EMISSION INVENTORY FOR AN INDUSTRIAL AREA OF INDIA
1
PRASHANT GARGAVA1∗ and A. L. AGGARWAL2
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi – 110 032,
India; 2 Air Pollution Control Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Insitute
(NEERI), Nagpur - 440 020, India
(∗ author for correspondence, e-mail: root@cpcb.ernet.in)
(Received 12 March 1997; accepted 14 September 1997)
Abstract. The paper presents an emission inventory for Cochin, which is a highly industrialized area
situated in the southern part of India. A proper emission inventory is very important for planning
pollution control programmes, particularly in coastal sites like Cochin, where environmental situations
are of growing concern owing to their typical meterorological conditions. In a systematic way the
sources are broadly classified as point, line and area sources. The data on emissions from industries,
fuel consumption for vehicular and domestic activities along with the respective emission factors are
used for estimating the emissions. The study reveals that industrial sources are mainly responsible
for emissions of particulate matter, oxides of sulphur and ammonia in the region. Automobiles are
the prime sources of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide emitting 95%, 77% and
70% respectively of their total emissions, while the contribution from domestic sources is not very
significant.
Key words: coastal site, emission inventory
1. Introduction
A knowledge of the types of pollutants and their emission rates is fundamental to
the study and control of air pollution because these rates, together with the prevailing meteorological conditions and topographical factors, determine the degree of
pollution that will be experienced by a community. The listing and description of
air pollutant emitting sources, including an estimated pollutant emission quantification, comprise the emission inventory. Emission inventory plays an important role
when planning air pollution control strategies or planning any development, particularly in developed industrial areas (Jourdan et al., 1990). An amission inventory
is essential as input to Air Quality Models (Saltbones, 1990; Simpson, 1991).
An emission inventory has been prepared for Cochin, which is an inportant
west coast city situated in the southern part of India. Cochin city and its suburbs
are located in the proximity of the Arabian Sea, covering a total area of 692 km2
(NEERI, 1990). It is one of the biggest cities and the acknowledged industrial and
commercial capital of the State of Kerala. With the industrial boom and subsequent
urbanization and increased volume of traffic, the inevitable pollution problems have
started to become a real concern.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 55: 299–304, 1999.
c 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.
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P. GARGAVA AND A. L. AGGARWAL
Table I
Factors for estimating emissions due to fuel combustion: automobiles
Serial
no.
Pollutant
Emission factor
(kg per 1000 liters of fuel)
Gasoline Diesel
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Particulate matter
Oxides of nitrogen
Oxides of sulphur
360.0
16.0
0.036
15.0
1.2
7.0
4.4
13.0
25.0
15.0
2. Methodology
In a systematic way, the emission sources are broadly categorized as point, line and
area sources, covering industrial, vehicular and domestic sources respectively. The
probable pollutants emitted through these sources were identified. The contribution
from natural sources, being negligible, is not considered.
2.1. POINT SOURCES
Most of the industries emit different air pollutants as flue gases through stacks. The
emissions through such stacks are referred to as point sources. In Cochin Region,
there are a large number of industrial establishments which include an oil refinery,
fertilizer plants and chemical and metallurgical industries. As many as 108 point
sources from these industries were identified. Particulate matter (PM), oxide of
sulphur (SOx ), ammonia (NH3 ), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulphide (H2 S),
fluoride (F), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), acid mist (H2 SO4 ), hydrochloric acid (HCl)
and chlorine (Cl2 ) were recognized as major pollutants released into the atmosphere
from such sources. For estimating the emissions the default emission factors were
not found relevant as there is considerable difference in the process technologies
being used in various industries (Bouscaren, 1991). Therefore, quantification of
emissions from industrial point sources was done based on the actual data collected
through monitoring of flue gases or conducting survey on fuel consumption, which
provided the best available emission data.
2.2. LINE SOURCES
Pollution due to vehicular activities are covered under line sources. Major pollutants emitted from these sources are hydrocarbons (HC), CO, NOx and PM. For
calculating total emissions due to vehicular sources, data on consumption of gasoline and diesel were collected. These data along with the emission factors, given in
EMISSION INVENTORY FOR AN INDUSTRIAL AREA OF INDIA
301
Table II
Factors for estimating emissions due to fuel combustion: domestic
Serial
no.
Pollutant
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Carbon monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Particulate matter
Oxides of nitrogen
Oxides of sulphur
Coal (ton
per ton)
Emission factor
Kerosene (kg Wood (kg
per 1000
per ton)
liters)
LPG (kg per
1000 liters)
0.025
0.01
0.027
0.0002
1.84S
0.6
0.35
1.2
1.5
17.0S
0.23
0.081
0.22
0.72
0.005S
1.0
1.0
15.0
5.0
1.5
S is the sulphur content expressed as weight percent
Figure 1. SOx emissions: contribution from different sources.
Table I, were used to estimate total emissions from automobile sources (Duprey,
1968).
2.3. AREA SOURCES
Emissions from sources, too small and difficult to be surveyed individually, were
considered collectively as area sources. Domestic sources, therefore, constitute area
sources. To calculate domestic emissions the entire region was divided into square
grids of 4 km side. The population density and fuel usage pattern were considered
while estimating the emissions in each of the grids. The data on consumption of
different fuels (coal, kerosene, wood and LPG) were collected. These consumption
data and corresponding emission factors, given in Table II, were used for calculating
emissions (US EPA, 1973).
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P. GARGAVA AND A. L. AGGARWAL
Figure 2. NOx emissions: contribution from different sources.
Figure 3. PM emissions: contribution from different sources.
Figure 4. CO emissions: contribution from different sources.
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EMISSION INVENTORY FOR AN INDUSTRIAL AREA OF INDIA
Figure 5. HC emissions: contribution from different sources.
Table III
Emission of air pollutants to the atmosphere by source, in tons per day. Year of Record: 1989
Source
PM
Automobiles
Gasoline
0.0015
powered
Diesel
2.44
powered
Domestic fuel 8.8
combustion
Industrial
63.2
activities
Total
74.45
HC
NOx SOx
1.6
0.03
CO
0.05 14.4
NH3
HCl+Cl2 Acid H2 S F
mist
–
–
–
–
–
3.02 4.98
0.89
1.33 –
–
–
–
–
0.2
1.15
0.6
0.21 –
–
–
–
–
–
0.34 49.3
0.09
0.42 0.28
0.09
0.42 0.28
4.82 6.5
50.8
6.54 18.65 0.01
22.5
18.65 0.01
3. Result and Discussion
The data on emissions from industries, fuel consumption for automobile and domestic activities along with respective emission factors provide the emission inventory
presented in Table III. The contributions of different types of sources to the emissions of major pollutants are shown in Figures 1 through 5. It is evident that
industrial activity is the major source of air pollution. It is responsible for the
emission of NH3 , fumes of HCL, Cl2 , F, H2 SO4 mist and H2 S. Industrial sources
contribute approximately 85% of the total PM and 95% of the total emissions
of SOx , while automobiles are the prime sources of HC, NOx and CO, emitting
95%, 77% and 70% respectively of their total emissions (Gargava, 1993). The
contribution of fuel consumption for domestic use is not very significant.
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P. GARGAVA AND A. L. AGGARWAL
4. Conclusion
1. The emission inventory prepared for the region would be useful while planning
air pollution control strategies and evaluating their results.
2. Priority should be given to the control of emissions from industrial sources
as they are the major contributor. The impact of these sources on ambient air
quality needs to be quantified while evolving cost-effective strategies.
3. The toxic pollutants like NH3 , H2 S, etc. are emitted in the region, which are
to be given priority control.
4. About 99% of NOx and 65% of HC emissions from automobiles are attributed
to diesel powered vehicle. The use of such vehicles in the urban centres should
be restricted.
5. Gasoline-powered vehicles contribute about 91% of the CO emitted through
automobile activities. The volume of gasoline-powered vehicles is more in
urban centres. Moreover, automobiles, being ground-level sources, will have
significant impact on the surrounding air quality and hence ought to be regulated accordingly.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Prof. P. Khanna, Director, NEERI for providing facilities
to carry out this work.
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