in large felids with progressive uterine growth that can result in infections and sometimes uterine cancer; mammary tissue stimulation also can result in cancer.
Signs of diabetes mellitus have also been reported o If a progestin is used, treatment should only be short term, because of the increased likelihood of side effects with prolonged exposure o If a progestin is used, treatment should start well BEFORE any signs of proestrus, since the elevated endogenous estrogen can exacerbate side effects of the progestin o Progestins should not be used in pregnant animals, since they may suppress uterine contractions necessary for normal parturition. Thus, progestins should only be administered to females confirmed nonpregnant o MGA Implants are not recommended, but if they have been used, they are removed in less than 4 years. o Suprelorin® implants appear to work well and there seems to have been no reported side effects in felids of either sex.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

Most felids are solitary by nature and are afforded their own private space if they are not amenable to living with other felids.

Felids housed together are compatible and all felids have ample space to retreat and hide as needed while social tensions are resolved.

Clawed felids are not housed with de-clawed felids.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 33


Mixed o Mixed species situations are not recommended with felids unless they are of comparable size, compatible temperament and were raised together. o If the facility is open to the public mixed species housing gives contrary educational messages.

Solitary o Is preferred by some felids and is afforded to individual felids based upon their personal preferences. o In some cases positive benefits may be gained by having a conspecific to interact with (often the best form of environmental enrichment).
 Felids raised together may be negatively impacted by separation.
 Management needs to be vigilant and resourceful and much will depend on the species, ages and sexes involved as even good, long-term relationships can change with little warning.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

Identify felids to be introduced.

Felid introductions begin with visual and olfactory contact through a wire mesh barrier before they are permitted physical access to one another.

Ideally visual contact and physical introduction is conducted in a neutral area.

Felid introductions are monitored closely for several days for tension, aggression, shifts in dominance, territoriality, etc.

Food and water consumption is monitored carefully to ensure that all felids are able to access food/water.

Felids have access to separate shelter, ample room to move away from each other and no opportunities for an animal to be cornered.

An introduction is attempted only when there is a plan and resources available to separate felids if necessary. o NOTE: A skirmish may be expected and need not in itself necessitate a separation as dominance may need to be established before the
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 34

situation will settle.

If the introduction is not successful, no attempt is made to reunite the individuals until housing or social circumstances can be changed or other factors that may have contributed to the problems have been resolved.

Ideally, as needed and possible, information listed below is gathered for the introduction planning process (note: the smaller the area, the more applicable): o A list of individual animals to be introduced, including all that you ultimately hope to integrate into a group. o Outline the background of each animal including but not limited to:
 age and gender.
 social experience with other felids.
 rearing history (hand-reared, parent reared, time spent with mother and siblings). o As appropriate or needed, identify benchmarks or desired outcomes for each step in the process. Examples include:
 Physical location of animals during visual contact period.
 Behavioral goals of visual contact period.
 Physical location of animals during tactile contact period (in naturalistic settings, an enclosure within the acreage/hectares allows for exploration without hotwires, etc.).
 Behavioral goals of tactile contact period.
 Benchmark for proceeding to physical introduction.
 Space and cages to be used for physical introduction.
 Reasons location selected: neutral space, ample run around, visual barriers, doors that can be closed to protect animals in trouble etc.
 Cage set-up for physical introduction, enrichment etc.
 Emergency equipment that might be needed.
 Time frame necessary to acclimate animals to presence of equipment.
 Criteria for separating animals if physical introduction does not proceed safely.
 Post introduction management and husbandry protocols. o Decision
 The plan is developed with involvement of all staff involved with care of the species.
 The plan details a series of steps that are taken to integrate the individual animals involved.
 Necessary modifications to enclosures are identified and completed prior to beginning the process.
 The plan establishes behavioral goals for introductions and is not driven by schedules. The plan is also open to modification as introduction/integration develops and evolves. o Staffing
 Advisable to have veterinarian on grounds or on call for introductions.
 Only normally scheduled caregivers and animal manager are present to directly observe.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 35

 Individuals who are not routinely present in the animal area observe via remote video or receive reports from staff; this includes veterinary and management staff.
 All caregivers have a clear understanding of the plan, and contingencies for problems that might occur.
 All caregivers are empowered to take appropriate action in the event of perceived emergency.
Guidelines to help you determine your Sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

A behavioral profile is maintained and updated regularly for each individual felid in his or her permanent file.

A comprehensive enrichment program utilizing olfactory, tactile, taste, audio and problem-solving enrichments are provided.

All felid care staff are trained to recognize abnormal behavior and clinical signs of illness.

Measures regularly assessed by staff include species appropriate behavior, the felid’s ability to respond appropriately to variable environmental conditions, physiological states, social situations and adverse stimuli.

Stereotypic behavior, self-injurious behavior and inappropriate responses to various stimuli may be evidence of compromised well-being and are investigated. A plan to address concerns is developed.

The absence of negative behaviors is not accepted as sole evidence of wellbeing.
Psychological Well-being

Each enclosure has accessible devices to provide physical stimulation or manipulation compatible with the species. Such devices are non-injurious, and may include, but are not limited to, boxes, balls, bones, barrels, drums, rawhide, pools, etc. o Milk jugs and most commercial dog toys are not used in the cages as these are easily chewed by felids and many have died from ingesting pieces of such toys. o If bowling balls are used, the holes are filled to prevent the breaking of teeth. o Tires are not used in the cages while unsupervised as these are easily chewed by felids and many have died from ingesting pieces of
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 36

the tire.

Enrichment that is appropriate to the species is provided no less than weekly in a form that is different from their daily use of toys and cage furnishings.
Enrichment can take many forms and may stimulate any one or more senses.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.

Positive relationship between the felid and regular keepers, animal manager and veterinary staff is essential to well being. o Physical abuse, deprivation of food or water and other forms of negative reinforcement or punishment-based training are not used to train, work or otherwise handle felids.

All felid care staff are knowledgeable concerning the diets, husbandry, and restraint procedures for the felids under their care.

The animals do not become fearful or aggressive in response to human presence or routine care procedures.

A protocol for introducing animals to new keeper staff has been developed.

Where possible, animals have become familiar with the veterinary staff, allowing close observation.

Facility design plays a key role in keeper-animal safety and the ability to maintain a positive relationship.

No interactions with felids cause overheating, physical harm, or unnecessary discomfort, and physical and psychological stress or trauma are minimized as much as possible. Negative interactions are avoided. However, when they occur, efforts are made to recover trust and a positive relationship.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 37

Guidelines to help you determine your Sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section

Direct physical interaction is prohibited except when the felid is appropriately restrained in order to perform essential veterinary or management activities.
When the Sanctuary Director or the attending veterinarian deems such handling necessary, only trained personnel are allowed to do so.

Manual capture and restraint is used on large felids and is not recommended for most small to medium size felids.

The safest method to capture and restrain a felid is through simple conditioning to enter a squeeze cage or lockout area that is easily accessed on all sides, including the top, by the caregiver.

If physical restraint or drug delivery systems must be used, the lightest and least stressful methods that are appropriate are chosen, bearing in mind the safety of staff and animal.

Handling for management purposes or veterinary care is done as expeditiously and carefully as possible in a manner that does not cause trauma, overheating, excessive cooling, physical harm, or unnecessary discomfort, minimizing physical and psychological stress as much as possible.

Chemical restraint is performed only by or under the guidance of a licensed veterinarian. Specific anesthetic protocols, including record keeping, are adhered to. Chemical restraint is not used when multiple animals are in an enclosure except for emergency situations. In such emergencies all possible safety measures are taken.

Attachments for lockouts, crates and squeeze cages are included in facility design or modifications.

Use of operant conditioning for medical purposes, including voluntary injection training, is recommended over any type of physical restraint.
Guidelines to help you determine your Sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section:
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 38


Sanctuary staff has a thorough understanding of the potential risks of working with felids.

The sanctuary has a safety and an emergency preparedness plan in place to deal with potential risks. Staff are able to demonstrate readiness to respond to an emergency situation, such as a felid escape or caregiver injury. o New staff are trained in these procedures and there are regular review of procedures with all personnel.

Health and safety and procedural protocols are implemented and are strictly adhered to by all those involved in felid care.

Caregivers have established a predictable protocol for servicing enclosures to minimize stress for the enclosure occupants. In as much as possible the cages are serviced from outside. o Felids are transferred out of enclosures before caregivers enter the enclosure. o Caregivers do not enter felid enclosures alone. Caregivers are always accompanied by a responsible and adequately trained co-worker when working with the felids.

All staff working with or near felids maintain verbal contact. Radios are used where appropriate to avoid shouting and ensure safe contact is maintained.

All slides, doors and gates in felid areas are kept closed and securely fastened at all times unless needed for felid access. Ideally a double-gated system is in place with an escape route for staff in the event of a felid escape into human areas.

Designated senior members of staff are responsible for holding keys to felid areas and supervising staff in felid areas.

Locks and the security of slides, gates and doors are double-checked after each use and inspected regularly to ensure proper functioning.

Electrified enclosure fences are checked daily for proper functioning.

Any areas where staff and felids are in close proximity have clear safe zones
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 39

Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section:

Felids are transported only when necessary, such as when being transported to the Sanctuary, to a medical facility for care or to another accredited
Sanctuary for reasons as described in acquisition standards.

At a minimum, transport enclosures meet appropriate animal welfare standards (e.g. US Animal Welfare Act Transportation Standards or similar).

A veterinarian is responsible for preparing and signing any health certificate or other medical documentation as required by the national or regional authority.

Ideally, the consignor and consignee share in the responsibility for health care prior to, during, and after transport of animals.

Transport crates and vehicles are in good condition and meet federal and/or international standards. Equipment suitable for lifting, crating and transportation of animals kept within the sanctuary is readily available.

Prior to transport, the sanctuary ensures that adequate facilities are available at the receiving end and food items that are familiar to the animal are available.

Pre-transport health examinations ideally include a complete physical exam with attention to parasite checks, necessary vaccinations, and completion of any tests required by regulations of the receiving state/province or country.

Capture, restraint, and transportation methods consider the felid's temperament and behavior in order to minimize injury, and distress.

Any felid taken outside the sanctuary for an approved reason such as medical treatment or transfer to a more appropriate sanctuary, is in the personal possession of the sanctuary Director, or of competent persons acting on his/her behalf, and adequate provision is made for the safety and well-being of the felid, as well as public safety.

All felids taken outside the sanctuary are kept securely at all times. Felids are managed outside the sanctuary in such a way that the animal is under control and not likely to suffer distress or cause injury or to transmit or contract disease.

Health certificates and any required transport permits accompany the felid when being transported interstate or internationally. All transport abides by local, regional, national and international law.

Complete medical records, diet and husbandry information accompany all transported felids.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 40


Identifying papers accompany all animals transported, i.e., describing tattoos, or other identification methods.
Guidelines to help you determine your sanctuary’s levels of success in meeting this goal, although there may be other acceptable ways of achieving this goal that you are utilizing, which can be noted in the comment section.
Record Keeping

Detailed individual records are necessary for good husbandry, management and veterinary care. All nationally required records are kept.

An electronic database format is recommended for most record keeping.

Records that are recommended and/or required include but are not limited to: o Individual animal records showing origin, previous owner, age, species, gender, microchip number, tattoo, photo, bio, etc.
 record.
 Reproductive history if known.
 Contraception records
 Estrus charts for female felids if cycling.
 Weight, current diet and record of diet changes.
 Food consumption and preferred food items.
 Enrichment dates, items used and felid's response.
 Training record to document completed behaviors and those in development.
 Current and historic social partners or cage mates.
 Introduction record and response to various phases of introduction and response to other individuals. o Acquisition
 Are considered a permanent part of the animal record.
 Permits as required to satisfy local, regional, national and international law.
 Importation papers or other declaration forms where applicable.
 Transport Records to and from the Sanctuary to include: health certificate, date of transportation, transfer method, euthanasia or other disposition of animal.
 Titles and other appropriate documents establishing a paper trail of legal acquisition shall be maintained whenever possible. When such information does not exist (the Sanctuary maintains confiscated wildlife), an explanation shall be provided regarding such animals.
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 41

 Health certificates such as USDA Interstate and International
Certificate of Health Examination (Health Certificate), as required by the appropriate national and local government agencies. o Welfare assessment for the felids as a whole includes measures of disease prevalence, morbidity and mortality rates, and activity levels. o Inspection Reports, as applicable:
 USDA Inspection Reports
 Local, Regional or National Agency Inspection Reports
 Accrediting Organization Inspection Reports
 International o Other Animal Documentation as applicable
 Police Reports pertaining to specific animal
 Complaints pertaining to specific animal
 Animal Escape reports
Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries – Felid Care Standards 42

Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
Please help us improve these standards by sending us any suggestions you have!
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
ANIMAL DESCRIPTION ...............................................................................................................3
HOUSING .....................................................................................................................................5
SANITATION ..............................................................................................................................17
TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, VENTILATION, LIGHTING .........................................................18
NUTRITION ................................................................................................................................21
VETERINARY CARE AND PHYSICAL WELL-BEING ...............................................................27
SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL WELL-BEING .............................................32
STAFF SAFETY..........................................................................................................................38
TRANSPORT..............................................................................................................................39
RECORD KEEPING ...................................................................................................................40
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
The bears of the world are all of the family Ursidae. There are three subfamilies:
1. Ursinae with three separate genera: a) Ursus (true bear).
I. Ursus americanus (American black bear).
II. Ursus arctos (brown bear).
III. Ursus thibetinus (Asiatic black bear).
IV. Ursus maritimus (polar bear). b) Melursus.
I. Melursus ursinus (sloth bear). c) Helarctos.
I. Helarctos malayanus (sun bear).
2. Tremarctinae with one genus: a.) Tremarctos.
I. Tremarctos ornatus (Andean or spectacled bear).
3. Ailuropodinae with one genus: a.) Ailuropodinae melanolueca (giant panda).
The information contained in this document does not address the unique needs of the polar bear and giant panda. Sanctuaries caring for these species are encouraged to contact GFAS to discuss appropriate care standards for them.
Bears are powerful and inquisitive wanderers who require large spaces to accommodate their daily activities. In addition to appropriate size, bear enclosures must provide physical challenges and sufficient complexity to benefit the body and mind of the residents.
Housing bears in inadequately sized enclosures can result in social stress between cagemates and/or stress to individual animals unable to express natural behaviors, including the ability to retreat from disturbance.
Behavioral indicators of stress in bears can be seen all too often in small and/or stark environments. They include pacing, circling and other repetitive behaviors (See the work of Ames, Mason and others on the science of stress and stereotypic behavior in bears and other carnivores). Additionally, inadequate exercise facilities are a suggested factor in the development of muscular weakness and degenerative joint disease in captive ursids.
For bear enclosures, however, size is not everything or the only thing. Dynamic enclosures, amply provisioned with enrichment challenges, can withstand the pressures of digging, chewing, climbing and exploring to save the site from becoming a moonscape dotted with craters and even preserve some vegetation, shade and other key components.
The social environment for bears is important in captivity and the seasonal shifts in relationships and temperament demand that caregivers invest time to observe understand
3

Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   and intervene to facilitate safe and appropriate care. Keeping abreast of the latest information on bear behavior and care will aid in providing best possible care for captive bears.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
IMPORTANT: The following standards are minimal and every effort should be made to exceed them. For each goal, guidelines have been provided to help you determine your sanctuary/rescue’s level of success in meeting this goal. The intent is to assess to what degree your organization meets the stated goal; the guidelines are a tool to provide a framework for the assessment-not a pass/fail for each listed guideline. We recognize that you may be utilizing other acceptable ways of achieving these goals which we ask you describe in the comment section on the Ratings Document.
Guidelines
General

Thoughtful facility design and husbandry programming are the foundations necessary to keep these active, intelligent creatures challenged and engaged.

The physical space for bears provides varied opportunities for interaction with the environment and key elements are changed often, resulting in a dynamic living space.

The bears’ habitat and living conditions are appropriate for their species, and replicates the species’ wild habitat with a balance between hygiene and biological needs.

Adequate space, both vertical and horizontal, is provided to allow for expression of the natural behaviors observed in the wild for the bear species housed.

Appropriate space, in terms of diversity and complexity, is provided to allow for expression of the natural behaviors observed in the wild for the bear species housed.

The habitat ideally provides appropriate visual, olfactory, and acoustic barriers within the space.

The habitat provides security from predators.
Open space settings

Ideally bears are kept in open space settings, where they have acreage
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
(hectares), ponds/streams/pools, and the opportunity to dig their own dens or have these artificially provided. This functions as the primary housing space, the outdoor enclosure.

Two other enclosure areas are still needed as alternative housing for sick or injured individuals. o Indoor day/night rooms
 Provides secure shelter during inclement or extreme weather
(hurricane, tornado, heavy snow) during which outdoor containment could be compromised; provides alternative housing for sick or injured individuals while in close proximity to the social group. o Shift yard
 For use while primary enclosure is serviced and/or for animal management needs including introduction of new individual to a group.
 An outdoor space for animals temporarily separated for health or social reasons.
 Small cage area is accessible from indoor housing.
Controlled space settings

Natural habitat o Allows a minimum of one acre (.4 hectares) per bear. Thus 15-20 acres (6.1 - 8.1 hectares) could accommodate 15-20 bears. o Includes natural or artificial dens to appropriately accommodate each bear’s needs.

Alternate, outdoor enclosure for 1-3 bears o Minimum of 10,000 sq. ft. (150 ft. x 70 ft.) (929 sq. m.) per outdoor enclosure for compatible individuals. o Length exceeds width by a minimum factor of 2, to accommodate natural walking and running behaviors. o If covered in any way, minimum vertical dimension of 15 ft. (4.6 m.). o Includes a minimum of one animal transfer door leading to the shift yard. o Enclosure shape may be variable to take in natural landscape features.

Indoor day/night rooms for 1-3 bears o Minimum of three indoor rooms to support each outdoor enclosure. o Minimum dimension of 100 sq. ft. or 9.3 sq. m. (10 ft. x 10 ft.; 3.1 m. x
3.1 m.) per indoor room. o Minimum vertical dimension of 12 ft. (.3.7 m.) for indoor rooms. o Minimum of one animal transfer door interconnecting all indoor rooms. and preferably enough doors for a circular route if all bears need to be shut inside. o Minimum of one transfer door connecting the indoor area to the primary outdoor enclosure.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   o Minimum of one transfer door connecting each indoor room to the shift yard.

Indoor day/night rooms for singly housed bears o Minimum of one dayroom and one adjacent room per single animal o Minimum vertical dimension of 12 ft. (3.7 m.). o Rooms interconnect. o Includes a minimum of one transfer door to an outdoor enclosure or shift yard per room. o Singly housed individuals have visual access to other bears.

Shift yards for 1-3 bears or bears o Minimum dimension of 600 sq. ft. or 55.7 sq. m. (30 ft. x 20 ft.; 9.1 m. x 6.1 m.). o Minimum vertical dimension of 15 ft. (4.6 m.). o Minimum of two doors to indoor enclosures. o Singly housed individuals have visual access to other bears.

Mixed species housing o When multiple species share an outdoor enclosure, the total dimension is adjusted to reflect the minimum spatial requirements of each species housed. o Minimum dimensions for indoor areas remain unchanged for each species. o Each species is provided a dedicated transfer door between outdoor and indoor areas. o Dimensions for indoor areas remain unchanged for each species. o Mixed species exhibits are appropriately researched to ensure species compatibility and avoid unnecessary stress.
Guidelines
General

Other than when being transported or for medical reasons, bears are kept at all times in secure enclosures, pastures or other appropriate areas.

Enclosures are designed to allow for bears’ normal defense reactions and appropriate 'flight' or escape distances.

All enclosures, pastures, etc., are designed, constructed and maintained to securely contain bears and to present no likelihood of harm to the bears.

Rubbish likely to cause harm in bear enclosures is cleared as soon as possible.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

Distance or barriers between bears and between enclosures and personnel is sufficient to minimize stress to bears as well as reduce the risk of disease transmission.

Enclosures, pastures, etc. are designed to allow for proper and safe cleaning and drainage
Outdoor enclosures

Perimeter containment in areas with soft substrate is constructed so as to prevent digging under the barrier.

Fence is buried to depth of 36 in. (1 m.) to prevent bears from digging under.
Alternately, in large acreage enclosures (15-20 acres or 6.1 - 8.1 hectares), bears have been kept from digging by placing hot wires near the ground every one foot.

Fence lines and enclosures are inspected daily for signs of digging activity.

Where fencing meets hard surfaces such as rock or concrete, the fencing is securely anchored in place.

Consider the use of solid baffle plates at the top of barriers where climbing is a concern.

Fencing o Minimum vertical height of 15 ft. (4.6 m.) non-climbable barriers. o Fence posts have secure footings to support the cage mesh and withstand animal use of the fencing. o Mesh size:
 A maximum dimension of 3 in. x 3 in. (7.6 cm. x 7.6 cm.) is used.
 Rigid woven wire mesh is recommended for brown bears
 Chain link mesh (4-6 gauge) may be used with brown bears and black bears. o Alternately, in large acreage enclosures (15-20 acres or 6.1 - 8.1 hectares), bears have been successfully contained with 8 ft. (2.4 m.) double fencing, with hot wires. o Barbed or razor wire are not used to contain bears. o The supporting posts for fences are firmly fixed into the ground. Fence material is sufficiently secured to supporting posts in such a way that the weight of bears could not detach it from the support nor dislodge the supporting posts. o Gates and doors are at least as strong, and as effective in containing the bears as the rest of the enclosure barriers. In particular gates and doors are designed and maintained so as to prevent bears from lifting them from their hinges or unfastening the securing device. o Enclosure fence lines include at least one drive-in access point for emergency access.
8

Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   o Enclosure furniture is placed to allow vehicle access throughout the enclosure.

Solid barriers o Minimum vertical height of 15 ft. (4.6 m.) non-climbable barriers. o The walls are secured in appropriate footings. o Solid barriers can be used as the sole method of containment or in conjunction with other types of barriers. o Glass panels, concrete block, poured concrete and artificial rock have been used successfully as solid barriers. o Care is taken, especially with artificial rock, to ensure that contours in the rock do not provide escape routes from the enclosure. o Design of areas using solid walls allows for sufficient air flow throughout an enclosure. o Caution:
 Concrete and gunnite walls absorb and re-radiate heat making this form of containment problematic in warm weather.
 Solid-sided enclosures provide minimal visual enrichment or stimulation. Solid-sided bear pit type enclosures are not appropriate and are avoided.

Dry moats o Dry moats areas used with non-climbable barriers are an effective containment method. There is a means provided for escape back to the enclosure for animals falling into them. o Dry moats are accessible by skid steer or similar small tractor to repair erosion or grade issues and to meet other service or repair needs in the enclosure. o Dry moats are surrounded by fences, walls, hedges or shrubbery to prevent others from approaching to close to the edge.

Water moats o Enclosures utilizing water moat containment take into consideration the following criteria:
 Moat width is greater than usual horizontal and vertical jump distance for bears.
 Electric wires are not used at the perimeter barrier as secondary containment. Solid barriers or fencing as described above provide secondary containment.
 The perimeter barrier height exceeds the reach of the largest bear housed if that individual reaches the deepest part of the moat.
 There is a means provided for escape back to the enclosure for animals falling into them.
 Rescue equipment is readily available at the moat area in the event a human falls into the water.
 There is a management plan to keep moats free of ice in colder climates.
 The moat does not serve as the primary source of drinking water.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
 The moat includes both deep and shallow areas for use by the bears.
 The institution has established acceptable water quality parameters.
 Water quality is measured on a weekly basis.
 Moats are surrounded by fences, walls, hedges or shrubbery to prevent others from approaching to close to the edge.

Electric fencing o If used, electric fencing is designed, installed and maintained by persons with a full understanding of how electricity will be utilized and delivered in a safe, yet proficient manner – while taking into consideration:
 Charger voltage and Joule ratings - minimum of 3,000 volts and 32 joules.
 Fence height.
 Wire placement.
 Ground moisture levels.
 Vegetation divergence.
 Natural climbing instincts.
 If used, bears are appropriately acclimated to electrical fencing.
 Two circuits of electrical fencing are used, with independent power sources, so that if one set of e-fence shorts out the second set remains functional. Backup generators should be available.
 E-fences are not be placed close to enclosure furniture where bears may accidentally touch them when playing.
 Electric wires are used in a safe and humane manner so as to protect the animals contained therein as well as prevent potential public access.
 Safety signs on any electrified section of the enclosure fence are easily visible.
Indoor enclosures

Mesh size o A maximum dimension of 3 in. x 3 in. (7.6 cm. x 7.6 cm.) is recommended. o A maximum mesh size of 2 in. x 2 in. (5.1 cm. x 5.1 cm.) is recommended where mesh separates adjacent cages. o Woven wire mesh or metal rebar are recommended.

Solid walls o Walls are of sufficient strength to anchor caging and furniture. o Walls are impervious to water and will not be damaged by chemical disinfection. o Wall materials can include concrete block, poured concrete and other materials meeting the criteria above. o Walls constructed of concrete block have voids filled with sand or soil to strengthen the walls and reduce potential for harboring of unwanted
10

Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   insect or vertebrate species. o Solid concrete or concrete block walls are sealed to make them

Floors impervious to contaminants and pathogens. o Floors are made of material which is impervious to water and will not be damaged by chemical disinfection. o Floors slope to drains located outside the enclosure. o Floors are sealed with appropriate product making them impervious to contaminants and pathogens. o Floors include an impermeable under-layer to prevent rising damp. o Non-slip floors are recommended for bears with mobility problems.
Shift yards

Mesh o A maximum mesh size of 3 in. x 3 in. (7.6 cm. x 7.6 cm.) is recommended. o A maximum mesh size of 2 in. x 2 in. (5.1 cm. x 5.1 cm.) is recommended where mesh separates adjacent cages. o Rigid woven wire mesh is recommended. o Chain link mesh may also be used. o A solid transparent barrier such as Plexiglas or lexan is required where caregivers must work in close proximity to cage mesh. o Fence posts have secure footings to support the cage mesh and withstand animal use of the fencing.
Guidelines
Vegetation

Any vegetation capable of harming bears is kept out of reach.

Trees within or near bear enclosures shall be regularly inspected and trimmed or felled as necessary to avoid bears being harmed by falling branches, toxicity, or trauma.

Trees and climbing plants shall be pruned to prevent their aiding bear escape.

Any natural materials (e.g., plants and their products, such as seeds or fruit) are assessed for toxicity to bears before use.
Outdoor enclosures

All outdoor enclosures have a natural substrate consistent with the site.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

The substrate can be amended with organic materials including but not limited to soils, sand, leaf litter, bark mulch, grasses, straw, hay, wood shavings. Increasing the availability of these substrates is recommended during cold wind winter months for winter dormancy.

Bears are observed to ensure wood shavings, bark mulch or other materials that may pose a hazard are not ingested.

The substrate drains well; in tropical areas, appropriate rainwater run-offs are included in the enclosure design.

The substrate provides cushioned areas for the bears.
Indoor Enclosures

All indoor enclosures have a concrete floor sloped to a drain.

For new construction, the indoor area is designed to accommodate a deep litter substrate.

Existing construction insures that all floors are sealed. Bedding materials are provided in sufficient amount/depth to cushion falls from perches or climbing structures.

Bedding material suitable for use includes, but is not limited to, bark mulch, leaf litter, wood wool, shredded paper, shredded cardboard, straw, hay, and wood shavings. As noted above, this material should be increased during cold winter months.

Bedding material does not block drainage.

Bears are observed to ensure wood shavings, bark mulch or other materials that may pose a hazard are not ingested.

Bare floors are not an acceptable surface for housing bears.

Tractor tires placed horizontally and filled with bedding material have been used successfully to create nest areas for bears.

Steel baskets or fire hose hammocks provide acceptable off-ground nesting areas for bears.
Shift yards

All outdoor shift yards have a minimum of 50% of the surface area in natural substrate.

The remaining 50% can be concrete as needed for drainage or sanitation.

The substrate can be amended with organic materials including but not limited to soils, sand, leaf litter, bark mulch, grasses, straw and hay.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

Substrate materials are provided in sufficient amount/depth to cushion falls from perches or climbing structures.

Bears are observed to ensure wood shavings, bark mulch or other materials that may pose a hazard are not ingested.

The substrate drains well.

Bare concrete is not an acceptable substrate for housing bears.
Guidelines
Indoor/Outdoor/Shift yards

Animal transfer doors are a key element of staff and animal safety, especially in setups using indoor/outdoor/shift yards.

With proper facility design and safe management practices, a two-door policy is observed such that two animal transfer doors are closed and secured between caregivers and animals, whenever caregivers enter enclosures to service them.

Animal transfer doors and door controls are placed in locations allowing caregivers a view of the animals and doors while operating doors.

Doors have safety mechanisms to insure they can be ‘locked’ into the closed, half-opened or open position for both human and animal safety. o (Note: Mechanisms that require humans to work are out of reach of bears and, if close to bears and in potential reach of bears, metal plates or narrowed bars are used to avoid paws coming through.)

Transfer doors for bears are accessible from ground level.

A minimum dimension of 3 ft. x 3 ft. (.9 m. x .9 m.) is recommended for transfer doors.

Transfer doors are made of heavy steel or similar material.

Use of guillotine style doors is discouraged due to risks of animal injury. o If used, staff is appropriately trained and the mechanism is constructed with a large safety margin in terms of tension and system strength.

Transfer doors are designed in terms of size and security to allow the use of transport crates to safely attach to the doors and to move in and out of the
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   enclosure through the transfer gate.

Transfer doors are designed to remain functional under all circumstances and are maintained in good working order and free from any encumbrances that may prevent opening and closing.
Guidelines
General

Bears require protection from direct sun, wind and inclement weather.

Concurrent access to outdoor enclosures and indoor areas is an effective means to provide shelter and environmental choice. Underground tunnels made of concrete tubes angled for trapping air at various temperatures and preventing flooding may provide this protection in outdoor enclosures with no access to indoor areas.

Access to an indoor area does not create or result in ‘dead ends’ in which individuals can be trapped by cage mates.

Shade is provided in multiple locations within outdoor enclosures to insure that all resident bears have access to shade throughout the day.

Shade and shelter can be created through natural and artificial means including shade trees and shade fabric.

Shelter areas provide dry space during wet weather.

Shelter provides protection from wind.
Guidelines
General

Sanctuary enclosed areas are equipped in accordance with the needs of the
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   bears; with bedding material, branch work, burrows, nesting/hide boxes, pools, appropriate substrate, and vegetation and other enrichment materials designed to aid and encourage normal behavior patterns and minimize any abnormal behavior.

Care is taken in movement of furniture/toys from one enclosure to another in order to prevent exposure to aberrant parasites or infectious materials.
Outdoor Enclosures

Shade sources including fallen trees or logs, rocks and boulders, large stumps and root balls, trees, shrubs.

Water sources including pools, tanks.

Platforms or other structures for climbing and resting above ground level.

Nest or den sites where bears can find shelter from wind and sun. Any buried concrete pipes used for dens (such as those used for culverts, etc.) should be positioned so as to be protected from flooding and to trap air at different temperatures.

Digging areas with a variety of substrates.

Logs or rocks for rubbing, scratching itchy skin, shedding hair. Log walls with holes in for hiding food provide enrichment. Food or play items may also be suspended to provide enrichment.

Plantings o All outdoor enclosures for bears include living or fresh vegetation.
This is more easily accomplished in larger enclosures. o Consideration is given to allowing an enclosure to ‘rest’ periodically allowing plants to recover from bear damage. o Enclosure plantings, especially shrubs, provide visual barriers and shade. o Shrubs and branches are also used for scratching and sustain considerable damage. Plans to maintain or replace plantings are part of routine maintenance. o All plant materials are evaluated for potential toxicity. o Preferred food plants can be offered as part of the diet.

Trees o Large trees can provide important shade areas as well as opportunities for bears to climb, rest and feed. o Trees have lower trunk areas protected from bear damage. o Trees that may be used as an escape route are identified and removed or means to prevent animals from accessing them have been identified. o Health of trees close to fence lines is checked regularly and any removed if there is danger of it coming down on fence line.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

Topography o The outdoor enclosure includes natural topography. o Slopes, hills, and ravines provide the bears with visual barriers, temperature choice, shade and exercise. o If the natural site is flat, topography has been added to the enclosure via additional soil, culverts or other sturdy materials.

Visual barriers o Visual barriers can provide bears with the opportunity to rest out of view of humans and other bears, as well as providing shade. o If the site topography and plantings do not offer visual barriers, materials have been added to the enclosure to meet this need.

Climbing structure o Can be a simple structure to provide shade and an above ground rest site. o Is sturdy enough to withstand damage from bears. o Includes at least one resting platform. o Horizontal elements include a mix of flexible and fixed components. o Metal pipe is not used as it becomes dangerously hot in summer sun and can damage skin during cold weather. o Soft substrate such as soil, bedding material, mulch or leaf litter is installed in shade areas. o Is accessible by staff for routine sanitation, repairs and updates. o Ideally includes locations to provide diet and enrichment at varying levels
Indoor Enclosures

Plantings o Where adequate light levels are available, plantings outside the enclosures serve as sound buffers and visual relief.

Visual barriers o Important for indoor areas, allowing individual animals relief from human activities, sound or other disturbance.

Resting structure o Bears are provided opportunities to build nests off of concrete floors. o Is accessible by staff for routine sanitation, repairs and updates. o Plastic pallets, very large stock tanks or tractor tires filled with substrate can meet this need.

Access points o Indoor caging includes multiple access points for caregiver/animal interaction to allow medication and treatment of individuals, observation and treatment of injuries and other medical and husbandry procedures.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
Guidelines
Sanitation

Local, state, national laws regarding proper waste removal are observed.

Efforts are made to prevent native wildlife access to carnivore waste.

Composting regulations are reviewed prior to composting carnivore waste.

Bears are transferred from enclosures prior to cleaning, disinfection and/or sanitizing.

Care is taken to minimize over spray of waste directly, or via aerosolizing, into adjacent cages during cleaning.

Care is taken to minimize exposure of animals in adjacent spaces to over spray, disinfectants or waste materials.

Animals are not present in enclosures being cleaned using power hoses.
Care is taken to prevent accidental spraying of animals in adjacent enclosures when power hoses are being used for cleaning. o Note: Gentle water hose ‘showers’ can, however, be used as part of an enrichment program for bears who enjoy showers.

Daily removal of uneaten food o Is an important element of pest control and disease prevention. o Enables caregivers to monitor changes in food consumption. o Minimizes risk for consumption of spoiled food items. o Note that in naturalistic acreage (hectares), depending on the area, birds may consume uneaten food. In these areas, regular monitoring is necessary to ensure that uneaten food is not left to decompose.

Daily removal of animal waste o Is an important element of pest control and disease prevention. o Enables caregivers to monitor animal health. o Enables caregivers to collect fecal samples in a timely manner. o Can reduce or help minimize occurrence of intestinal parasites. o Caregivers are educated as to the potential for zoonotic infection e.g.
Baylisascaris. o Note that in naturalistic acreage (hectares), depending on climate, the
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   sun and native birds may insure waste decomposes or disappears quickly. In these areas, regular monitoring is necessary to ensure that animal waste does not build up. o Soiled bedding material and substrate are removed and replaced with fresh materials on a regular basis. o Damaged and soiled enrichment items are removed on a regular basis.

Tools o Ideally, each enclosure has dedicated tools to prevent cross contamination between enclosures. o When resources restrict ability to have dedicated tools, tools are disinfected between enclosures to prevent the spread of parasites and disease. o Tools are labeled when use is restricted to specific areas. o Sanitation tools or equipment, including wheelbarrows, are not used for transport or storage of foodstuffs or bedding.

Disinfection and Sanitizing o All hard surfaces including walls, floors, ceiling, benches, climbing structures, cage mesh and caregiver work areas are sanitized regularly to the extent possible. Note that in large outside enclosures with exposure to sun and rain, there may not be a need for scrubbing and cleaning but areas must be monitored for potential sanitation problems. o Staff observes cross-contamination prevention procedures when moving between enclosures. o Disinfectants used in outdoor areas do not accumulate in soil and pose hazards to enclosure occupants or to the environment. o Disinfectants used in indoor areas are rotated on a regular basis. o Disinfectants are evaluated for hazards to both staff and animals. o Disinfectants are used in well-ventilated areas and label instructions for proper use and safety are observed. o Staff has access to Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), where available, for all cleaning products in use. o All containers are properly labeled as to contents. o Disinfectants and other cleaning products are stored separately from foodstuffs. o Food containers are sanitized daily. o Water containers, drinkers, and Lixit waterers are sanitized daily. Note that in naturalistic settings, with access to ponds and streams, any additional water tanks are pumped and changed on a regular basis.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
Guidelines
Temperature

Bears are found in habitats ranging from deciduous forest to temperate rain forest. Appropriate access to warmth or means of cooling are provided based on species of bear and local climate.
Outdoor enclosures and shift yards

Temperate zone bear species can tolerate temperatures well below freezing if provided ample shelter and bedding material.

Wind, snow and rain reduce the temperature range that can be comfortably tolerated.

Allowance is made to accommodate individual animals not able to tolerate temperatures above or below the usual range of comfort for the species, including, but not limited to, young cubs, older bears with thinning coats and animals with specific medical conditions which may require supplemental heat.

If supplemental heat is offered, bears have ample space to move away from the heat source in order to avoid possible overheating or thermal burns.

Large piles of bark mulch release heat as the mulch decomposes providing an excellent natural heat source for the bears.

Windbreaks are sufficient in number to accommodate all animals. These cannot be used as a substitute for access to a dry, protected or heated space.

Shade is available throughout the day in a number of areas to accommodate all individuals housed in the enclosure.

Misters or sprinklers with fine settings can provide bears with relief from warm summer weather.

All bears are provided with a means of bathing to reduce body temperature in hot weather.
Indoor enclosures

Minimum temperature of 40 o
F (4.4
o
C) to prevent freezing of drinkers and water lines.

Average ambient temperature range of 40 o
F (4.4
o
C) to 80 o
F (26.6
o
C) is recommended.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

When ambient temperatures rise above 85 o
F (29.4
o
C), fans, air conditioning or similar relief is provided and is placed so as to prevent bears interacting with it.

Individuals with health concerns, aged individuals and young cubs typically require warmer temperatures and, when supplemental heat is provided, are monitored for potential overheating.

Bears are provided opportunities to choose temperature ranges within the enclosure. This can be achieved by access to pools, shade, dens or supplemental heat sources.

Bare concrete floors are not considered suitable substrate or housing for bears.

Bears are provided nest areas indoors.
Humidity

Indoor humidity is of concern during winter months when forced air heat may be in use.

Bears are observed closely for signs of dry skin.

A humidity range of 40-70% is generally adequate.
Ventilation

Indoor enclosures ideally have a negative air pressure, with a regular air change of non-recirculated air.

Ideally, separate air handling systems are maintained for each animal area to prevent possible disease transmission.
Lighting

Indoor enclosures o Natural lighting is optimal and can be obtained from skylights, windows, roll-up doors or other means. o Supplemental lighting is provided within animal enclosures and staff service areas. o Tamper proof light fixtures are used within animal enclosures. o Sufficient lighting is available to extend the daylight period to allow animals time to eat and select sleeping sites if enclosure has limited or no natural lighting. o A minimum illumination of 75-foot candles is recommended in one reference.

Outdoor enclosures and Shift yards o While not necessarily required, consideration is given to supplemental lighting or power sources for use in outdoor areas in event of emergencies.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
Photoperiod

Windows, skylights and access to outdoor areas around the clock are the most effective means to insure a proper photoperiod for temperate zone bear species.

An artificially shortened day length period can adversely impact food consumption and other natural behaviors.
Guidelines
Quantity

Fresh clean water is available at all times.

Multiple water sources are available for group-housed bears.
Quality

Potable water sources are tested for contaminants annually.

Drinking receptacles are placed in positions that minimize the risks of contamination from soiling by the animals, wild birds, rodents or other potentially invasive species.

Receptacles for animal water are designed to minimize spillage and are not be used for any other purpose.

Water receptacles, where used, are cleaned daily.

Automatic water devices can provide a clean and reliable source of water with minimal waste. o Devices are tested daily to ensure water is available. o Devices are cleaned daily. o Some devices can be installed with heat sources to prevent freezing and to insure water consumption does not decrease with lower ambient air temperatures. o Automatic devices are easily disabled when animals must be fasted for medical exams. o When monitoring of water consumption is required, alternative water source is provided.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

Water bowls or tubs o Water bowls are cleaned daily or more often if needed. o Care is taken to ensure bowls of water are available at all times as bears often dump free-standing water bowls.
Guidelines
Commercially Prepared Complete Feed

Basic nutritional needs can be met by inclusion of a high quality commercially prepared complete feed such as omnivore chow or dog chow in the diet as the core nutrition source.

Commercially prepared products are formulated for high protein needs.

Consideration may be given to offering two types of complete feeds seasonally, allowing individuals choice and to avoid dietary disruption if one product becomes temporarily unavailable.
Meat, Fish, Bones

For brown bears, meat, fish, whole rodents, quail or other meat sources are added to the diet. All items are reputably sourced to prevent presenting bears with potentially infected food items.

Commercially prepared meat products are preferred over muscle or slab meats to ensure appropriate vitamin and mineral levels are delivered.

When feeding fish to grizzly or other brown bears, a balance of high fat and low fat species is offered. An appropriate level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and B vitamins is ensured in high-fish diets.

Bones, rawhides or other chewing substrates are offered to bears at least once weekly to help to maintain dental health. Note however, that bears may fracture their teeth on bones.
Leafy greens, Vegetables and Fruit

A variety of leafy greens, vegetables, nuts and fruit are offered as a component of the basic diet.

Produce in the diet can be used to meet behavioral needs associated with finding and consuming food.

Rotation of food items, including seasonally available fruits and vegetables
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   provides necessary variety in the diet.

The fresh produce portion of the diet is not heavily dependent on over ripe and/or sugary fruits.

All items fed are free of spoilage, insect pests, mold or other contaminants
Browse (fresh plant material)

Freshly cut plant material can be offered regularly to promote natural feeding behaviors.

Materials offered include leaves, flowers and berries. If possible browse availability is rotated on a daily basis for enrichment purposes.

All caregivers are trained to identify safe, non-toxic plant species appropriate to feed the bears. Some plant species are unsafe when dried versus fresh and some foliage may be safe but berries or roots may be toxic.
Vitamin Supplements

Prior to offering supplemental vitamins, the health and condition of the individual bear as well as its diet is reviewed with a nutritionist experienced in bear and/or dog nutrition or with the attending veterinarian.
Treats or ‘Enrichment’ Food items

Seeds, nuts, cereals and grains may be fed in small amounts when dispersed in substrate to encourage forage behaviors.

If dog biscuits are offered as treats, they are offered at infrequent intervals and in small volume due to the typically high fat content of these items.

Preferred food items from the basic diet can be reserved for use in enrichment or to deliver medication.

Imaginative presentation of enrichment foods in puzzle feeders, ice-blocks or papier-mâché piñatas will enhance enrichment and foraging value. Items may also be buried, hung from trees or climbing structures or smeared onto toys or browse.

For bears shut inside for any reason, more frequent enrichment sessions are required and, at certain times of the years when bears are both hungrier and more active, the number of enrichment sessions in a day should be increased if possible.
Seasonality of Food Consumption

Food consumption can vary from 0% to 150% or more of the base diet during an annual cycle.

Brown bears and black bears will show significant increases in food consumption mid-year, depending on location, with a peak during early fall.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

Consumption declines significantly when the bears become less active or inactive and increases as bears become active.

Caregivers closely observe and record daily food consumption.
Food Presentation

Feeding receptacles are placed in positions that minimize the risks of contamination from soiling by the animals, wild birds, rodents or other potentially invasive species.

Receptacles for animal food are designed to minimize spillage and are not be used for any other purpose (Note: Feeding chutes or feeding boxes may be used as a means to safely distribute feed).

Food receptacles, where used, are cleaned daily.

It may be necessary to separate bears to prevent aggression over preferred food items and to allow accurate measurement of food consumption; however where possible, integrated individuals are fed together to maintain social relationships.

Meat, fish and other soft or sticky food items can stick to teeth and have implications for dental health. Oxtails, shank bones, rawhide and dry food can scrape softer food from teeth and ideally are offered after the soft foods are consumed (from AZA Bear TAG recommendation, 2005).

Synthetic bones, natural bones, frozen ice treats, frozen whole fish and other very hard items can damage teeth and are offered with caution.

Bears are offered their diet a minimum of twice daily, morning and afternoon, with sufficient daylight hours remaining to allow necessary forage time.

Variations in food presentation are considered part of the enrichment program for the bears.

Food items are placed above ground and above floors to minimize contamination from urine and feces. Even newly cleaned floors are considered a source of contaminants.

Food items are dispersed widely throughout enclosures to reduce or eliminate aggression that results from competition for food resources, especially preferred items.

Food items are presented in varying ways that will encourage foraging behavior.

Safe and appropriate food enrichment items are used to provide behavioral stimulation. These are assessed for potential toxicity, such as aflatoxin, which is found in moldy cereal and nuts. Grapes/raisins may cause renal disease and Aujesky’s virus may be found in pork and pork products.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

Bears have regular access to food and constant access to potable water throughout the year. Food is not removed during the winter period except in response to a bear’s behaviour. Food is not restricted in order to try to forcehibernate bears.
Diet Changes, Increases or Decreases

Newly arrived animals are slowly transitioned to the facility’s bear diet whenever possible.

No more than one new food item at a time is added to an existing diet.

Seasonal weight targets may be desirable, based on size and behavior of individual bears, as well as information on seasonal variation in consumption patterns. Seasonal consumption patterns will emerge after two full seasonal cycles of consumption if feed records are kept.

The dietary goal is good physical and psychological health. Condition scoring may be a more appropriate assessment of health than weighing.

Seasonal diet changes are made with consideration for natural behaviors including appetite, activity level, and overall health and condition of the bears.

Adjustments to an already formulated and nutritionally balanced diet are made cautiously to insure continued nutrient balance.

Considerations for increasing/decreasing bear diets include appetite, food competition, life-stage, activity level, time of year and individual evaluation.

Bears may need to receive larger increases in a shorter time frame than is typical for other species as they move into mid summer and fall.

Ambient temperature does not generally impact food consumption.

During the periods of reduced activity and food consumption, best practice is to feed a volume of diet, such that a small portion is left after each feeding.

Changes in food consumption are noted and reported in a timely manner.

Underweight individuals experiencing health or behavioral problems may be separated for individual supplemental feeding as needed to avoid undesirable weight gain in social partners.
Guidelines
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
Food Storage

Supplies of perishable food and drink are kept under refrigeration.

Separate and secure facilities are provided for proper and hygienic storage of food.

Animal diets are prepared and stored in a safe and hygienic manner to reduce the possibility of contamination or spoilage.

Food is protected against dampness, deterioration, and mold or from contamination by insects, birds, rodents or other animals.

No food that is spoiled or otherwise contaminated is served.

Grains o Grain bags are stored in clean, dry storage areas on pallets. o Products are dated and rotated to use oldest stock first. o Expired food is discarded. o Grain bags damaged by pests are discarded.

Produce o Is stored in a clean, dry refrigerator. o Is ordered at regular intervals in amounts that can be used prior to

Frozen spoilage. o Items frozen for use are dated and labeled.
Guidelines
Food Handling

Road kill o The feeding of road kill wildlife is done only under close veterinary consultation or supervision. o If road kill carcasses are used, they are fresh, free from obvious disease and fed as soon after collection as possible. o The carcass is removed within 12 hours after it has been placed in the enclosure (based on USDA recommendation from carcass feeding for
Big Cats, and subject to environmental temperatures). o All large animal carcasses are opened (abdominally, then up through the diaphragm) before feeding, and the organs inspected by a veterinarian/pathologist for internal lesions or abnormalities that might
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   indicate presence of infectious disease (e.g., abscesses, parasites, etc.).

Donated carcasses o Meat from animals that have died from disease, are suspected to have been diseased or sick, or have died of unknown causes are not fed. o Animals euthanized with chemical agents are not used for food. o Animal carcasses donated by hunters have lead removed when possible. o Cattle, cows, horses, goats, sheep or other farmed animals that are
‘downed’ and /or showing signs of central nervous system problems are not used for food.

Guidelines for thawing frozen food items o Frozen fruits and vegetables can be fed frozen, especially as a ‘treat’ during warm weather. o Frozen food items, that are not fed frozen, are thawed in a refrigerator to minimize risk of spoilage. (Refer to USDA guidelines on proper thawing of frozen foods.)

Separation of vegetables/meats o Separate cutting boards, utensils, food preparation surfaces are used when meats, fish and produce diets are prepared in a common kitchen area. o Food preparation surfaces are thoroughly cleaned after use.
Guidelines
General

A licensed veterinarian with relevant experience -the attending veterinarian- oversees routine bear health evaluation, treatment and medical emergencies.
The attending veterinarian is responsible for developing veterinary protocols and procedures for the bears.

Licensed veterinarians with relevant experience are available and on call at all times for medical emergencies.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

The attending veterinarian, in consultation with the Sanctuary Director determines a schedule for routine physical examinations, including ocular and dental examination with any necessary treatment, and musculoskeletal assessment. Hematology, serum biochemistry and urinalysis are considered whenever a bear is anesthetized. Radiography and ultrasonography may be utilized where appropriate.

The sanctuary has the ability to separate and isolate animals to address infectious disease issues and behavioral concerns or to perform veterinary procedures.

Medications are stored appropriately on site, according to label directions. o Medications requiring refrigeration are stored separately from food items.
Guidelines
General

Bears are able to enjoy lives that are as close to their wild counterparts as possible with regards to stimulation and interest. o This can be achieved by adopting husbandry and management procedures, including appropriate housing and enclosure design, environmental enrichment programs, and a balanced diet to meet nutritional requirements.

Experienced veterinary support is provided to prevent and treat illness and disease and maintain welfare at a good standard.

Records of individual bears are kept to provide both behavioral and veterinary history.
Physical Well-being

All bears are visually inspected on a regular basis. o A daily general assessment is made and any unusual activities are recorded after each inspection. Ideally, reports include observations such as condition of urine and feces, eating and drinking patterns, administration of medications (if any), activity patterns (which may change seasonally) and general condition and behaviour.
 In some situations, particularly within controlled space environments, operant conditioning may be an appropriate tool to facilitate regular body exams (which ideally include feet, eyes, ears and mouth) to check for any signs of abnormalities.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
 For bears who enjoy interacting with people, operant conditioning may provide additional enrichment.

Ideally, the decision to use operant conditioning is decided on a case-by-case basis. o In Open Space enclosures, it may not be possible to observe each animal on a daily basis. In such habitats, it is important to get an accurate count and to spend time observing all bears at least weekly.

Bears are provided with opportunities to climb, nest, forage for food, play, hibernate and swim by providing platforms, different substrates, water pools, dig pits, log walls and other structures where food/enrichment can be hidden, baskets and places to rest/hide in comfort, (e.g. dens, as described in the housing/enclosure furniture section).
Guidelines
Preventative Medicine Program General

Appropriate preventative medicine programs are in place to manage all bears, and special attention is paid to geriatric animals. Musculoskeletal, hepatic, dental and ocular diseases are all prevalent in bear species.

The preventative medicine program includes quarantine procedures, parasite surveillance and control, immunization, contraception, infectious disease screening, dental prophylaxis, and periodic reviews of diets, husbandry techniques and invasive species control, as appropriate for the species of bear and sanctuary location.

When circumstances permit and, as appropriate for the individual animal, an overall examination is performed annually, blood is collected, serum banked as a baseline control and the results recorded.

If exposure to disease is found, a surveillance plan is developed which includes necessary steps for containment of the disease and prevention of further exposure.
Parasite Control

A veterinarian or veterinary technician performs fecal examinations to look for parasites and other problems at least twice a year. Results are recorded.

Fecal examinations are repeated following treatment to evaluate efficacy.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

Routinely scheduled anthelmintic treatments may be required to control persistent parasitic infestations.
Immunization

All bears are immunized as recommended by the attending veterinarian, using currently recommended procedures and products as appropriate for the country, species and individual.

Schedules and products are dictated by the disease status of domestic and wild animals in the area surrounding the sanctuary and relevant local and national laws.

In most areas rabies, distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis and parvovirus will be recommended. In areas where Lyme disease is prevalent, vaccination may be recommended.

The type, serial number, and source of product are recorded in the individual animal's medical record.
Quarantine and Isolation of Animals

All bears are isolated in the quarantine area upon arrival. Bears previously housed together may be quarantined together. Ideally, there are both indoor and outdoor quarantine facilities.

Bears remain in quarantine for 30 days during which time physical exams are performed and blood and fecal samples are taken, as determined necessary by the attending veterinarian.

Bears exhibiting stress related behaviors may be released earlier providing no health issues have been noted. Where possible, the quarantine facility and behavioral enrichment activities are modified to reduce stress and allow the bear to remain in quarantine for the full 30 days.

Local, state/province, or national regulations regarding quarantine of newly arrived bears are followed.

Management of bears in quarantine includes: o Protective clothing, boots and footbaths used by all staff entering the quarantine area. o Quarantine clothing is not removed from the quarantine area except in a sealed container for cleaning. o Footbaths and boot washes are available outside any entrance to the quarantine area. o Caregivers wear protective gloves and masks when cleaning or handling anything the quarantine bears come into contact with. o Where possible staff working in quarantine areas does not work with other sanctuary animals. If this is not possible, work is done in the quarantine areas last. o Quarantine staff cares for newly admitted bears in their quarantine area before caring for sick bears, which are housed in separate
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   quarantine enclosures.

The quarantine area allows for daily cleaning and sanitation, either with removable catch trays or a drainage system that allows fecal matter to flush into a septic system; waste is otherwise removed and disposed of properly.
In enclosures housing animals carrying infectious or transmissible diseases, to the extent possible, all surfaces of the enclosure are properly sanitized.

Quarantine areas have adequate ventilation, heat and air conditioning, which are used to ensure optimum conditions, particularly in the case of cubs, and elderly or sick bears who may be more sensitive to environmental changes.

Quarantine Animal Waste is handled separately from all other manure or compost at the facility. Quarantine waste is not spread on pastures or composted if there is a risk of disease transmission.
Guidelines
General

All bears are prevented from reproducing.

A variety of factors such as efficacy and safety of available methods, the animal’s age, behavioral and social ramifications, the practicality of different delivery systems, and the individual’s reproductive status are considered when selecting an appropriate contraceptive method. It is unlikely that the same birth control method will be the most appropriate choice during all stages of an animal’s life (From the AZA CAG website).

Females o GnRH Agonists - Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonists are considered the safest reversible contraceptives, but dosages and duration of efficacy are not well established for all species; side effects are generally similar to those associated with gonadectomy, especially the potential for weight gain unless diet is controlled.
 Suprelorin® (deslorelin) Implants (F or M)
 Lupron® Depot Injection (F or M) o Ovariohysterectomy or Ovariectomy are safe methods and effective

Males methods for preventing pregnancy if permanent sterilization is an option, but little data exists for carnivores. o The recommended method for male contraception is vasectomy. Note that some concerns have been raised for use in mixed-sex-groups due to concerns over development of pyometra in females. It is not clear how much of a risk this is in practice.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   o Castration is not an effective method of controlling aggressive behavior and is not performed for behavioral management purposes. o Castrated males will continue to mount females.

Cautions o For species with induced ovulation, vasectomy of males will not prevent potential adverse effects to females from prolonged, cyclic exposure to endogenous steroids associated with copulation-induced ovulation resulting in pseudo-pregnancy. (Castration, however, does not eliminate copulation.) Endogenous steroids and steroid contraceptives cause similar side effects. o Progestin contraceptives may be associated in carnivores with progressive uterine growth that can result in infertility, infections, and sometimes uterine cancer; mammary tissue stimulation also can result in cancer.
 If a progestin is used, treatment is only short-term, because of the increased likelihood of side effects with prolonged exposure.
 If a progestin is used, treatment starts well BEFORE any signs of proestrus, since the elevated endogenous estrogen can exacerbate side effects of the progestin.
 Progestins are not used in pregnant animals, since they may suppress uterine contractions necessary for normal parturition.
Thus, progestins are only administered to females
CONFIRMED non-pregnant. o Progestins
 MGA Implant for 2 years, then remove for 1 pregnancy if possible; non-fertile ovulatory cycles do not substitute for pregnancy in reversing deleterious effects on the uterus; not recommended for more than a total of 4 years (F). Not recommended for sanctuaries, as no breeding is allowed.
 Depo-Provera® injection (5 mg/kg body wt. every 2 months)
(F).
 Megestrol acetate for seasonal breeders, but for no more than
2 consecutive seasons (F). (No breeding at sanctuary, so not recommended.) o PZP vaccine
 Efficacy and safety have only been demonstrated in pinnipeds and bears among the carnivores. In other carnivores, there is mounting evidence that anti-PZP antibodies do not cross-react with the sperm receptor on the ovum, or may cause depletion of ovarian oocytes. PZP is contraindicated in species in which pseudopregnancy is common.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
Guidelines
General

Bears housed in the same primary enclosure are compatible.

Bears are not be housed near animals that interfere with their health or cause them physical or psychological discomfort.

Habitats are of sufficient size to allow for appropriate space between individuals in social groupings and to allow for temporary isolation from conspecifics.
Social Housing

Black bears and brown bears are typically solitary in the wild but will come together for breeding and when resources are abundant.

Black bears, both American and Asiatic, have been successfully housed in mixed species settings, which included macaques, sloth bears and peacocks.

The individual developmental and social history of each bear is taken into consideration when attempting to house bears together.

Individual bears may have differing social tolerances.

Time of year influences bear compatibility.

The amount of space available greatly influences bear compatibility.

Males o Compatible intact male brown bears may be housed together provided female bears are not housed nearby. o Compatible castrated males may be housed together.

Females o Compatible castrated males may be housed with females. o Compatible females may be housed together. o Pregnant females are separated to give birth. o Sows with cubs are housed separately from other bears.

Solitary Housing o For some bears, solitary housing may be appropriate for a portion of the year, while social housing may be more appropriate during late fall
33

Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   and winter. o Solitary housing of bears is acceptable in the following circumstances:
 Medical assessment.
 Quarantine.
 Illness or injury requiring frequent care.
 Lack of appropriate social partners.
Management

Bears are large and powerful animals who can be dangerously aggressive to other individuals of their species.

Introduction of unfamiliar bears is carefully considered.

Time of year can influence success or failure of bears to ‘get along’.

The amount of acreage (hectares) available can greatly influence the success or failure of bears to ‘get along’ (e.g., 15 bears on 15 acres [6.1 hectors], with plentiful food and dens).

Males may be aggressive during breeding season in the presence of females.

All individuals may be aggressive over food during mid to late summer as their appetite gains momentum.

Re-introduction of bears separated due to seasonal aggression, is largely conducted as a new introduction, unless the bears have been housed in close proximity (see details in Introduction of Unfamiliar Individuals.)
Guidelines
Introduction of unfamiliar individuals

When attempting to form a group of 3 or more bears, introductions may be done one on one before forming the group.

In naturalistic settings with adequate acreage/hectares, an enclosure within the area has been found sufficient to allow existing members to accept a new member, and for the new member to adjust to the new surroundings.

Ideally, as needed and possible, information listed below is gathered for the introduction planning process (note: the smaller the area, the more applicable): o A list of individual animals to be introduced, including all that you
34

Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   ultimately hope to integrate into a group. o Outline the background of each animal including but not limited to:
 age and gender.
 social experience with other bears.
 rearing history (hand-reared, parent reared, time spent with mother and siblings). o As appropriate or needed, identify benchmarks or desired outcomes for each step in the process. Examples include:
 Physical location of animals during visual contact period.
 Behavioral goals of visual contact period.
 Physical location of animals during tactile contact period (in naturalistic settings, an enclosure within the acreage/hectares allows for exploration without hotwires, etc.).
 Behavioral goals of tactile contact period.
 Benchmark for proceeding to physical introduction.
 Space and cages to be used for physical introduction.
 Cage set-up for physical introduction, enrichment etc.
 Emergency equipment that might be needed.
 Time frame necessary to acclimate animals to presence of equipment.
 Criteria for separating animals if physical introduction does not proceed safely.
 Post introduction management and husbandry protocols. o Decision Making
 The plan is developed with involvement of all staff involved with care of the bears.
 The plan details the steps that will be taken to integrate the individual bears involved.
 Necessary modifications to enclosures are identified and completed prior to beginning the process.
 The plan establishes behavioral goals for introductions and is not driven by schedules. The plan is also open to modification as introduction/integration develops and evolves.
o Staffing
 Advisable to have veterinarian on grounds or on call for introductions.
 Only normally scheduled caregivers and animal manager are present to directly observe.
 Individuals who are not routinely present in the animal area observe via remote video or receive reports from staff; this includes veterinary and management staff.
 All caregivers have a clear understanding of the plan, and contingencies for problems that might occur.
 All caregivers are empowered to take appropriate action in the event of perceived emergency.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
Guidelines
Behavior

A behavioral profile is maintained for each individual bear and is updated regularly.

Operant conditioning has been adopted to assist in the management of bears.

Positive reinforcements are used in all areas of bear management.

Negative reinforcement is avoided in any bear-caregiver interactions.

A comprehensive enrichment program utilizing olfactory, tactile, taste, audio and problem-solving enrichments is provided.

Bears are provided with choices wherever possible in order to maximize their natural behavior. Choices include variation in diet, nesting materials, sleeping and activity locations, indoor and outdoor access and denning and nesting areas.

Denning sites suitable for seasonal dormancy behavior are provided.
Hibernation behavior is encouraged by the provision of nesting materials and a seasonally appropriate diet.

Hibernation is never forced by restricting food or water access as this may result in disease or death through dehydration and starvation. Bears that are physiologically ready to hibernate will do so even when provided with an excess of food.
Guidelines
Relationships

Positive relationship between the bear and regular caregivers, animal manager and veterinary staff is essential to well-being.

Physical abuse, deprivation of food or water and other forms of negative
36

Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   reinforcement or punishment-based training is not used to train, work or otherwise handle animals.

The animals do not become fearful or aggressive in response to human presence or routine care procedures.

A protocol for introducing animals to new caregiver staff has been developed.

Where possible, animals become familiar with the veterinary staff, allowing close observation.

Facility design plays a key role in caregiver-animal safety and the ability to maintain a positive relationship.

All interactions with bears avoid overheating, excessive cooling, physical harm, or unnecessary discomfort, and minimize physical and psychological stress or trauma as much as possible. Negative interactions are avoided.
However, when they occur, efforts are made to recover trust and a positive relationship.
Guidelines
Handling and Restraint

Direct physical interaction is prohibited unless the bear is appropriately restrained in order to perform essential veterinary or management activities only. When the Sanctuary Director, or attending veterinarian, deem such handling necessary, only trained personnel are allowed to do so.

Handling for management purposes or veterinary care is done as expeditiously and carefully as possible in a manner that does not cause trauma, overheating, excessive cooling, physical harm, or unnecessary discomfort, and minimizes physical and psychological stress as much as possible. Negative interactions are avoided. However, when they occur, efforts are made to recover trust and a positive relationship.

The safest method to capture and restrain a bear is through simple conditioning to enter a squeeze cage.

Bears can be trained to voluntarily accept injection for routine vaccines and for anesthesia.

Manual restraint of adult bears is not recommended.

Chemical restraint is not used when multiple animals are present in an
37

Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application   enclosure.

Chemical restraint is performed only by or under the guidance of a licensed veterinarian. Specific anesthetic protocols, including record keeping, are adhered to. Chemical restraint is not used when multiple animals are in an enclosure except in an emergency situation. In this case all possible safety measures are taken.

Attachments for crates and squeeze cages are included in facility design or modifications.
Guidelines
Staff Safety

Sanctuary staff has a thorough understanding of the potential risks of working with bears.

The sanctuary has a safety and an emergency preparedness plan in place to deal with potential risks. New staff are trained in these procedures and there are regular review of procedures with all personnel.

Health and safety and procedural protocols are implemented for all those involved in bear care and are strictly adhered to. If appropriate these are multi-lingual.

All staff working with or near bears maintain verbal contact. Radios are used where appropriate to avoid shouting and ensure safe contact is maintained.

All slides, doors and gates in bear areas are kept closed and securely fastened at all times unless needed for bear access. Ideally a double-gated system is in place and also an escape route for staff in the event of a bear escape into human areas.

Designated senior members of staff are responsible for holding keys to bear areas and supervising staff in bear areas.

Locks and the security of slides, gates and doors are double-checked after each use and inspected regularly to ensure proper functioning.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

Electrified enclosure fences are checked daily for proper functioning.

Any areas where staff and bears are in close proximity have clear safe zones
(e.g. yellow lines that should not be crossed close to dens).

The sanctuary has an emergency response protocol, and are able to demonstrate readiness to respond to an emergency situation, such as a bear escape or caregiver injury.
Guidelines
Animal Transport

Bears are transported only when necessary, such as when being transported to the Sanctuary, to a medical facility for care or to another accredited
Sanctuary for reasons as described in acquisition standards.

At a minimum, transport enclosures meet appropriate animal welfare standards (e.g. US Animal Welfare Act Transportation Standards or similar).

A veterinarian is responsible for preparing and signing any health certificate or other medical documentation as required by the national or regional authority.

Ideally, the consignor and consignee share in the responsibility for health care prior to, during and after transport of animals.

Transport crates and vehicles are in good condition and meet federal and/or international standards. Equipment suitable for lifting, crating and transportation of animals kept within the sanctuary is readily available.

Prior to transport, the sanctuary ensures that adequate facilities are available at the receiving end and food items that are familiar to the animal are available.

Pre-transport health examinations ideally include a complete physical exam with attention to parasite checks, necessary vaccinations, and completion of any tests required by regulations of the receiving state/province or country.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application

Capture, restraint, and transportation methods consider the bear’s temperament and behavior in order to minimize injury, and distress.

Any bear taken outside the sanctuary, for an approved reason such as medical treatment or transfer to a more appropriate sanctuary, is in the personal possession of the sanctuary Director, or of competent persons acting on his/her behalf, and adequate provision is made for the safety and well-being of the bear, as well as public safety.

All bears taken outside the sanctuary are kept securely at all times. Bears are managed outside the sanctuary in such a way that the bear is under control and not likely to suffer distress or cause injury or to transmit or contract disease.

Health certificates and any required transport permits accompany the bear when being transported interstate or internationally. All transport abides by local, regional, national and international law.

Complete medical records, diet and husbandry information accompany all transported bears.

Identifying papers accompany all bears transported, i.e., describing tattoos, or other identification methods.
Guidelines
Record Keeping

Detailed individual are necessary for good husbandry, management and veterinary care.

An electronic database format is recommended for most record keeping.

Records that are recommended and/or required include but are not limited to: o Individual animal records showing origin, age, species, gender etc. o Individual animal record:
 Measures of health assessed and recorded by the attending veterinarian.
 Reproductive history.
 Contraception records.
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Global   Federation   of   Animal   Sanctuaries   –   Accreditation   Application
 Activity levels.
 Current diet and record of diet changes.
 Food consumption and preferred food items.
 Weight measured at regular intervals.
 Daily enrichment.
 Training record to document completed behaviors and those in development.
 Current and historic social partners.
 Introduction record, response to various phases of introduction and response to other individuals.
 Behavioral and psychological well-being of the bear or bear group, including information on specific measures taken to ensure each one’s welfare. o Acquisition documents
 Are considered a permanent part of the bear record.
 Permits as required to satisfy local, regional, national and international law.
 Importation papers or other declaration forms where applicable.
 Transport Records to and from the Sanctuary to include: health certificate, date of transportation, transfer method, euthanasia or other disposition of animal.
 Titles and other appropriate documents establishing a paper trail of legal acquisition are maintained whenever possible.
When such information does not exist (the Sanctuary maintains confiscated wildlife), an explanation is provided regarding such animals.
 Health certificates such as USDA Interstate and International
Certificate of Health Examination (Health Certificate) as required by the appropriate national and local government agencies.
o Individual animal record (as above). o Welfare assessment for the bears as a whole includes measures of: disease prevalence, morbidity and mortality rates and activity levels. o Inspection Reports, as applicable:
 USDA Inspection Reports.
 Local and Regional or National Agency Inspection Reports.
 Accrediting Organization Inspection Reports.
 International documents. o Other Animal Documentation as applicable:

Police Reports pertaining to specific animal.

Complaints pertaining to specific animal.

Animal Escape reports.
41

California Natural Resources Agency
DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME
IMPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION AND POSSESSION OF WILD ANIMALS – MANUAL 671
This document is designed to provide essential information about live restricted animals. It does not provide complete coverage of all restricted animal laws and regulations.
Although this document contains excerpts from the Fish and Game Code and Title 14, of the California Code of
Regulations, it is the restricted species permittee’s responsibility to know and obey all laws and regulations in effect while he/she is participating in restricted species activity. Changes to any code may occur at any time during the year.
Any discrepancies between this document and the code(s) from which it was prepared will be enforced and adjudicated according to the official code(s) in effect on the date the activity takes place.
Fish and Game Code Excerpts
§2116. Wild Animal
As used in this chapter, “wild animal” means any animal of the class Aves (birds), class Mammalia (mammals), class
Amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders), class Osteichtyes (bony fishes), class Monorhina (lampreys), class Reptilia
(reptiles), class Crustacea (crayfish), or class Gastropoda (slugs, snails) which is not normally domesticated in this state as determined by the commission.
§2116.5. Findings and Declarations
The Legislature finds and declares that wild animals are being captured for importation and resale in California; that some populations of wild animals are being depleted; that many animals die in captivity or transit; that some keepers of wild animals lack sufficient knowledge or facilities for the proper care of wild animals; that some wild animals are a threat to the native wildlife or agricultural interests of this state; and that some wild animals are a threat to public health and safety. It is the intention of the Legislature that the importation, transportation, and possession of wild animals shall be regulated to protect the health and welfare of wild animals captured, imported, transported, or possessed, to reduce the depletion of wildlife populations, to protect the native wildlife and agricultural interest of this state against damage from the existence at large of certain wild animals, and to protect the public health and safety in this state.
§2117. Enforcing Officers
As used in this chapter, “enforcing officers” means the department, the state plant quarantine officers, the local law enforcement agents, the county sheriffs, and the county agricultural commissioners. These enforcing officers are authorized and empowered to enforce the provisions of this chapter or any regulation implementing this chapter.
§2118. Unlawful To Import, Etc. Specified Animals; Exceptions
It is unlawful to import, transport, possess, or release alive into this state, except under a revocable, nontransferable permit as provided in this chapter and the regulations pertaining thereto, any wild animal of the following species:
(a) Class Aves (birds):
Family Cuculidae (cuckoos) All Species.
Family Alaudidae (larks) Skylark, Alauda arvensis
Family Corvidae (crows, jays, magpies) All species.
Family Turdidae (thrushes) European blackbird, Turdus merula Missel (or mistle), thrush, Turdus viscivorus
Family Sturnidae (starlings and mynas or mynahs) All species of the family, except hill myna (or hill mynah), Gracula religiosa (sometimes referred to as Eulabes religiosa)
Family Ploceidae (weavers) The following species: Spanish sparrow, Passer hispaniolensis Italian sparrow, Passer italiae European tree sparrow, Passer montanus Cape sparrow, Passer capensis Madagascar weaver, Foudia madagascariensis Baya weaver, Ploceus baya Hawaiian rice bird, Munia nisoria Red-billed quelea, Quelea quelea
Red-headed quelea, Quelea erythrops
Family Fringillidae (sparrows, finches, buntings) Yellowhammer, Emberiza citronella
(b) Class Mammalia (mammals):
Order Primates: All species except those in family Hominidae
Order Edentata (sloths, anteaters, armadillos, etc.): All species.
License and Revenue Branch, 1740 N. Market Blvd., Sacramento, California 95834 (916) 928-5845
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FG 1312d (Rev. 04/8/11)

Order Marsupialia (marsupials or pouched mammals): All species.
Order Insectivora (shrews, moles, hedgehogs, etc.): All species.
Order Dermoptera (gliding lemurs): All species.
Order Chiroptera (bats): All species.
Order Monotremata (spiny anteaters, platypuses): All species.
Order Pholidota (pangolins, scaly anteaters): All species.
Order Lagomorpha (pikas, rabbits, hares): All species, except domesticated races of rabbits.
Order Rodentia (rodents): All species, except domesticated golden hamsters, also known as Syrian hamster,
Mesocricetus auratus; domesticated races of rats or mice (white or albino; trained, dancing or spinning, laboratoryreared); and domestic strains of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).
Order Carnivora (carnivores): All species, except domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and domestic cats (Felis catus).
Order Tubulidentata (aardvarks): All species.
Order Proboscidea (elephants): All species.
Order Hyracoidea (hyraxes): All species.
Order Sirenia (dugongs, manatees): All species.
Order Perissodactyla (horses, zebras, tapirs, rhinoceroses, etc.): All species except those of the family Equidae.
Order Artiodactyla (swine, peccaries, camels, deer, elk, except elk (genus Cervus) which are subject to Section
2118.2, moose, antelopes, cattle, goats, sheep, etc.): All species except: domestic swine of the family Suidae;
American bison, and domestic cattle, sheep and goats of the family Bovidae; races of big-horned sheep (Ovis canadensis) now or formerly indigenous to this state.
Mammals of the orders Primates, Edentata, Dermoptera, Monotremata, Pholidota, Tubulidentata, Proboscidea,
Perissodactyla, Hyracoidea, Sirenia and Carnivora are restricted for the welfare of the animals, except animals of the families Viverridae and Mustelidae in the order Carnivora are restricted because such animals are undesirable and a menace to native wildlife, the agricultural interests of the state, or to the public health or safety.
(c) Class Amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders):
Family Bufonidae (toads): Giant toad or marine toad, Bufo marinus
(d) Class Monorhina (lampreys): All species.
(e) Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes):
Family Serranidae (bass): White perch, Morone or Roccus Americana
Family Clupeidae (herring): Gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum
Family Sciaenidae (croakers): Freshwater sheepshead, Aplodinotus grunniens
Family Characidae (characins): Banded tetra, Astyanax fasciatus, All species of piranhas
Family Lepisosteidae (gars): All species.
Family Amiidae (bowfins): All species.
(f) Class Reptilia (snakes, lizards, turtles, alligators):
Family Crocodilidae: All species.
(g) Class Crustacea (crustaceans):
Genus Cambarus (crayfishes): All species.
Genus Astacus (crayfishes): All species.
Genus Astacopsis (crayfishes): All species.
(h) Class Gastropoda (slugs, snails, clams): All species of slugs. All species of land snails.
(i) Other classes, orders, families, genera, and species of wild animals which may be designated by the commission in cooperation with the Department of Food and Agriculture, when the class, order, family, genus, or species is proven to be undesirable and a menace to native wildlife or the agricultural interests of the state, or to provide for the welfare of wild animals.
(j) Except as expressly authorized in this code, any live nonindigenous Atlantic salmon or the roe thereof into the Smith
River watershed.
(k) Classes, families, genera, and species in addition to those listed in this section may be added to or deleted from the above lists from time to time by commission regulations in cooperation with the Department of Food and Agriculture.
§2118.2. Unlawful To Import Elk - Exceptions
Except as provided in Section 1007, it is unlawful to import any elk (genus Cervus) into this state. The department may import elk pursuant to Section 1007, if prior to such importation, the department issues written findings justifying the need for and explaining the purpose of the importation.
This section shall not apply to zoos certified by the United States Department of Agriculture.
§2118.3. Elk Horn or Antler – Removal for Commercial Purposes Unlawful
No part of any elk horn or antler shall be removed from any live elk for commercial purposes.
§2118.4. Seizure of Imported Elk
The department shall seize any elk imported in violation of Section 2118.2.
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§2118.5. Designation of Wild Animal Possession
The commission may designate wild animals which may be possessed without a permit.
§2119. Restricted Animals – Publication of List
The Department of Fish and Game shall publish from time to time as changes arise, a list of animals which may not be imported or transported into this State.
§2120. Regulations Governing Wild Animals
(a) The commission, in cooperation with the Department of Food and Agriculture, shall adopt regulations governing both
(1) the entry, importation, possession, transportation, keeping, confinement, or release of any and all wild animals that will be or that have been imported into this state pursuant to this chapter, and (2) the possession of all other wild animals. The regulations shall be designed to prevent damage to the native wildlife or agricultural interests of this state resulting from the existence at large of these wild animals, and to provide for the welfare of wild animals and the safety of the public.
(b) The regulations shall also include criteria for all of the following:
(1) The receiving, processing, and issuing of a permit and conducting inspections.
(2) Contracting out inspection activities.
(3) Responding to public reports and complaints.
(4) The notification of the revocation, termination, or denial of permits, and related appeals. The method by which the department determines that the breeding of wild animals pursuant to a single event breeding permit for exhibitor or a breeding permit is necessary and will not result in unneeded or uncared for animals, and the means by which the criteria will be implemented and enforced.
(5) How a responding agency will respond to an escape of a wild animal.
(6) This shall include, but not be limited to, the establishment of guidelines for the safe recapture of the wild animal and procedures outlining when lethal force would be used to recapture the wild animal.
(c) These regulations shall be developed and adopted by the commission on or before January 1, 2007.
§2121. Escape or Release of Wild Animals
No person having possession or control over any wild animal under this chapter shall intentionally free, or knowingly permit the escape, or release of such an animal, except in accordance with the regulations of the commission.
§2122. Regulations for Guidance of Enforcement Officers
The commission shall promulgate regulations in cooperation with the State Department of Food and Agriculture for the guidance of enforcing officers. Such regulations shall include a list of the wild animals for which permits that may be issued under this chapter will be refused, and the disposition of such wild animals illegally imported into this state.
§2123. Materials Describing and Illustrating Wild Animals
The department in cooperation with the State Department of Food and Agriculture shall furnish descriptive and illustrative material concerning the wild animals enumerated in or designated pursuant to Section 2118, as well as explanatory material setting forth the reasons for designating such animals as undesirable and a menace to native wildlife or to the agricultural interests of this state for the information and guidance of the enforcing officers.
§2124. Handling Mammals; Exceptions and Restrictions
(a) Except as otherwise authorized by this code or regulations adopted pursuant thereto, including, but not limited to, those provisions that authorize raising deer to produce venison for market it is unlawful for any person to possess, transport, import, export, propagate, purchase, sell, or transfer any live mammal listed under Section 2118 for the purposes of maiming, injuring, or killing the mammal for gain, amusement, or sport. Except as otherwise authorized by this code or regulations adopted pursuant thereto, the buyer of a live mammal listed in Section 2118 shall not resell the live mammal to another buyer who has the intent to maim, injure, or kill that mammal for purposes of gain, amusement, or sport.
(b) This section does not apply to the meat, hide, or parts of a dead mammal.
§2125. Violation of Article 1; Penalties
(a) In addition to any other penalty provided by law, any person who violates this chapter or any regulations implementing this chapter, is subject to a civil penalty of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) nor more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) for each violation. Except as otherwise provided, any violation of this chapter or of any regulations implementing this chapter is a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than six months, or by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000).
(b) The Attorney General, or the city attorney of the city or the district attorney or county counsel of the county in which a violation of this article occurs, may bring a civil action to recover the civil penalty in subdivision (a) and the costs of seizing and holding the animal listed in Section 2118, except to the extent that those costs have already been collected as provided by subdivision (d). The civil action shall be brought in the county in which the violation occurs
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and any penalty imposed shall be transferred to the Controller for deposit in the Fish and Game Preservation Fund in accordance with Section 13001.
(c) In an action brought under this section, in addition to the penalty specified in subdivision (a), the reasonable costs of investigation, reasonable attorney’s fees, and reasonable expert witness’ fees may also be recovered and those amounts shall be credited to the same operating funds as that from which the expenditures for those purposes were derived.
(d)
(1) If an animal is confiscated because the animal was kept in contravention of this chapter or any implementing regulations, the person claiming the animal shall pay to the department or the new custodian of the animal an amount sufficient to cover all reasonable expenses expected to be incurred in caring for and providing for the animal for at least 30 days, including, but not limited to, the estimated cost of food, medical care, and housing.
(2) If the person claiming the animal fails to comply with the terms of his or her permit and to regain possession of the animal by the expiration of the first 30-day period, the department may euthanize or place the animal with an appropriate wild animal facility at the end of the 30 days, unless the person claiming the animal pays all reasonable costs of caring for the animal for a second 30-day period before the expiration of the first 30-day period. If the permittee is still not in compliance with the terms of the permit at the end of the second 30-day period, the department may euthanize the animal or place the animal in an appropriate wild animal facility.
(3) The amount of the payments described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subdivision shall be determined by the department, and shall be based on the current reasonable costs to feed, provide medical care for, and house the animal. If the person claiming the animal complies with the terms of his or her permit and regains possession of the animal, any unused portion of the payments required pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subdivision shall be returned to the person claiming the animal no later than 90 days after the date on which the person regains possession of the animal.
§2126. Unauthorized Taking of Mammals
(a) Except as otherwise authorized by this code or regulations made pursuant thereto, it is unlawful for any person to take any mammal as identified by Section 2118.
(b) This section does not prohibit the euthanasia of a mammal as appropriately directed by a licensed veterinarian or animal health technician.
§2127. Eligible Local Entities
(a) The department may reimburse eligible local entities, pursuant to a memorandum of understanding entered into pursuant to this section, for costs incurred by the eligible local entities in the administration and enforcement of any provision concerning the possession of, handling of, care for, or holding facilities provided for, a wild animal designated pursuant to Section 2118.
(b) The department may enter into memorandums of understanding with eligible local entities for the administration and enforcement of any provision concerning the possession of, handling of, care for, or holding facilities provided for, a wild animal designated pursuant to Section 2118.
(c) The commission shall adopt regulations that establish specific criteria an eligible local entity shall meet in order to qualify as an eligible local entity.
(d) For the purposes of this division, “eligible local entity” means a county, local animal control officer, local humane society official, educational institution, or trained private individual that enters into a memorandum of understanding with the department pursuant to this section.
§2150. Wild Animals; Permit to Import, Possess, or Transport; Fees; Applications; Exemptions, Etc.
(a)
(1) The department, in cooperation with the Department of Food and Agriculture, may, upon application, issue a written permit to import into, possess, or transport within this state any wild animal enumerated in, or designated pursuant to, Section 671 of Title 14 of the California Code of Regulations, upon a determination that the animal is not detrimental or that no damage or detriment can be caused to agriculture, native wildlife, the public health or safety, or the welfare of the animal, as a result of the importation, transportation, or possession.
(2) A permit may be issued to any person only upon application and payment of a nonrefundable application fee in an amount determined by the department pursuant to Section 2150.2. Application forms shall be provided by the department and shall be designed to ascertain the applicant’s ability to properly care for the wild animal or animals the applicant seeks to import, transport, or possess. Proper care includes providing adequate food, shelter, and veterinary care, and other requirements the commission may designate.
(b) The commission or the department shall deny a permit and the commission shall revoke a permit if it finds that a permittee or applicant has failed to meet, or is unable to meet, the requirements for importing, transporting, possessing, or confining any wild animal as established pursuant to Section 2120.
(c) A zoo is exempt from any permit requirement pursuant to this chapter except for animals whose importation, transportation, or possession is determined by the department, in cooperation with the Department of Food and
Agriculture, to be detrimental or cause damage to agriculture, native wildlife, or the public health or safety. For
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purposes of this section, “zoo” means any organization which is accredited as meeting the standards and requirements of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA). Any California organization which is not accredited by the AZA may apply to the department for a waiver of specified permit requirements of this chapter. The department may grant or deny the request for a waiver for justified reasons. Foreign zoos outside this state are not subject to the permit requirements of this chapter beyond those specific permit requirements affecting California zoos or organizations with which they are collaborating. Any organization may appeal the determination of the department to the commission.
(d) An exhibitor licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture or a dealer who is so licensed who buys any animal specified in subdivision (c) from a zoo within the state, may sell or transfer it only to a private individual who has a permit issued pursuant to this section prior to the receipt of the animal or to a public or private organization that has a permit issued pursuant to this section prior to the receipt of the animal. The exhibitor or dealer who sells or transfers that animal shall pay a fee pursuant to Section 2150.2 to the department.
(e) Any university, college, governmental research agency, or other bona fide scientific institution, as defined in regulations adopted by the commission, engaging in scientific or public health research is exempt from any permit requirement pursuant to this chapter except for animals whose importation, transportation, or possession is determined by the department, in cooperation with the Department of Food and Agriculture, to be detrimental or cause damage to agriculture, native wildlife, or the public health or safety.
(f) Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, every zoo, university, college, governmental research agency, or other bona fide scientific institution shall comply with the requirements of subdivision (a) of Section 2193 for all animals the zoo, university, college, governmental research agency, or other bona fide scientific institution possesses that are enumerated in, or designated pursuant to, Section 671 of Title 14 of the California Code of Regulations.
§2150.1. Fees Collected; Application and Accounting
Fees collected pursuant to this chapter for permits, permit applications, and facility inspections shall be deposited in the
Fish and Game Preservation Fund. The department shall annually identify the amount collected for each type of permit, permit application, or inspection for which a fee is collected.
§2150.2. Establishment of Fees
The department shall establish fees for permits, permit applications, and facility inspections in amounts sufficient to cover the costs of administering, implementing, and enforcing this chapter.
§2150.3. Committee on Care and Treatment of Wild Animals
(a) The director shall appoint a committee to advise the director on the humane care and treatment of wild animals.
(b) The committee shall make recommendations to the director for the establishment of standards of performance for administration and enforcement, which shall include, but are not limited to, requiring that the eligible local entity possess a knowledge of humane wild animal training methods.
(c) The committee shall make recommendations to the director as to the frequency of inspections necessary for the enforcement and administration of any provision concerning the possession of, handling of, care for, or holding facilities provided for, a wild animal designated pursuant to Section 2118.
(d) The committee shall advise and assist the director in entering into memorandums of understanding with eligible local entities and in determining whether the memorandums of understanding meet the requirements of this chapter.
§2150.4. Inspection of Wild Animal Facilities
(a) The department or an eligible local entity shall inspect the wild animal facilities, as determined by the director’s advisory committee, of each person holding a permit issued pursuant to Section 2150 authorizing the possession of a wild animal.
(b) In addition to the inspections specified in subdivision (a), the department or an eligible local entity, pursuant to the regulations of the commission, may inspect the facilities and care provided for the wild animal of any person holding a permit issued pursuant to Section 2150 for the purpose of determining whether the animal is being cared for in accordance with all applicable statutes and regulations. The department shall collect an inspection fee, in an amount determined by the department pursuant to Section 2150.2.
(c) No later than January 1, 2009, the department, in cooperation with the committee created pursuant to Section 2150.3, shall develop, implement, and enter into memorandums of understanding with eligible local entities if the department elects not to inspect every wild animal facility pursuant to subdivisions (a) and (b). Eligible local entities shall meet the criteria established in regulations adopted pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 2157.
§2150.5. Wild Animals Acquired or Possessed Prior to Effective Date of this Section; Restrictions on Animal
Transfers
Classes, orders, families, genera, and species which may not be imported, transported, possessed, or released alive in this state solely because of concern for the welfare of the animal may be possessed under permit when the owner can demonstrate that such animal was legally acquired and possessed in California before the effective date of this section.
The department may require the owner of an animal which may be possessed under this section to mark or otherwise
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identify such animal and progeny, so as not to endanger the welfare of that animal, to the satisfaction of the department.
The owner shall not transfer such animal or progeny to any other person without prior approval of the department.
§2151. Permit to Import or Transport; Required Contents
A permit shall be issued only upon written application from the person desiring to import or transport the species, enumerating all of the following:
(a) The approximate number and true scientific name of each species of wild animal for which a permit is requested.
(b) The carrier and probable point of first arrival in this State of each shipment of such species.
(c) The purpose for which they are to be imported or transported.
(d) The name and address of the consignee.
(e) The name and address of the consignor.
§2152. Additional Permit Information
Each permit issued shall set forth all of the following:
(a) The number and true scientific name of the species of wild animal for which the permit is granted.
(b) A statement of the manner and conditions under which the entry of such species is permitted.
(c) A statement of the conditions under which the species shall be kept after importation or during transportation.
§2153. Copies; Where to Send
Whenever any permit is issued under the provisions of this article, one copy shall be sent by the department to the State
Department of Food and Agriculture, one copy to the county agricultural commissioner or to the state plant quarantine officer having jurisdiction at the place designated in the application as the probable point of first arrival in the state of such species, and one copy shall accompany each shipment of wild animals involved.
§2155. Offspring of Wild Animals; Application of Chapter
The provisions of this chapter and regulations adopted pursuant thereto shall apply to the progeny of any wild animal imported or possessed under such laws and regulations, except that no permit shall be required for the possession of progeny if a permit has already been obtained by the owner for the parent, and the progeny are kept at the same site.
§2156. City and County Ordinances for Possession or Care
Neither the provisions of this chapter nor the regulations of the commission shall prevent any city or county from enacting ordinances relating to the possession or care of wild animals provided such ordinances are more restrictive.
§2157. Unique Identification of Mammals
(a) Every person holding a permit issued pursuant to Section 2150 shall uniquely identify each wild mammal that poses a risk to the health and safety of the public and report this identification to the department to maintain in a registry.
(b) The commission shall adopt regulations that address the following:
(1) Identify the mammals that pose a risk to the health and safety of the public and are subject to subdivision (a). This identification shall include the following species of mammals: wild cats, elephants, nonhuman primates, bears, and wolves.
(2) Acceptable forms of identification.
(3) How and when a permittee must notify the department of the unique identifier required in subdivision (a).
(c) The department shall establish a registry listing the permit number, type, expiration date, the name and address of the permittee, and an inventory of each mammal and to the identification assigned or affixed to the mammal pursuant to subdivision (a) that is covered by the permit.
(d) These regulations shall be developed and adopted by the commission, on or before January 1, 2007.
§2185. Confinement for Inspection and Notification of Arrival
(a) Any person who transports, receives, or imports into the State, or transports within the State, any live wild animal enumerated in or designated pursuant to Section 2118, shall hold said animal in confinement for inspection and immediately notify the nearest enforcing officer of the arrival thereof. If there is found in any shipment any species not specified in the permit issued under this chapter, or more than the number of any species specified, said animals shall be refused admittance as provided in Section 2188 of this chapter.
(b) Notwithstanding Section 2117, for the purposes of this section, “enforcing officer” means the enforcement personnel of the department, the state plant quarantine officers, and county agricultural commissioners.
§2186. Diseased Animal; Actions
(a) If during inspection upon arrival any wild animal is found to be diseased, or there is reason to suspect the presence of disease, or there is reason to suspect the presence of disease that is or may be detrimental to agriculture, to native wildlife, or to the public health or safety, the diseased animal, and if necessary, the entire shipment shall be destroyed by, or under the supervision of, the enforcing officer, unless no detriment can be caused by its detention in quarantine
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for a time and under conditions satisfactory to the enforcing officer for disinfection, treatment, or diagnosis, or no detriment can be caused by its return to its point of origin at the option and expense of the owner or possessor.
(b) Notwithstanding Section 2117, for the purposes of this section, “enforcing officer” means the enforcement personnel of the department, the state plant quarantine officers, and county agricultural commissioners.
§2187. Examination of Conditions Kept; Report of Disease; Transfer or Destruction
(a) Whenever any wild animal is brought into this state under permit, as provided in this chapter, the enforcing officers may, from time to time, examine the conditions under which that species is kept, and report to the department any suspicion or knowledge of any disease or violations of the conditions of the permit or of the regulations promulgated under this chapter. The enforcing officer may order the transfer of the animal to new owners or the correction of the conditions under which the species is being kept if not in conformance with the terms of the permit, at the expense of the owner or possessor. If neither transfer or improvement of conditions is accomplished, the officer may order destruction of the animal.
(b) Notwithstanding Section 2117, for the purposes of this section, “enforcing officer” means the enforcement personnel of the department, the state plant quarantine officers, and county agricultural commissioners.
§2189. Importation of Nonnative Wild Animals; Regulations
(a) As used in this section “nonnative wild animal” means any nonnative animal species, or hybrid thereof, that is not normally domesticated pursuant to this code or regulations adopted pursuant thereto and that is not designated as a furbearing, game, nongame, threatened, or endangered animal.
(b) No person shall import into this state any live nonnative wild animal except pursuant to this chapter or regulations adopted pursuant thereto.
(c) Any live nonnative wild animal that is possessed or transported within this state in violation of this chapter or regulations adopted pursuant thereto shall be disposed of in accordance with regulations adopted pursuant to Section
2122, at the expense of the owner or possessor. The owner or possessor shall pay the costs associated with the seizure, care, holding, transfer, and destruction of the animal.
(d) Any live, nonnative wild animal found at large within this state shall be either summarily destroyed or, if captured, shall be confined for not less than 72 hours following notification of the local humane society. Any local, state, or federal governmental agency that has public safety responsibilities is authorized to implement this subdivision.
(e) If, during the 72-hour holding period, any person claims ownership of the animal, that person shall only be allowed to dispose of the animal pursuant to subdivision (c).
(f) After the 72-hour holding period, if the animal is unclaimed, it shall be disposed of in accordance with regulations adopted pursuant to Section 2122 unless the animal is listed as a threatened or endangered species by either state or federal regulation. Notwithstanding subdivision (c), if the animal is listed as a threatened or endangered species in either regulation, the department shall be notified of the animal’s location and the department shall be responsible for proper disposition.
§2190. Liberate, Ship, or Transport; Permit Required
It is unlawful for any person who keeps in confinement, with or without a permit, any wild animal of a species enumerated in or designated pursuant to Section 2118, to liberate, ship, or transport the animal except in accordance with the conditions of a permit first obtained from the department.
§2192. Caging Standards
Notwithstanding Part 2.5 (commencing with Section 18900) of Division 13 of the Health and Safety Code, Section 11356 of the Government Code, or any other provision of law, regulations of the commission relating to the construction, fixtures, and other minimum caging standards adopted by the commission for the confinement of live wild animals pursuant to this chapter are not building standards subject to the approval of the State Building Standards Commission.
§2193. Reporting an Escape or Release
(a) Every person who holds a permit issued pursuant to Section 2150 shall immediately report by telephone the intentional or unintentional escape or release of the wild animal, to the department and the nearest enforcing officer of the city or county in which the wild animal was released or escaped. The permit holder shall be liable for all expenses associated with efforts to recapture the wild animal. For the purposes of this subdivision, the exhibition of a wild animal on a movie set, film set, television set, still photography set, or any other professional activity allowable under a permit issued pursuant to Section 2150, does not constitute an intentional or unintentional escape or release of the wild animal unless the person exhibiting the wild animal has lost control of the wild animal.
(b) The commission shall promulgate regulations establishing the criteria for permit holders to notify the department prior to taking possession of or transferring an animal and upon the death of an animal.
(c) These regulations shall be developed and adopted by the commission on or before January 1, 2007.
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§2195. Recovering Costs
When a wild animal enumerated in, or designated pursuant to, Section 671 of Title 14 of the California Code of
Regulations is properly confiscated by the department, the new custodian with whom the animal is placed by the department may bring a civil action to recover the reasonable costs incurred by the custodian for any necessary relocation of the animal to a new facility, any actual and necessary costs to construct new caging to house the animal, and any actual and necessary costs to return the animal to a healthy state, to the extent that the department or new custodian has not already collected the costs pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (d) of Section 2125. The prior owner or possessor from whom the animal was confiscated shall be liable for these costs only if the conditions that led to the animal’s confiscation were the result of acts or omissions of the prior owner or possessor.
California Code of Regulations, Title 14, Excerpts
§671. Importation, Transportation and Possession of Live Restricted Animals.
(a) It shall be unlawful to import, transport, or possess live animals restricted in subsection (c) below except under permit issued by the department. Permits may be issued by the department as specified herein and for purposes designated in Section 671.1 subject to the conditions and restrictions designated by the department. Except for mammals listed in
Fish and Game Code Section 3950 or live aquatic animals requiring a permit pursuant to Fish and Game Code
Section 2271, no permit is required by this section for any animal being imported, transported, or possessed pursuant to any other permit issued by the department. Cities and counties may also prohibit possession or require a permit for these and other species not requiring a state permit.
(b) The commission has determined the below listed animals are not normally domesticated in this state. Mammals listed to prevent the depletion of wild populations and to provide for animal welfare are termed "welfare animals", and are designated by the letter "W". Those species listed because they pose a threat to native wildlife, the agriculture interests of the state or to public health or safety are termed "detrimental animals" and are designated by the letter
"D". The department shall include the list of welfare and detrimental wild animals as part of DFG MANUAL NO. 671
(2/25/92) IMPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION AND POSSESSION OF RESTRICTED SPECIES, to be made available to all permittees and other interested individuals.
(c) Restricted species include:
(1) Class Aves -Birds
(A) Family Alaudidae -Larks: Alauda arvensis (Skylark) (D).
(B) Family Cuculidae -Cuckoos: All species (D).
(C) Family Corvidae -Crows, Ravens, Rooks, Jackdaws: All species (D).
(D) Family Turdidae -Thrushes, Blackbirds, Fieldfare
1. Turdus merula (European blackbird) (D).
2. Turdus viscivorus (Missel thrush) (D).
3. Turdus pilaris (Fieldfare) (D).
4. Turdus musicus (Song thrush) (D).
(E) Family Sturnidae -Starlings, Mynahs: All species (D), except Sturnus vulgaris (Starling), Gracula religiosa or
Eulabes religiosa (Hill mynahs), and Leucopsar rothschildi (Rothchild's mynah) are not restricted.
(F) Family Ploceidae -Sparrows, Weavers, Queleas
1. Genus Passer (Sparrow): All species (D), except Passer domesticus (English house sparrow) is not restricted.
3. Ploceus baya (Baya weaver) (D).
4. Genus Quelea (Queleas) -All species (D).
(G) Family Estrildidae -Waxbills, Munias, Ricebirds
1. Padda oryzivora (Java sparrow) (D).
(H) Family Emberizidae -Yellowhammer: Emberiza citrinella (Yellowhammer) (D).
(I) Order Falconiformes -Falcons, Eagles, Hawks, Vultures: All species (D).
(J) Order Strigiformes -Owls: All species (D).
(K) Family Pyconotidae -Bulbuls or Fruit Thrushes: Pycnonotus jocosus (Red-whiskered bulbul) (D).
(L) Family Zosteropidae -Whiteeyes: Genus Zosterops (Whiteeyes) (D).
(M) Family Psittacidae -Parrots, Parakeets: Myiopsitta monachus (Monk or Quaker parakeet) (D).
(N) Family Anatidae - Duck, Geese, Swans
1. Cygnus olor (Mute Swan) (D).
(2) Class Mammalia -Mammals
(A) Order Primates -Monkeys, Apes: All species (W), except humans in the Family Hominidae are not restricted.
(B) Order Xenarthra - Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos, etc.: All species:
2. Family Bradypodidae -Sloths -(W).
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(C) Order Marsupialia -Marsupials or Pouched Animals: All species (W).
(D) Order Insectivora -Shrews, Moles, Hedgehogs, etc.: All species (D).
(E) Order Dermoptera -Gliding Lemurs: All species (D).
(F) Order Chiroptera -Bats:All species (D).
(G) Order Monotremata -Spiny Anteaters, Platypuses: All Species (W).
(H) Order Pholidota -Pangolins or Scaly Anteaters: All species (W).
(I) Order Lagomorpha -Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares: All species, (D), except domesticated races of rabbits and hares of the Family Leporidae are not restricted.
(J) Order Rodentia -Hamsters, Field Mice, Voles, Muskrats, Gerbils, Squirrels, Chipmunks, Woodchucks, and
Prairie Dogs:
1. All species (D), except: a. Ondatra zibethica (Muskrats) are not restricted under conditions set forth in Fish and Game Code
Section 2250; b. Domesticated races of golden hamsters of the species Mesocricetus auratus and domesticated races of dwarf hamsters of the Genus Phodopus are not restricted; c. Domesticated races of rats or mice (white or albino; trained, dancing or spinning, laboratory-reared) are not restricted; d. Domesticated races of guinea pigs of the species Cavia porcellus are not restricted; and
(K) Order Carnivora -Raccoons, Ringtailed Cats, Kinkajous, Coatis, Cacomistles, Weasels, Ferrets, Skunks,
Polecats, Stoats, Mongoose, Civets, Wolves, Foxes, Coyotes, Lions, Tigers, Ocelots, Bobcats, Servals,
Leopards, Jaguars, Cheetahs, Bears, etc.:
1. Family Felidae -All species (W) except: a. Acinonyx jubatus (cheetahs) -(D). b. Domestic cats and hybrids of domestic cats are not restricted.
2. Family Canidae -All species (W). a. Wolf hybrids Canis familiaris (domestic dog) x Canis lupus (wolf) are considered F1 generation wolf hybrids and are restricted (W).
(i) No state permit is required to possess the progeny of F1 generation wolf hybrids, but cities and counties may prohibit possession or require a permit. b. Domesticated dogs are not restricted.
3. Family Viverridae -All species (D).
4. Family Procyonidae -All species -(D), except: a. Ailuris fulgens (Lesser panda) -(W). b. Aiuropoda melanoleuca (Giant panda) -(W). c. Bassariscus astutus (Ringtail or Ringtailed cat) -(W). d. Jentinkia sumichrasti (Mexican and Central American cacomistle) -(W).
5. Family Mustelidae -All species (D), except: a. Ambloynx cinerea (Oriental small-clawed otter) -(W). b. Aonyx capensis (African clawless otter) -(W). d. Genus Lutra (River otters) -(W).
6. All other Families -(W).
(L) Order Tubulidentata -Aardvarks: All species -(W).
(M) Order Proboscidae -Elephants: All species -(W).
(N) Order Hyracoidae -Hyraxes: All species -(W).
(O) Order Sirenia -Dugongs, Manatees: All species -(W).
(P) Order Perissodactyla -Horses, Zebras, Tapirs, Rhinoceroses, etc.: All species (W), except Family Equidae are not restricted.
(Q) Order Artiodactyla -Swine, Peccaries, Camels, Deer, Elk, Moose, Antelopes, Cattle, Goats, Sheep, etc.: All species (D) except:
1. Bos taurus and Bos indicus (Domestic cattle); Bos grunniens (Yak); Bubalus bulalis (Asian water buffalo);
Ovis aries (Domestic sheep); Capra hircus (Domestic goat); Sus scrofa domestica (Domestic swine);
Llama glama (Llama); Llama pacos (Alpaca); Llama guanicoe (Guanaco); Hybrids of llama, alpaca and guanacos; Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius (Camels); and Bison bison (American bison), are not restricted.
2. Permits may be issued for species of Elk (Genus Cervus) which are already maintained within California; and
3. Permits may be issued pursuant to Section 676 for importing, breeding, slaughter and sale of the meat and other parts of fallow deer (Dama dama) for commercial purposes.
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(3) Class Amphibia -Frogs, Toads, Salamanders
(A) Family Bufonidae -Toads: Bufo marinus, Bufo paracnemis, Bufo horribilis (Giant toad or marine toad group) and all other large toads from Mexico and Central and South America-(D).
(B) Family Pipidae -Tongueless Toads:
1. Genus Xenopus (Clawed frog)-(D).
(C) Family Ambystomatidae-Mole Salamanders:
1. Genus Ambystoma (tiger salamanders) (D).
(D) Family Leptodactylidae -Neotropical Frogs:
1. Eleutherodactylus coqui -Commom Coqui or Coqui frog (D).
(4) Class Agnatha -Jawless Fishes
(A) Family Petromyzontidae -Lampreys: All nonnative species (D).
(5) Class Osteichthyes -Bony Fishes
(A) Family Percichthyidae -Temperate Basses:
1. Morone americana (White perch) (D).
2. Morone chrysops (White bass) (D).
(B) Family Clupeidae -Herrings: Dorosoma cepedianum (Gizzard shad) (D).
(C) Family Sciaenidae -Drums: Aplodinotus grunniens (freshwater drum) (D).
(D) Family Characidae -Characins:
1. Astyanax fasciatus (Banded tetra) (D).
2. All species of the genera Serrasalmus, Serrasalmo, Pygocentrus, Taddyella, Rooseveltiella, and
Pygopristis (Piranhas) (D).
3. Hoplias malabaricus (Tiger fish) (D).
(E) Family Salmonidae -Trouts: Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon) -Restricted in the Smith River watershed (D).
(F) Family Lepisosteidae -Gars: All species (D).
(G) Family Amiidae -Bowfins: All species (D).
(H) Family Poeciliidae -Livebearers: Belonesox belizanus (Pike killifish) (D).
(I) Family Channidae -Snakeheads: All species (D).
(J) Family Cyprinidae -Carps and Minnows:
1. Leuciscus idus (ide)(D).
2. Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp) (D), except that permits may be issued to a person, organization or agency for possession of triploid grass carp, under conditions set forth in Section 238.6.
3. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver carp) (D).
4. Aristichthys nobilis (Bighead carp) (D).
5. Hypophthalmichthys harmandi (Largescale Silver carp) (D).
6. Mylopharyngodon piceus (Black carp) (D).
(K) Family Trichomycteridae (Pygidiidae) -Parasitic Catfishes: All species (D).
(L) Family Cetopsidae -Whalelike Catfishes: All species (D).
(M) Family Clariidae -Labyrinth Catfishes: All species of the genera Clarias, Dinotopterus, and
Heterobranchus(D).
(N) Family Heteropneustidae (Saccobranchidae) -Airsac Catfishes: All species (D).
(O) Family Cichlidae -Cichlids:
1. Tilapia sparrmani (Banded Tilapia) (D).
2. Tilapia zillii (Redbelly tilapia) (D), except permits may be issued to a person or agency for importation, transportation, or possession in the counties of San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San
Diego, and Imperial.
3. Oreochromis aureus (Blue tilapia) (D).
4. Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) (D).
(P) Family Anguillidae -Freshwater Eels: All species of genus Anguilla (D).
(Q) Family Esocidae -Pikes: All species (D).
(R) Family Percidae -Perches:
1. Perca flavescens (Yellow perch) (D).
2. Sander vitreus (Walleye) (D).
(S) Family Catostomidae -Suckers: All members of the genus Ictiobus (Buffaloes) (D).
(T) Family Cyprinodontidae-Killifishes: Cyprinodon variegatus (Sheepshead minnow) (D).
(U) Family Latidea -Lates perches: Lates calcarifer (Barramundi also know as Barramundi perch or Silver barramundi) (D), except permits may be issued to a person or organization for importation, transportation, possession, or sales of barramundi under the following conditions:
1. All live importation, possession, transportation and sales must also adhere to the conditions set forth in
Section 671.7.
2. Live retail sales for human consumption are allowed for barramundi that range from one to three pounds in weight or 300 mm (11.8 inches) to 500 mm (19.6 inches) in total length.
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(6) Class Elasmobranchiomorphi -Cartilaginous Fishes
(A) Family Carcharhinidae -Requiem Sharks: All species of genus Carcharhinus (Freshwater sharks) (D).
(B) Family Potamotrygonidae -River stingrays: All species (D).
(7) Class Reptilia -Reptiles
(A) Order Crocodilia -Crocodiles, Caimans, Alligators and Gavials: All species (D).
(B) Family Chelyridae -Snapping Turtles: All species (D).
(C) Family Elapidae -Cobras, Coral Snakes, Mambas, Kraits, etc.: All species (D).
(D) Family Viperidae -Adders and Vipers: All species (D).
(E) Family Crotalidae -Pit Vipers: All species (D), except Crotalus viridis (Western rattlesnake), Crotalus atrox
(Western diamondback rattlesnake), Crotalus ruber (red diamondback rattlesnake), Crotalus scutulatus
(Mojave rattlesnake), Crotalus mitchelli (speckled rattlesnake) and Crotalus cerastes (Sidewinder) not restricted.
(F) Family Colubridae -Colubrids:
1. Dispholidus typus (Boomslang) (D).
2. Theoltornis kitlandii (Bird or vine snake) (D).
3. All species of genus Nerodia (watersnakes) (D).
(G) Family Helodermatidae:
1. Heloderma suspectum suspectum (reticulate Gila monster) (D).
(8) Class Crustacea -Crustaceans
(A) All species of Family Cambaridae -Crayfish, etc. (D), except Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes virilis not restricted.
(B) All species of genus Eriocheir (D).
(9) Class Gastropoda -Slugs, Snails
(A) Potamopyrgus antipodarum (New Zealand mudsnail) (D).
(B) All nonnative species of slugs and land snails (D), except:
1. Rumina decollata (decollate snail) in the counties of San Bernardino, Riverside, Imperial, Orange, San
Diego, Los Angeles, Ventura, Kern, Fresno, Madera, Tulare and Santa Barbara not restricted with the concurrence of the appropriate county agricultural commissioners.
2. Helix aspersa (brown garden snail) not prohibited.
(C) Pomacea canaliculata (Channel Apple Snail) (D).
(D) All species of genus Haliotis (Abalone) (D), except Haliotis rufescens (Red abalone), Haliotis sorenseni
(White abalone), Haliotis corrugata (Pink abalone), Haliotis fulgens (Green abalone), Haliotis cracherodii
(Black abalone), Haliotis kamtschatkana (Pinto abalone), Haliotis walallensis (Flat abalone) and Haliotis assimilis (Threaded abalone) are not restricted. 1. Note: Unpermitted nonnative abalone are determined to be detrimental to native populations, therefore the exemptions provided in Fish and Game Code subsection
2271(b) and subsection 236(b) of these regulations are not applicable.
(10) Class Bivalvia -Bivalves: All members of the genus Dreissena (zebra and quagga mussels) (D).
(11) Transgenic Aquatic Animals -Includes freshwater and marine fishes, invertebrates, amphibians, and reptiles
(D). Note: Unpermitted transgenic aquatic animals are determined to be detrimental to native wildlife, therefore the exemption provided for in Fish and Game Code Section 2150(e) is not applicable.
§671.1. Permits for Restricted Species.
(a) General.
It is unlawful for any person to import, export, transport, maintain, dispose of, or use for any purpose any animal restricted by Section 671 except as authorized in a permit issued by the department.
(1) Limited Scope.
A permit issued pursuant to this Section 671.1 does not supersede any federal, state, or local law regulating or prohibiting the animals or the activities authorized in the permit.
(2) Inspections.
The department may approve an application prior to facilities being built, inspected and approved. A permit shall not be issued unless the applicant's facilities have been inspected and approved by the department or persons designated by the department. The department may enter all holding facilities, vehicles, vessels or other places where restricted species are kept or may be kept to inspect animals, facilities, animal equipment, or to inspect, audit, or copy any permit, book or record required to be kept by these regulations or federal regulations relating to such species. Inspections may be made at any time with or without prior notification.
(3) Change of Address or Name.
The permittee must notify the department’s License and Revenue Branch, in writing of any change of address or name related to the permit within five days of the change.
(4) Records.
Any record, log, invoice, or other document required by this Section 671.1 shall be maintained at the facility by the permittee for at least three years from the date issued, and be made available to the department immediately upon demand. All required records shall be legible and in the English language.
(5) Transportation Records Required of Broker/Dealer and Importers.
The permittee shall prepare and sign an invoice in duplicate prior to any animals leaving or being imported into their facility. The invoice shall contain the name and address of the Broker/Dealer or Importers, a phone number where the Broker/Dealer or Importers and the consignee can be reached, the name and address of the consignee, the date of the shipment, and the number
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or poundage, sex (if available) and scientific name of each animal. The invoice shall accompany the animals being shipped. The consignee shall sign and date the invoice receipt of the shipment and retain a copy.
(6) Permits for Business.
Any person (as defined in Fish and Game Code Section 67) can qualify for and be issued a permit, if the applicant or the applicant’s full time employee possesses the qualifications for an applicant specified in subsections 671.1(c)(1), 671.1(c)(2)(C) and 671.1(c)(2)(E). Where a full time employee provides the qualifications, the applicant must continue to employ such qualified person as long as the animals are possessed in California. The applicant who owns the business shall submit annual proof of continued employment for a full time employee if the applicant continues not to meet the qualifications specified in subsection 671.1(c)(1).
(7) Financial Responsibility.
The department may require an applicant for a nonresident permit to provide proof he/she will immediately cover all expenses incurred by the department for personnel, equipment, and facilities used to locate, capture, house, care for, and transport animals that escape or that are released or abandoned.
The written proof must be in the form of a department approved financial guarantee payable to the department, local government agency, or entity contracting for the animals.
(8) Health Certificates.
The department may require as a condition on any permit that restricted animals be approved for interstate shipment pursuant to applicable federal or state agency standards for diseases such as but not limited to tuberculosis, brucellosis, and pseudo rabies. Permit conditions may be more restrictive than federal standards.
(9) Transgenic Aquatic Animals . The department may issue permits for importation, possession, transportation or rearing of, or research on, transgenic aquatic animals pursuant to the following terms and conditions:
(A) All transgenic aquatic animals shall be held, raised, and transported in a closed-water system or in a system which treats effluent discharge from the facility with a disinfection system adequate to ensure against the inadvertent release of live animals. A closed-water system means that there is no discharge to waters of the state. For purposes of this section, municipal treated sewage systems are not considered waters of the state.
The commission may grant an exception to subsection 671.1 (a)(9)(A) if it is determined that doing so shall not pose a significant risk to the waters or wildlife of the state.
(B) Access to facilities containing transgenic aquatic animals must be restricted through means determined to be adequate by the department to assure against unauthorized removal of animals.
(C) Movement of live transgenic aquatic animals from facilities is prohibited unless specifically permitted by the department.
(D) Release of transgenic aquatic animals or their progeny into waters of the state is prohibited.
(E) If transgenic aquatic animals are held with non-transgenic animals of the same species, all such animals that commingle with transgenic animals shall be treated as transgenic for the purposes of regulation and may not be introduced into waters of the state. Nontransgenic animals that can be individually identified as nontransgenic may be exempt from this provision with prior department approval.
(F) In addition to any other penalty provided by law, any unauthorized release of transgenic aquatic animals or their progeny into the waters of the state may be subject to the penalties provided for under Fish and Game
Code Sections 2125, 12007, and/or 12023.
(G) Any university, college, governmental research agency or other bona fide scientific institution, as determined by the department, may apply for an expedited permit review under subsection 671.1(b)(9) by demonstrating that they meet or exceed the requirements stipulated in subsections (A) through (F) as part of a federal program or permit, for example, National Institute of Health (NIH) guidelines administered by an Institutional
Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
(H) The department shall provide written notice of the filing of all permit applications to any interested party who submits a written request for such notice. The department shall consider all written comments regarding a permit application that are received from any interested party prior to approval of that application. All approved applications shall be reviewed by the commission during a regularly scheduled public meeting; and the commission, following public comment, may deny the issuance of a permit if it finds that an applicant is or will be unable to meet all regulatory requirements for importation, transportation, possession, and confinement of transgenic aquatic animals.
(10) Conferring.
In addition to the departments of Food and Agriculture and Public Health, the department may confer with other state and federal agencies or any other person or entity in order to verify information on the application or to determine if the importation, transportation, or possession of any animal requested will be in the best interest of the state and animal.
(b) Permits and Fees. The following permits have fees that are adjusted annually as specified in Section 703. The department may issue permits and amend existing permits with the conditions it determines are necessary to protect native wildlife, agriculture interests, animal welfare, and/or human health and safety for:
(1) Animal Care.
Issued to any person who is a resident and who has the demonstrated experience and ability to care for and house an animal, and who legally possessed the animal in California prior to January 1992. The permittee may only possess and provide care for the animal(s) specified on the department approved permit. No other activity is authorized except that which is medically necessary for the care of the animal. Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2).
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(2) Aquaculture.
Issued to any person who is a registered aquaculturist, pursuant to Section 235. The permittee may import, transport, possess and offer for sale only those species listed on the restricted species permit for aquaculture purposes. Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2) and Section 671.7.
(3) AZA.
Issued to any person accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and who is in the business of exhibiting and breeding animals. The permittee may import, transport, breed, exhibit and possess for bona fide scientific or public health research only those species specified on the department approved permit.
Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2).
(4) Breeding.
Issued to any person who is a resident who is in the business of breeding animals and possesses the qualifications listed in subsection 671.1(c)(1), and provides a breeding plan as specified in subsection
671.1(c)(2)(F). The permittee may import, transport, and possess only those species specified on the department approved permit. Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2).
(5) Broker/Dealer.
Issued to any person who is a resident or nonresident and acts as a broker or dealer in a transaction involving the buying and/or selling of restricted species, or who is in the business of transporting restricted species within the state between permittees. Additional requirements are specified in subsection
671.1(c)(2).
(A) Special Restrictions.
1. Maximum Caging Period. Animals may be kept in transport caging for a period not to exceed 48 hours.
An additional 48 hours may be approved by an enforcing officer or a veterinarian accredited by the United
States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in writing and attached to the transportation invoice.
2. Nonresident Restriction. Nonresident permittees shall only transport animals between permittees authorized by this section or between AZA accredited institutions and permittees or ship them out of state in compliance with Federal guidelines.
(6) Exhibiting.
Issued to any person who is a resident or nonresident who is in the business of exhibiting animals at least half-time, for commercial and/or educational purposes, and who possesses the qualifications listed in subsection 671.1(c)(1). The permittee may import, transport, and possess only those species specified on the department approved permit. Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2).
(7) Native Species Exhibiting.
Issued to any person who is a resident, is in the business of exhibiting animals, and possesses the qualifications listed in subsection 671.1(c)(1) to transport and possess only those species specified on the department approved permit. For the purposes of this permit, native species are defined as the restricted birds and mammals that are found injured and/or orphaned in the wild in California and are not suitable for release into the wild, but are suitable for educational purposes. Native species shall only be acquired from the department or, upon approval by the department, from a California Wildlife Rehabilitation Facility that is permitted with the department. The department shall receive written documentation for each animal from a permitted
California Wildlife Rehabilitation Facility’s licensed veterinarian stating why the animal to be acquired is unsuitable for wildlife rehabilitation and release, but suitable for education purposes (USDA certification of veterinarian is not required to determine non-releasable status). The permit fee may be waived only if the AZA or exhibiting fee is paid and a permit specified in subsection 671.1(b)(3) or 671.1(b)(6) is issued. Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2).
(8) Nuisance Bird Abatement.
Issued to any person who is a resident or nonresident, is in the business of using raptors to abate nuisance birds, and possesses the qualifications listed in subsection 671.1(c)(1) to import, transport, and possess only those species specified on the department approved permit and under the conditions that follow. Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2).
(A) The permit only authorizes the harassing of nuisance birds. Harassment is defined in Section 251.1.
(B) The permit does not authorize the use for abatement purposes or intentional take of any bird protected by federal or state law, which includes but is not limited to the Federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Fish and
Game Code Section 3500.
(C) All birds imported into California must be accompanied by a current interstate health certificate issued by a
USDA accredited veterinarian stating that the veterinarian has examined the bird(s) and has found that they are not exhibiting any signs or symptoms of any infectious or contagious disease.
(D) The permittee shall notify the regional manager where abatement activities are to occur at least five days prior to activity taking place. The notification shall include the following information:
1. copy of the permit;
2. name(s) and address where the activity will be conducted;
3. date(s) the abatement will take place;
4. the temporary housing location in California for the birds listed on the permit.
5. The information shall also be provided to the department’s License and Revenue Branch and attached to the permit.
(E) A department regional manager, or regional manager designee, may restrict activities authorized by this permit at any time to address the biological issues occurring within his/her region.
(F) Every effort shall be made to keep birds used for abatement from escaping into the wild and every effort must be made to retrieve any that escape into the wild. The permittee must notify the department regional
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manager, or regional manager designee, and the department’s License and Revenue Branch within 48 hours if a bird escapes and is not retrieved.
(G) Birds used for abatement shall be housed in facilities that meet or exceed the permanent caging standards described in Section 671.3.
(9) Research.
Issued to any university, college, governmental research agency, or other bona fide scientific institution, as determined by the department, who engages in scientific or public health research and meets the requirement as specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2)(M). The permittee may import, transport, breed, and possess only those species specified on the department approved permit. Only persons asking for department determination as a bona fide scientific institution are required to meet the requirements specified in subsection
671.1(c)(2)(L). Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2).
(10) Shelter.
Issued to any person who is a resident, who possesses the qualifications listed in subsection 671.1(c)(1), and who has a statement in writing signed by the department's regional manager with jurisdiction over the proposed facility verifying the need for a shelter or similar facility in the area, to transport and possess restricted species for humane purposes only. The permit fee may be waived upon recommendation of the regional manager when they determine it is in the best interest of the public, the animal, or the department to do so. Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2).
(A) Special Authorizations.
1. A permittee may exhibit animals at its facility for fund-raising purposes.
2. The department may authorize a permittee to import restricted species upon receipt of written verification that appropriate facilities outside of California were contacted and no housing was available, and that these specific animals would be euthanized if they cannot be imported into California.
(11) Single Event Breeding for Exhibitor.
Issued to any person who is a resident and permitted pursuant to subsection 671.1(b)(6), possesses the qualifications listed in subsection 671.1(c)(1), and provides a breeding plan as specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2)(F) to conduct a one time, single breeding of an animal specified on the department approved permit. The permit may be renewed annually, but only upon submitting written verification by a veterinarian accredited by the USDA that the breeding previously authorized was not successful. Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2).
(12) Fish.
Issued to any person who is a resident and is in the retail, wholesale or importation business of selling fish or aquaculture product. The permittee may import, transport, possess and offer for sale only those species listed on the restricted species permit. Additional requirements are specified in subsection 671.1(c)(2) and Section
671.7.
(c) Qualifications, Application Fees, and Permit Information.
(1) Qualifications.
Applicants or the applicant’s full-time employee shall be at least 18 years of age and possess the equivalent of at least two years, full-time, paid or volunteer, hands-on experience caring for restricted species at facilities engaged in a similar or directly related activity to the permit requested. Applicants or the applicant’s fulltime employee shall have at least one year full-time hands-on professional experience working with restricted species in the same family or closely related taxonomic family as each species being requested. Experience will be considered only for the periods the applicant or the applicant’s full-time employee was directly involved in and responsible for the animals while engaged in the activity requested on the permit and only when acquired within five years of the date of the initial permit application. Any person who applies for an Animal Care, Aquaculture,
AZA, Broker/Dealer, Fish or Research permit is exempt from this experience requirement. Applicants must be residents of California, except that AZA, Exhibiting, Broker/Dealer and Nuisance Bird Abatement permits may be issued to nonresidents.
(2) Application.
The applicant for a new permit, amendment to an existing permit, or permit renewal shall submit the completed application or document, as specified in Section 703, to the address listed on the application.
Persons who apply for an Aquaculture or Fish permit are exempt from the application requirements (B) through
(N) and shall instead follow the requirements in Section 671.7.
The following information and documents shall accompany an application for each permit, amendment, renewal, or upon change or expiration unless specified as exempt or as specifically required.
(A) An inventory of each animal requested including the common and scientific name, sex, and age of each animal. Any person who applies for an Aquaculture or Fish permit shall also provide the actual number of animals specified by either the weight, volume or count.
(B) Written certification from a veterinarian accredited by the USDA shall be required for inspections as specified in subsection 671.1(c)(7)(B) except if inspected by the department. The certification must be signed by the veterinarian and must include the veterinarian's printed name, address and license number.
(C) A resume which provides the dates and description of an applicant or their full-time employee’s experience.
The resume is required only when applying for the original permit, an amendment, or when applying to add new species to the inventory upon renewing a permit. Any person who applies for an Animal Care, AZA,
Broker/Dealer or Research permit is exempt from this requirement.
(D) A copy of current license or registration document required by the USDA (for mammals only) and a copy of the most recent USDA facility inspection form completed for the facility shall be on file with the department at all times. The department may waive compliance for initial applications by California residents. However, a
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copy of the issued USDA license or registration document shall be provided to the department within 10 business days of receipt. Any person who applies for an Animal Care, Nuisance Bird Abatement or Shelter
(non-exhibiting) permit is exempt from this requirement.
(E) A letter of recommendation, written in the previous five years, on letterhead stationary signed in ink by the owner or operator of a facility where the applicant or their employee gained his/her experience. The letter must provide the printed name of the owner or operator and detailed information regarding the quality and extent of the applicant's or their employee’s, knowledge and experience related to the permit requested. Any person who applies for an Animal Care, AZA, Broker/Dealer or Research permit is exempt from this requirement.
(F) Breeding Plan. Only persons who apply for a Breeding or Single Event Breeding for an Exhibitor permit are required to comply with these requirements. A breeding plan shall include the items listed below and allow the department to determine that the breeding of the species will not result in risk to animal welfare, wildlife populations, livestock and poultry health, public health and safety; and there is an authentic and legitimate scientific, conservation, exhibition, or educational use certified by a recognized scientific, conservation or educational institution, or licensed professional in breeding or exhibition of restricted species. Breeding of restricted species is prohibited unless specifically authorized by the department. The breeding plan is required with the original application annually and when applying to add a new species to the breeding plan. The breeding plan shall include all of the following in order to be considered complete:
1. An official signed document on letterhead from a bona fide scientific, conservation or educational institution, or licensed professional in the breeding or exhibition of restricted species, confirming that there is a legitimate scientific, conservation, exhibition, or educational need for the breeding in the coming year.
The person confirming the need for the breeding shall demonstrate that they have at least five years experience working with the species identified in the breeding plan. The statement must contain the printed name and be signed in ink by an official representative of the organization providing the statement.
2. A plan of operation that includes the anticipated number of progeny produced in the coming year, caging availability, and veterinarian care.
3. A description of how the progeny will be uniquely identified if required under subsection 671.1(c)(2)(K).
4. The department may deny the renewal of a breeding permit if it determines that the use of a permitted animal was inconsistent with the breeding plan. The Department may require a permittee seeking to renew a breeding permit to provide documents, including but not limited to client lists with contact information or contracts with clients, demonstrating that the use of a permitted animal was consistent with the breeding plan.
(G) Nonresident Exhibitors. Applicants shall submit a copy of a current and valid contract or other written confirmation that specifies each place and length of time where the exhibition will take place in California. If no contract is in effect at the time of application, copies of past contracts and/or written descriptions of anticipated performances being negotiated shall be substituted. Applicants shall submit a complete exhibiting itinerary using the Restricted Species Nonresident Exhibiting Permit Itinerary form specified in Section 703 with their initial or renewal application or upon change to its current itinerary. The department shall receive itinerary changes at least 72 hours prior to entry. The itinerary shall provide the location(s) and date(s) where the nonresident applicant or permittee intends to perform within this state. Only persons who apply for a
Nonresident Exhibiting permit are required to comply with this requirement.
(H) A statement of purpose describing in detail the planned use for each animal. Applicants shall include relevant materials including, as appropriate, any lists of prospective clients with their contact information or contracts with clients or websites, scripts, brochures or flyers promoting or describing the planned use of the animals. If the animals will be used in an educational program, the applicant shall provide an explanation why live restricted species are necessary and samples of the educational material and message that will be distributed. The department may deny the issuance of a permit if it determines that the statement of purpose for the animal(s) does not sufficiently describe the planned use for each animal or is not supported by the permit application materials. The department may deny the renewal of a permit if it determines that the use of a permitted animal was inconsistent with the statement of purpose. The Department may require a permittee seeking to renew a permit to provide documents, including but not limited to client lists with contact information or contracts with clients, demonstrating that the use of a permitted animal was consistent with the statement of purpose. Any person who applies for an Animal Care, AZA, Breeding, Research or Single Event
Breeding For Exhibitor permit is exempt from this requirement.
(I) A copy of all current permits required by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) shall be on file with the department at all times. The department may waive compliance for initial applications by California residents. A copy of the issued USFWS license or registration document shall be provided to the department within 10 business days of receipt. Any person who is required to possess a USFWS permit for the restricted species applied for or listed on a department-approved permit is required to comply with these requirements.
(J) Emergency Action Plan.
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1. Every restricted species permittee shall have a written Emergency Action Plan readily available and posted in a conspicuous place in the event of an escape, an attack or an emergency evacuation, and shall submit a copy to the department upon initial application, renewal of a permit and addition of species.
The Emergency Action Plan shall be titled, with a revision date, updated annually and include, but is not limited to the following: a. List of the re-capture equipment available, including but not limited to darting equipment, nets, traps, and chemical immobilization drugs; b. Description of humane lethal dispatch methods for various animals and a list of qualified personnel who are trained to carry out the methods; c. c. List of medical supplies/first aid kits and where they are located; d. Description of mobile transport cages and equipment on hand; e. List of emergency telephone numbers that includes the local department regional office, 911, and animal control agencies; and f. Written plan of action for emergencies.
2. Permittees are responsible for the capture, and for the costs incurred by the department related to capture or elimination of the threat, of an escaped animal or the use of humane lethal force required to capture an animal that escapes. If an escaped animal becomes a public safety threat, state, federal, or local law enforcement personnel have the authority to use appropriate lethal force required to end the threat.
3. Any incident involving an animal held under a restricted species permit that results in serious injury or death to a person shall be reported immediately to the department’s regional office having jurisdiction over the area in which the serious injury and death has occurred. If the department determines that serious injury or death has occurred as a result of contact with an animal held under the authority of a restricted species permit, the authorizations and conditions of the permit may be reviewed and subject to change by the department. Additional conditions to the permit may be added at anytime to provide for human health and safety.
4. Permittees shall immediately report by telephone the intentional or unintentional escape or release of a wild animal to the department regional office and the nearest law enforcement agency of the city or county in which the wild animal was released or escaped.
(K) Unique Identification.
1. Every elephant, non-human primate, bear, wolf, gila monster, and animal in the Family Felidae that is possessed under a restricted species permit shall be identifiable by an approved unique identifying method and reported to the department for inclusion in a registry. Approved methods include microchips, tattoos or any other alternative method that is approved by the department. The department may approve an alternative method if the permittee provides written verification from a veterinarian accredited by the
USDA explaining why it would be detrimental to the health of the animal to microchip or tattoo the animal and what alternative method of unique identification would be suitable.
2. Every permittee who possesses an animal that requires unique identifiers shall conform to the provisions of this section and provide documentation of an animal’s unique identifier or proposed alternative method to the department on or before December 31, 2011. Each permittee must provide an animal’s unique identification to the department within 10 business days of receipt or transfer of an animal, the birth or death of an animal, or change in unique identification for an animal.
3. The department shall continue to maintain a record of the unique identification for each animal until it is transferred out of state or until the death of the animal.
(L) Bona fide scientific research institutions, as identified in subsection 671.1(b)(9), shall submit the following with the initial application and for each additional new species (only required from persons who are not a university, college or governmental research agency and are asking for department determination as a bona fide scientific research institution):
1. At least one letter of recommendation from a university, college, governmental research agency or other bona fide scientific research institution, as recognized by the department, with expertise with the species and in the field of the proposed project. The letter must contain specific reasons for the support and a statement verifying that the anticipated results are reasonably achievable using the species and techniques described.
2. A description of the proposed project stating the objectives, and if experimental or manipulative, a study plan based on the “Scientific Method”.
3. The estimated completion date of the project.
4. The anticipated benefits of this research.
(M) Applicants for a research permit shall include proof that the applicant is part of a federal program or have a permit meeting or exceeding Federal Requirements such as those under the NIH guidelines administered by an IACUC. Only persons who apply for a Research permit are required to comply with these requirements.
(N) Every permittee shall provide written notice to the department’s License and Revenue Branch at least 10 business days prior to receipt or transfer of an animal within or out of the state and within 10 business days
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after the death of an animal. The notice shall include the common name, scientific name, sex, and age of the animal, the date of the acquisition, transfer or death. The notice shall also contain the unique identification method for animals to be acquired or the unique identifier for animals being transferred or reported deceased and the name and address of where the animal is being acquired from or transferred to within or outside of the state if applicable. Research and AZA permittees shall provide notice only for the animals designated as detrimental and for which a permit is required.
(3) Term of Permit.
Permits issued under the provisions of this Section 671.1 shall be valid for a term of one year from the date of issuance.
(4) Denial.
(A) The department may deny the issuance of a permit or amendment of an existing permit if:
1. the applicant or permittee has failed to comply with terms and conditions of a permit or any provision of the Fish and Game Code or regulations adopted pursuant thereto;
2. the applicant or permittee has failed to comply with any provision of any statute, regulation, rule or ordinance existing in any other state or in any city, county, or other local governing entity in any other state, that is related to the care and permitting of restricted species listed in Section 671, so long as the failure to comply would constitute a violation of the Fish and Game Code or regulations adopted pursuant thereto if it had occurred in this state or
3. the applicant or permittee has failed to comply with any provision of any federal statute, regulation, or rule that is related to the care and permitting of restricted species listed in Section 671, so long as the failure to comply would constitute a violation of the Fish and Game Code or regulations adopted pursuant thereto if it had occurred in this state; or
4. the department determines that the application or other documents submitted do not support the statement of purpose/use for the animal(s).
(B) The department shall deny the issuance of a permit or amendment of an existing permit if the applicant or permittee fails to demonstrate compliance with the conditions of subsections 671.1 (b) and (c). Before denying an application for this reason, however, the department shall notify the applicant that it has not received sufficient materials or information pursuant to subsections 671.1 (b) and (c). The applicant may amend or supplement an application with additional information or materials, but these supplemental materials shall be postmarked no later than 30 days after the date of the proof of service accompanying the department’s notification. New applications may be submitted at any time.
(C) All notifications, denials, or other correspondence sent from the department to an applicant or permittee under subsections 671.1(c)(4), (c)(5) and (c)(6) shall include a proof of service that consists of a declaration of mailing, under penalty of perjury, indicating the date of mailing the department’s notification, denial, or other correspondence.
(5) Revocation.
Any permit issued pursuant to these regulations may be suspended or revoked at any time by the department for failure to comply with the terms and conditions of the permit or for failure to comply with any provision of the Fish and Game Code or regulations adopted pursuant thereto. Unless the permittee has been convicted in a court of competent jurisdiction of violating one of these provisions, the suspension or revocation shall not take effect until the time to request an appeal pursuant to subsection 671.1(c)(6) has expired. A timely request for an appeal will stay the department’s suspension or revocation if the permittee was not convicted of violating the Fish and Game Code or regulations adopted pursuant thereto.
(6) Appeal.
Any applicant or permittee who is denied a permit, an amendment to an existing permit or has a permit suspended or revoked by the department pursuant to these regulations may appeal that denial, suspension, or revocation by filing a request for an appeal with the commission that is postmarked no later than 30 days after the date of the proof of service accompanying the department’s notice of denial, suspension, or revocation. The commission shall not consider a request for an appeal with a postmark later than 30 days after the date of the proof of service accompanying the notice of denial, suspension, or revocation.
(A) No later than 30 days after filing an appeal (as indicated by the postmark on the request for an appeal), a person requesting an appeal (appellant) shall submit a written statement to the commission that specifically identifies the legal and factual grounds for challenging the department’s action. Upon a showing of good cause, the commission may grant an appellant’s request for an additional 30 days to submit appellant’s written statement provided the appellant’s request for additional time is received by the commission no later than 30 days after the postmarked date of the request for appeal. The appellant’s written statement shall be signed by the appellant under penalty of perjury. Upon receipt, the commission shall forward to the department a copy of all appeal-related materials it receives from the appellant, including, a copy of the request for an appeal, any requests for additional time, and the appellant’s written statement.
(B) No later than 30 days after receipt of the appellant’s written statement, the department shall submit a response to the commission, with a copy sent to the appellant, along with any supporting documentary evidence and/or declarations under penalty of perjury.
(C) No later than 15 days after receipt of the department’s response, the appellant may submit a reply to the commission signed by the appellant under penalty of perjury, with a copy sent to the department.
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(D) The commission’s president may appoint a commissioner, a former executive director of the commission, or a member of the state bar of California with at least 10 years experience in the active practice of law and determined qualified by the president, to serve as a hearing officer. Following the appellant’s and the department’s submittals on the appeal, the hearing officer may request additional information, including testimony under oath, from either party, and may permit either party to present additional information or rebuttal if the hearing officer determines such to be helpful in reaching a correct decision.
(E) In any appeal of the department’s denial of an application for a permit or to amend an existing permit, if the hearing officer determines the appeal is based upon new evidence or factual information that was not included in the application or otherwise submitted to the department prior to the department’s denial, the hearing officer shall direct the applicant or permittee to file a new application or seek reconsideration by the department, and the request for appeal shall be closed.
(F) No later than 60 days after receipt of all submittals and any additional information or rebuttal permitted by the hearing officer under subsection 671.1(c)(6)(D), the hearing officer shall prepare and submit a proposed decision to the executive director of the commission. The decision shall contain proposed findings and reasons for the commission's action. Upon receipt, the executive director of the commission shall provide both parties a copy of the hearing officer's proposed decision. A cover letter accompanying the proposed decision shall indicate the date when the commission will consider the proposed decision and a deadline for the parties to comment on the proposed decision. Copies of the proposed decision shall include a proof of service indicating the date the proposed decision is mailed to the parties. Each party may submit written comments on the proposed decision to the commission, however, these comments shall not exceed two pages, and they shall not refer to or introduce any new factual information or evidence that was not previously submitted to the commission.
(G) At a meeting of the commission no later than 60 days after receipt of the hearing officer's proposed decision, the commission shall consider adoption of the proposed decision, unless good cause exists to delay consideration of the proposed decision. The commission may by order adopt, revise or reject the proposed decision. The commission shall serve both parties a copy of the commission's order and decision. The order is final.
(H) A party may request judicial review by filing a petition for writ of mandate in accordance with Section 1094.5 of the Code of Civil Procedure within 30 days from the date of service (postmark) of the order. The record of the proceedings as designated by the petitioner shall be prepared by the commission and delivered to petitioner's counsel or, if appearing pro se, the petitioner within 30 days after petitioner's request and upon payment of the fee specified in Section 69950 of the Government Code.
(7) Fees.
The following application and inspection fees will be required and adjusted annually as specified in Section
703.
(A) Application. A nonrefundable application fee is required when applying for a new permit, amending an existing permit and renewing a permit.
(B) Inspection. The applicant shall pay for two inspections each year. If an inspection requires more than two hours, or additional inspections are required to verify corrections of facilities or for compliance with these regulations an additional per hour fee shall be charged. The required inspection fee may be waived under the following conditions:
1. The inspection fee shall be waived if an applicant renewing a permit submits an annual statement from a veterinarian accredited by the USDA certifying that the animals and their housing have been inspected at least twice during the year, at six month intervals, and that the animals are being cared for and housed in accordance with applicable requirements in subsections 671.1(a)(9)(A)-(F), and sections 671.2 through
671.4.
2. In the case of animals to be acquired, the inspection fee shall be waived if a veterinarian accredited by the USDA will certify that the facilities meet the minimum applicable requirements in subsections
671.1(a)(9)(A)-(F) and sections 671.3 through 671.4 for the animals to be acquired and if the applicant certifies that the animals and their housing will be inspected at least once more, six months from the first inspection.
3. In the case of nonresident applicants for a new permit, the inspection fee shall be waived if a veterinarian accredited by the USDA will certify that the animals and their housing have been inspected and that the animals are being cared for and housed in accordance with applicable requirements in subsections
671.1(a)(9)(A)-(F) and sections 671.2 through 671.4 and if the applicant certifies that the animals and their housing will be inspected at least once more, six months from the first inspection.
4. In the case of aquatic animals under an Aquaculture or Fish permit, the inspection fee may be waived if a fish pathologist as defined in subsection 245(b)(5) has inspected the applicant’s facilities within the last six months, determines that the facility’s housing meets the minimum applicable requirements in section
671.7 and no fish health issues have been identified in the past year.
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§671.2. Humane Care and Treatment Standards.
(a) Care and Treatment.
Except as provided by subsection (c) below, every person who imports, transports, or possesses a restricted species shall comply with the following provisions:
(1) Food.
Food shall be wholesome, palatable and free from contamination and shall be supplied in sufficient quantity and nutritive value to maintain the animal in good health. The diet shall be prepared with consideration for the age, species, condition, and size of each animal.
(2) Feeding.
Animals not in hibernation shall be fed at least once a day. Food receptacles shall be clean and sanitary. Food shall be accessible to all animals in the enclosure and placed to prevent contamination. If selffeeders are used, adequate measures shall be taken to prevent mold, contamination, deterioration or caking of food.
(3) Water.
Potable water must be accessible to the animals at all times or provided as often as necessary for the health and comfort of the animal as directed by a licensed veterinarian. All water receptacles shall be clean and sanitary.
(4) Cleaning of enclosures.
Excrement shall be removed from enclosures at least once per day or in the case of large pasture areas, large flight cages, breeding chambers or large natural habitat enclosures, as often as necessary to maintain animals in a healthy condition. When enclosures are cleaned by hosing or flushing, adequate measures shall be taken to protect confined animals from the direct spray.
(5) Disinfection of enclosures.
After an animal with an infectious or transmissible disease is removed from a cage, room, or pen/run, that enclosure shall be disinfected in compliance with the directions of a licensed veterinarian.
(6) Pest control.
Programs of disease prevention and parasite control, euthanasia and adequate veterinary care shall be established and maintained under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian. The pest control program shall be reviewed annually by the veterinarian for the safe use of materials and methods.
(7) Daily observation.
Animals shall be observed every day by the person in charge of the care of the animals or by someone working under his or her direct supervision. Sick or diseased, stressed, injured, or lame animals shall be provided with veterinary care or humanely destroyed.
(8) Handling.
Animals shall be handled expeditiously and carefully so as not to cause unnecessary discomfort, behavioral stress, or physical harm to the animal. Except as provided below, an animal may be placed on a chain and collar only when being transported by an attendant between areas on a permittee’s premises or between a mode of conveyance and a worksite or veterinarian’s office, or when the handler is working or exercising the animal(s) within the compound. Care shall be exercised to avoid harm to the handler or the general public.
Animals shall be kept under control at all times and shall not be allowed to roam free outside of a compound, except when under the control of the handler during filming or exhibition.
Exceptions: Elephants chained pursuant to subsection 671.3(b)(2)(M)4. (see Department of Fish and Game
Manual No. 671 - 2/25/92). Raptors may be jessed and tethered.
(9) Chaining/staking.
Animal(s) shall not be chained or otherwise tethered to a stake, post, tree, building or other anchorage, except during filming, training or exhibition, in an emergency situation or when repairs are being made to the cage. The animal(s) shall be under the direct supervision of the handler or his designee at all times.
Exceptions: Elephants chained pursuant to subsection 671.3(b)(2)(M)4. (see Department of Fish and Game
Manual No. 671 - 2/25/92). Raptors may be jessed and tethered.
(10) Public display.
Animals shall be publicly displayed only for periods of time and under conditions consistent with the animal’s health and comfort. The animal must be handled so there is no perceived risk to the public in the judgment of the department’s enforcement officer, with sufficient distance allowed between animal acts and the viewing public to assure safety to both the public and the animals. Animals on display shall be contained within an escape-proof area or enclosure at all times when not under the immediate control of a handler. Circus or traveling show animals shall be allowed a rest period of at least 4 hours per day within an enclosure as directed by a licensed veterinarian.
(b) Log Requirement.
Permittees shall maintain a written log in the English language for each animal in their possession which documents each animal’s health care. The log shall contain the following information: date of acquisition, name and address of person from whom the animal was acquired, identifying marks or characteristics, date and description of illness and/or injury, health care treatment provided, name and signature of the person treating the animal, if applicable. This log shall be made available to department officers or its authorized agent on demand.
(c) Alternative Care and Treatment Authorized by Veterinarian.
When specifically directed in writing by a licensed veterinarian, a person may provide alternative care and treatment. The veterinarian’s written instructions for long-term care of the animals held under the permit shall be presented to the inspector at the time of inspection. The implementation of any short-term exceptions to the veterinarian’s long-term instructions or to the provisions of subsections 671.2(a)(1) through (10) above shall be verified in writing in the animal’s log by the permittee within 10 working days from the date of the action. Such exception shall not exceed two weeks without written concurrence from a licensed veterinarian.
§671.3. Minimum Facility and Caging Standards for Wild Animals Housed at Permanent Facilities.
(a) General Housing Requirements and Specifications.
(1) All cages or enclosures shall be completely enclosed unless otherwise specified.
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(2) Compatible animals may be held in the same enclosure if the required floor space is provided.
(3) Common walls between noncompatible animals shall be constructed so that animals cannot gain access to each other.
(4) If the ambient air temperature falls below that necessary to maintain the animal in a healthy condition, an artificial heat source that is sufficient to maintain that minimum ambient air temperature shall be provided.
(5) If a pool of water is required, the floor space occupied by the pool shall be in addition to the minimum floor space requirement unless otherwise specified.
(6) Night quarters, holding pens and nesting boxes may not be used as primary housing.
(7) Except as provided in subsection (b) below, all animals listed shall be housed in facilities that have double doors or, if individual cages do not have double doors, then a perimeter fence shall enclose the entire facility to prevent escape.
(8) All enclosures shall be provided with sufficient drainage to prevent standing water from accumulating.
(9) Wherever a concrete floor is specified, either wood plank flooring or natural substrate may be used to cover the concrete floor.
(10) The following are minimum pen, cage or enclosure size requirements:
MINIMUM PEN, CAGE OF ENCLOSURE SIZE REQUIREMENTS
Floor Space (Sq. Feet)
Type of Animal
One
Animal
Two
Animals
Each
Additional
Animal
Interior Ceiling or Outside
Fence
Height (Feet)
CLASS AVES - Birds
Ploceidae, Estrildidae, Zosteropidae 4 4 +3/animal
More than 2 birds requires a cage height of 6 feet.
Alaudidae, Cuculidae, Turdidae, Sturnidae 6 6 +4/animal
More than 2 birds requires a cage height of 6 feet.
2 Ceiling
4 Ceiling
More than 2 birds requires a cage height of 6 feet.
Falconiformes, Strigiformes
Eagle, Hawkeagle, Vulture
Peregrine falcon, Barn owl
Sparrow hawk, Screech owl, Burrowing owl
CLASS MAMMALIA - Mammals
48
36
72
54
+24/animal
+18/animal
7 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
PRIMATA
NOTE: THE CAGE SIZE REQUIREMENT FOR TWO PRIMATES ALSO MEETS THE CAGE SIZE
REQUIREMENT FOR A PAIR AND THEIR PROGENY UNDER THE AGE OF 2 YEARS.
Gibbons, Langurs
Woollys, Spiders, Howlers, Sakis, Capuchins
Squirrel, Titis, Owl
Tree Shrew
EDENTATA
Armadillo:
(less than 15” length)
(15” to 36” length)
(greater than 36”)
Giant Anteater
MARSUPIALIA
Sm. Opossums
Lg. Opossums
Sm. Wallaby
12
30
80
200
20
9
20
60
100
64
36
9
200
96
54
12
+50/animal
+32/animal
+18/animal
+3/animal
9 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
3 Ceiling
16
40
100
300
12
30
90
+3/animal
+10/animal
+20/animal
+100/animal
1.5 Ceiling
3 Ceiling
5 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
+3/animal
+10/animal
3 Ceiling
5 Ceiling
+30/animal 5 Fence/Wall

Type of Animal
Lg. Wallaby
Tree Kangaroo
Lg. Kangaroo
MINIMUM PEN, CAGE OF ENCLOSURE SIZE REQUIREMENTS
Floor Space (Sq. Feet)
One
Animal
200
80
200
Two
Animals
300
100
300
Each
Additional
Animal
Interior Ceiling or Outside
Fence
Height (Feet)
+100/animal 6 Fence/Wall
+20/animal 8 Ceiling
+100/animal 8 Fence/Wall
INSECTIVORA
Hedgehog, Shrew, Mole
DERMOPTERA
Gliding Lemur
CHIROPTERA
Bats
50 65 +15/animal 8 Ceiling
Use same cage dimensions as comparably sized finches, parrots, or hawks (see bird section).
25 35 +10/animal 5 Ceiling
(See Monotremata details in subsection (b)(2)(G))
MONOTREMATA
Spiny Anteater
Platypus
PHOLIDOTA
Scaly Anteater
Terrestrial forms
Arboreal forms
LAGOMORPHA
Wild Rabbit or Hare
RODENTIA
Squirrel, Flying
Squirrel, Tree
Squirrel, Ground
Chipmunk
Prairie Dog (males)
20
20
20
Same as armadillos
28
40
40
Same as sloth
+8/animal
+10/animal
+10/animal
(Up to 4 animals may be held in 40 sq. feet)
(Up to 3 animals may be held in 30 sq. feet)
20 30 +10/animal
5 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
5 Ceiling
Crested Porcupine
N.A. Porcupine
S.A. Porcupine
40
30
20
80
40
30
+40/animal
+10/animal
+10/animal
6 Ceiling
7 Ceiling
7 Ceiling
CARNIVORA
Canidae
Fennec or Kit Fox
Bat-eared Fox/Arctic Fox
Gray Fox
Red Fox
Coyote
Wolf
Cape Hunting Dog
Ursidae
Sun Bear
American Black Bear
Asiatic Black Bear
Sloth Bear
80
80
80
80
150
200
200
200
300
300
300
21
100
100
100
100
200
300
300
300
450
450
450
+40/animal
+40/animal
+40/animal
+40/animal
+100/animal
+200/animal
+100/animal
+100/animal
+150/animal
+150/animal
+150/animal
6 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
8 Ceiling

Type of Animal
Spectacled Bear
Polar Bear
Grizzly Bear
Kodiak Bear
MINIMUM PEN, CAGE OF ENCLOSURE SIZE REQUIREMENTS
Floor Space (Sq. Feet)
Russian Brown Bear
One
Animal
300
400
400
300
400
Two
Animals
450
600
600
450
600
Each
Additional
Animal
+150/animal
+200/animal
+200/animal
+150/animal
+200/animal
Procyonidae
Kinkajou
Coatimundi
Raccoon
Mustelidae
Weasel/Mink/Ferret
40
50
60
30
50
60
80
(Up to 4 in
30 sq. feet)
+10/animal
+10/animal
+20/animal
Interior Ceiling or Outside
Fence
Height (Feet)
8 Ceiling
10 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
10 Ceiling
7 Ceiling
7 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
Spotted Skunk
Striped Skunk
Otter
Badger
Viverridae
Genet, Civet
Binturong
Mongoose
Hyaenidae
Hyena
Felidae
Lion, Tiger, Cheetah, Snow Leopard, and hybrids thereof
Black & Spotted Leopard, Jaguar, Clouded
Leopard, Mountain Lion, European Lynx and hybrids thereof
Caracal, Bobcat, Canada Lynx, Golden Cat,
Ocelot, Serval, Jungle Cat, Fishing Cat and hybrids thereof
Margay, Leopard Cat, Pallas Cat, Marble
Cat, Geoffroy’s Cat, African Wild Cat,
European Wild Cat, Jaguarundi, Little
Spotted Cat, African Black Footed Cat,
Sand Cat, Flatheaded Cat, Pampas Cat and hybrids thereof
TUBULIDENTATA
Aardvark
PROBOSCIDEA
Elephant
HYRACOIDEA
20
30
100
60
40
100
80
200
200
1500
PERISSODACTYLA
Tapir
Rhinoceros
Wild Ass
300
1500
900
22
(Up to 2 in
20 sq. feet)
(Up to 2 in
30 sq. feet)
200
80
50
150
100
300
+100/animal
+30/animal
+10/animal
+50/animal
+40/animal
+100/animal
6 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
7 Ceiling
8 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
6 Ceiling
+150/animal Ceiling
+100/animal Ceiling
300
3000
500
3000
1300
+40/animal
+30/animal
+100/animal
+1500/animal
+300/animal
+1500/animal
+400/animal
Ceiling
Ceiling
6 Ceiling
12 Barn height
6 Fence/Wall
5 Fence/Wall
6 Fence/Wall

Type of Animal
MINIMUM PEN, CAGE OF ENCLOSURE SIZE REQUIREMENTS
Floor Space (Sq. Feet)
One
Animal
Two
Animals
Each
Additional
Animal
Interior Ceiling or Outside
Fence
Height (Feet)
ARTIODACTYLA
Peccary
Wild Pig
Pigmy Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus
Giraffe
100
150
700
1500
1500
150 +50/animal 4 Fence/Wall
200 +50/animal 4 Fence/Wall
1000 +300/animal 6 Fence/Wall
3000 +1500/animal 7 Fence/Wall
3000 +1500/animal 18 Barn height
(The following Artiodactyla may have a 6 foot fence if the facility’s perimeter fence is 8 foot)
White-tailed Deer 600 800 +200/animal 8 Fence/Wall
Fallow Deer
Elk/Red Deer
600
1000
800
1400
+200/animal
+400/animal
8 Fence/Wall
8 Fence/Wall
Bison, European
Buffalo
Impala, Eland
Other Antelope
1000
1000
1000
600
1400
1400
1400
800
+400/animal
+400/animal
+400/animal
+200/animal
6 Fence/Wall
6 Fence/Wall
8 Fence/Wall
6 Fence/Wall
Aoudad
Wild Goats & Sheep
600
600
800
800
+200/animal 6 Fence/Wall
+200/animal 6 Fence/Wall
(b) Specific Housing Requirements.
Permittees shall comply with the following provisions except that material or construction may be substituted upon approval of the inspecting officer if the permittee produces written certification from a licensed civil or structural engineer that the material and/or construction is of equivalent strength.
(1) Class Aves - Birds
All birds, except indigenous birds and birds in the Orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes, listed in Section 671 shall be housed in cages having double doors so constructed that the exterior door must be closed before the interior door can be opened. Each door or gate shall be secured by a lock. Perches shall be large enough in diameter so that the bird’s claws do not meet the toe or pad on the underside of the perch.
(A) Orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes. Noncompatible raptors shall be housed separately unless tethered.
Birds of these orders held pursuant to a falconry license shall be maintained in accordance with Section 670,
Title 14, CCR. Tethered raptors shall be provided with a perch designed for individual species of raptors.
Tethered raptors shall be protected from predators and shall be provided with water for drinking and bathing.
Tethers shall be constructed to allow the bird freedom of normal movement without becoming tangled; such tethers shall be of equal length (one on each leg). Raptors shall not be tethered continuously unless they are being flown on a daily basis or they are incapable of flying.
(2) Class Mammalia - Mammals
(A) Order Primates
1. A shelter or a den box shall be provided. All primates shall be provided with natural or artificial sunlight.
2. Nocturnal primates shall be provided with privacy during their daytime hours.
3. Nest boxes shall be provided for species that use them (e.g., tamarins, marmosets, owl monkeys). Raised perches and roost sites shall be provided for arboreal or semi-arboreal species.
4. For brachiating species (gibbons and spider monkeys), sufficient vertical space must be provided for this activity which means perches shall be above the floor at a height that is at least equivalent to twice the length of an adult. The ceiling shall be high enough to allow room for the animal to stand erect on its perch with arms extended overhead.
5. Primates shall be provided with objects or exercise systems appropriate to the age and species to promote physical and psychological well-being. These may include sturdy ropes, bars, branches, and chains and rings.
6. New World Monkeys such as squirrel, titis, and owl, medium and large South American monkeys, such as spiders, woollys, howlers, capuchins, and sakis held prior to August 3, 1989 may be kept in the currently approved housing so that the prior social structure and environment of those animals may be maintained.
All other housing requirements shall pertain to these animals.
7. Apes
(i) The walls and top of the cage shall be constructed of either 6 inch reinforced concrete; or 8 inch reinforced concrete block; or 5/8 inch diameter steel bars spaced on not greater than 4 inch centers and welded to horizontal angle iron bars 1-¼ inches x ¼ inch thick which are spaced no greater than 3 feet apart; or 6 gauge chain link or welded wire attached to 1-5/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe spaced on 5 foot centers with vertical bracing of 1-5/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe
23

spaced on 4 foot centers. The horizontal angle iron bars shall be welded to the corner posts. The bottom horizontal bar shall be no more than 3 inches above a concrete floor or footing. Welded wire shall be welded to the framework every foot. Chain link fencing shall be secured along all edges to the framework using tension bars which shall be bolted, not welded, to the framework at
12 inch intervals. All bolt attachments shall be further secured by spot welding. Walls shall be secured to a concrete footing deep enough below grade to preclude escape by digging. The framework for the walls and top of the cage shall be made of 1-5/8 inch outside diameter structural weight galvanized steel pipe or equivalent. Vertical supports shall be set 2-1/2 feet in concrete.
(ii) Corner posts shall be either one 2-3/8 inch steel pipe or two 1-5/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipes bolted together with 3/8 inch steel bolts or equivalent. b. Gibbon
(i) Construction shall be 9 gauge chain link or welded wire or equivalent.
8. Old World Monkeys a. Baboon, mandrill, macaque, guenon, mangabey, langur, etc.
(i) 9 gauge wire or concrete construction.
9. New World Monkeys a. Marmoset, squirrel, titis, owl and other similar-sized monkeys.
(i) Cage mesh no greater than 1 inch by 2 inch. b. Spider, woolly, howler, capuchin, saki, other medium and large sized South American monkeys, etc.
(i) 11 gauge wire or concrete construction.
(B) Order Edentata - Sloth, Anteater, Armadillo, etc.
1. The floor of the pen shall be at least 50% natural substrate. The walls of the pen shall be secured to a concrete footing or, if they are constructed of 11 gauge non-rusting chain link or welded wire, they shall be buried in the dirt deep enough to prevent escape by digging.
2. The pens for sloths may have a concrete floor and shall have limbs for climbing. One limb shall provide them an opportunity to get to a heat source.
(C) Order Marsupialia - Marsupial or Pouched Animal
1. The floor of the cage shall either be constructed of wood, or it shall be natural substrate. The surface of the paddock shall be natural substrate. Walls of the cage shall be secured to buried concrete or, if walls are constructed of 11 gauge non-rusting chain link or welded wire, they shall be buried in the dirt deep enough to prevent escape by digging.
2. Tree kangaroos and other arboreal marsupials shall be provided with limbs for perching, climbing and resting, a raised nest box or similar structure for seclusion and a heat source.
3. Kangaroos and wallabies shall be provided with a refuge area.
(D) Order Insectivora - Shrew, Mole, Hedgehog, etc.
1. The bottom of the cage shall be dirt, wood shavings or similar material over an escape-proof flooring.
2. A hide box or other refuge and protection from strong light are required.
(E) Order Dermoptera - Gliding Lemur
1. Limbs for perching and climbing and a rectangular cage are required.
(F) Order Chiroptera - Bat
1. Perching or other material shall be provided for the animal to suspend itself.
2. Protection from strong light shall be provided.
(G) Order Monotremata - Spiny Anteater, Platypus.
1. The floor of the cage shall be natural substrate. The walls of the cage shall be constructed of 11 gauge non-rusting chain link or welded wire, secured to buried concrete, or they shall be buried at least one foot below the surface.
2. Nest boxes with dry bedding or a natural burrow shall be provided for spiny anteaters. A heat source shall be provided.
3. A pool measuring at least 4 times the length of the animal(s) by 1-1/2 times the width of the animal by 2 feet deep shall be provided for platypuses for swimming and feeding. Each adult shall be provided with a dry land area equal to the surface area of the pool.
4. Platypuses require at least a 6 foot long, tunnel-like entrance to the nest box where water from the pool can be shed.
5. Platypuses shall be kept singly with young or paired only when breeding.
(H) Order Pholidota - Pangolin, Scaly Anteater
1. The floor of the cage shall be natural substrate or 4 inch concrete covered with permeable soil. The walls of the cage shall be constructed of 11 gauge non-rusting chain link or welded wire, secured to buried concrete, or they shall be buried at least one foot below the surface.
(I) Order Lagomorpha - Rabbit and Hare
All require tooth-resistant restraining materials and bone, wood or fibrous food to gnaw on.
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1. The floor of a pen shall be constructed of concrete at least 2 inches thick or of 16 gauge non-rusting chain link or welded wire. Dirt or wood may be placed over the flooring.
(J) Order Rodentia - Muskrat, Porcupine, Squirrel, Beaver, Prairie Dog
All require tooth-resistant restraining materials and bone, wood or fibrous food to gnaw on.
1. Porcupine a. New World porcupines require climbing perches. b. A box shelter for seclusion is required. a. Arboreal forms require climbing perches. b. Nest boxes are required for each animal. c. The cage shall be completely enclosed with a welded wire and have a concrete floor. d. The floor shall be covered with natural substrate, wood shavings or similar material. a. A pool of fresh water with easy entry and exit shall be provided. Half of the required floor space shall be a pool of water 2-½ feet deep. b. A nest box or retreat shall be provided for each animal. c. The walls of the cages for beaver shall be constructed of 9 gauge chain link or welded wire or equivalent construction; 11 gauge for muskrats. d. The floor of the cages shall be constructed of 4 inch concrete or non-rusting 9 gauge chain link or welded steel wire. Such floors are not required if the side walls are anchored to equivalent materials which have been buried deep enough underground to prevent the animal’s escape by digging. e. Not more than 2 compatible adults of the same species and their offspring of the year may be held in the same enclosure. a. The floor of a pen shall be constructed of 4 inch concrete, or 16 gauge, non-rusting woven wire or similar non-rusting material with mesh 1 inch in diameter. At least ¼ inch diameter reinforcement rods shall be used along the outer edge of a concrete floor to help support concrete or concrete block walls. To facilitate drainage, 6 inch floor drains shall be installed in a concrete floor at the rate of one per 16 square feet. Floor drains shall be covered with 9 gauge non-rusting woven wire or similar material to prevent animals from escaping. Floor drains are not required when wire is used for entire floor. The floor shall be a minimum of 3 feet below ground level and covered with permeable soil or other mixture to ensure adequate drainage. b. The walls of the pen below ground level shall be anchored to the floor and shall be of 4 inch concrete or concrete blocks or 9 gauge nonrusting woven wire or similar material with 1 inch mesh attached to the framework of steel or cedar posts. Above ground level the wall shall be of 18 gauge fur-farm netting with 1 inch mesh, 4 inch concrete or concrete blocks or similar material. The top shall be covered or the walls shall be at least 3-½ feet high and provide a non-climbable escape-proof barrier.
5. Acushi, Agouti, Paca and Capybara a. Gnawing logs shall be provided. b. A pool shall be provided for capybara. c. Walls or fencing shall be anchored far enough below ground level to prevent escape by digging. Dirt substrate or similar natural material shall be provided.
(K) Order Carnivora - Raccoon, Weasel, Skunk, Mongoose, Wolf, Lion, Bear, etc.
1. Procyonidae - Raccoon, Coatimundi and Kinkajou a. Limbs shall be required. b. A nest box or sheltered retreat shall be provided. c. The floor of the pen shall be constructed of 4 inch concrete, wood, or natural substrate over concrete or 9 gauge non-rusting chain link or similar material, or the walls shall be buried deep enough to prevent escape by digging. d. The walls of the pen shall be constructed of 11 gauge chain link or equivalent, 4 inch concrete or concrete block. If no top is provided, the walls shall be of sufficient height and shall be constructed in a manner which makes them non-climbable to prevent escape.
2. Mustelidae a. Weasel, Ferret, Mink, Marten, Tayra, Grison, and Skunk.
(i) Limbs shall be required (except skunk).
(ii) A nest box shall be provided for each animal, except neutered European ferrets may have a large communal nest box.
(iii) The floor of the cage shall be constructed of one inch square or one inch by two inch mesh, 4 inch concrete, wood, 11 gauge non-rusting chain link or equivalent material with a covering of dirt or similar natural substrate. b. Wolverine and Badger.
(i) A natural or artificial den area shall be provided for each animal.
25

(ii) The floor of the cage shall be constructed of two inch by six inch wood or 4 inch concrete or nonrusting 9 gauge chain link or welded wire covered with 3 feet of permeable soil. Six-inch floor drains shall be installed in the concrete floor at the rate of one per 16 square feet. Floor drains shall be covered with 9 gauge non-rusting woven wire or similar material to prevent animals from escaping.
(iii) Walls of the cage shall be constructed of 9 gauge chain link or welded steel wire, 4 inch concrete, or concrete block. If no top is provided, walls shall be of sufficient height and shall be constructed in a manner which makes them non-climbable to prevent escape. c. River Otter. (Sea otters shall be housed according to 9 CFR Sections 3.100-3.118.)
(i) A den area shall be provided for each animal.
(ii) A pool with fresh running water covering at least 1/2 of the required floor space and at least 2-1/2 feet deep shall be provided.
(iii) The floor of the cage shall be constructed of 4 inch concrete or dirt over such concrete or 9 gauge chain link or welded steel wire or the side walls shall be anchored to equal materials deep enough underground to prevent escape by digging. If concrete floor is used, 6 inch floor drains shall be used and they shall be covered with 9 gauge non-rusting woven wire or similar material to prevent animals from escaping.
(iv) The walls of the cage shall be constructed of 11 gauge chain link or welded steel fabric or equivalent construction.
3. Viverridae - Genet, Civet and Mongoose, Binturong a. Limbs shall be provided. b. A nest box or platform is required. A heat source shall be provided for genet, civet and mongoose. c. The floor of the cage shall be constructed of 4 inch concrete or for civets and binturongs, it may be 11 gauge non-rusting welded steel fabric with 2 inch mesh and the cage for genets and mongooses shall be of 16 gauge welded steel fabric with 3/4 inch mesh which is covered with soil. d. The walls of the cage for civets and binturongs shall be of 11 gauge welded steel fabric with 2 inch mesh and the cage for genets and mongooses shall be of 16 gauge welded steel fabric with 3/4 inch mesh, 4 inch concrete or concrete block.
4. Hyaenidae Hyena a. The floor of the cage shall be constructed of 4 inch concrete, or 2 by 6 inch or larger wood flooring or buried non-rusting 9 gauge chain link or welded wire with mesh no larger than 2 inches by 4 inches. b. The walls of the cage shall be constructed of 9 gauge chain link or welded wire with mesh no larger than 2 inches by 4 inches, or 6 inch concrete or concrete block. If an animal is kept in a large enclosure in lieu of a cage, the floor shall be of natural substrate and the walls shall be anchored and extend at least 5 feet underground. If no top is provided, the walls shall be at least 10 feet high and constructed to be non-climbable by the animal or the walls shall be 8 feet high and shall have, in addition, a 2 foot overhang angling 45 degrees inward at the top. c. A sheltered retreat and either a den or elevated wood platform shall be provided.
5. Canidae - Wolf, Coyote, Fox and Other Members of the Dog Family a. Limbs shall be provided for gray and red foxes. b. The floor of the cage shall be either natural substrate or constructed of two inch by six inch wood or 4 inch concrete or buried nonrusting 9 gauge chain link or welded wire. In lieu of the above, either the walls shall be buried at least 8 feet deep to prevent escape by digging, or a buried 3-foot wide concrete, chain link, or welded wire apron shall be provided which shall be attached to the inside of the bottom of the perimeter walls to prevent escape by digging at the walls. All buried chain link or welded wire shall meet the gauge requirements for walls. c. The walls of the cage shall be constructed of 6 inch concrete or concrete block, chain link or welded wire. If chain link is used, it shall be 9 gauge for wolves and 11 gauge for other canids. If an animal is kept in a large enclosure in lieu of a cage, the floor shall be of natural substrate and the walls of the cage shall be anchored and extend at least 5 feet underground or a buried 3 foot wide concrete, chain link or welded wire apron shall be provided which shall be attached to the inside of the bottom of the perimeter walls to prevent escape by digging at the walls. If no top is provided, the walls shall be at least 10 feet high and constructed to be non-climbable by the animal or the walls shall be 6 feet high (except that the walls for the gray fox shall be 8 feet high) and shall have, in addition, a 2 foot overhang angling 45 degrees inward at the top. d. A sheltered retreat and either a den or elevated wood platform shall be provided.
6. Felidae - Cat Family a. Dens shall be provided and shall be adequate in size to provide privacy and comfort for all animals in the enclosure. b. An elevated wooden loafing platform or an elevated dry natural substrate loafing area, adequate in size for all animals within the enclosure, shall be provided. The top of the den or den box may be designed to meet this requirement.
26

c. A tree limb or other suitable scratch block shall be provided. d. The floor of the cage shall be natural substrate or constructed of wood or 4 inches of concrete or welded wire or the walls shall be buried deep enough to prevent escape by digging. All buried chain link or welded wire shall be non-rusting and shall meet the gauge requirements for walls. e. Group I - Lion, Tiger, Cheetah, Snow Leopard, and Hybrids thereof:
(i) A minimum of 100 square feet shall be of concrete or wood planking as a sanitary area for feeding unless a secured food receptacle which is cleaned daily is provided.
(ii) Walls and top of the enclosure shall be constructed of at least 9 gauge chain link. The framework for the walls and top shall be constructed of 1-5/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe. Vertical posts shall be bolted to or anchored in concrete 1-1/2 feet deep by 10 inches in diameter spaced no more than 10 feet apart. Horizontal pipe supports shall be spaced no more than 4 feet apart and welded at the ends to the vertical posts. The above chain link fencing shall be secured to the vertical and horizontal framing on all sides using tension bars which shall be welded or bolted to the framework every 18 inches. Welded wire shall be welded to the framework every 12 inches on all sides. The bottom horizontal cross bar shall be no more than 3 inches above the concrete floor. If a bottom horizontal cross bar is not used, the walls shall be secured against the natural substrate or a wooden flooring in a manner which precludes escape. Corner posts shall be two 1-
5/8 inch schedule 40 steel posts or one 2-3/8 inch schedule 40 steel post. The top cross members shall be spaced no more than 5 feet apart. f. Group II - Black and Spotted Leopard, Jaguar, Clouded Leopard, Mountain Lion, European Lynx and
Hybrids thereof:
(i) At least 70 square feet of the floor space must be of concrete or wood planking as a sanitary area for feeding unless a secured food receptacle which is cleaned daily is provided.
(ii) Walls and tops shall be the same as for Group I cats. g. Group III - Caracal, Bobcat, Canadian Lynx, Golden Cat, Ocelot, Serval, Jungle Cat, Fishing Cat and
Hybrids thereof:
(i) At least 25 square feet of floor space shall be concrete or wood planking as a sanitary area for feeding, unless a secured food receptacle which is cleaned daily is provided.
(ii) Walls and top of the enclosure shall be constructed of at least 12 gauge chain link or equivalent.
Corner posts shall be either one 2-3/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe or two 1-5/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipes and anchored as provided for Group I cats. h. Group IV - Margay, Leopard Cat, Pallas Cat, Marble Cat, Geoffroy’s Cat, African Wild Cat, European
Wild Cat, Jaguarundi, Little Spotted Cat, African Black Footed Cat, Sand Cat, Flatheaded Cat,
Pampas Cat and Hybrids thereof:
(i) At least 20 square feet of floor space shall be concrete or wood planking as a sanitary area for feeding unless a secured food receptacle which is cleaned daily is provided.
(ii) Wall and top of the enclosure shall be constructed of at least 12 gauge chain link or equivalent.
Corner posts shall be either one 2-3/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe or two 1-5/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipes and anchored as provided for Group I cats.
7. Ursidae - Bear Family
Bears shall be classified into 3 groups:
Group I = Sun Bears, Asiatic Black bears, Sloth bears and Spectacled bears; Group II = American Black bears and European brown bears; and Group III = Polar bears and Brown bears.
(i) Floors of the enclosure shall be constructed of reinforced concrete 4 inches thick or they shall be of natural substrate or wood with the walls secured to a concrete footing deep enough below grade to preclude escape by digging (at least 5 feet for Group III).
(ii) Vertical corner posts shall be made of either one 2-3/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe or two 1-5/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe. Other vertical, horizontal, and top cross member supports shall be made of 1-5/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe for Group I and 1-7/8 inch schedule 40 steel pipe for
Groups II and III. All horizontal pipe supports shall be spaced no more than 5 feet apart for any group. The bottom horizontal pipe shall be no more than 3 inches above the concrete floor.
(iii) The framework for the walls and top of the cage shall be constructed of materials that are equal or greater in strength than the corner posts with all upright members set 2-1/2 feet in concrete and spaced no more than 10 feet apart for Groups I and II or 5 feet apart for Group III. The cross members (stringers) forming the framework for the top shall be spaced no more than 5 feet apart for any group. Iron pipe shall be standard grade for Groups I and II and structural strength grade for Group III.
(iv) For Groups I and II the walls of the cage shall be constructed of 9 gauge chain link or welded wire with mesh no greater than 2 inches in diameter. For Group III bears the walls of the cage shall be constructed of 5 gauge chain link or welded wire. Welded wire shall be welded to the framework every 4 inches.
Chain link fencing shall be secured along all edges to the framework using tension bars which
27

shall be bolted to the frame work every foot. The walls of the cage for Groups I, II and III bears may also be constructed of vertical steel bars or rods of 5/8 inch diameter, spaced on 4 inch centers, and welded at the ends to 1-1/4 inch x 1/4 inch angle iron.
The horizontal angle iron supports shall be welded to the vertical posts. The bottom horizontal support shall be no more than 3 inches above the concrete floor and each horizontal support shall be spaced no more than 4 feet apart between floor and top.
(v) The top of the cage shall be constructed of material equal to the wall requirements for the particular group of bears enclosed. Shade shall be provided by covering 1/4 to 1/2 of the top with exterior grade plywood, fiberglass, or similar material.
(vi) A concrete or concrete block den at least 4 feet high by 4 feet wide by 6 feet long or an equivalent shall be provided for each animal; or one den at least 4 feet high by 6 feet wide by 8 feet long for two animals or for a female and her offspring of the year. The top of the den shall be constructed of concrete which may be covered on top with wood for laying. A den shall be provided with shavings, straw, or a wooden platform or flooring for reclining. The den shall be provided with adequate ventilation to prevent condensation of moisture. The den box may be of wood if the den is completely within the cage.
(vii) A bear shall be provided with a suitable scratching post.
(viii) A pool deep enough for complete immersion shall be required for polar bears and the pool surface area shall be in addition to the minimum cage size requirement.
(L) Order Tubulidentata - Aardvarks
1. The floor of the cage shall be dirt. The walls of the cage shall be constructed of 9 gauge non-rusting welded wire or concrete which has been buried to a depth of at least 5 feet to prevent escape by digging.
(M) Order Proboscidea - Elephant
1. A heated barn shall be provided in any geographical area where the ambient air temperature drops below
40 degrees Fahrenheit. The floor of the barn shall be constructed of at least 6 inches of reinforced concrete. All lights and other such objects and obstacles in the barn shall be kept outside the reach of the elephant.
2. Elephants shall be provided free exercise unchained on dirt for a minimum of 5 hours per each 24 hour period.
3. An enclosure constructed of 6-inch reinforced concrete, 2 inch diameter steel bars or 4 inch diameter schedule 40 galvanized steel pipe shall be provided. No roof is required. a. Chains shall be secured to a concrete floor, concrete “dead man”, or other immovable anchor. b. A covered chaining area shall be provided. c. An elephant may be chained by only one rear leg and the opposite front leg and in such a manner as to restrict movement but still allow the animal to easily lay down and rise again. Chains shall be rotated to the other two legs daily. d. Elephants chained for any extended period shall have their leg chains padded and shall be checked regularly to insure they are secure and to detect any injury to the leg. e. Snaps and clips may be used only within a primary enclosure. A clevis or stronger type chain attachment shall be used outside the primary enclosure.
5. Either a pool shall be provided or the elephant shall be washed with water daily, as weather or temperature permit.
(N) Order Hyracoidea - Hyrax
1. Limbs shall be provided for arboreal species.
2. Nest box or sheltered retreat shall be provided.
3. The floor of the cage shall be constructed of 4 inch concrete which shall be covered with dirt or natural substrate.
4. The walls of the cage shall be constructed of 1/2 inch by 1 inch mesh welded wire.
(O) Order Sirenia - Dugongs and Manatees - These animals shall be maintained in a manner that complies with
50 CFR, Part 18, Section 18.13(c).
(P) Order Perissodactyla - Tapirs, Rhinoceroses, etc.
1. The floor of the pen shall be dirt or natural substrate.
2. The walls of the pen for tapirs shall be constructed of 9 gauge chain link, or equivalent material. The walls of the enclosure for rhinoceroses shall be constructed of 6 inch reinforced concrete, 2 inch diameter steel bars, or 6 inch heavy duty galvanized steel pipe.
(Q) Order Artiodactyla - Wild Pigs, Hippopotami, Deer, Giraffes, Wild Cattle, Antelope, etc.
1. Wild Pigs and Peccaries a. A shelter with a roof and three walls shall be provided. b. The floor of the pen shall be dirt or natural substrate. c. The animals shall be precluded from escape by digging.
2. Hippopotami
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a. A heated barn shall be provided in any geographical area where the ambient air temperature drops below 40 degrees Fahrenheit. b. A pool shall be provided for the Nile hippopotamus which shall have a surface area of at least 300 square feet and a 35-degree nonskid ramp. The pool shall be not less than 5 feet deep. For each additional animal there shall be a 25% increase in the required pool area. c. A pool shall be provided for the pygmy hippopotamus which shall have a surface area of at least 100 square feet with a 35-degree nonskid ramp. The pool shall be not less than 3 feet deep. For each additional animal there shall be a 25% increase in the required pool area. d. The walls of the corral or paddock enclosure shall be constructed of 5-inch reinforced concrete or 5inch structural grade schedule 40 galvanized steel pipe.
3. Deer, Elk, Giraffes, Wild Cattle, Antelope, and Wild Goats and Sheep. a. The floor of the pen shall be dirt or other natural substrate. b. All animals shall be provided with a shelter which has a roof and three walls.
Shelters for giraffes shall provide at least 140 square feet of floor space for each giraffe. A heat source shall be provided for giraffes. c. Fences for giraffe, elk and wild cattle shall be constructed of 9 gauge woven wire or chain link with mesh not more than 6 inches in diameter or equivalent. Posts shall be of structural grade schedule 40 quality steel pipe or structurally sound 4 x 4 wood, spaced not more than 12 feet apart. A 6 foot vertical fence, with or without overhang, shall be required; a 7 foot vertical fence is required for elk. d. Fences for deer, antelope and wild goats and sheep shall be constructed of 11 gauge woven wire with mesh not more than 6 inches in diameter or equivalent. Posts shall be of structurally sound 4 x 4 wood or equivalent, spaced not more than 12 feet apart. A 7 foot vertical fence is required for elk, red deer, bison, buffalo, impala, eland, antelope, goats and sheep; a 6 foot vertical fence is required for white-tailed deer, fallow deer, auodad and sika deer.
(3) Class Amphibia - Frogs, Toads, Salamanders
(A) General Requirements:
1. The animal’s enclosure shall be kept within a closed and locked room or building which has covers over all drains and openings to prevent escape of the amphibians from the building. All doors shall be equipped with sweeps. Containers or exhibits shall be labeled with the identification of current species and the number of animals contained inside.
2. The rock or aquarium substrate shall be nonabrasive and shall be kept clean.
3. Any transfer containers shall have locked tops and shall be constructed in a manner which shall prevent the likelihood of escape.
(B) Family Bufonidae
1. One ten gallon standard commercial aquarium shall be provided for one animal and an additional threefourths of a square foot (equivalent to one 5 gallon aquarium) shall be provided for each additional animal.
2. At least one-third of the bottom of the aquarium shall be covered with water and two-thirds shall be dry.
3. Animals shall be kept at a temperature of between 60 - 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
(C) Family Pipidae
1. One 10 gallon standard commercial aquarium shall be provided for one animal. The minimum floor space requirement shall be increased by 50 percent for each additional animal. Water at a minimum depth of 1 foot shall cover at least the minimum floor space requirement for the number of animals confined.
2. Animals shall be confined at a temperature of between 60 - 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
(4) Class Reptilia
(A) Order Crocodilia - Alligators, Caimans, Crocodiles, Gavials
1. The minimum cage length and width dimensions for one animal shall be equal to one and one-half times the length of the animal by one and one-half times the length of the animal. This space requirement shall be doubled for two animals and shall be increased by a factor of two-thirds for each additional animal thereafter.
2. One-third of the minimum cage space shall be water that is deep enough for the animal to immerse itself.
If more than one animal is present in the pen, the pool shall be of sufficient size that all animals can immerse themselves simultaneously. Pool surfaces shall be made of non-abrasive material and the pool shall have a drain.
3. That portion of the pen not occupied by the pool shall be covered with non-abrasive material such as dirt or grass.
4. Crocodilians, except alligators and caimans less than 4 feet in length, shall be kept in a totally enclosed building or exhibit. Animals shall be confined in a manner which precludes their coming in contact with the public. The walls of an open pen for other crocodilians shall be equivalent to at least one foot in height for every one foot in length of the largest animal up to a maximum of 6 feet high. If any of the walls are made of a climbable material such as fencing, the top 1-1/2 feet of the wall shall be constructed of a slippery, nonclimbable material for all crocodilians except alligators. The walls for all species shall be buried deep
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enough to prevent escape by digging, or a buried apron shall be used. The walls of an open alligator pen shall be at least 4 feet high, and the corners shall be covered to prevent climbing. The upper one-half of the walls of the enclosure shall be constructed of either concrete or concrete block or 9 gauge chain link or welded wire with no greater than 2 inch x 4 inch size mesh. Concrete or concrete block shall be used for the bottom half of the enclosure. All chain link or welded wire edges shall be smoothly secured in a manner which will prevent injury to the animals.
5. Alligators may be kept outdoors if: a. An external heat source is provided, and the pool temperature is maintained above freezing; b. The pool is at least three feet deep; and c. The nighttime temperature does not fall below freezing for more than two consecutive nights.
6. Crocodilians other than alligators may be confined outdoors between sunrise and sunset if: a. The air temperature is above 65 degrees Fahrenheit.
7. Crocodilians other than alligators shall not be confined outdoors between sunset and sunrise.
(B) Family Chelydridae - Snapping turtles
1. The container or exhibit shall be labeled with the common and scientific name of the species and the subspecies, if known, and the number of animals contained inside.
2. Each turtle shall be provided with a minimum floor space that is equal to five times the size of the animal.
3. At least one-half of the minimum floor space shall be water which is deep enough to immerse the turtle.
(C) Snakes - Families Elapidae, Viperidae, Colubridae and Crotalidae
1. The container or exhibit for venomous snakes shall be labeled with the common and scientific name of the species and the subspecies, if known, and the number of animals contained inside. The label shall be legibly marked with the warning “Poisonous” or “Venomous.”
2. The perimeter of the enclosure for snakes less than 6 feet shall be 1-1/2 times the length of the snake.
The perimeter of the enclosure for snakes over 6 feet shall be twice the length of the snake.
3. All venomous snakes shall be kept in a locked exhibit or container which shall be located within a locked building, compound or enclosure.
4. The floor of the enclosure shall be constructed of non-abrasive material and hiding areas shall be provided.
5. At least two fully trained people shall be present when an occupied enclosure is opened or when one of these snakes is handled. The names of the trained handlers shall be listed with the department’s Wildlife
Protection Division in Sacramento.
6. Written animal escape “emergency procedures” shall be clearly and conspicuously posted in the building housing these snakes and shall be supplied to the department at the time the permit application is initially submitted.
7. A notice shall be clearly and conspicuously posted on the premises which shall provide the location of the nearest most readily available source of appropriate antivenin and a written plan from a hospital stating how a venomous bite should be treated. Each enclosure shall be clearly and conspicuously labeled with the appropriate antivenin to be used for the species in the cage.
8. If a snake is transported or removed from its primary enclosure for feeding or in order to clean the enclosure, the snake shall be kept in a fully enclosed container with a secure and locked lid which has air holes or other means of ventilation.
9. Snake hooks shall be present for caring for these snakes.
10. The permittee shall telephonically notify the department of any snake bite on humans or escapes of any snakes within 24 hours and shall provide a written report of the incident to the department’s Wildlife
Protection Division in Sacramento within one week.
(5) All other Classes, Orders, Families, Genera and species for which specific caging and/or enclosure requirements have not been provided in sections (b)(1)-(4) above shall be humanely confined in a manner which precludes escape.
(c) Incorporation by reference of the Federal Animal Welfare Regulations and Federal “Guide for the Care and
Use of Laboratory Animals”.
Except as otherwise provided in subsections (a) and (b) above, permittees shall follow the requirements of the
Federal Animal Welfare Regulations contained in 9 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Sections 2.33; 2.40; 3.75-
3.85; 3.101(a)(3); and 3.136-3.142, as amended from time to time, as the United States Department of Agriculture adopts regulations pursuant to the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act and its Amendments as found at 7 United States
Code (USC), Sections 2131-2157. The Commission hereby incorporates by reference the cited Federal Animal
Welfare Regulations and the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals,” (NIH Publication No. 86-23,
Revised 1985) as if they were set out in full.
(d) Variances to Minimum Caging and Enclosure Requirements.
(1) The general requirements set forth in subsections (a) and (b) above are minimum standards for permanent facilities. Any deviation from these specifications because of the age of the animal being housed, the use of an unusual facility design, such as moats, islands, outdoor natural habitat enclosures, pits or barriers shall be subject to the approval of the inspecting officer with concurrence of the director. In granting any variance of the minimum
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caging and enclosure requirements, the inspecting officer and the director shall make a finding that the overall welfare of the animal(s) involved has been maintained.
(2) Those cat cages which substantially conform to the provisions of Section 671.3(b)(2)(K)(6) on or before August 3,
1989, shall be “grandfathered in”. Existing cages, except currently approved cat cages, will be given three calendar years or until February 25, 1995 to comply with the new caging requirement set forth herein. The department may approve nonstandard cages on a case by case basis, if they substantially conform to the spatial requirements. The Regional Manager shall make a recommendation to the Chief of Patrol who will make the department’s final decision. The department’s final decision may be appealed to the Commission.
(3) These minimum facility and caging standards do not apply to wildlife temporarily maintained pursuant to Section
251.5(f) as provided by Fish and Game Code Section 3005.5.
(e) Care of Laboratory Animals.
With the approval of the department, prohibited wild animals used for research purposes may be confined and cared for pursuant to the provisions of the “Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals” adopted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NIH Publication No. 86-23, Revised 1985).
(f) Regulations The facility and caging requirements specific to animals that may be lawfully possessed are provided in the DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME MANUAL 671 (2/25/92) - IMPORTATION, TRANSPORTATION
AND POSSESSION OF WILD ANIMALS, which is incorporated by reference herein. Copies are available from the department’s Wildlife Protection Division, 1416 Ninth Street, Box 944209, Sacramento, CA 94244-2090. Facility and caging regulations of subsection 671.3(b) contained in DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME MANUAL 671 (2/25/92) are hereby adopted and made part of this Title 14 and are thus incorporated by reference.
§671.4 Transportation Standards for Exhibition of Live Restricted Animals.
(a) Responsibility of Permittee.
Permittees shall provide a copy of these regulations to any carrier or intermediate handler transporting wild animals. Permittees shall not transport or possess wild animals within the state for periods exceeding their exhibiting itinerary unless they provide facilities which meet the caging standards of Section 671.3 for each animal listed on their permit.
(b) Requirements for Carriers and Intermediate Handlers.
(Also see subsections (d) and (f) of this Section regarding holding and food and water requirements.)
(1) Carriers and intermediate handlers shall not accept any animal presented by any person for shipment more than four hours prior to the scheduled departure of the primary conveyance on which it is to be transported.
(2) Carriers or intermediate handlers shall accept wild animals for transportation only if the transport cages are constructed in accordance with the provisions of subsection 671.4(e)(1) below.
(3) Carriers or intermediate handlers whose facilities fail to meet the minimum temperature allowed by these regulations may not accept for transportation any live animal consigned by any person unless the consignor furnishes to the carrier or intermediate handler a certificate executed by a licensed veterinarian on a date which shall not be more than 10 days prior to delivery of such animal for transportation, stating that such live animal is acclimated to air temperatures lower than 7.2º C. (45º F.). A copy of such certificate shall accompany the shipment to its destination. The certificate shall include at least the following information: Name and address of the consignor; the number of animals in the shipment; a certifying statement (e.g.,”I hereby certify that the animal(s) in this shipment is (are), to the best of my knowledge, acclimated to air temperatures lower than 7.2º C
(45º F)”; and the signature of the accredited veterinarian, assigned accreditation number, and date.
(4) Carriers and handlers shall not commingle animal shipments with inanimate cargo. All animal holding areas of any carrier, handler, or any mode of conveyance shall be cleaned and sanitized often enough to prevent an accumulation of debris or excreta, to minimize vermin infestation and to prevent a disease hazard. An effective program shall be provided and maintained by the owner or operator of the holding facility for the control of insects, ectoparasites, and avian and mammalian pests for all animal holding areas. All animal-holding areas containing live animals shall be provided with fresh air by means of windows, doors, vents or an air conditioning system to minimize odors and moisture condensation. Auxiliary ventilation, such as exhaust fans and vents or fans or blowers or air conditioning shall be used for any animal-holding area containing live animals when the air temperature within such animal-holding area is not compatible with the health and comfort of the animal. The temperature shall be regulated to protect the animals from temperature extremes. Animals shall not be placed in a direct draft.
(5) Carriers and intermediate handlers shall attempt to notify the consignee at least once every two hours following the arrival of any live animals at the animal holding area of the terminal cargo facility. The time, date and method of each attempted notification and the final notification to the consignee and the name of the person notifying the consignee shall be recorded on the copy of the shipping document retained by the carrier or intermediate handler and on a copy of the shipping document accompanying the animal shipment.
(c) Conveyances (motor vehicle, rail, air, and marine).
(1) The cargo space of any conveyance used to transport live animals shall be designed and constructed to protect the health, and ensure the safety and comfort of the live animals contained therein at all times.
(2) The animal space shall be constructed and maintained to prevent the ingress of direct engine exhaust fumes and gases from the conveyance.
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(3) No live animal shall be placed in any cargo space that does not have sufficient air for normal breathing for each animal contained therein, and the transport cages shall be positioned in the animal cargo space so that each animal has sufficient air for normal breathing.
(4) Transport cages shall be positioned in the conveyance so that the animals can be quickly removed in an emergency.
(5) The interior of the animal cargo space shall be kept clean and sanitary.
(6) Live animals shall not be transported with any material, substance, (e.g., dry ice) or device which may be injurious to their health and well-being unless proper precaution is taken to prevent such injury.
(d) Handling Provisions.
(1) Carriers and handlers shall move live animals from animal holding areas to conveyances and from the conveyances to animal holding areas as expeditiously as possible. Carriers and handlers holding live animals in an animal holding area or transporting live animals from the animal holding area to the primary conveyance and from the primary conveyance to the animal holding area, including loading and unloading procedures, shall provide the following:
(A) Shelter from sunlight. Shade shall be provided to protect the animals from the direct rays of the sun. Animals shall not be subjected to surrounding air temperatures which exceed 29.5º C, (85º F.). The temperature shall be taken outside of the primary enclosure at a distance not to exceed 3 feet from any one of the external walls and on a level parallel to the bottom of the enclosure at a point which approximates half the distance between top and bottom of the enclosure.
(B) Shelter from rain or snow. Protection shall be provided so animals remain dry during rain or snow.
(C) Shelter from cold weather. Transport cages shall be covered to provide protection for animals when the air temperature falls below 10º C. (50º F.) and animals shall not be subjected to surrounding air temperatures which fall below 7.2º C. (45º F.). The temperature shall be taken at a distance not to exceed 3 feet from any one of the external walls of the transport cage unless such animals are accompanied by a veterinarian’s certificate of acclimation to temperatures lower than 7.2º C, (45º F.).
(2) The transport cage shall not be handled in a manner that may cause physical or emotional trauma to the animal contained therein. Transport cages with animals inside shall not be tossed, dropped, or needlessly tilted and shall not be stacked in a manner which may reasonably be expected to result in their falling.
(e) Transport Caging Provisions.
No person shall offer for transportation any live animal in a cage which does not conform to the following requirements:
(1) Cages used to transport live animals shall be constructed in such a manner that:
(A) The structural strength of the cage shall be sufficient to contain the animal and to withstand the normal rigors of transportation;
(B) The interior of the cage shall be free from any protrusions that could injure the animal contained therein;
(C) The openings of such cages shall be easily accessible at all times for emergency removal of live animals;
(D) When a primary enclosure is permanently affixed within the animal cargo space of the primary conveyance so that the front opening is the only source of ventilation for such primary enclosure, the front opening shall open directly to the outside or to an unobstructed aisle or passageway within the primary conveyance. Such front ventilation opening shall be at least 90% of the total surface area of the front wall of the primary enclosure and covered with bars, wire mesh or smooth expanded metal.
If there are ventilation openings located on two opposite walls of the primary enclosure, the ventilation openings on each wall shall be at least 16 percent of the total surface area of each such wall; or, if there are ventilation openings located on all four walls of the primary enclosure, the ventilation openings on each such wall shall be at least 8 percent of the surface area of each such wall. At least one-third of the total minimum area required for ventilation of the primary enclosure shall be located on the lower one-half of the primary enclosure and at least one-third of the total minimum area required for ventilation of the primary enclosure shall be located on the upper one-half of the primary enclosure. Projecting rims or other devices shall be placed on the exterior of the outside walls to prevent obstruction of ventilation openings and to provide a minimum air circulation space of 1.9 centimeters (.75 inch) between the primary enclosure and any adjacent cargo or conveyance wall; and
(E) Adequate handholds or other devices for lifting shall be provided on the exterior of the cage to enable lifting of the enclosure without tilting and to ensure that the person handling the cage will not be in contact with the animal.
(2) Animals transported in the same cage shall be of the same species and maintained in compatible groups.
Animals that have not reached puberty shall not be transported in the same cage with adult animals other than their dams. Socially dependent animals (e.g., sibling, dam, and other members of a family group) shall be allowed visual and olfactory contact. Any female animal in season (estrus) shall not be transported in the same cage with any male animal.
(3) Transport cages shall be as set forth below. In the event, however, the provisions of 9 CFR, Sections 3.85-3.91,
Sections 3.112-3.118 and Sections 3.136-3.142 are met, the requirements of this subsection shall be deemed satisfied.
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(A) All Animals Except Primates Traveling for Performances or Exhibition.
Minimum length: cages shall be at least 1-1/4 times the body length of quadruped (four-legged) animals, excluding the tail, or long enough for other animal species to lie down and get up normally.
Minimum height: cages shall be at least the full height of the animal plus 2 inches (antlers included in body height).
Minimum width: except for hoofstock, cages shall be at least 1-1/2 times the body width of the animal. For hoofstock, the width of the cages shall be consistent to the needs of the animal to ensure its safe delivery.
(B) Primates Traveling for Performance and Exhibition.
Minimum length: cages shall be at least equal to the length of the animal as measured from the buttocks to the top of the head.
Minimum height: cages shall be at least 1-1/2 times the height of the primate when it is in its natural posture.
Minimum width: cages shall be at least equal to the length of the animal as measured from the buttocks to the top of the head. The cage shall be large enough to allow the animal to lie down.
Notwithstanding the minimum requirements above, cages for adult chimpanzees and orangutans shall be at least 4’ long(L) x 4’ wide(W) x 4’ high(H) with one shelf or perch. When not traveling, an exercise cage of at least 6’(L) x 4’(W) x 6’(H) shall be provided for a minimum of four hours per day. For adult small monkeys and baboons, cages shall be at least 3’(L) x 3’(W) x 4’(H). When not traveling, an exercise cage of at least 4’(L) x
4’(W) x 6’(H) shall be provided for a minimum of four hours per day. Primates less than one year of age shall be transported in a cage of such size and construction which ensures its safe delivery.
(C) Immediately upon arrival at a destination, animals traveling for performances or exhibition shall be placed in a space equal to 1/3 the minimum permanent space required for that species. Notwithstanding the foregoing, animals which are regularly exercised by exhibitors shall be permitted to remain in their transportation cages provided the permittee’s veterinarian certifies that such cages provide sufficient space for the animal once it has arrived at a destination. The department shall bring to the immediate attention of the Commission any circumstances where in the opinion of the department’s officer, proper care is not being provided.
Animals not used in performances or exercised regularly shall be placed in a space equal to 1/2 the minimum permanent space required for that species. Elephants accompanied by an attendant may be staked out in a roped off area which excludes the public.
(4) Transport cages shall have solid bottoms to prevent leakage in shipment and shall be cleaned and disinfected pursuant to subsections 671.2(a)(4) and (5). Transport cages shall contain clean litter of a suitable absorbent material, which is safe and nontoxic to the animals, in sufficient quantity to absorb and cover excrement.
(5) Transport cages consigned to carriers and intermediate handlers shall be clearly marked on top and on all sides with the words “Live Wild Animal” in letters not less than 1 inch in height, and with arrows or other markings to indicate the correct upright position of the container.
(6) Documents accompanying the shipment consigned to carriers and intermediate handlers shall be attached in an accessible location on the outside of one transport cage.
(f) Care in Transit.
(1) To minimize the distress to animals during surface transportation, the driver shall visually inspect the animals at least once every 4 hours to assure that the animals are not in obvious physical distress and to provide for any needed veterinary care as soon as possible. When transported by air, animals shall be observed if the cargo space is accessible during flight. If the cargo space is not accessible during flight, the carrier shall visually observe the animals whenever the cargo space is accessible to assure that all applicable standards are being complied with and to determine whether any of the live animals are in obvious physical distress.
(2) Animals shall not be taken from their cage except under extreme emergency.
(3) Food and water requirements while in transit.
(A) All live animals shall be offered potable water within 4 hours prior to being transported. Any person who transports live animals shall provide potable water to all animals being transported at least every 12 hours after such transportation is initiated except as directed by a veterinarian or in the case of hibernation. Animals requiring more water shall be treated appropriately.
(B) Each animal shall be fed at least once in each 24 hour period, except as directed by a veterinarian. Predators are to be separated when feeding. Animals requiring more food shall be treated appropriately.
(C) Any person who offers animals to any carrier or intermediate handler for transportation shall comply with the provisions of subsection 671.1(a)(4) and shall affix to the outside of the transportation cage written instructions pursuant to subsections 671.4(f)(3)(A) and (B) concerning the food and water requirements of each animal.
(D) No carrier or intermediate handler shall accept any live animals for transportation unless written instructions concerning the food and water requirements of each animal are affixed to the outside of the cage.
§671.5. Disposition of Violations Related to Possession of Wild Animals.
(a) Any live bird or mammal that is (1) designated as a furbearer, game, nongame, fully protected, threatened, or endangered animal or is of a species native to California, and (2) possessed in violation of Fish and Game Code
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section 3005.5 or regulations adopted pursuant thereto, shall be seized by the department. An animal that is seized may be taken to another location by the department or seized in place.
(b) Any person who, in violation of the provisions of the Fish and Game Code or regulations adopted pursuant thereto, brings into this state or transports or possesses within this state any live wild animal other than those specified in subdivision (a) may, upon written notice from an enforcing officer, be authorized to exercise one of the following options within the time and by the method specified by the enforcing officer, to have the animal (1) transferred to an appropriately permitted facility, (2) transferred out of the state, or (3) humanely destroyed. The exercise of any such option shall be under the direction and control of the enforcing officer and at the expense of the owner or possessor. If the owner or possessor fails to exercise such option within the time specified by the enforcing officer, the department shall thereafter seize the animal. An animal that is seized may be taken to another location by the enforcing officer or seized in place.
(c) Once an animal is seized pursuant to subsection (a) or (b), the enforcing officer may: (1) transfer the animal to an appropriate facility, (2) transfer the animal out of the state, (3) humanely destroy the animal, or (4) for animals specified in subsection (a) only, release the animal to the wild. Costs associated with the seizure, care, holding, transfer and destruction of the animal will, at the discretion of the department, be at the expense of the owner or possessor. Failure to pay these costs may result in an action for cost recovery and civil penalties pursuant to Fish and
Game Code section 2125.
§671.6. Release of Animals Into the Wild.
(a) No person shall release into the wild without written permission of the Commission any wild animal (as defined by
Section 2116 of the Fish and Game Code), including domestically reared stocks of such animals, which:
(1) is not native to California;
(2) is found to be diseased, or there is reason to suspect may have the potential for disease;
(3) may be genetically detrimental to agriculture or to native wildlife; or
(4) has not been successfully introduced prior to 1955.
(b) No permission will be granted to any person to release into the wild state turkeys that have been domestically reared for propagation or hunting purposes, except as provided in subsection 600(i)(4) of these regulations. Only wild turkeys trapped from the wild by the department may be released into the wild.
(c) Every person who releases Barbary partridges, Turkish or Greek chukar partridges; French, Spanish or Arabian redlegged partridges; and/or bobwhite or coturnix quail into the wild shall have a valid permit signed by the director of the department before making such a release. Persons desiring to release such birds shall submit an application showing the number and sex of birds to be released, the location of the proposed release, and the proposed date of such release.
At the time of release of such birds, the department required that they shall be banded by the permittee with appropriate bands furnished by the department. The department may require a report giving the age, sex and number of the individual birds released.
(d) Application for the introduction of all non-native animals, except those birds listed in subsection 671.6(c), shall be made to the commission on forms supplied by the department.
§671.7. Permit Requirements for Aquaculture and Fish.
All persons who apply for or have an Aquaculture permit (subsection 671.1(b)(2)) or a Fish permit (subsection
671.1(b)(12)) are subject to the following requirements and conditions. Aquatic species importations operating under these permits do not require the importation permit specified in Section 236.
(a) Definitions.
(1) “Closed-water system” is defined as a closed system or systems that treats holding water and sediments sufficiently to ensure against the release of live organisms, including parasites, pathogens and viruses, into the waters of the state. For purposes of this section, municipal treated sewage systems are not considered waters of the state.
(2) “Terminal” market is defined as a retail sale location holding live restricted species aquaculture product for human consumption following the sales requirements of subsection 671.7(g).
(b) General Requirements.
(1) All live restricted species shall be held, raised, and transported in closed-water systems. The department may inspect these systems at any time to determine if they are adequate for the specific restricted species being held.
(2) Facilities and transport systems must be designed so that biosecurity is maintained in the case of failure of the primary containment system.
(3) Access to facilities and transport systems containing restricted species shall be restricted through means determined to be adequate by the department to assure against unauthorized removal of restricted species.
(4) Co-mingling or hybridization of restricted and non-restricted species is prohibited unless authorized by the department. If restricted species are co-mingled or hybridized with non-restricted species, all such animals shall be considered restricted species for the purpose of these regulations. Such co-mingled restricted species that can be individually identified as non-restricted and that can be separated from the restricted species may be exempt from this provision with prior department approval.
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(5) Every restricted species permittee shall have a written Emergency Action Plan readily available and posted in a conspicuous place in the event of an escape or a containment failure involving a restricted species.
(A) The Emergency Action Plan shall be titled, with a revision date, updated annually and include, but is not limited to the following:
1. Written plan of action for emergencies including a description of emergency measures in the event of a containment failure.
2. List of the re-capture and mobile transport equipment available and where they are located, including but not limited to nets and temporary containers.
3. List of emergency telephone numbers that includes the local department regional office and other contacts as specified on the permit.
(B) Permittees are responsible for the capture and for the costs incurred by the department related to capture of escaped animals or a containment failure.
(6) Aquaculture and Fish permits are subject to the department’s authority to deny, suspend, or revoke a permit pursuant to subsection 671.1(c), but the department may also suspend or amend any Aquaculture or Fish permit if the department determines that additional permit conditions are necessary to mitigate or avoid unexpected adverse impacts to natural resources arising from the permitted activities.
(c) Permit Application Requirements.
The following information shall accompany an application for each new restricted species permit, amendment of an existing permit, or renewal:
(1) New Applicants and Permittees Requesting Amendments.
(A) An inventory of all restricted species requested including the common and scientific name of each species, and the weight, volume, or count of each species.
(B) A written statement detailing the type of business that will be conducted with the restricted aquaculture species requested.
(C) A copy of the applicant’s current aquaculture registration issued by the department, if a restricted species aquaculture permit is being requested.
(D) A copy of their Emergency Action Plan.
(2) Renewals.
(A) An inventory of all restricted species presently held at their facility including the common and scientific name of the each species, and the weight, volume, or count of each species.
(B) The permittee shall provide the following informational report to the department:
1. the weight, volume or count of all restricted species imported under their restricted species permit in the past year;
2. the weight, volume or count of all restricted species sold and/or shipped under their restricted species permit in the past year;
3. the weight, volume or count of all restricted species produced under their restricted species permit in the past year (for Aquaculture permits only) and;
4. Any other information as specified in the permit.
(C) A written statement detailing the type of business that will be conducted with the restricted species requested.
(D) A copy of the applicant’s current aquaculture registration issued by the department, if a restricted species aquaculture permit is being requested.
(E) A copy of their Emergency Action Plan.
(d) Importation of Live Aquatic Restricted Species.
With the exception of those importations described in subsections 236(a), (b) and (c) of these regulations, restricted species listed in subsection 671(c) may be imported into the state only in accordance with the following terms and conditions:
(1) No importations of restricted species into the state may be made prior to the issuance of the importer’s restricted species permit.
(2) All importations of restricted species shall be accompanied by an invoice or bill of lading, showing the name and address of the producer, date of shipment, the common and scientific names of the species being transported, the weight, volume, or count of each species in the shipment, the name, address, and restricted species permit number of the intended receiver. A copy of the importer’s restricted species permit shall accompany each shipment.
(3) Source of restricted species is an authorized seller who has a good record of husbandry and health management, as determined by the department.
(4) Notification of each restricted species importation(s) shall reach the department regional office or other specified office by letter, fax, or telephone at least five days in advance of the importation date. Under special circumstances, the department may waive this five day notice requirement.
(5) All restricted species imported into California under these regulations may be inspected by the department at either the place of entry into the state or at another location as specified by the department. The person importing restricted species may be required to provide facilities for inspection and sorting and shall be required to pay the department inspection costs including salary and travel expenses of the inspector.
(e) Transportation of Live Aquatic Restricted Species within the State.
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(1) Restricted species cannot be moved alive from an aquaculture or any holding facility unless specifically authorized in the restricted species permit issued by the department.
(2) All shipments of live restricted species by a permittee shall be accompanied by an invoice or bill of lading, showing the name and address of the permittee, date of shipment, the common and scientific name of the species being transported, the weight, volume, or count of each species in the shipment, the name, address, and restricted species permit number of the intended receiver. A copy of the shipper’s restricted species permit shall accompany each shipment. The contents of the shipment and all applicable documentation shall be immediately made available to the department upon request.
(3) Notification of restricted species shipment(s) shall reach the department regional office or other specified office by letter, fax, or telephone at least 48 hours in advance of the shipment date.
(4) Both the seller and intended receiver restricted species permittees shall retain a copy of the invoice, bill of lading or similar accountable document for three years and make it available to the department upon request.
(f) Sales by Restricted Species Permittees.
(1) Live restricted species may be sold by Aquaculture or Fish permittees if both the seller and buyer hold a restricted species permit issued by the department for the species being sold and only if the permit(s) specifically authorize live sales.
(2) All shipping containers of live restricted species shall be labeled as restricted aquaculture product unless specifically authorized differently in the restricted species permit issued by the department.
(3) All live or processed restricted species sold shall be accompanied by a sales invoice, showing the name and address of the permittee, the permittee's restricted species permit number, date of sale, the common and scientific name of the species, and the weight, volume, or count of each species sold. The restricted species and all applicable documents shall be immediately made available to the department upon request.
(4) No live restricted species shall be stocked in private, public or fish-for-fee facilities or released in the waters of the state.
(g) Terminal Market Sales.
(1) All restricted species sold or leaving the premises of a terminal market shall be dead and accompanied by a sales receipt showing the date of purchase and name of business where purchased or be packaged in accordance with subsection 240(c) of these regulations.
(2) It is unlawful for any person to allow any live restricted species to leave a terminal market or be released in the waters of the state.
§703. Miscellaneous Applications, Tags, Seals, Licenses, Permits, and Fees.
(a) Applications, Forms and Fees for January 1 through December 31 (Calendar Year).
(1) Permits for Restricted Species
(A) 2011 Restricted Species Permit Fees
3. Animal Care - Welfare Species ..............................................................................$51.50
4. Animal Care - Detrimental Species......................................................................$433.25
5. Aquaculture ..........................................................................................................$433.25
6. AZA – Detrimental Species ..................................................................................$433.25
7. Breeding ...............................................................................................................$433.25
10. Resident Exhibiting ..............................................................................................$433.25
11. Nonresident Exhibiting .........................................................................................$866.00
12. Native Species Exhibiting ....................................................................................$433.25
13. Resident Nuisance Bird Abatement .....................................................................$433.25
14. Nonresident Nuisance Bird Abatement................................................................$866.00
15. Research – Detrimental Species .........................................................................$433.25
16. Shelter ....................................................................................................................$51.50
17. Single Event Breeding for Exhibitors .....................................................................$51.50
18. Fish.......................................................................................................................$433.25
19. Fee for two bi-annual inspections (All permits except Aquaculture and Fish) .....$173.25
20. Fee for two bi-annual inspections (Aquaculture and Fish)................................$3,000.00
21. Hourly fee for inspections longer than 2 hours .....................................................$ 55.00
(B) New Restricted Species Permit Application (FG 1312 (New 11/10)), incorporated by reference herein.
1. Any person applying for all permits specified in subsections 671.1(b)(1)-(12), except for the permit specified in subsection 671.1(b)(7) (Native Species Exhibiting Permit), shall submit this application when applying for a new permit.
(C) Native Species Exhibiting Permit Amendment Request form (FG 1312a (New 11/10)), incorporated by reference herein.
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1. Any person with a valid Native Species Exhibiting Permit specified in subsection 671.1(b)(7) and requests to add species, change authorizations and conditions or change the facility’s name and/or address shall submit this form.
(D) New Native Species Exhibiting Permit Application (FG 1312b (New 11/10)), incorporated by reference herein.
1. Any person applying for the Native Species Exhibiting Permit specified in subsection 671.1(b)(7) shall submit this application when applying for a new permit.
(E) Restricted Species Permit Inventory of Animals form (FG 1313 (New 11/10)), incorporated by reference herein.
1. Any person applying for any permits specified in subsections 671.1(b)(1) – (12), except for the permit specified in subsection 671.1(b)(7) (Native Species Exhibiting Permit), shall submit this form when applying for a new permit.
(F) Native Species Exhibiting Permit Inventory of Animals form (FG 1313a (New 11/10)), incorporated by reference herein.
1. Any person applying for the Native Species Exhibiting Permit specified in subsection 671.1(b)(7) shall submit this form when applying for a new permit.
(G) Restricted Species Permit Amendment Request form (FG 1313b (New 11/10)), incorporated by reference herein.
1. Any person with a valid permit specified in subsections 671.1(b)(1) – (12), except for the permit specified in subsection 671.1(b)(7) (Native Species Exhibiting Permit), and requests to add species, change authorizations and conditions or change the facility’s name and/or address shall submit this form.
(H) Restricted Species Nonresident Exhibiting Permit Itinerary form (FG 1316 (New 11/10)), incorporated by reference herein.
1. Any person applying for a Nonresident Exhibiting Permit specified in subsection 671.1(b)(6) or amending an existing itinerary on file with the department shall submit this form as required in subsection
671.1(c)(2)(G).
(I) Any person renewing an existing restricted species permit specified in Section 671.1(b), shall submit their request using an annual report generated and provided by the department.
(b) Pursuant to the provisions of Section 699, Title 14, the department shall annually adjust the fees of all licenses, stamps, permits, tags, or other entitlements required by regulations set forth in this section.
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