Indoor Air Quality in Schools
Building Codes
Ventilation and Energy
Sue O’Dell
IAQ In Homes and Buildings
•How bad is it?
-Indoor air pollution among top 5
environmental risks to public health3
-US schools 50% with IAQ issues4
-US Office Buildings 15 to 30% significant
issues5
-Globally possibly 30% of buildings
issues6
Sources: 2US Dept of Energy and Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory; 3EPA; 4EPA ; 5National Contractors Association; 6World Health Organization
2
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Agenda
•EPA Recommendations for IAQ in Schools
•Ventilation in Buildings
- Needs and Codes
•Energy
- Needs and Codes
•Applicable Code Summary
- IECC 2009 Code
•Future Code Direction
•Wrap up and questions
3
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
All Children Deserve a Healthy Learning Environment
• Children vulnerable, bodies developing
• Substandard conditions can cause serious health
problems for children
• Evidence that indoor air quality (IAQ) directly impacts
health and student academic performance continues to
mount.
Taking steps to improve the IAQ of schools is critical to
bettering student health and academic performance
Source: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/pdfs/student_performance_findings.pdf
4
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
The Scientific Evidence is Mounting
• Studies demonstrate that improved IAQ:
- increases productivity, and
- improves the performance of mental tasks
 Concentration
 Recall in both children and adults
• Regular Maintenance is critical to maintaining a healthy
environment:
- Health, attendance and academic performance can improve with
increased maintenance
- Schools with better physical conditions show improved academic
performance, while schools with fewer janitorial staff and higher
maintenance backlogs show poorer academic performance
Source: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/pdfs/student_performance_findings.pdf
5
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
EPA Recommendation
Effective IAQ management plans will focus on the
following:
• Maintain the HVAC System
• Control Moisture to Avoid Dampness and Mold
• Clean Thoroughly and Control Allergen Sources
• Select Products and Materials with Low Emissions
• Control Pests Using an Integrated Pest Management
Program
• Source Control
6
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Maintain the HVAC System
Features of the HVAC system most associated with health
and learning include:
• Compliance with American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, or
ASHRAE, outdoor air ventilation standards in every
occupied space.
• Uniform temperature and humidity conditions that are
within comfort standards with lower rather than higher
temperatures preferred.
• Regularly changed medium efficiency (MERV of 5-13)
filters.
• Clean and freely draining drain pans.
• Dry insulation.
• No major contaminant sources near any intake vent
openings.
7
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Recommendation: Ventilation per ASHRAE standard
Effects of Air Ventilation on Health and Performance:
• Reduce absences and the transmission of infectious
diseases.
• Improve the overall health and productivity of teachers.
• Improve test scores and student performance in
completing mental tasks.
In one study, students in classrooms with higher outdoor air
ventilation rates scored 14 to 15 percent higher on standardized test
scores than children in classrooms with lower outdoor air ventilation
rates.
Source:http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/pdfs/student_performance_findings.pdf
8
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Recommendation: Ventilation
Inspection of O.A. Grill - Plugged
9
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Recommendation: Comfortable Environment
Uniform temperature and humidity conditions that are
within comfort standards with lower rather than higher
temperatures preferred.
10
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Recommendation: Regularly changed medium efficiency filters.
Inspection of Coils/Filters - Plugged
11
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Recommendation: Clean and Freely Draining Drain Pans
Inspection of Drain Pan - Plugged
12
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Dry Insulation
Mold Avoidance key to healthy environment
Wall Insulation
Duct Insulation, before and after cleaning
13
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Control Mold and Moisture to Reduce Asthma Symptoms
• Dampness and mold in homes, offices and schools cause
a significant increase in several respiratory and asthma­related health outcomes.
• Asthma is the leading cause of absenteeism in schools,
which hinders classrom achievement.
• Symptoms identified in building occupants exposed to
dampness or mold include:
- coughing
- throat irritation
- tiredness
- headache and
- increased wheezing.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schools/pdfs/student_performance_findings.pdf
14
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
IAQ and Energy Savings are not mutually exclusive!
Regular HVAC maintenance also saves energy:
• Experience with ENERGYSTAR® qualified buildings
demonstrates that well-maintained HVAC systems of
average efficiency save more energy than high-efficiency
HVAC systems that are poorly maintained.
• Well-maintained systems reduce energy use by an
average of 15 to 20 percent.
15
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Outcome of Integrated IAQ Management Approach
“Our district implemented an IAQ management plan that
led to unprecedented academic success for our students.
Since 2005, we have seen an increase of 17.3 percent on
test scores and an increase in the average daily
attendance rate to 97 percent, allowing students to have
more classroom time.”
– Frank DiNella, Keller Independent School District, Texas
16
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Ventilation
17
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Why do we Ventilate Buildings?
•The reasons we ventilate buildings
are:
- To ensure a healthy atmosphere for occupants
by diluting indoor contaminants and providing
fresh air
- To pressurize the building positively to prevent
unfiltered and unconditioned air from entering
the building
- To provide cooling and save energy
- To replace exhausted air (provide make-up air)
18
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Typical Symptoms of Poor IAQ
•What are the typical symptoms of poor
IAQ?
- Irritations of eyes, nose and throat
- Dry mucous membranes and skin
- Rashes
- Mental fatigue, headaches and sleepiness
- Airway infections, cough
- Wheezing
Source: Cornell University 2002
19
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
IAQ In Homes and Buildings
•How do we control it?
-Ventilate more
-Ventilate correctly
21
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Codes and Standards
• ASHRAE 90.1 – Energy Standard for New
Buildings
• ASHRAE 90.2 - Energy Standard for Residential
• ASHRAE 62.1 – Ventilation Standard for Buildings
• ASHRAE 100 - Energy Standard for New Buildings
• ASHRAE 189 – Green Building Standard
• IBCC – International Building Code
• IECC – International Energy Conservation Code
• IGCC – International Green Construction Code
22
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
US Standards and Codes Development Process
3 – 5 year cycle
State and
local code
committees
3 year cycle
ASHRAE
standards
Standards
And
Codes
Working
Committees
ICC (3 groups)
Codes and
Tech Committees*
ANSI
standards
Products and services
must meet codes
ICC Code
Group
Revision
Year/Release
Codes
A
2012 - 2013
IBC (fire, general, egress, structural)
IFGC (fuel gas)
IMC (Mechanical)
IPC (plumbing)
IPC (private sewage)
B
2013 -2014
IECC (energy new buildings Res &
Comm)
IEBC (energy existing buildings)
IFC (fire)
ICCPC (performance)
IPMC (property maintenance)
IZC (zoning)
IWUIC (Wildland & Urban Interface)
IRC (Residential)
ISPCS (Swim pool & spa)
C
2014 - 2015
IgCC (new building green code)
ISO
standards
ASME
UL
CSA
NEMA
23
State and
Local
Codes
(CA Title 24)
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
ASHRAE Standards
•ASHRAE 62.1-20xx Ventilation for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality
- The purpose of this standard is to specify minimum
ventilation rates and indoor air quality that is acceptable
to human occupants
•ASHRAE 90.1-20xx Energy Standard for
Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
-The purpose of this standard is to provide minimum
requirements for the energy- efficient design of
buildings except low-rise residential
24
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Where does CO2 come from in buildings?
Where indoor concentrations are elevated (compared to
the outside air) the source is usually due to the building’s
occupants. People exhale carbon dioxide—the average
adult’s breath contains between 10 and 100 times the
ppm of CO2 found in outdoor air.
25
File Number
CO2 concentration Vs. Air flow
•Outdoors: 390-450 ppm
•Offices: 800 – 1000 ppm
•Stuffiness: 1000-2500 ppm
•OSHA: 5000 ppm
•Extreme/ Dangerous:
30,000-50,000 ppm
26
File Number
US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of
Health
Carbon dioxide is a physiologically important gas,
produced by the body as a result of cellular metabolism.
Its main mode of action is as an asphyxiant, although it
also exerts toxic effects at cellular level.
At low concentrations, gaseous carbon dioxide appears to
have little toxicological effect.
At higher concentrations it leads to an increased
respiratory rate, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias and
impaired consciousness. Concentrations >10% may
cause convulsions, coma and death.
27
File Number
How much CO2 is too much?
individuals in schools and offices with elevated CO2
concentrations tend to report drowsiness, lethargy and a
general sense that the air is stale.
28
File Number
Potentially Adverse Outcomes of Prolonged LowLevel CO2
Exposure %
•0.85
•1.2
•1.2
29
Duration of
Exposure
20 days
3 days
5 days
•1.2
25 days
•1.5
42 days
•1.5
•2.0
42 days
30 days
•3.0
8 days
Potentially Adverse Outcome
↑ Lung dead space volume [31]
35% ↓ Cerebral blood flow [32]
~20% ↑ Blood pressure [33]
Significant ↓ Biomarkers of bone
formation Slight ↑ bone resorption [34]
↑ Urine volume & Na, K, Cl excretion
Slight ↑ Hct, RBC count, Hemoglobin [35]
Significant ↑ Lung dead space volume [3639]
Slight ↑ Lung dead space volume [10]
Significant performance decrements
Erratic, abnormal behavior [41]
Source:
HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF CO2: SURVIVORS OF ACUTE HIGH-LEVEL EXPOSURE
AND POPULATIONS SENSITIVE TO PROLONGED LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE by
Susan A. Rice, Ph.D., D.A.B.T.
File Number
www.netl.doe.gov/publications
Demand Control Ventilation
• Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) is growing rapidly
in popularity and required by codes in many
locations
30
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Demand Control Ventilation
• A sensor in the space or duct senses how much
CO2 (in parts per million) is in the air, and an
economizer motor opens the outside air damper
when levels exceed the setpoint (typically 1000-1200
ppm)
31
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Demand Control Ventilation
Vbz = Ventilation in breathing zone (CFM)
= Vp = Ventilation for people
+ Va = Ventilation for building sources
32
File Number
Demand Control Ventilation
Ventilation required in the breathing zone:
Vp
Va
Vbz = Rp Pz + Ra Az
Rp = Occupant Component factor
Pz = Max. number of occupants
Ra = Building Component factor
Az = Area of space
Result expressed in CFM
33
File Number
Demand Control Ventilation
Occupant Component
Rp
Discussion
0
0 CFM per person
Applies to spaces where the ventilation requirements
are dominated by building related sources, e.g., storage
rooms and warehouses
1
5 CFM per person
Applies to spaces where primarily adults involved in
passive activities, e.g., office work
2
7.5 CFM per person
Applies to spaces where occupants involved in higher
levels of activities but not strenuous, e.g., lobbies and
retail stores.
3
10 CFM per person
Applies to spaces where occupants involved in more
strenuous activities but not exercise level, e.g., most
classrooms and other school occupancies.
4
20 CFM per person
Applies to spaces where occupants involved in very
high levels of activities or high contaminant generation,
e.g. beauty salons, dance floors and exercise rooms.
Ra
Discussion
1
0.06 cfm/ft2
Applies to spaces where building related contaminants
are generated at rates similar to office spaces, e.g.,
conference rooms and lobbies.
2
0.12 cfm/ft2
Applies to spaces where building related contaminants
are generated at rates significantly higher than office
spaces, e.g., class rooms and museums.
3
0.18 cfm/ft2
Applies to spaces where building related contaminants
are generated at even higher rates, e.g., laboratories and
art classrooms.
4
0.30 cfm/ft2
Last two are for sports and entertainment category
where there is no people based ventilation requirement,
all building ventilation.
5
0.48 cfm/ft2
Category
Building Component
Source for data: ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 User’s manual 2005 edition
34
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Classroom Example
Vbz = Rp Pz + Ra Az
Vbz = (10 CFM/person) (15 persons)+(0.12 CFM/ft2 )(1024 ft2)
Vbz = 150 CFM + 123 CFM
Vbz = 273 CFM
35
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Built-Up Unit
36
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
DCV Example, built-up unit
37
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Packaged Rooftop Unit
38
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Packaged Unit with Economizer
A
OA and RA Sensors
B
Damper Actuator
C
2-stage Room
Thermostat or
controller
D
Mixed Air Sensor
E
Modulating Dampers
OA and RA
F
D
F
A
B
E
A
C
OA Hood
Need 2-stage thermostat for integrated economizing
39
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
39
File Number
Ventilation vs. Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)
Damper Position
• Minimum Ventilation Code
100% Open
- When space occupied,
Ventilation Limit
(max occupancy,
“old” min position)
-
New
Min Pos
damper opens to minimum
position to ventilate for
maximum occupancy
CO2 sensor with modulating
or two position damper opens
damper 100%
No limits, may bring in cold or
hot/humid air
0% Open
450 ppm
1000 ppm
2000 ppm
CO2 Level
Normal Operation w/o DCV
CO2 Sensor only
40
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)
Damper Position
• DCV Ventilation Code
100% Open
economizing
- When space occupied damper
Open further when free cooling available
Vent Limit
(“Old” min
Pos)
-
New
Min Pos
0% Open
450 ppm
1000 ppm
opens to new minimum
position to ventilate for lower
occupancy
CO2 sensor with modulating
damper opens to new
Ventilation limit (old min pos)
Limits induction of cold or
hot/humid air
Dampers can go 100% open
for economizing
2000 ppm
CO2 Level
Normal Operation w/o DCV
DCV Economizer full occupancy
41
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)
Damper Position
• Demand Control Ventilation
100% Open
Economizing
- changes ventilation in
-
Vent limit
“Old” min Pos
Min Pos
-
response to occupancy
Minimum pos and DCV Max
position varies based on
building type
Min Pos ventilates for building
effluents and low occupancy
New DCV Max is “old” min
pos for maximum occupancy
0% Open
450 ppm
800 ppm
2000 ppm
CO2 Level
DCV Economizer full occupancy
DCV Economizer
42
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Potential Savings of CO2 based DCV
• Some estimation for $.05 to more than $1 per sq. foot
annually
• Highest payback in high-density spaces with variable and
unpredictable occupancy
- Auditoriums
- School buildings
- Meeting areas
- Retail establishments
43
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Energy
44
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Energy Code Adoption – Where are they Now?
• 2013-2014 4 additional
states have adopted
ASHRAE 90.12010/2012/ IECC
equivalent or more
energy efficient
• Only 8 states with no
energy code
45
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
US DOE Climate Zones
46
Source:
https://www.google.com/search?q=us+department+of+energy+climate+zones
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
ASHRAE Standard 90.1
The Committee’s unanimously approved work plan goal for the 2010 edition was to reduce energy cost by
30% compared to the 2004 version of the standard. Toward that goal, 109 addenda were processed by the
committee and approved by the ASHRAE and IES Boards of Directors and are included in the 2010 edition.
Most equipment efficiencies are higher, energy recovery is required in more applications, economizers are
required in more climates, and more energy conserving controls are required.
6.5.1 Economizers. Each cooling system that has a fan shall include either an air or water
economizer meeting the requirements of Sections 6.5.1.1 through 6.5.1.4.
Exceptions: Economizers are not required for the some systems listed in section
TABLE 6.3.2 Eliminates required economizer for comfort cooling by increasing the cooling efficiency of the equipment.
The efficiency improvement is listed by climate zone.
6.4.3.9 Demand control ventilation (DCV) is required for spaces larger than 500 ft2 and with a design
occupancy for ventilation of greater than 40 people per 1000 ft2 of floor area and served by systems
with one or more of the following:
a. an air side economizer,
b. automatic modulating control of the outdoor air damper, or
c. a design outdoor airflow greater than 3000 cfm.
Exceptions: DCV is not required for the some systems listed in section
47
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
New Mexico Codes
Commercial Code:
2009 IECC
Enforcement Status:
All residential and commercial structures, as defined in the IECC are required to comply with the New Mexico energy code.
Compliance and plan review requirements are those specified in the 2009 IECC.
Mandatory Without Amendments
Commercial Code Notes:
All Executive Branch state agencies & Higher Ed Dept to adopt LEED rating system. Plan review and enforcement is regulated
by the local jurisdiction (when they elect to enforce the code) as required in the MEC. If the local jurisdiction does not elect to,
or does not have personnel qualified to, enforce the code provisions, the Construction Industries Division provides the
necessary reviews and inspections for residential buildings.
Link to NM Code:
http://164.64.110.239/nmregister/xxii/xxii12/14.7.6.htm
TITLE 14
CHAPTER 7
PART 6
HOUSING AND CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING CODES GENERAL
2009 NEW MEXICO ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE
14.7.6.8
ADOPTION OF THE 2009 NEW MEXICO ENERGY CONSERVATION CODE:
This rule adopts by reference the 2009 international energy conservation code (IECC), as amended by this rule.
In this rule, each provision is numbered to correspond with the numbering of the 2009 international energy conservation code.
This rule is to be applied in conjunction with each of the other 2009 New Mexico building codes, including the NMCBC, NMRBC, NMPC, NMMC
and the NMEC.
[14.7.6.8 NMAC - Rp, 14.7.6.8 NMAC, 8-1-11]
A.
B.
C.
48
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Commercial Mechanical Requirements
U.S. Department of Energy
Building Energy Codes Program
PNNL-SA-66171
Introduction to the Energy Code Compliance
Process
Must the Project
Comply with the
IECC?
Comply with the
Envelope
Requirements
Section 502
90.1 Section 5
Comply with the
Mechanical /SWH
Requirements
Sections 503 and
504
90.1 Section 6
Comply with the
Power & Lighting
Requirements
Section 505
90.1 Section 9
Document
Compliance with the
IECC
Plan Review
Inspection
50
50
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Does My Project Need to Comply with the IECC?
All Buildings Other Than:
• One- and two-family
residential
• R-2, R-3 three stories or
less in height
51
51
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Section 503 Building Mechanical Systems
Simplified to Include Only
Four Sections:
•
•
•
•
What Provisions of the
Code Apply (503.1)
Mandatory Provisions
(503.2)
Simple HVAC Systems and
Equipment (503.3)
Complex HVAC Systems
and Equipment (503.4)
52
52
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
What Provision of the Code Apply? (503.1)
Mandatory Provisions – Section 503.2 PLUS
- Section 503.3 (Simple Systems) or
- Section 503.4 (Complex Systems)
53
53
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Simple Versus Complex Systems
Simple systems
- Unitary or packaged
HVAC equipment
- Serves one zone and
controlled by a single
thermostat
Section 503.3
Simple
Systems
Buildings served by unitary or
packaged HVAC each
serving 1 zone controlled by
1 thermostat. Two-pipe
heating systems serving
multiple zones are included if
no cooling system is installed
[Tables 503.2.3(1) through
503.2.3(5)]
54
54
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Simple HVAC Systems and Equipment (503.3)
Unitary or packaged, single zone controlled by a single thermostat in
the zone served. Includes:
Simple Systems
• Unitary packaged cooling
system
• Split system cooling
• Packaged terminal A/C
• Heat pump cooling
• Unitary packaged heating
• Split system heating
• Packaged terminal heat pump
• Fuel-fired furnace
• Electrical resistance heating
• Two-pipe heating systems w/o
cooling
• Economizers
55
55
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Simple Versus Complex Systems
Complex systems
• All equipment not
covered under
Section 503.3 Simple
Systems
Section 503.4
Complex
Systems
All buildings served by
HVAC systems not
covered under 503.3
56
56
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Complex HVAC Systems and Equipment (503.4)
Complex Systems
• Packaged VAV reheat
• Built-up VAV reheat
• Built-up single-fan, dual-duct
VAV
• Built-up or packaged dual-fan,
dual-duct VAV
• Four-pipe fan coil system with
central plant
• Hydronic heat pump with central
plant
• Any other multiple-zone system
• Hydronic space heating system
• Economizers
This section applies to all HVAC
equipment and systems not
included in Section 503.3
57
57
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Mandatory Provisions (503.2)
Provisions Applicable to
ALL Mechanical Systems
•
•
•
•
HVAC Load Calculations
Equipment and System Sizing
HVAC Equipment Performance
Requirements
HVAC System Controls
•
Ventilation
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems
Duct and Plenum Insulation and Sealing
Piping Insulation
HVAC System Completion
Air System Design and Control
Motor Nameplate Horsepower
Heating Outside a Building
58
58
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
HVAC Load Calculations (503.2.1)
Heating and cooling load sizing calculations required
•
•
ASHRAE/ACCA Standard 183
Other approved computation procedures – defined
in Chapter 3
• Exterior design conditions
• Specified by ASHRAE
• Interior design conditions
• Specified by Section 302 of the IECC
• ≤ 72oF for heating load
• ≥ 75oF for cooling load
59
59
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Equipment and System Sizing (503.2.2)
Output capacity SHALL NOT
exceed sizing –
• Select the system which
serves the greater load,
heating or cooling
- Exceptions
 Standby Equipment with Required
Controls
 Multiple Units with Combined
Capacities Exceeding Loads
• Sequencing Controls Required
60
60
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
HVAC Performance (Minimum Efficiency)
Requirements (503.2.3)
• Applies to all equipment used in heating and cooling of
buildings
• Must comply with all listed efficiencies
• Exception
- Water-cooled centrifugal water-chilling packages
61
61
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Table 503.2.3(2)
62
62
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Table 503.2.3(3)
63
63
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
System Controls (503.2.4)
One temperature and
humidity (when applicable)
controller per zone
64
64
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
System Controls
Heat pump systems
- Heat pump thermostat
required
65
65
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Duct and Plenum Insulation and Sealing (503.2.7)
Required for supply and
return ducts and plenums
•
Insulating ducts and
plenums:
• Located in unconditioned
space - R5
• Located outside the building R8
66
66
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Low and Medium Pressure Duct Systems
• Ducts designed to operate at static pressures ≤ 2 in. wg
• Securely fastened and sealed
67
67
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
High Pressure Duct Systems
• Ducts designed to operate at static pressures ≥ 3 in. wg to
be leak tested in accordance with SMACNA HVAC Air
Duct Leakage Test Manual
- Air leakage rate < 6.0
• Must test ≥ 25% of the duct area and meet the
requirements
68
68
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
(Duct Repairs – For Air Leakage)
69
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Demand Controlled Ventilation (503.2.5.1)
• DCV must be provided for each zone with spaces > 500
ft² and the average occupant load > 40 people/1000 ft² of
floor area where the HVAC system has:
- An air-side economizer,
- Automatic modulating control of the outdoor air damper, or
- A design outdoor airflow > 3,000 cfm
Demand control ventilation (DCV): a ventilation system capability that
provides for the automatic reduction of outdoor air intake below design
rates when the actual occupancy of spaces served by the system is less
than design occupancy.
70
70
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Demand Controlled Ventilation
(503.2.5.1) - Exceptions
• Systems with energy recovery per 503.2.6
• Multiple zone systems without direct digital control of
single zones communicating with central control panel
• Systems with design outdoor airflow < 1,200 cfm
• Spaces where supply airflow rate minus any makeup or
outgoing transfer air requirement < 1,200 cfm
71
71
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Economizers (503.3.1)
• Air side economizer
requirements and
equipment performance exceptions in Tables
503.3.1(1) and 503.3.1(2)
• Water side economizer
requirements
- Capable of providing 100%
of the cooling system load at
50o F dry bulb/ 45oF wet bulb
72
72
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Climate Zones—2009 IECC
New Mexico includes Climate Zones 3,4,5
73
73
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Economizers (503.3.1)
Table 503.3.1(1)
CLIMATE ZONES
New Mexico
ECONOMIZER
REQUIREMENT
1A, 1B, 2A, 7, 8
No requirement
2B, 3A, 3B, 3C, 4A, 4B,
4C, 5A, 5B, 5C, 6A, 6B
Economizers on cooling
systems
≥ 54,000 Btu/ha
a
The total capacity of all systems without economizers shall not exceed 480,000 Btu/h per building, or 20 percent of
its air economizer capacity, whichever is greater
12,000 BTU/HR = 1 Ton of cooling;
54,000 BTU/Hr = 4.5 Tons of cooling
All cooling systems ≥ 4.5 Tons require economizers
74
74
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Economizers (503.3.1)
Trade-off high cooling efficiency for economizer
Table 503.3.1(2)
CLIMATE ZONES
COOLING EQUIPMENT PERFORMANCE
IMPROVEMENT (EER OR IPLV)
2B
10% Efficiency Improvement
3B
15% Efficiency Improvement
4B
20% Efficiency Improvement
75
75
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Efficiency tradeoff vs. Economizer with DCV
Example from IECC Table 502.2.3 (3)
Equipment Type
Split System and
Single Package
76
Size Category
< 65,000 BTU
(5.42 Tons)
> 65,000,
<135,000
(11.25 Tons)
>135,000,
<240,000
(20 Tons)
> 240,000
3B
4B
Minimum Efficiency
+ 15%
+ 20%
13 SEER
15 SEER
16 SEER
11 SEER
13 SEER
13.5 SEER
10.6 SEER
9.5 SEER
12.2 SEER
11 SEER
13 SEER
11.5 SEER
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems (503.2.6)
• Applies to individual fan systems with
- Design supply air capacity ≥ 5,000 CFM
- Minimum outside air supply of ≥ 70% of design supply air quantity
• Exhaust air recovery efficiency must be ≥ 50%
77
77
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Energy Recovery Ventilation Systems (503.2.6) Exceptions
• Where energy recovery ventilation systems prohibited by the IMC
• Lab fume hood system with at least one of the following:
- VAV hood exhaust and room supply systems capable of reducing exhaust
-
and makeup air volume to ≤ 50% of design values
Direct makeup (auxiliary) air supply equal to at least 75% of exhaust rate,
heated no warmer than 2ºF below room setpoint, cooled to no cooler than
3ºF above room setpoint, no humidification added, and no simultaneous
heating and cooling use for dehumidification control
• Systems serving uncooled spaces and heated to < 60ºF
• Where > 60% of outdoor heating energy is from site-recovered or site
solar energy
• Heating systems in climates < 3,600 HDD
• Cooling systems in climates with a 1% cooling design wet-bulb
temperature < 64ºF
• Systems requiring dehumidification that employ series-style energy
recovery coils wrapped around the cooling coil
78
78
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Commercial Mechanical Requirements
Currently being adopted by many states
U.S. Department of Energy
Building Energy Codes Program
PNNL-SA-66171
IECC 2012 - International Energy Conservation Code
Changes from 2009 code to 2012 code (R= Residential
committee, A= All and C= Commercial Committee):
- Air system economizers are required in more climate zones and at
a lower threshold (33K Btu/h instead of 54K Btu/h) – >2.75 Tons
Source:
https://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/docume
nts/Comparison_2009to2012_IECC.pdf
80
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
IECC 2012 - International Energy Conservation Code
C401.2 Application.
Commercial buildings shall comply with one of the
following:
1. The requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1.
2. The requirements of Sections C402, C403, C404 and C405. In addition,
commercial buildings shall comply with either Section C406.2, C406.3 or
C406.4.
3. The requirements of Section C407, C402.4, C403.2, C404, C405.2, C405.3,
C405.4, C405.6 and C405.7. The building energy cost shall be equal to or less
than 85 percent of the standard reference design building.
C401.2.1 Application to existing buildings.
Additions, alterations and repairs to existing buildings
shall comply with one of the following:
Source:
http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/iecc/2012/index.htm
1.Sections C402, C403, C404 and C405; or
2.ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1.
81
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
IECC - International Energy Conservation Code
Source:
http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/iecc/2012/index.htm
82
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
IECC 2012 - International Energy Conservation Code
Source:
http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/iecc/2012/index.htm
83
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
IECC - International Energy Conservation Code
Source:
http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/iecc/
2012/index.htm
84
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
IECC - International Energy Conservation Code
Source:
http://publicecodes.cyberregs.com/icod/iec
c/2012/index.htm
85
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
ASHRAE Standard 90.1 -2010
The Committee’s unanimously approved work plan goal for the 2010 edition was to reduce energy cost by
30% compared to the 2004 version of the standard. Toward that goal, 109 addenda were processed by the
committee and approved by the ASHRAE and IES Boards of Directors and are included in the 2010 edition.
Most equipment efficiencies are higher, energy recovery is required in more applications, economizers are
required in more climates, and more energy conserving controls are required.
6.5.1 Economizers. Each cooling system that has a fan shall include either an air or water
economizer meeting the requirements of Sections 6.5.1.1 through 6.5.1.4.
Exceptions: Economizers are not required for the some systems listed in section
TABLE 6.3.2 Eliminates required economizer for comfort cooling by increasing the cooling efficiency of the equipment.
The efficiency improvement is listed by climate zone.
6.4.3.9 Demand control ventilation (DCV) is required for spaces larger than 500 ft2 and with a design
occupancy for ventilation of greater than 40 people per 1000 ft2 of floor area and served by systems
with one or more of the following:
a. an air side economizer,
b. automatic modulating control of the outdoor air damper, or
c. a design outdoor airflow greater than 3000 cfm.
Exceptions: DCV is not required for the some systems listed in section
86
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Impact of Energy Issues
In the past the HVAC industry provided
electro-mechanical and analog
controls for saving energy
Controllers of the future
• More complex control requirements for additional energy savings and
a healthier environment
• Demand Control Ventilation
• Simplified diagnostics and verifiable operation
• Traceable operation and maintenance
• More profit per unit of labor
87
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
Emerging Economizer Trends
Basic:
Integrated Economizer
Demand Control Ventilation
CO2 sensor input
Emerging (current in Title 24, and 2012 IECC):
System FDD (Fault Detection & Diagnostics)
Alarms
FDD Sensors (3 – OA, RA, SA or MA)
Damper Reliability Test
Certification of the damper assembly with 60k damper open-close cycles
Damper Leakage Test
Maximum leakage rate of 10 cfm/sf at 1.0 in. w.g.
Sensor Accuracy, Calibration
Temperature accuracy +/- 2°F over range of 40°F to 80°F
Enthalpy accurate to +/- 3 Btu/lb over the range of 20 Btu/lb to 36 Btu/lb
Energy Saving Ventilation
Fan Speed
Pre-purge
Damper position indication
88
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number
THANK YOU!
QUESTIONS?
89
HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL
File Number