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Created by Charlotte Mecklenburg
Fire & Life Safety Bowl Committee
- 2014 Version
L
A
U
MAN
Table of Contents
Chapter
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Name
Chemistry of Fire
Classes of Fire
Fire Extinguishers
Identifying Common Fire Hazards
Fire Escape Plans
Heat and Smoke Alarms
Burns
Alternate Heat Sources
Your Fire Department and You
Outdoor Fire Safety
Life Safety in Public Buildings
Unicycles, Bicycles, Tricycles & More
Carbon Monoxide
Falls Prevention
Motor Vehicle Safety
Water Safety
Emergency Preparedness
Playground safety
Patriot Day-- September 11th
Fire Prevention Week History
First Aid
Earthquake Preparedness
Seasonal & Holiday Safety
Pedestrian Safety
Vacation and Travel Safety
Household Poison Prevention Tips
NFPA Tip Sheets
Page
2
3
4
7
12
15
18
24
27
30
35
39
41
44
46
47
48
52
58
59
61
63
66
68
70
73
75
Revised November 14, 2012
-1-
Fire Prevention and Control
Fire is a very helpful tool. It produces heat for cooking, warmth for comfort and light for
eyesight. When fire is out of control, however, it is no longer a helpful tool; it becomes an
object of pain, sorrow and death. Fire has power. You should know how to prevent fires and
what to do if one should occur. This manual will help you learn how and why a fire starts, how
it burns, how to put out a fire and how to make your own escape plan.
1
Chemistry of Fire
To have a fire, you must have FUEL, HEAT, and OXYGEN. When these three elements are
together in the correct amounts, a fire starts. A fuel is anything that can burn. Gases are all
around us. Oxygen, hydrogen and carbon dioxide are examples of gases in the air we breathe.
Carbon dioxide is a gas used to put out fires. Oxygen does not burn but is needed to support a
fire. The natural gas used in kitchen stoves, water heaters and furnaces burns as does the
butane in lighters and propane in torches. These gases can be very dangerous, and when heat
and oxygen are added they burn – even explode.
Flammable liquids will not burn until they are vaporized or changed into gas. Two flammable
liquids that you often see are kerosene and gasoline. Kerosene does not turn into a gas at
room temperature, but it does when heated. Gasoline gives off vapors/fumes at normal
temperature and is hazardous when exposed to the open air and a source of heat. Always be
very careful around gasoline.
A block of wood does not burst into flames, but if it is ground into fine dust, it burns easily.
Did you know solids turn to gases and then burn? When a piece of wood is heated, the wood
cellulose (fiber) is turned from a solid into a gas which ignites and burns. A piece of steel is
hard to burn, but when it is in the form of steel wool it will burn easily. When solids are cut
into fine particles and enough oxygen (from the air) surrounds these particles to support
combustion, then, with enough heat the solids will begin to burn. Heat of combustion is the
amount of heat needed to cause a fuel to begin burning.
Combustible solids not only burn more readily if finely divided, but their position also makes a
difference. Wood that is in a vertical or upright position burns more rapidly than wood in a
horizontal or flat position.
Three elements –fuel, heat and oxygen – form the fire triangle. If one part of the fire triangle
is removed, the fire will go out.
-2-
2
Classes of Fire
There are five classes of fires. Knowing the classes of fires will help you prevent or fight such a
fire.
Class A Fire
Wood, paper, cloth, grass, plastic and trash are common
fuels for Class A fires. A Class A fire involves ordinary
combustibles. To prevent these fires, keep these materials
from collecting and coming in contact with a source of heat.
Neatness and cleanliness are good fire prevention practices.
Get rid of waste paper, wood, grass and trash which can fuel
a fire.
Class B Fire
Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, motor oil, grease, oil base
paints, varnishes and stains, cleaning fluids, solvents and
lighter fluids are the fuels for Class B fires. These are
primarily petroleum products. Class B fire involve flammable
and combustible liquids. Proper storage of these materials is
the best method of preventing Class B fires. Keep products
away from heat and provide good air circulation. You should
never smoke around these products. These fuels float on water; therefore water is not
effective in fighting Class B fires. Water will often cause these fires to spread. The result is a
bigger and more dangerous fire. To fight these fires you must remove either the fuel from the
fire or the source of oxygen. Foam and chemicals that remove the oxygen are used to fight
these fires. Dirt and sand are two examples of how Class B fires can be smothered.
Class C Fires
Fires caused by electricity are Class C fires. Class C fires involve energized electrical
equipment. Light switches, electric motors and other electrical equipment can ignite dust or
flammable vapors. Light bulbs, electric motors, toasters, electrical stoves and other electrical
appliances and equipment can cause fires if they are too hot and too close to material that will
ignite. A gasoline fire started with an electrical spark is at first a Class C fire; then as the
gasoline burns it is a Class B fire. Electrical fires are prevented by using appliances and
equipment properly and by keeping combustible materials away from these appliances and
equipment. Electrical fires are extinguished by turning off the electrical power and smothering
the fire with carbon dioxide or dry chemicals. Never use water. Water will conduct electricity
and you could easily be electrocuted.
Class D Fires
Metals that burn are Class D fires. This type of fire is uncommon around the home.
Have you seen fireworks, the kind used on the Fourth of July? Fireworks are burning metal
compounds. Careless use of fireworks causes many injuries and costly fires each year. Special
chemicals that coat the burning metal are used to extinguish metal fires.
Class K Fires
These types of fires consume vegetable oils and animal fats. They generally happen in
restaurants and commercial kitchens.
-3-
3
Fire Extinguishers
A portable fire extinguisher can save lives and property by putting out a small fire or
containing it until the fire department arrives. The idea is to catch a fire when it first starts
and is small. Portable fire extinguishers are not designed to fight a large or spreading fire. As
a general rule, firefighting should be left to the fire department. Get everyone out of the
home and have someone call the fire department. Most portable fire extinguishers sold for
home use have a short range of 6 to 10 feet and discharge completely in a very short time.
Fire extinguishers are all around your home. How many can you name? Examples are water
hoses, pails or buckets for water, brooms, shovels and rakes, sand or dirt, blankets and baking
soda. If you have a grease fire in a frying pan, a tight-fitting cover would be a good fire
extinguisher. What other fire extinguishers can you think of and how could they be used to
put out a fire? You need to be aware of these fire extinguishers that you have all around you
and know when and how to use them. Can you think of a situation when a coat that you
might be wearing could serve as a fire extinguisher?
Types of Fire Extinguishers
It is essential that the type of fire extinguisher you use is appropriate for the type of fire you
are fighting. If, for example, you spray water on a grease fire, the water will cause the grease
to splatter and the fire may spread. Similarly, if you spray energized or live electrical
equipment with water, you are putting yourself in danger of electrical shock. There are many
types of portable fire extinguishers for sale. Depending on their intended use, fire
extinguishers use a variety of “extinguishing agents” such as water or dry chemicals that put
out the fire.
Quality fire extinguishers should be purchased from reputable dealers. Read the label before
purchase. Is the extinguisher approved by the Underwriter’s Laboratories, Inc. or the Factory
Mutual Engineering Corporation? If not, don’t buy it! Is it the right type for your needs?
Which symbol does it carry A, B, C, D, or K or a combination? Is it the right size?
Fire extinguishers are labeled for the class of fire they are suitable for extinguishing. Fire
extinguishers are also rated numerically by the size of fire they can put out. The higher an
extinguisher’s rating number, the larger the fire the extinguisher can put out. For example, a
4-A rated extinguisher can put out twice as much fire as a 2-A rated extinguisher. Pictorial fire
classification symbols will appear on most fire extinguishers. If three fire class symbols (A, B
and C) are shown, the model of extinguisher is rated for those three classes of fire.
-4-
The types of fire extinguishers and their fire classification are as follows:
Water
Water or an anti-freeze solution, is combined with compressed air or carbon dioxide gases to
create a pressure, causing the water to spray out of the extinguisher. The most common size
is 2 ½ gallons. This extinguisher is rated for Class A fires only.
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a gas and is compressed into the extinguisher. This extinguisher is rated for
Class B and Class C fires. Carbon dioxide is discharged from the extinguisher as a gas and will
travel only a short distance (3 to 8 feet). Carbon dioxide extinguishers put out fires by
displacing oxygen and smothering the fire.
Dry Chemical
Dry chemical extinguishers use a chemical powder and compressed air or carbon dioxide
gas to discharge the powder on a fire. This extinguisher is rated for Class B and Class C fires.
Multipurpose
Dry Chemical
Multipurpose dry chemical extinguishers use a chemical powder and compressed air or carbon
dioxide gas to discharge the powder on a fire. This multipurpose dry chemical powder is
different from the regular dry chemical powder. This extinguisher is rated for Class A, Class B
and Class C fires. This is why it is called multipurpose or an ABC type fire extinguisher.
Halogenated
Compounds
Halogenated compound extinguishers use a special chemical gas that is compressed into the
extinguisher. This extinguisher is rated for Class A, Class B and Class C fires. These types of
extinguishers are no longer produced, but may still be in service. These may be found in
computer server rooms, aircraft hangars, and race car shops.
Selecting a Fire Extinguisher
For Class A fires (ordinary combustible), use a Class A rated extinguisher like a pressurized
water extinguisher, a multipurpose dry chemical ABC extinguisher, or a halogenated
compound extinguisher.
For Class B fires (flammable liquids), use a dry chemical BC extinguisher, a multipurpose dry
chemical ABC extinguisher, a carbon dioxide extinguisher, or a halogenated compound
extinguisher. Water should not be used.
For Class C fires (energized electrical equipment), use a dry chemical BC extinguisher, a
multipurpose dry chemical ABC extinguisher, a carbon dioxide extinguisher, or a halogenated
compound extinguisher. Water should not be used.
For Class D fires (combustible metals), which is usually only found in industrial plants, use a
special Class D powder extinguisher.
For Class K fires (vegetable oils and animal fats), which are usually found in commercial
kitchens and restaurants, use a Class K extinguisher. Water should not be used.
-5-
Using Fire Extinguishers
Only those who are trained should use fire extinguishers. They should learn to use them
before a fire occurs. Fire extinguishers should be inspected monthly and serviced annually.
Fire extinguishers are one element of a fire response plan, but the primary element is a safe
escape.
A simple acronym for using fire extinguishers is the word PASS:
Pull the safety pin at the top of the extinguisher.
Aim the nozzle, horn, or hose at the base of the flames.
Squeeze or press the handle.
Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Before using the PASS method, someone should call 9-1-1 and/ or activate the fire alarm
system.
Fire extinguishers should only be used while safe to do so. Stop using the extinguisher
immediately, and evacuate to safety, if the fire increases or the extinguisher is no longer
effective. Never let the fire get between you and an exit.
Always have fire extinguishers recharged or replaced immediately after they have been used.
Forgetting this could result in a costly fire the next time. Reliable fire extinguisher companies
provide this service.
Locating Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguishers should be located near an exit, but not in areas where the fire danger is
high. Some of these places are the kitchen, furnace room, garages and fuel storage areas. Fire
extinguishers should be located where they can be easily seen and reached, NOT in the back
of the closet, behind the stove or in a locked cabinet.
-6-
4
Identifying Common Fire Hazards
Ben Franklin, the founder of the first organized fire brigade in the United States (Union Fire
Company – Philadelphia, PA – 1736) once said “An ounce of prevention not only is worth a
pound of cure, but it will help stave off tons of panic when disaster strikes.” Over time, this
phrase has been shortened to “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” What does
this phrase mean to you?
It is smarter to prevent a fire than to fight one. To prevent fires, identify and correct fire
hazards. Don’t let family members or friends become one of the approximately 5,000 persons
killed or approximately 30,000 persons injured each year because of fires.
Common fire hazards in and around the home are:
− cooking hazards in the kitchen
− children playing with matches or lighters
− improper use of fireplace
− improper use of candles
− improper use of holiday decorations like Christmas trees
− roofing materials that burn
− storage of papers and rubbish in attics, basements, halls, closets and stairwells or poor
housekeeping
− poor heating systems and chimneys
− careless smoking; smoking in bed
− improper use of flammable fabrics
− overloaded electrical circuits; use of over-sized fuses
− improper use or storage of gasoline and other flammable fluids
− misuse of electrical appliances or unapproved appliances
The secret to fire prevention is to keep combustible materials – things that burn easily – away
from a source of heat, fire or sparks.
Flammable Liquids
Flammable liquids need only a spark to ignite. The ignition can be so fast that there is an
explosion. What does this tell us about the use and storage of these materials?
− Use flammable liquids far away from sources of flames, sparks or heat.
− Use flammable liquids for their intended use only. Gasoline is intended for burning in
engines, not for starting an open fire, or for cleaning purposes.
− Use flammable liquids only in airy, open areas – outside is best.
− Shut off equipment that has a gas engine and let it cool before refueling. Examples of
equipment with gas engines are: lawn mowers, ATV’s and weed eaters.
− Store flammable fluids in proper containers and in well-ventilated area away from any
source of heat or sparks.
− It is best to store flammable liquids outside the house.
− Never smoke or use any kind of open flame while using a flammable liquid.
− Many aerosol cans hold flammable liquids (paints, pesticides, lubricants) and should
only be used in well ventilated areas away from any ignition sources.
-7-
Electricity
Electricity is a major cause of fires. It is estimated that there are
over 45,000 home fires each year started by faulty electrical
wiring, appliances or incorrect use of wiring. It takes special
knowledge to check many electrical installations around the
home. If you have any questions about the safety of any
electrical wiring or appliance, have it inspected by a qualified
electrician. Lights that dim or flicker and motors that spark,
overheat or start with difficulty are all clues to problems. Call a
licensed electrician to correct the problem.
You can spot many electrical problems and have them corrected.
General Electrical Tips
Fuses or circuit breakers should match the wiring size. There is a problem if fuses blow or
circuit breakers trip. It disconnects the electrical power source. If you can’t find the problem,
have an electrician locate and correct it. Replace a blown fuse with a fuse that has the same
amperage rating. Never replace a fuse with a higher rated fuse. Overloaded circuits cause hot
wires and fires.
Check the light switches and wall outlets. Are the covers on? Are the covers cracked, broken
or missing? Is there any evidence of overheating (discolored or warm)? If there are small
children in the house, insert childproof plugs into unused outlets.
Replace outlets if plugs do not fit snugly or the outlet does not accept plugs with one blade
larger than the other.
Extension cords are another source of danger. Check their condition and locations. Are they
brittle, cracked, under rugs, in locations where they are stepped on, bent, pinched, or
damaged in any way?
Are cords on electrical appliances in good condition? Three-prong plugs must always be used
in three-prong outlets. Never force it to fit into a two slot outlet or extension cord.
All electrical appliances, devices and materials should be evaluated by a nationally recognized
laboratory such as FM or UL. FM (Factory Mutual) or UL (Underwriters Laboratory) listed
means the appliance has been tested and approved to be safe for use. Using unapproved
electrical items is an invitation for fire because they have not been tested to the same high
standards.
Use waterproof of weatherproof electrical
devices in all areas that are or may be wet.
Water and electricity are a bad mixture.
Use light bulbs that match the recommended
wattage on the lamp or light fixture.
General Electrical Hazards
− Short circuits are usually caused by bare
wires touching, due to breakdown of
insulation.
− Light bulbs in contact with paper, fabric
or other combustibles may ignite the combustibles.
-8-
− All wiring installations should comply with the requirements in the National Electrical
Code.
− Wiring installations should always be made by a licensed electrician or other qualified
person.
− Most extension cords cannot carry as much electricity as permanent wiring, and are
more easily overloaded than permanent wiring. It is especially important to avoid
overloading an extension cord. If extension cords are used be sure they are sufficient
to carry the electrical load placed upon them.
− Never touch an electrical wire, cord, switch, or plug with wet hands or while your body
is touching another metal object.
− Keep cords away from infants and young children who might place a cord or plug in
their mouth.
− Never place foreign objects in electrical outlets.
Did you know the most dangerous months for electrical fires are December and January?
According to the USFA (United States Fire Administration) fire deaths are highest in winter
months which call for more indoor activities and increases in lighting, heating, and appliance
use. Most electrical fires result from problems with fixed wiring such as faulty electrical
outlets, old wiring, extension cords, plugs and switches.
Unscramble the following words:
Answers:
electricity
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heating,
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outlets
wiring
extension cords
overloaded
circuits
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-9-
Appliances
− Disconnect electrical appliances when they are not being used.
− Never use an electrical appliance with a damaged, frayed or deteriorated cord.
− Major appliances (refrigerators, stoves, washers, dryers) should be plugged directly
into a wall outlet. Never use an extension cord.
− An old house may need rewiring by a licensed electrician or other qualified person.
Many old homes do not have enough electrical power for numerous modern
appliances.
− Never touch an electrical appliance with wet hands, or while standing on a wet surface.
And, of course, never touch any electrical appliance while in the bathtub or shower.
− Have a ground-fault circuit-interrupter-type receptacle installed in the bathroom. This
device will offer protection from electrical shock. Ground fault circuit interrupters
[GFCI] will trip the circuit breaker if the device
detects an increase in voltage in the system
and protect the person.
− Every home should have special electrical
circuits for heavy-duty appliances such as
stoves, washers, dryers, or large air
conditioners.
− Always unplug an iron when not in use, even
for just a few minutes.
− Heaters and halogen lights should be used
away from combustible materials where the
possibility of starting a fire may exist from conducted or radiated heat exposure.
− Never put kitchen utensils or other metal objects in a toaster to remove bread.
− Keep electrical appliances away from bathtubs, sinks, pools, and other sources of
water.
− Replace any electrical tool or appliance if it causes even small electrical shocks,
overheats, shorts out or gives off smoke or sparks.
Outdoor Electrical Installations
− Stay away from electrical substations.
− Do not climb electrical
towers or power poles.
− Keep clear of overhead
power lines.
− Always fly kites and
model airplanes away
from electrical power
lines.
- 10 -
Emergency Electrical Safety Procedures
− Disconnect the electrical power source if it can be done safely. Turn off the appliance
switch, and pull the plug.
− Notify a responsible adult.
− If arcing, burning, or smoking occurs, immediately call 9-1-1.
− If outside electrical wires or poles are down, call 9-1-1.
− Don’t touch downed wires; guard the area and warn others to keep away. Also, do not
touch a vehicle, person or object that is in contact with downed wires. Call 9-1-1 to
report downed wires.
Cigarettes
Careless smoking endangers the lives of others as well as
themselves. Reported accidental home fires started by smoking
materials are by far the leading cause of home fire deaths.
Since anyone could become the innocent victim of a careless
smoker, each person should recognize and watch out for fire
dangers associated with smoking. Some of these dangers
include cigarettes falling into upholstery or wastebaskets where
they smolder until a fire starts.
Non-smokers should remind smokers to follow these safety tips.
− Make sure that smokers extinguish and discard cigarettes properly.
− Check upholstery and wastebaskets in rooms where people have been smoking.
− Discourage people from smoking in bed.
− Install smoke alarms in rooms where people smoke.
− Encourage the use of large, non-tip ashtrays.
− Before an adult discards cigarette butts or ashes, make sure they are out. Put them
out in water or sand.
− Do not extinguish cigarettes in potted plants or landscaping, which often contain a
mixture of peat moss, shredded wood, and bark, which can easily ignite.
− Smoking materials should be kept up high out of the reach of children.
Summary
Fires find enough places to happen without our help. Survey your home. Locate the potential
fire hazards and correct all problems. Fires in fireplaces, dinner by candlelight and July Fourth
fireworks are enjoyable uses of fire, but there is nothing enjoyable about house fires. Do what
you can to prevent them.
- 11 -
5
Fire Escape Plans
Fire drills in schools occur very often. North Carolina laws require fire drills at least once a
month in schools. You probably know very well what to do in the event of an emergency while
you are at your school. But how many of us have home fire drills each month? Do you realize
that you spend most of your time at home sleeping? Since we are not computerized robots,
we better have a plan made before a fire happens. Most fires each year happen at night in
our homes. So doesn’t it make sense to have home fire drills?
Despite all our efforts to prevent fires, they still happen. Would you know what to do if you
awoke during the night and found your room full of smoke? Would you do the right things to
help save your life? We must have a plan! All members of the family must help make the plan
and practice it. If only half of the family knows how to escape, the plan will not work. The
best plan in the world is no good if you practice it once and then never again!
Important Parts of the Plan
− Draw a map of each level of
your home. Be sure to
include the doors and
windows on this map.
Discuss the plan with
everyone in your family.
− Everyone should know two
escape routes from each
room. If you have only
one and it is blocked, you are
trapped.
- 12 -
− Have a way to alert everyone quickly such as a whistle or any other signal.
− Have an outside meeting place (like a tree, light pole or mailbox) a safe distance from
the home where everyone should meet and can be accounted for.
− Make sure all doors and windows leading outside open easily. Make sure all windows
and screens can be opened, removed or, if necessary, broken. If there are storm
windows, know how to open them. Close all doors and windows you pass through.
− PRACTICE your home fire drill at night and during the day with everyone in your home,
twice a year.
− PRACTICE using different ways out.
− TEACH children how to escape on their own in case you can’t help them.
− Are there bars over the windows or doors? How do you get through them? Are there
dead bolt locks on the doors or any lock that requires a key? Answer all these
questions and make plans prior to a fire.
− If you sleep upstairs, have an escape ladder. If you have no ladder, stuff a towel,
clothing or bedding materials underneath your door to keep the smoke and gases out,
then crawl to the window and yell for help. As a last resource, climb through the
window and hang by your hands and let your feet drop. Whatever your height, you
will be that much closer to the ground and you will land on your feet.
− Have an agreement with your neighbor so you can reach them and let them call the
fire department. Call 911 or the local fire department. Have this number posted by all
telephones.
Other Precautions and Practices
− Plans to control the seriousness of the fire are just as important as the escape plan.
People have died in fires because they did not know simple precautions or life-saving
practices. They didn’t break a window to escape. They opened the wrong door. They
went back into a burning building. Never reenter a burning building for any reason.
Once you get out, stay out!
− If there is smoke in the room or if you know a fire is burning out in the hall or another
room, crawl or creep out of the house. Stay low; the air supply will be better near the
floor. Touch a closed door or doorknob with your hand. If it is warm, don’t open it, as
the fire will rush into the room.
- 13 -
− Know where your firefighting tools are located so you can direct an adult to them in
case of a fire. Types of materials are fire extinguishers, water hoses, buckets, fireproof
rugs and water sources.
− Stay calm. Think before you act. The best way to stay calm is to be informed. If you
know what to do and have practiced home fire drills, your chances of staying calm and
doing all the right things in case of a fire are greatly increased.
− If you go to the door and feel it with your hand as high as you can (heat and smoke
rise), and if it is hot what do you do? The window has to be your next option. We have
covered this procedure already. Put something under the door if the smoke is coming
in fast, before going to the window (a towel, bedding or clothing).
FACTS
− According to an NFPA survey, only one of every three American households have
actually developed and practiced a home fire escape plan.
− While 71% of Americans have an escape plan in case of a fire, only 45% of those have
practiced it.
− One-third of American households who made an estimate thought they would have at
least 6 minutes before a fire in their home would become life-threatening. The time
available is often less. And only 8% said their first thought on hearing a smoke alarm
would be to get out!
- 14 -
6
Heat and Smoke Alarms
Smoke alarms are an important part of a home fire escape plan.
Where there is fire; smoke spreads fast.
− Is your family protected? Do you have smoke alarms?
− Some people call these units smoke detectors and some people call them smoke alarms.
For our purposes either term can be used.
− These devices have a smoke sensor that will detect small traces of smoke and sound an
evacuation alarm.
− Families with smoke alarms are much more likely to survive a home fire. Your chances
of surviving a home fire are 30 to 50 percent better if you have working smoke alarms
in your home.
− For smoke alarms to work best you must have the right type located in the right places
and they must be in working condition. The home fire death rate has been reduced by
half since battery operated smoke alarms became available in the 1970s.
− Ninety-six percent of all homes have at least one smoke alarm, according to a 2010
telephone survey. Overall, three-quarters of all U.S. homes have at least one working
smoke alarm.
− Almost two-thirds of home fire deaths in 2005-2009 resulted from fires in homes with
no smoke alarms or no working smoke alarms.
− When smoke alarms fail to operate, it is usually because batteries are missing,
disconnected or dead. Almost one-quarter of the smoke alarm failures was due to dead
batteries.
Types of Alarms
There are many types of alarm devices. There are different types of heat, gas and smoke
alarms. Some alarms operate on batteries; others are wired to the electrical circuits within the
house. Each type of alarm device has its advantages and purposes. Smoke alarms with
ionization or photoelectric detection devices are most effective because most home fires are of a
smoldering type and in their early stages normally cause more smoke than heat and flames.
Thus the devices provide an early warning alarm to a fire condition. It is important that quality
smoke alarms be purchased. They need to have the Underwriter’s Laboratory (UL) or Factory
Mutual (FM) label which means that the product has been tested and approved to be sensitive
and reliable. It is also important that the alarm is easy to test and provides a loud warning
- 15 -
signal to awaken people. The alarm should not give false alarms.
Smoke alarms are available for people with hearing impairment or loss. These alarms use strobe
lights to wake the person and may include installed vibration equipment — such as a pillow or
bed shaker. This equipment is activated by the sound of the smoke alarm. Recent research has
shown that as people get older, their ability to hear high-pitched sounds decreases. People with
mild to severe hearing loss can use equipment that emits a mixed, low-pitched sound. This
device is activated by the sound of a traditional smoke alarm. The low-pitched sound is more
effective than the sound of a smoke alarm for waking people up in all age groups.
Number and Location of Smoke Alarms
Locate your smoke alarm on the ceiling or high on the wall since smoke rises. The best
location is the center of the ceiling at the top of the stairway or hallway entrance leading to the
bedrooms. Ceiling-mounted smoke alarms should be at least 4 inches from the wall. Wallmounted smoke alarms should be installed between 4 to 12 inches below the ceiling. Smoke is
slow going into corners. Smoke alarms normally come with installation instructions. Follow
those directions. If you have other questions, your local fire department will be able to assist
you.
Keep Your Smoke Alarms Working!
− Smoke alarms that don’t work give us a false feeling of safety.
− Keep your smoke alarms working.
− Read your owner’s manual to learn when and how to test your alarm and then test it on a
regular basis!
− Check the power source for your smoke alarm each month.
− Battery operated smoke alarms produce a distinct warning when the batteries are getting
weak.
− Replace weak or dead batteries.
− Smoke alarms with non-replaceable (long-life) batteries are designed to remain effective
for up to 10 years.
− If the alarm chirps, warning that the battery is low, replace the entire smoke alarm right
away.
− For smoke alarms with any other type of battery, replace batteries at least once a year or
immediately if the alarm begins to chirp.
- 16 -
Helpful Hints
− Install smoke alarms in every bedroom, outside each separate sleeping area and on every
level of the home, including the basement. Interconnect all smoke alarms throughout the
home. When one sounds, they all sound.
− An ionization smoke alarm is generally more responsive to flaming fires, and a
photoelectric smoke alarm is generally more responsive to smoldering fires. For the best
protection, both types of alarms and a combination alarm (photoelectric and ionization)
should be installed in homes.
− Test alarms at least monthly by pushing the test button.
− Smoke rises; install smoke alarms following manufacturer's instructions high on a wall
or on a ceiling. Save manufacturer's instructions for testing and maintenance.
− Replace batteries in all smoke alarms at least once a year. If an alarm “chirps,” that
means the battery is low, replace the battery right away.
− Replace all smoke alarms, including alarms that use 10-year batteries and hard-wired
alarms, when they are 10 years old or sooner if they do not respond properly.
− Be sure the smoke alarm has the label of a recognized testing laboratory.
− Alarms that are hard-wired (and include battery backup) must be installed by a qualified
electrician.
− If cooking fumes or steam sets off nuisance alarms, replace the alarm with an alarm that
has a "hush" button. A "hush" button will reduce the alarm’s sensitivity for a short
period of time.
− An ionization alarm with a hush button or a photoelectric alarm should be used if the
alarm is within 20 feet of a cooking appliance.
− Smoke alarms that include a recordable voice announcement in addition to the usual
alarm sound, may be helpful in waking children through the use of a familiar voice.
− Smoke alarms are available for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. These devices
use strobe lights. Vibration devices can be added to these alarms
− Smoke alarms are an important part of a home fire escape plan.
− When the smoke alarm warns you of a fire, you have only a few seconds to escape.
Those few seconds of warning might not be enough without a good family escape plan.
- 17 -
7
Burns
What Is A Burn And How Do I Treat It?
A burn involves the destruction of skin cells, and sometimes the underlying structures of the
skin which may include muscle, fascia and bone. A burn occurs when these structures absorbs
more heat than they can dissipate. Some interesting facts about burns include:
− Approximately 500,000 individuals receive treatment for their burns each year.1
− Approximately 4,000 individuals die from injuries suffered from fires or burns.2
− 25,000 individuals are treated at specialized burn care facilities each year for their burn
injuries.3
− Most burn injuries occur in the home (43%), 17% street/highway and 32 % are
associated with an occupation.4
Children and older adults, because they have thinner skin, receives more severe burns at
lower temperatures and in less time that an adult. For example, exposure for just three
seconds to water which is 140 °F (the temperature of the average home hot water heater as it
comes from the tap) can result in a full thickness or third degree burn on a child or an older
adult. Such an injury would require hospitalization and possibly skin grafts. An adult would
have to be exposed to the same temperature for up to five seconds to get the same degree of
burn. At a higher temperature, the time required to get a serious burn can be reduced to a
fraction of a second.
The Layers of the skin
- 18 -
Most people think of burns in terms of degrees: first, second and third degree burns. The
medical profession often categorizes burns in terms of thickness – partial and full thickness
and the layers of skin involved.
Degree/
Thickness
Cause
Surface
Appearance
First
(Superficial)
Epidermis Layer
sunburn, scald,
flash/flame
dry, no blisters
Second
(Partial)
Superficial
contact with hot liquids, moist/blisters
solids, flash, flame or
chemicals
-
Epidermis/Dermis
Deep
-
Color
Pain Level
pink
may discolor
painful
2-5 days with
peeling,
no scarring.
pink to
cherry red
very
painful
Superficial:
5-21 days
No grafting required
No infection,
21-35days
-
-
-
Dermis Layer
-
-
Third
(Full Thickness)
contact with hot
liquids, solids,
dry and leathery until mixed white, no pain
removed
waxy, pearly
Subcutaneous
flame, chemical
charred blood
dark khaki
electrical
vessels visible under
skin
mahogany
charred
Tissue
Healing
Time
If infected,
converts to
full thickness
large areas may need
nerve ending repair,
months of skin
grafting
small areas may heal
with grafting within
weeks
What are the appropriate First Aid Responses?
What you do for a burn in the first few minutes after it has occurred CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE
in the severity of the injury!
FOR MINOR BURN INJURY: (burn no larger than
the size of a quarter or fifty cent piece)
Keep the area clean. Gently wash with a mild soap
such as Dial or Ivory. Use an antiseptic spray or
cream to help relieve pain and prevent infection
before covering with a clean (or sterile) dry
dressing. If wounds are not healing, appear weepy,
or smell bad, seek medical attention.
- 19 -
FOR MORE SERIOUS BURN INJURY:
1. STOP THE BURNING PROCESS
Remove the source of the heat…if clothing catches fire, “STOP, DROP AND ROLL” to
smother the flames.
2. REMOVE ALL BURNED CLOTHING
Clothing and may keep in the heat and cause a deeper burn injury. If clothing sticks to the
skin, cool the material or cut or tear around the area to preserve good skin tissue.
3. POUR COOL WATER OVER THE BURNED AREA
Keep pouring cool water for at least 3-5 minutes (30-40 minutes for chemical injury). Never
put ice or cold water on a burn as it lowers the body temperature and can make the burn
worse.
4. REMOVE ALL JEWERLY, BELTS, TIGHT CLOTHING, METAL, ETC.
from burned areas and around the victim’s neck – swelling of burn areas occurs
immediately
5. DO NOT APPLY OINTMENTS, CREAMS OR SALVES, OR HOME REMEDIES TO WOUNDS
as they may cause infection due to their oil based and can convert wounds to deeper injury;
hold in heat and worsen the burn, and have to be washed off by a physician causing the
patient additional discomfort.
6. COVER BURNS WITH A SOFT, CLEAN DRY DRESSING, BANDAGE OR SHEET
7. COVER THE VICTIM TO KEEP HIM/HER WARM
8. SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION AS SOON AS POSSIBLE.
Advise medical personnel of the victim’s pre-burned state of health.
BURN PREVENTION TIPS
Each home environment should be reviewed completely with a view toward discovering any
hazards that may cause a fire or burn. That hazard should be eliminated immediately or, if
necessary, behavior needs to be modified to prevent the hazard from causing a fire or burn.
Home escape planning is essential to reduce the potential of a burn injury associated with a
fire. Special efforts should be taken for Individuals who may have physical or mental
impairments to evaluate their safety needs. Smoke alarms provide the best protection against
injury if a fire should occur in the home or office. Everyone should make certain that a
working smoke alarm is on each level of the home. The best alarm is one that is tamper
resistant and contains a long-life lithium battery (also known as the ten-year battery). Other
safety tips may include:
- 20 -
Cooking:
− Everyone who is cooking should stay in the kitchen when food is being fired, grilled or
broiled.
− The stove top should be clean – no grease, no spills, no clutter
− Pot handles are turned toward the back of the stove. Always cook on the back burners
if children are in the home. Always wear tight-fitting clothing when cooking over an
open flame, and keep towels and potholder away from the flame. If food or grease
catches fire, smother the flames by sliding a lid over the pan and turning off the heat.
Do not try to use water to extinguish a grease fire.
Smoking:
− Smokers should smoke outside.
− Deep, sturdy ashtrays should be provided for smokers
− Matches and lighters should be kept up high in a locked cabinet.
− Never smoke in bed. If you do smoke, make sure that you are alert. Do not smoke if
gas or oxygen is nearby. Be certain to check around furniture and carpeting before
going to be if someone has been smoking in a room. Soak the ashes before discarding
them.
Special Treatment for Other Different Types of Burns
Electrical Burns
Do not touch the victim until you are certain that the current has been cut off and the scene is
safe. Keep others away. In the home, turn off the current by:
−
−
−
−
Removing the fuse
Flipping off the main current (breaker) switch at the fuse box
Unplugging the electrical cord to the appliance that may be causing the electrical shock
Contacting the power company to have the power turned off
Electricity from fallen power lines may travel through the ground for as much as 15 feet. Stay
away from the victim until the power source has been turned off. Be especially careful if
water is in the area (wet ground, near a pool, or the victim has been sweating) as the moisture
may help conduct the electrical current.
If the scene is safe, give the victim CPR if needed. If breathing is normal, treat the victim’s
burns in the same way as for other burns, depending upon how bad they are. Activate the
EMS system to get the victim medical help.
- 21 -
Chemical Burns
A chemical burn is irritation and destruction of the skin caused by exposure to a chemical,
usually by direct contact with the chemical or its fumes. Chemical burns can occur in the
home, at work or school, or as a result of an accident or assault. Most chemicals that cause
burns are either strong acids or bases. A variety of common household products that may
cause chemical burns are as follows:
−
Bleach
−
Concrete mix
−
Drain or toilet bowl
cleaners
−
Metal cleaners
−
Pool chlorinators
All of these should only be stored in locked cabinets and in appropriate containers to prevent
accidental ingestion.
Begin basic first aid.
− Immediately call 911 if a person has a severe injury.
− Protect yourself and make certain that you are not exposed to the same chemical
(wear gloves, goggles, etc)
− Remove yourself or the injured person from the accident or exposure area, taking
appropriate care not to cause further injury to the patient.
− Remove any contaminated clothing.
− Flush the injured area to dilute or remove the substance, using large volumes of water.
− Flush with water for at least 20 minutes, taking care not to allow runoff to contact
unaffected parts of anyone's body. If the chemical is a powder, gently brush away
any solid materials, again avoiding unaffected body surfaces.
− Especially wash away any chemical in the eyes.
Scalding
A scald injury can happen at any age. Children, older adults and people with disabilities are
especially at risk. Hot liquids from bath water, hot coffee and even microwaved soup can
cause devastating injuries. Scald burns are the second leading cause of all burn injuries.
- 22 -
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
Teach children that hot things can burn.
Install anti-scald devices on tub faucets and shower heads.
Always supervise a child in or near a bathtub.
Test the water at the faucet. It should be less than 100° Fahrenheit (38° Celsius).
Before placing a child in the bath or getting in the bath yourself, test the water. Test
the water by moving your hand, wrist and forearm through the water. The water
should feel warm, not hot, to the touch.
Place hot liquids and food in the
center of a table or toward the back
of a counter.
Have a “kid-free zone” of at least 3
feet around the stove and areas
where hot food or drink is prepared
or carried.
Open microwaved food slowly,
away from the face.
Never hold a child while you are
cooking, drinking a hot liquid, or
carrying hot foods or liquids.
Never heat a baby bottle in a
microwave oven. Heat baby bottles
in warm water from the faucet.
Allow microwaved food to cool before eating.
Choose prepackaged soups whose containers have a wide base or, to avoid the
possibility of a spill, pour the soup into a traditional bowl after heating.
Remember, a burn of any magnitude can be a serious injury. Everyone should know how to
perform the initial treatment necessary to prevent the injury from becoming worse. However,
the best way to treat a burn is to prevent it from occurring in the first place. Everyone should
have and practice a home fire escape plan. There should also be a working smoke alarm on
each level of the home and inside the sleeping areas. This will serve as an early warning in the
event of a fire.
References
1. National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey; CPSC/NEISS (national Electronic Injury Surveillance
System), 2000-2004 data
2. National Fire Protection Association (2005); American Burn Association National Burn Repository (2005)
3. National Hospital discharge survey (2003); Agency for Healthcare Research and quality: Healthcare Cost and
Utilization Project/National Impatient Sample (2003); Selected State Hospital data systems (2002-2004);
American Burn Association Burn Repository (2005 report).
4. American Burn association National Burn Repository (2005 report), which data base includes information on
more than
126,000 acute burn admissions form 70 burn centers in the US.
5. United States Fire Administration Fire Risks for the Mobility Impaired, (1999) Tridata Corp.
- 23 -
8
Alternate Heat Sources
During the cooler months of the year, people in the North Carolina area turn to alternate
heating sources to offset heating costs. The primary hazards that heating sources present are
that they have a potential for starting a hostile fire and possibility of contact burns with hot
surfaces.
Heating equipment is the number one cause of fatal fires in North Carolina. Of these, more
than one-half were caused by alternate heating sources such as space heaters, wood burning
stoves, and fireplaces. Half of home heating fires are reported during the months of
December, January and February. Safety should be your first consideration when heating your
home.
Space Heaters
Portable space heaters can be either electric or liquid fuel-powered such as kerosene. The use
of electric and kerosene-fueled portable heaters has expanded significantly over the years.
Both kinds of heaters are used during waking hours to supplement the central heating system,
by heating small areas. They are used not only in living spaces of homes, but also in garages,
basements, workshops, greenhouses, or as emergency heat under certain situations.
Potential hazards associated with the use of portable kerosene heaters include uncontrolled
fire caused by flare-up of the wick flame, indoor air pollution, production of harmful carbon
monoxide gas, burns from hot surfaces and fires associated with the use and storage of fuels.
Electric heaters are subject to overheating. Close attention must be paid to frayed or splitting
wires on the unit. Avoid using electric space heaters in bathrooms or around water and do not
touch when you are wet.
Follow these safety practices when using both fuel burning or electric heaters:
− Place heater at least 36 inches (3 feet) away from all
combustible materials such as curtains, drapes,
bedding, books, paper products, furniture or any
fuel source.
− Use only appliances with the label of a safety testing
organization.
− Use only the fuel recommended by the
manufacturer. Never substitute gasoline or other
fuels.
− Never leave space heaters operating when you are
not in the room or when you go to bed.
− Do not leave children or pets unattended in rooms
where space heaters are used. Serious burns
may occur.
− When refueling portable kerosene heaters, always turn off heater and wait until it
cools down
before adding fuel. Refuel outside and do not over fill.
- 24 -
− Follow instructions for care and maintenance of your space heaters as well as
operating instructions found in your owner’s manual.
− Store kerosene fuels in an approved container, clearly marked “kerosene”, away from
living
quarters.
− Plug electric space heaters into wall receptacle. Do not use extension cords.
Appliances that give off smoke of burning odors, cords that feel warm or hot to the
touch, blown fuses or circuit breakers may indicate a problem with the unit.
− Inspect for cracked or damaged cords, broken plugs, or loose connections. Replace
before using the space heater.
− Small appliances should be repaired only by a manufacturer trained or licensed
electrician.
− Drying clothes or other combustibles over heaters is a fire danger.
− Use and purchase portable heaters with an automatic shut-off so if they’re tipped over
they will shut off.
− Place the space heater on a solid, flat surface.
− All new unvented gas-fired space heaters have an oxygen depletion sensor that detects
a reduced level of oxygen in the area where the heater is operating and shuts off the
heater before a hazardous level of carbon monoxide accumulates. If you have an older
heater without this feature, replace it.
Wood Burning Stoves
Wood-burning stoves have gained a great deal of popularity in many homes and
businesses today as a method of saving fuel costs. Used properly, the wood
stove provides cozy warmth for a fraction of the cost of other central heating
systems. It also provides more heat than the less efficient fireplace.
If you have a wood-burning stove in your home or place of business, use it with
respect and follow the following safety tips:
− Be sure your wood-burning stove contains the label of a recognized
testing laboratory, such as UL.
− Installation of your wood-burning stove shall meet local building,
mechanical and fire codes. Also you need to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for
care, use and maintenance of your wood-burning stove.
− Inspect chimney connections and chimney flues on a regular basis and clean
periodically to prevent creosote build-up. Have the chimney checked each year by a
certified chimney sweep.
− Never use gasoline or kerosene or other flammable liquids to light a fire in the stove.
− Maintain adequate clearances 36 inches (3 feet) in all directions around stoves from
combustible items and keep children and pets away.
− Use leather gloves when putting in wood or removing the ash can to prevent burns.
Do not wear loose fitting clothes, they may come in contact with sparks and open
flames.
− Burn only seasoned wood to prevent creosote build-up inside of pipes and flue.
− Place ashes in a metal container and allow cooling the ashes to cool for at least a day
before discarding.
- 25 -
− Avoid putting wet or water soaked wood in a hot wood stove in order to prevent
steam burns or cracking of the sides and grate of the stove.
− Be sure the stove is placed on an approved stove board (noncombustible materials like
bricks) to protect the floor.
Fireplaces
Fires burning in a fireplace can be cozy and fun as
well as providing us with another alternate heat
source. Fireplaces can be used safely if you use
common sense in its operation. Follow these safety
tips to provide a fire safe environment:
− Before starting a fire, make sure the flue is in
the open position.
− Utilize a fire screen in front of your fireplace
to confine live ember, sparks and shifting wood.
− Inspect your fireplace and chimney yearly and clean as needed by a certified chimney
sweep.
− Keep all combustible items 36 inches (3 feet) away from fireplace.
− Use only seasoned wood and not paper products, which can float out the chimney and
ignite a neighboring home.
− Never start with flammable liquids.
− Put ashes in a metal container and place them outside on a noncombustible surface.
− A spark arrester on top of your chimney can provide an added safety measure.
Central Heating
− Furnaces need to be cleaned and inspected at least once a year by a qualified
professional.
− Do not store things that can burn near the furnace. Keep the furnace area clean and
uncluttered.
− If you smell gas, do not light the appliance.
− Leave the building immediately and call 9-1-1.
- 26 -
9
Your Fire Department and You
This lesson is designated to help you increase your awareness of your local fire department
and its basic operations. It is essential to understand the importance of being able to contact
the fire department quickly in the event of an emergency and to give accurate directions to
the fire department.
Before You Need the Fire Department
The previous chapters discussed an understanding of fire, the removal of fire hazards,
inspections, use of smoke alarms, developing escape plans and availability of fire
extinguishers. This information does not mean that someday you will not need the services of
the fire department. When you need the fire department, you will need it right then and lost
time is costly.
There are things you should do before you need the fire department to respond to an
emergency. What are some of these things?
− Post the number 911 by all telephones.
− Determine how you would call the fire department if you could not use the telephone.
If your home is on fire, you should never use the phone inside your house.
− Know where your fire station is located and be able to explain to the dispatcher how to
reach your home.
− Explain to the fire department the type and seriousness of the emergency. Use the
five W’s and add an H….Who? What? When? Where? Why? and How? Try to answer
as many of these questions as you can.
− If your home is off of a main street or road, down a long driveway or not visible from
the road, make plans to have someone go out to the main street or road to direct the
fire trucks to the fire.
- 27 -
Learn to use your fire department to prevent fires, not just to fight fires. Call or visit your fire
department if you have questions about ways to make your home more fire safe. Many fire
departments provide a service of visiting homes and businesses to conduct inspections and
give suggestions of how to improve fire safety. Many fire insurance companies provide these
same services.
Types of Fire Departments
All fire departments are staffed with professional, well-trained and well-equipped firefighters.
The staffing of fire departments can be broken into three categories:
− paid,
− volunteer or
− combination.
There are some fire departments which are staffed with full-time paid firefighters. If you live
in a rural area, town, or small city, you might have a volunteer fire department with unpaid
firemen. These firemen work at other jobs and are normally not paid as firefighters. The third
type of fire department is a combination fire department. These departments have some fulltime staff and some volunteer firefighters. Which type does your community have?
At a full-time fire department, when a fire call comes into the fire station, a firefighting unit is
immediately sent to the fire. At a volunteer station, the fire call may come into a police
station, home or some other location, and a siren, bell or horn is blown to inform firefighters
of the fire. They then rush from their jobs within the community to the fire station to respond
to the fire. In the better organized volunteer departments, the volunteers use radio monitors,
pagers, and/ or text messaging on cell phones while they are at home and work. They can
then go directly from home or work to the location of the fire. Naturally, there must be some
organization so that some of the firefighters will first go to the fire station to get the
firefighting equipment.
Fire Department Operations
Do fire departments only fight fires? NO. Fire departments respond to many kinds of
emergencies other than fires. Fire departments assist in vehicle accidents, industrial
accidents, and other situations involving medical aid. The fire departments are equipped with
many special tools and equipment. There are saws and power tools to open up wrecked cars
to free pinned passengers. There are chainsaws to open up roofs to vent out smoke. There
are tools for forcible entry through locked doors. There are fans to vent out smoke through
doors and windows. There are pumps to pump water out of basements. There are axes and
pike poles to break windows and doors and open up ceiling to find hidden fires.
Most fire departments will have several trucks at each fire station. The trucks each serve a
special purpose. The pumper truck carries lots of hose and has a pump to draft water from
hydrants or ponds to spray on a fire. A ladder truck carries various sizes of ladders including
the mounted extension ladder, which may be extended up to 100 feet. The ladder truck also
carries a lot of power tools and hand tools. Often ambulances and rescue trucks will be
housed at the fire station. Some fire departments may have a tanker truck to carry water to a
fire. At the airport, there will be several specialized fire trucks stationed in the event of an
airplane crash.
- 28 -
Each fire truck will carry self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), which are air tanks
connected to a mask. The firefighters have to wear this apparatus to protect them from the
heat and smoke of the fire. Small children should be taught not to be afraid of firefighters
dressed in their turnout gear so they won’t hide from the firefighters in the event of an
emergency.
A fire department is involved with fire prevention, fire suppression, fire and life safety
education, code enforcement of fire safety laws, fire investigation, medical services and
handling catastrophic events. Sometimes people call the fire department as a prank. This
prank is called a false alarm and might prevent the fire department from being ready for real
emergencies. Prank calls can be located. If a person makes many prank calls it can result in
fines or other penalties and/or possible jail time.
At the Fire
The firefighter’s first job at any fire is the protection of human lives. This not only
means people might be in the burned building, but also other people who are at the
scene of the fire, including the firefighters themselves.
Firefighting teams always have a Chief. It is his or her responsibility to assign specific
jobs to the other firefighters. This may include rescuing people, pets and personal
property, crowd control and protection of other buildings, in addition to fighting the
fire. Firefighting teams must be well trained and disciplined to do the tasks assigned.
Not everyone can drive the truck or man the water hose!
Support Your Fire Department
Your call to the local fire department puts into action an organization of trained firefighters
who have the knowledge to prevent, control and fight fires. Their work is often dangerous.
They must attend meetings, school, training sessions, and drills on a regular basis. They are
always learning about new firefighting techniques and better ways to prevent fires. And,
there never seems to be enough dollars for the amount and kind of equipment needed.
While tax dollars fund all or part of most fire departments, volunteer departments often find it
necessary to raise part or all of their necessary funds. Various fundraising activities are used,
such as socials, suppers, carnivals, and card parties.
Get to know your fire department. Find out what it needs. Support your fire department.
Help them obtain the resources necessary to provide quality fire protection to your
community. If you are really interested in supporting your local fire department, you might
want to consider becoming a firefighter yourself in the years ahead.
- 29 -
10
Outdoor Fire Safety
Burning Trash, Rubbish, and Leaves
Outside burning of trash, rubbish and
leaves is prohibited in many communities.
Local regulations should always be
checked before any outdoor burning is
initiated. Where outside burning is
permitted, the following precautions
should always be observed:
− Call the local fire department and
obtain the local regulations.
− Children should never burn trash,
rubbish and leaves outside unless
a responsible adult is present
throughout the burning process.
− Never burn on a windy day.
− Clear a large space where the fire will be. Permitted open fires need to be at least 50
feet from anything that can burn. Do not burn near trees or buildings.
− Keep a charged (water-filled) hose, large bucket of water, or shovel and dirt or sand
nearby to help extinguish the fire.
− Never use a flammable liquid to start or rekindle an outside fire.
Barbecues and Gas Grills
Children should not be allowed to start barbecue or gas grill fires. Parents should start these
fires using the following important safety rules:
− Make sure the barbecue or gas grill is a safe distance, at least 10 feet, from anything
that might catch fire. The barbecue or gas grill should not be used on combustible
balconies such as the second floor of an apartment building; or inside garages. The
grills should not be used in close proximity to combustible landscape materials like
pine needles, wood bark, leaves or trees. Do not get too close to the flames.
− Never pour charcoal lighter fluid on a burning fire. Use twigs to rekindle the fire.
Consider purchase of an electrical charcoal lighter, but make sure it has a testing
laboratory label.
− Never get near a barbecue or gas grill if you are wearing clothing that is easily ignited
(long-sleeved, loose-fitting garments made of loose-weave fabric).
− Children should never be allowed to play near a barbecue or gas grill. There should be
a 3 –foot “kid-free zone” around the grill.
− Use long-handled grilling tools to give the chef plenty of clearance from the heat and
flames.
− Have a means of extinguishing the fire readily available.
− Never take a barbecue or gas grill indoors. Indoor use can kill occupant by causing
either a fire or carbon monoxide poisoning.
− Never use gasoline or kerosene to start a charcoal fire.
− Gas cylinders and grills should be stored outdoors.
− Before lighting the grill, check all connections for leaks using a soap and water solution.
- 30 -
If bubbles appear at any connection, the connection is not gas tight and should be
serviced by a qualified LP-gas supplier specialist.
− Turn off burner valves and cylinder service valve when not in use.
− Periodically remove grease or fat buildup in trays below the grill so it can’t be ignited
by a hot grill.
− Refer to manufacturer’s instruction for lighting gas grills.
Campfires
Campfires can cause wildland or forest fires.
Children should never build a fire without adult supervision.
When building a campfire, make sure it is a safe distance from
tents, bedding, people and natural fuel, including subsurface fuel –
clear the area well.
Never use flammable liquids to start or fuel a fire.
Never leave a campfire unattended.
When you break camp, drench the fire thoroughly with water.
Next stir the ashes or coals, and smother them with sand or dirt.
Be sure every spark is completely out.
Lanterns, stoves and portable heaters should be treated just like
campfires. Each of these camping tools reaches and retains a high
temperature, and usually has some type of fuel tank attached to it.
Lightning
Each year, lightning strikes approximately 550 Americans, with 55 of these persons suffering
fatal injuries. Lightning also causes more than 7,100 fires in buildings every year and 9,570
forest fires.
The following safety precautions are important during a thunderstorm:
− Stay or move indoors.
− Stay away from fireplaces, stoves and any grounded metal objects.
− If you are outside, keep away from trees, small sheds and shelters located in exposed
areas. Avoid wire fences and hilltops. Lightning takes the shortest route to earth and
such areas may be more susceptible to lightning strikes.
− For shelter, choose first a house or building with a lightning protection system. The
next best choice is a large, unprotected building. If no building is near, enclosed
automobiles with metal tops and bodies offer protection.
− Do not fly a kite during a thunder or lightning storm.
− If you are swimming or if you are in a boat, get to shore as quickly as possible and stay
away from the water.
Outdoor Electrical Installations
− Stay away from electrical substations.
− Do not climb electrical towers or power poles.
− Do not throw rocks at insulators.
− Keep clear of overhead power lines.
− Always fly kites and model airplanes away from electric power lines.
− Stay away from people and machines that are in contact with power lines.
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Emergency Electrical Safety Procedures
− Disconnect the electrical power source if it can be done safely. Turn off the appliance
switch and pull the plug.
− Notify a responsible adult.
− If arcing, burning or smoking occurs, immediately call 911.
− If outside electrical wires or poles are down, call 911 and the electric company.
− Don’t touch downed wires; guard the area and warn others to keep away. Also, do not
touch a vehicle that is in contact with downed wires.
− If inside a vehicle in contact with downed wires, stay inside until the wires are removed
by the fire department or electric company.
− If you are in a building involved in a serious electrical malfunction, evacuate
immediately.
Wildlands Fire Hazards and Prevention
At certain times and under carefully controlled conditions, fire is used in the forest to
accomplish special results. Under controlled conditions, fire may be used to:
− Control certain insects and diseases.
− Eliminate scrubby, undesirable trees, from forest stands to allow the better quality
trees to grow.
− Prepare a seed bed by reducing the litter on the forest floor so the seed from desirable
tree species like the Douglas fir in the west and pine in the south will germinate and
grow, thus reproducing a forest naturally.
− Reduce the amount of underbrush and dead limbs in the forest, which could cause a
disastrous wildfire.
− Open up small areas of the forest so new shrubs and plants will grow to provide
needed food and shelter for wildlife.
Fire Causes and Types
Man and his activity are the major cause of uncontrolled forest fires in the United States.
Whenever man’s outdoor activity increases, the potential for wildfires also increases.
Wildland Fire Causes across the United States:
Arson- Intentional
Debris Burning
Miscellaneous
Smokers
Equipment Use
Railroads
Children
Lightning*
Campfire
*Lightning is a major cause of fires in the western United States where the climate is dry
and the vegetation is dried and cured by the heat of the summer months. In the eastern
United States, lightning is not a problem except during periods of extreme drought.
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Forest fires destroy about three million acres of forest in the United States each year. Careless
smokers cause many of these fires; another principal cause is unattended open or trash fires,
which spread to nearby woods. Forest fires destroy not only trees and plants, but birds,
animals and various other forms of wildlife. Without trees and vegetation, many forest areas
suffer severe and irreparable damage from wind and water erosion.
Outdoor fire danger is highest at different times of the year in different parts of the country.
In the west, the fire season occurs during the hot, dry summer months. In the south and east,
the major fire season occurs during the spring before the trees grow new leaves. The winds
are usually dry and gusty and people begin to venture outside to camp or burn debris that has
accumulated over the winter.
Firefighters are usually the people who die in wildfires. However, the general public may
sometimes die in wildfires when they become trapped by the fire. Many people suffer fatal
heart attacks while trying to put out fires, which have escaped their control; or, they are
injured when their clothes catch fire.
Wildfires can occur at any time of the day or night, but are more frequent from noon to 5:00
p.m. This is primarily due to drying conditions of fuels and people getting home from work.
Forest fuels react to changes in humidity and absorb moisture when humidity rises and
conversely lose moisture when the humidity is low. Incendiary fires generally occur after dark.
Miscellaneous
Equipment Use – Any equipment utilizing an internal combustion engine (i.e., chain saw or
motorcycle) should be equipped with some type of spark-arresting device on the exhaust
system. Internal-combustion engines can produce white-hot carbon particles, which may be
blown out of the engine. These hot particles can start a fire.
Cars equipped with a catalytic converter should be kept away from dry grassy areas. The
outside of a converter can reach temperatures hot enough to ignite any dry vegetation it may
touch. Catalytic converters should be maintained at all times. A converter can spew out hot
particles which can start a grass fire.
Boats use gasoline for fuel and can be a fire hazard during refueling. Motors should be
properly maintained. No smoking should be permitted around boats when refueling. All
boats should be equipped with a fire extinguisher.
Fireworks used unsafely causes many burn injuries and fires each year. Fireworks should only
be used by professionals. Many states prohibit the use and sale of fireworks. When fireworks
are permitted, they should be handled with extreme caution and the general area should be
free of combustibles dry grass, leaves, pine needles, etc.
General Outdoor Fire Safety
We can use many fire safety practices outdoors:
− Use an emergency preparedness plan, like a home escape plan, in any forested area,
such as knowing two ways to escape or to leave your house.
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− Reports fires and smoke immediately – people need to know how to report a fire to
the proper authorities. In rural areas, everyone should be able to give directions to
their home.
− Perform the stop, drop and roll procedure – people’s clothing catches fire every year
while they are burning trash, building campfires and cooking on the campfires.
− Initiate first aid practices for burns – people are burned outdoors each year. Many are
burned while trying to extinguish a fire that is out of control.
− Use matches and lighters safely – most fires are started with matches or lighters.
Matches are tools and there is a proper time and way to use them.
− Practice kitchen safety – there is a proper way to cook outdoors no matter what type
of equipment is being used. Putting a lid on a grease fire also applies to outdoor
cooking.
− Practice fire safety with flammable liquids – use the proper material to start outdoor
fires, and never use a flammable liquid (gasoline, charcoal lighter) to rekindle a burning
fire.
− Practice fire safety with small electrical appliances – electric fences should be properly
insulated and covered. All dry vegetation should be trimmed away from the wires.
Electric lines should be cleared of all limbs that might fall and break the lines.
− Participate in home hazard inspections – hunt for things that could cause your home to
catch fire from a forest fire. Is your burning barrel safe? Is brush and dry grass
growing right against the house? Are branches hanging over open chimneys?
− Practice holiday fire safety – using fireworks in forested or grassy areas can cause fires.
− Encourage fire safe smoking habits – when smoking outdoors, hold all matches until
they are cool; crush all cigarettes; and smoke in an area that is free of flammable
vegetation.
− Recognize the fire department as a partner in community services – give well, clear
directions to the fire, then stay out of the way when equipment arrives.
− Recognize the dangers of false alarms – just as in city fire departments; equipment that
has responded to a false alarm is not available to fight a real fire, should one occur at
the same time. It is also important to notify a Forestry Agency before you set a
controlled fire. Responding to an unreported controlled burn is the same as
responding to a false alarm.
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11
Life Safety in Public Buildings
Most of the previous chapters discussed fire safety at home and at school. We also spend a
lot of time at other places and should be aware of fire safety when we visit these other
buildings. Here are some common places you may visit:
activities in school gym or auditorium
office buildings
restaurants
hotels
hospitals
library
apartment buildings
movie theater
stores or the mall
airports
daycare centers
museums
doctor’s office
There are basic fire safety measures that can be used in whichever public building we visit.
The most important measure is to identify exits and know two ways out of public buildings.
Very often when you visit a public building you are not familiar with the building. You need to
take and extra minute to look around and familiarize yourself with your surroundings (building
layout, exits). Exits should be marked with lighted signs and the exit door should be
unblocked and unlocked. All exit doors should open outward. Many buildings post a diagram
of the building and the location of exits. You should review this diagram and be prepared to
act correctly in a fire situation. Preparedness and planning are the
keys to fire safety.
Other fire safety measures to practice in public buildings include:
Observing smoke alarms, which will sound an early warning sound in
the event of a fire.
Observing automatic sprinkler systems, this will detect a fire and discharge water on a fire.
Automatic sprinklers quickly put out fires and sound an alarm. They are the best fire safety
tools we have!
Observe fire hazards and report them to an adult.
Report a fire to an adult and contact the fire department immediately.
Count the doors between your room and the exits so you’ll have a point of reference if its
smoky and difficult to see.
If you hear an alarm, act immediately.
If the fire is in your room get out and close the door behind you. Then, report the fire.
If the fire is not in your room, leave if you can. First, feel the doorknob to see if it is hot. If it’s
cool, open it slowly and go to your nearest exit. Remember to crawl in smoke since fresher air
is near the floor. Take your room key in the event you cannot exit and must return to your
room.
Use stairways, never elevators. The doors to the elevator could open on the fire floor.
If a room door is hot, don’t open it. Sometimes staying in your room could be your safest
procedure. Seal all cracks with wet towels or other materials. Shut off fans and air
conditioners. Go to your window to signal. Call the fire department and wait to be rescued.
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Exit from Theaters, Restaurants and other Public Buildings
Most communities have laws governing fire safety features in public buildings. Some of these
include restrictions on doors, corridors, building materials, and the number of exits. These
laws are enforced by building and fire department inspectors. Fire is still always a possibility,
and it is important to be prepared for a fire. The following procedures and suggestions may
assist you in the creation of your mental evacuation plan.
In every building, you should look for at least two exits other than the elevators.
If you think there is a fire, report it to the nearest employee or other responsible adult so the
fire department may be immediately notified and the occupants alerted.
When alerted to a fire emergency, leave quietly as taught in school fire drills. Your composure
sets an example for others.
Do not try to fight a fire yourself!
Once out of the building, immediately use the nearest fire alarm box or outside phone to
notify the fire department.
Hotels and Motels
When your family travels out of town and you must stay at a hotel or motel, there are some
important safety tips to remember:
Choose a hotel or motel that is protected by both smoke alarms and fire sprinklers.
Read the escape plan posted in your room. This should be posted on the back of the door.
Keep your room key by your bed and take it with you if there’s a fire. If you cannot escape,
you may have to return to your room.
If you hear an alarm, leave immediately closing all doors behind you.
Use the stairs. Never use elevators during a fire.
If all escape routes are blocked, return to your room. Shut off fans and air conditioners. Stuff
wet towels or bedding in the cracks around the doors and vents. Call the fire department to
let them know your location. Wait at a window and signal for help with a flashlight or lightcolored cloth.
School Fire Evacuation Drills
When schools develop evacuation plans and conduct fire drills, the students have a chance to
learn what the fire alarm sounds like and to practice the evacuation actions they must follow
in case of fire. Fire evacuation drills should be held without prior notification to students,
teachers, or staff. By law fire drills in schools are supposed to happen at least once a month
during each month school is in session.
At the sound of the fire alarm signal, everyone should rise and file out in a line, row by row,
quickly and quietly. Silence is essential so instructions can be heard and understood. Walk, do
not run. Running may cause confusion with persons falling down or blocking doorways,
hampering the exit of others.
Evacuation drills should be supplemented with a smoke drill at various intervals. To conduct a
smoke drill, a sign reading “Smoke” is placed in the center of the corridor. When children
reach the sign, they should turn around and use an alternate exit. If none exists or it is also
blocked by smoke, the children should drop down and “crawl low” past the “smoke” sign.
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The most successful school fire evacuation drill program is made up of random evacuation
drills throughout the year without any prior notice to participants. Teachers should receive
their fire drill instructions and the exit routes for their specific classrooms before students
arrive for the first day of classes at the beginning of the academic year. Fire drills should begin
during the first week of school, especially for the benefit of new students and for those
students whose rooms have been changed since the previous year. Subsequent drills should
take place at least once during each month throughout the entire school year.
The element of surprise is always essential in any fire drill program. Teachers, students and
staff will benefit from evacuation drills at various times during the school’s daily schedule.
Only the principal should know in advance when the fire evacuation drill will be conducted.
Another vital element of a fire evacuation drill program is developing efficiency in the use of
alternate exits with the (simulated) blocking of the customary main exit. Simulate the
condition when the flame or smoke could block an exit by placing a barrier and sign across the
exit. This simulation can be accomplished by stationing a person in a doorway holding a sign
indicating: “This Exit Blocked By Fire.”
Some additional important procedures regarding fire drills are:
− Follow the fire department and school system reporting guidelines to conduct
evacuation drills.
− Request fire department officials to evaluate and observe a fire evacuation drill.
− Concentrate on getting everyone out of the building as promptly as possible, walking
quickly and purposefully without running, pushing or talking. Students must be able to
hear instructions.
− Have someone to check to make sure that everyone is out of the nonclassroom areas,
including restrooms, locker rooms, library, cafeteria and the extra-curricular activity
areas.
− Make sure that handicapped students are assisted in their evacuation of the building.
− Have each class proceed to a separate, predetermined area outside the building. Call
the roll, and remain there until recalled or dismissed by the proper school authority.
Locate these class-meeting areas away from the school, and away from road and
walkways, which might be used by the fire department. Try to avoid having evacuating
students cross streets or access roads.
− Schedule fire evacuation drills throughout the year. Conduct evaluation drills so they
occur when students are in various areas of the school, including the gymnasium,
auditorium, laboratories, library, cafeteria and classrooms. Occasionally, conduct the
fire evacuation drill when the students are in motion – during recess or when classes
are changing and there is intensive use of corridors and stairways.
− The fire alarm signal and the signal for the return to the building should be absolutely
distinct from each other and from the normal school class signals. Some schools have
utilized distinctively colored flags in addition to audible signals, to prevent confusion.
− No one should stop during the evacuation to obtain personal possessions or school
equipment.
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− No one should re-enter the building until authorized to do so by the proper authority.
This authorization should come from the fire department during a fire situation and
from the principal during the evacuation drill.
The school fire evacuation plan must contain preplanned arrangements to notify the fire
department at the same moment the fire alarm is sounded in the school. In some cities, the
school fire alarm system is designed so activation of the school fire alarm system is designed
so activation of the school fire alarm automatically and simultaneously transmits a signal to a
telecommunications center.
In most schools, while one person activates the school fire alarm another person should be
immediately calling 911. These responsibilities should be permanently assigned to specific
staff persons, with permanent alternates designed to assume the responsibilities of any
absentees. Remember, the fire department would rather respond to a small fire than to a
large one. Call the fire department at the first indication of a fire situation, including noises.
Never investigate indications of smoke or fire before calling 911.
In addition, make sure that for every school assembly a teacher or principal announces the
location of fire exits and directions for their use.
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Sparks
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12
Unicycles, Bicycles, Tricycles & More
Bicycles are associated with more childhood injuries than any other consumer product other
than automobiles. About 85% of bicycle related deaths are the result of collisions with motor
vehicles.
Safety Issues
Use your brain and protect your head! Wearing a bike helmet every time you ride your
unicycle, bicycle, scooter, skateboard, roller skates or in-line skates will help prevent head
injuries. Head injuries are the most serious injury type and are the most common cause of
death among bicyclist. Studies have proven that wearing your bicycle helmet can greatly
reduce the chances of head injury.
Learn and follow the rules of the road. Whether you are riding, walking, running or playing, be
aware of your surroundings and look for potential hazards that could cause you injury!
Safety tips
− Always wear a bike helmet.
− Stop and look before riding out into traffic
from a driveway, sidewalk, alley or parking lot.
− Look left, right and left before proceeding into
traffic.
− Ride on right side of road in the same direction
as traffic and ride single file.
− Obey all signs and traffic signals.
− Walk your bike across busy intersections.
− Use hand signals when you stop or make turns.
− Equip your bike with reflectors and don’t ride
after dark.
−
−
−
Keep your bike in good shape, check brakes,
tires, handlebars and chain before cycling.
Scan the road or path ahead to spot trouble
such as potholes, glass, storm drains, moving
cars, parked cars, or pedestrians. Cycle
defensively! Keep a safe distance and be
prepared for the unexpected.
Avoid riding double since having a passenger
aboard makes it hard to control your bike.
Each year approximately 250 children ages 14 and under are killed in bicyclerelated incidents. 90% of bicycle related deaths (all ages) are the result of
collisions with motor vehicles. Children between the ages of 5 and 14 have a
death rate more than two times the death rate of all other bicycle riders. The
fatality rate rises rapidly beginning at about age 4 and is the highest among
12 to 14-year olds. In 1994, almost 400,000 children ages 14 and under were
treated in emergency rooms for bicycle related injuries. Approximately 10 percent
of these injuries were related to collisions with motor vehicles. Children ages 14
and under are approximately six times more likely to be injured than children ages
15 and older from bicycle-related crashes. Children ages 4 and under are also at risk from
bicycle related deaths and injuries. In 1993, six children were killed, more than 10,000 suffered
from head injuries and more than 22,000 suffered from face injuries.
− Protect your head and wear a good helmet. One that is approved by ANSI, ASTM or
SNELL.
− Wear your helmet properly over the forehead. Straps should be tight and helmet
should be down over forehead.
− Look cool, dress properly. Wear bright colored or fluorescent clothing to be seen by
motorists.
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− Stop and look before riding out into traffic from a driveway, sidewalk, alley or parking
lot.
− Look LEFT, RIGHT, and LEFT before proceeding into traffic.
− Ride safely at night. Ride only with adult supervision.
− Be alert and careful where you ride. Watch for objects where you are riding.
− Ride with the flow of traffic, not against it. Ride on the right side of the street near the
edge or curb…single file.
− Be aware of your surroundings and watch traffic around you. Most car/bicycle crashes
happen at driveways or intersections. Always obey traffic laws and LOOK LEFT, LOOK
RIGHT and then LOOK LEFT again when crossing intersections.
− Use arm signals and obey the traffic signs and lights. Be courteous to people walking,
other drivers, and bike riders.
− Walk your bike across busy intersections.
− Adjust your bike to fit you. Make sure you can stand over the bar with both feet flat on
the ground. The seat should allow your feet to just rest on the pedal in the down
position.
− Equip your bike with reflectors.
− Scan the road or path ahead to spot trouble such as potholes, glass, storm drains,
moving cars, parked cars, or pedestrians.
− Cycle defensively! Keep a safe distance and be prepared for the unexpected.
− Check your brakes often. Allow additional stopping distance when it is wet outside.
Kansas Department of Transportation-- http://www.ink.org/public/kdot/safety/index.html
Where Bicycle Deaths and Injuries Occur
− Children are more likely to die from bicycle crashes at non-intersection locations (66
percent), during the months of May to August (55 percent), and between 3 p.m. and 6
p.m. (39 percent).
− Nearly 60 percent of all childhood bicycle-related deaths occur on minor roads. The
typical bicycle/motor vehicle crash occurs within one mile of the bicyclist’s home.
− Children ages 4 and under are more likely to be injured in non-street locations around
the home (driveway, garage, yard) than are children ages 5 to 14.
− Among children ages 14 and under, more than 80 percent of bicycle-related fatalities
are associated with the bicyclist’s behavior including, riding into a street without
stopping; turning left or swerving into traffic that is coming from behind; running a
stop sign; and riding against the flow of traffic.
− Injuries related to the use of bicycle-mounted child seats typically occur when the
bicycle crashes or tips over and when the child falls out of the seat. Falls account for
80 percent of these injuries.
Share the Road Signing Program: To alert motorists to the presence of bicyclists in certain
heavy traffic areas, the Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation worked with other
divisions within the N.C. Department of Transportation (NCDOT) to create a “Share the Road”
sign – first produced and erected along roadways in 1987. The sign was later adopted as part
of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices that is used throughout the country.
Installations of Share the Road signs are still an ongoing process.
NCDOT's Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation is the oldest program of its kind
in the nation, established in 1973. DBPT seeks to integrate bicycle and pedestrian safety,
mobility and accessibility into the overall transportation program through engineering,
planning, education & training. For more information, visit http://ncdot.gov/bikeped/
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13
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide is the number one cause of poisoning deaths in the United States. Person’s
most likely to sustain carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning include unborn babies, young children,
pregnant women, senior citizens and people with heart or respiratory problems. In recent
years, it is estimated 7000 to 15,000 people annually are treated in hospitals for CO poisoning
and 170 people annually die from CO poisoning.
What is Carbon Monoxide “CO?”
Carbon Monoxide is a deadly gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-irritating, and you
cannot see it. It has been called the “Silent Killer” because it can kill you without any warning.
Carbon Monoxide can overcome an exposed person without warning. It produces weakness
and confusion, headaches, and the person feels so tired they want to go to sleep. Carbon
Monoxide is a major component of the products of combustion from a fire and is the main
killer of people in house fires. Many people do not die from the flames or the smoke from a
fire but from breathing in Carbon Monoxide.
Where does Carbon Monoxide come from?
Carbon Monoxide is a by-product of incomplete combustion and is present whenever fuel is
burned. It is produced by common home appliances; such as gas or oil furnaces, gas clothes
dryers, gas hot water heaters, gas or wood fired fireplaces, charcoal grills, gas ranges, wood
burning stoves and gas or kerosene space heaters. Exhaust fumes from automobiles also
contain carbon monoxide and can enter a home through walls or doorways if a car is left
running in enclosed or attached garages. Automobile exhaust and faulty heating cause most
of the injuries and fatalities attributed to carbon monoxide. Never leave a car running in the
garage. Always install and operate fuel burning appliances properly and maintain them
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Never use charcoal or gas grills indoors.
Why is Carbon Monoxide dangerous?
When a person breathes in Carbon Monoxide through their lungs, this toxic gas enters the
bloodstream and inhibits your blood’s capacity to carry oxygen molecules. CO poisoning
deprives the heart and brain of the oxygen necessary to function properly. Continued
exposure to CO may cause breathing difficulty, vomiting, cardiac trauma, loss of
consciousness, brain damage and death. Studies suggest that health hazards may result from
CO levels below 30 parts per million and those hazards mount as exposure to CO exists. One
of the symptoms of carbon monoxide exposure is confusion which deprives the person the
ability to seek safety.
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Recognized symptoms of CO poisoning
Everyone is at risk for Carbon Monoxide poisoning. Medical experts agree that some
individuals are more vulnerable to poisoning; such as unborn babies, infants, children, senior
citizens and people with heart or lung problems. CO poisoning may result in flu-like symptoms
such as headaches, fatigue, weakness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, confusion and breathing
difficulties.
− Mild exposure
− Flu-like symptoms including slight headache, nausea, vomiting and fatigue.
− Medium symptoms
− Severe headache, drowsiness, confusion, and fast heart rate. Prolonged exposure to
medium levels of CO can result in death.
− Extreme exposure
− Loss of consciousness, convulsions, heart and lung failure, possible brain damage and
death.
How can I avoid CO poisoning?
− Be alert to danger signs of CO in your home. Remember the following safety tips:
− Have your furnace and fuel burning appliances inspected yearly by a qualified service
technician.
− Check furnace connections to flue pipes and venting systems to outside of the home
for signs of corrosion, rust, gaps or holes.
− If a home has an attached garage; Carbon Monoxide can be produced by car exhaust
and can leak into the house. This is especially a problem for home mechanics who may
run the car engine frequently for periods of time – even if the garage door is left open.
Never leave a car running in a garage.
− Be sure space heaters are vented properly. Unvented space heaters that use a
flammable/combustible fuel such as kerosene can release Carbon Monoxide into the
home. Operate gas burning appliances in a well-ventilated room.
− Barbecue grills [charcoal or gas] should never be operated indoors. Stovetops or ovens
that operate on flammable fuels should not be used to heat a residence.
− Check fireplaces for closed, blocked or bent flues, soot and debris and check the
chimney for cracks, holes or blockages. Have a certified chimney sweep check the
chimney annually.
− Check the clothes dryer vent opening outside the house for lint or blockage.
− In multiple family dwellings where living spaces share walls and pipes, Carbon
Monoxide from one unit may spread into a neighboring space through floor boards,
cracks or underneath doors. Be aware of your neighbors and their hazards.
− Install and maintain carbon monoxide detectors.
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Carbon Monoxide alarms are tools to protect your family
CO alarms should be UL listed and are designed to detect elevated levels of CO. They also
sound an audible alarm warning you and your family of the potential poisoning risk. Any
alarm means to take immediate action to protect you and your family. You should leave the
structure immediately and call 911. Do not re-enter the structure until authorities say it is
safe to do so. Do not ignore the alarm. Some cities and towns have requirements for Carbon
Monoxide alarms in dwellings [homes, apartments, condominiums, etc.] if there is a fossil fuel
burning appliance or attached garage present in the structure.
Where should I install my Carbon Monoxide alarm?
If you have only one Carbon Monoxide detector, you should install it in the hallway near the
sleeping area so it will awaken you if the alarm goes off while you are asleep. Additional
detectors on each level of the home provide extra protection.
Carbon Monoxide is roughly the same weight as air and distributes evenly throughout a room.
A Carbon Monoxide detector will be effective whether it is placed at floor or ceiling level, or
anywhere in between. It is recommended that a CO detector be installed on each level of
your home including basement. Follow CO detector manufacturer’s recommendations for
installation and maintenance of your detector.
For further information or to ask questions, please contact your local fire department.
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14
Falls Prevention
Injuries from Falls
Unintentional falls are the leading cause of nonfatal injuries resulting in emergency room visits
for people of all ages. Falls are a serious public health problem because they limit your ability
to lead an active, independent life, and require billions of dollars each year in medical
treatment costs. Sometimes falls can cause a serious injury, and may even lead to death.
Common injuries from falls include fractures, head injuries and lacerations.
Factors Responsible for Falls
Falls are often due to poor supervision, hazards that are easy to overlook, and lack of use of
safety products. Lack of supervision is associated with 40% of playground injuries. People
using poor judgment and not being careful account for most of the injuries.
Playgrounds
− Most playground injuries occur when children jump or fall from equipment to hard
surfaces. Following these basic safety rules can prevent many playground injuries.
− Take turns on playground equipment.
− Play gently – pushing and roughhousing can lead to falls.
− Make sure that your shoelaces are tied.
− Do not wear jackets with drawstrings, jewelry, or scarves around the neck – they can
get caught on playground equipment.
− Do not play on broken or unsafe equipment – Tell a grown-up.
− Swing sitting down and only one person on a swing at a time.
− Do not run on, or jump from equipment.
− Play on soft surfaces – Playgrounds should be covered with at least 12 inches of
shredded mulch, wood chips, pea gravel and fine sand, or covered with rubber or
rubber-like material.
− Dirt, grass and sand do not provide adequate cushioning in case of falls.
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Home
− Using hazard awareness, proper supervision, and safety products, you can create a “no
falls zone” in your home to help prevent many fall injuries.
− Kids should never play on or near stairs, high porches, balconies, fire escapes and open
windows.
− Use safety gates at the top and bottom of stairs.
− Keep stairs and hallways clear of obstacles such as electrical cords, wires, furniture,
and storage and use proper lighting.
− Young children should not be left unattended when on changing tables, beds, furniture
or high chairs.
− Install and use handrails on stairs.
− Use non-slip mats and grab bars in the bathtub and shower.
− Make sure that throw rugs have non-skid backing.
− Do not use chairs, furniture, boxes, tables or other items in place of ladders or step
stools.
Outside
− Fall injuries are often related to seasonal and environmental factors such as weather.
Careful attention to these factors can help reduce the likelihood of a falls injury.
− Use ice melt, rock salt or sand on icy walkways
− Rain creates wet surfaces that are slippery
− Fallen leaves can cover sidewalks, driveways and road surfaces making footing difficult
− Step ladders should be used according to the manufacturer’s directions
− Provide lighting on outside stairs at night
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15
Motor Vehicle Safety
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of unintentional injury related deaths for children
18 and under. Even if you are a safe and careful driver you cannot control other driver’s
behavior or eliminate the possibility of a crash. Safety belts and child safety seats or booster
seats are extremely effective when installed and used correctly.
Seat belts and car seats
Seat belts are extremely effective when used correctly.
If you are using a child passenger safety seat it must be installed and used according to the
manufacturers’ instructions and your vehicle owner’s manual.
According to NC law, children up to 8 years old and under 80 pounds, are required to be in an
approved car seat.
Children 12 and under should be properly restrained in the back seat of the vehicle.
Adults and family members should act as positive role models and use safety belts at all times.
You need to wear a seat belt even if your car is equipped with airbags. Airbags are designed to
be used along with safety belts; and can cause serious injuries when used alone.
School Bus Safety Rules
A school bus has a danger zone of 10 feet on all sides.
While waiting for the bus, stand back at least 10 feet
from the curb until the bus has come to a complete
stop.
Once the bus has come to a complete stop, line up
single file, remembering not to push or shove anyone
in line. Get on bus quickly and find a seat.
Listen to the bus driver and follow his/her directions.
Stay in your seat at all times and keep aisles of the bus
clear of book bags or other obstructions to prevent
tripping and falls.
Keep head, arms and hands inside bus and never
throw objects out the windows.
When exiting the bus use bus handrails to prevent falling.
Never walk next to or behind bus.
Watch for cars when crossing the street and walk-don’t run.
If you cross in front of the bus make eye contact with bus driver and walk at least 10 feet
beyond the front of the bus so the driver can see you.
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16
Water Safety
Drowning is the second leading cause of death from unintentional injuries for person’s ages 5
to 24. Drowning can occur in many different settings such as at home, in bathrooms,
swimming pool, around bodies of water [ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, ocean] and while
boating. These general water safety tips will help you stay safe in, on, and around water.
− Learn to swim! The best behavior that anyone can learn to stay safe in and around
water is to learn to swim!
− Always swim with a buddy; never leave a child unobserved around water. Keep your
eyes on children at all times!
− Swim in supervised areas.
− Pay attention to local weather conditions and forecast, get out of the pool at first
indication of bad weather.
− Avoid storm drains, creeks, and any pools of storm water during stormy weather as the
currents and depth of the water can change quickly and knock you down and carry you
off.
− Obey all rules and posted signs – No running or Horseplay around the pool.
− Never dive into water unless you know how deep it is and can see the bottom.
− Keep toilet lids down and never leave a child alone in the bathtub.
− Always wear a personal flotation device (PFD) while in a boat, on a pier or around a
body of water.
− Don’t swim at night.
− Never eat candy or chew gum when you are swimming – you could choke.
− Know how to prevent, recognize and respond to water emergencies by learning CPR
and following safety practices.
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17
Emergency Preparedness
Disaster preparedness should be a part of each family’s emergency plan! Disasters can strike
quickly and without warning. It can force you and your family to evacuate your neighborhood
or confine you to your home. Families can and do cope with these disasters by preparing in
advance and working as a team.
Disasters can be natural or man-made. These disasters come in many forms: fire, floods, ice
storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, lightning storms, terrorism, nuclear power plants
accidents or hazardous material incidents.
Planning and communication are required to protect yourself and your family when a disaster
strikes. Here are some ideas to help you prepare for disaster!
Flood
Floods happen beside rivers and streams, on the coast, and on city streets. Whether you live
near a river or stream or on the ocean’s shore, you should know the expected flooding level in
your area. Consult your local building authority to determine flood exposures and flood
history. Ask the neighbors about past flooding problems. If heavy rain causes streams and
storm sewers to overflow into streets, yards, and houses, you will need to evacuate early
enough to get out of danger. This means monitoring weather events on television and radio.
Also you should never play in storm waters like a rain-swollen creek or stream. The rising
waters can quickly knock you down and carry you off. Injuries, drowning, and death are
possible in these instances. Take no chances. A flood watch means a flood is possible in your
area. A flood warning means flooding is already occurring or will occur soon in your area.
When a flood watch is announced, be ready to evacuate on a moment’s notice. When a flood
warning is issued, move to higher ground if you are in a flood prone area and stay away from
low points. Have a disaster plan.
Hurricanes/Tornadoes/Thunderstorms
North Carolina is located in a hurricane prone area though the coast is subject to more of the
direct effects of a hurricane. Hurricanes not only pack high winds but also can spawn
tornadoes and also generate torrential rains which lead to flooding. The force of the wind can
topple trees, damage homes, and knock out power to a large region. Fortunately hurricanes
take time to develop and reach landfall, so constant monitoring by television, newspaper, and
radio can keep us informed on the hurricane’s path or storm track. A hurricane is a tropical
weather system with winds that have reached a sustained speed of 74 miles per hour or more.
August and September are peak months of the hurricane season, which lasts from June 1 to
November 30.
A hurricane watch indicates there is a threat or possibility of hurricane conditions within 24-36
hours in a certain area. A hurricane warning indicates a hurricane is expected to strike an
area within 24 hours or less. Homeowners can prepare for high winds by having storm
shutters or having plywood sheets to go over windows and doors. Homeowners can make
trees more wind resistant by removing diseased and damaged limbs. When a hurricane
watch is issued, you should prepare to bring inside any lawn furniture, outdoor decorations or
ornaments, trash cans, hanging plants, and anything else that can be picked up or blown away
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by strong winds. In some cases, local authorities may recommend evacuation from the area.
Have a family disaster plan and check your emergency supplies.
Severe thunderstorms and tornadoes can also happen in
North Carolina and can occur without any advance warnings.
Weather forecasters have developed new equipment that
assists in predicting severe thunderstorms that may spawn
tornadoes and they communicate with television and radio
stations to issue tornado warnings.
Tornadoes are unpredictable and dangerous storms with
high winds that can touch ground here and there. A tornado
is a violent rotating column of air extending from a
thunderstorm to the ground. The peak tornado occurrence
in southern states is March through May. During any severe windstorms, you should stay
away from windows when indoors and find shelter in the basement or a bathroom in the
center of the house or center hallway or closet with no windows on the lowest floor. If you
are outside, hurry to the basement of a nearby sturdy building or lie flat in a ditch or low-lying
area. If you are in a car or mobile home, get out immediately and head for safety as
mentioned above. Tornadoes can produce wind speeds in excess of 250 mph and cause an
average of 70 fatalities and 1500 injuries each year.
Another product of thunderstorms is lightning and causes an average of 80 fatalities and 300
injuries a year. Lightning results from the buildup and discharge of electrical energy between
positively and negatively charged areas. Most lightning fatalities and injuries occur when
people are caught outdoors in the summer months during the afternoon and evening.
Lightning starts many wild fires. When a lightning thunderstorm is forecasted or suddenly
appears while you are outdoors, you should take shelter in a building, in a car, or in a low-lying
area. Stay away from tall objects such as towers, fences, telephone poles, and trees. If you
are in the woods, take shelter under shorter trees. If you are boating or swimming when a
thunderstorm is threatening, get to land and find shelter immediately. Water can conduct
electricity. Remember, if you can hear thunder, you are close enough to be struck by
lightning.
Winter Weather Preparedness
A major winter storm can last for several days and be accompanied by high winds, freezing
rain or sleet, heavy snowfall, and cold temperatures. Ice storms can coat trees and power lines
and knocks out electricity for many days. People can be trapped at home without utilities or
other services. Winter storms can make driving and walking extremely hazardous.
Improper use of candles, fireplaces, and other heating appliances during extreme cold
conditions and during power outages can cause injuries, fatalities, and damages to homes
from fires. Television and radio stations forecast winter storms in advance so families should
stay up to date on the news and are prepared for a winter emergency. Be aware of changing
weather conditions.
A winter storm watch means a winter storm is possible in your area. A winter storm warning
means a winter storm is occurring or will soon occur in your area. The leading cause of death
during winter storms is from automobile or other transportation accidents. Most people
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don’t know how to drive in winter conditions so it is safer to stay home and not drive. If you
do drive, drive slowly and carefully and anticipate problems. Make sure you have good
visibility and scrape ice and frost from all windows of the car. Have supplies in your car such
as ice scraper, boots, winter jacket, gloves, blanket, shovel, flashlight, and a cell phone if you
are driving in wintry weather.
Plan for a winter storm and develop a family disaster plan. Winterize your car and your home.
Remember to fill your car’s fuel tank before any potential winter storms. Be prepared for
possible power outages and cold temperatures.
Create a family disaster plan
Discuss with your family the need to prepare for a disaster. Develop a plan to share
responsibilities and how to work together as a team.
− Establish a meeting place inside and outside your home as well as outside the
neighborhood. Make sure everyone knows when and how to contact each other if
separated. Establish a family contact out of town (friend or relative).
− Decide on the best escape routes out of your home. Identify two ways out of each
room.
− Plan on how to take care of your pets.
One of the first steps toward preparedness is the creation of a family disaster supply kit. Store
the kit in a convenient place known to all family members. Items should be stored in airtight
bags or containers. Replenish the kit twice a year.
Family Disaster Supply Kit
Water
− One gallon of water per day per family member (children,
nursing mothers and ill people will need more).
− A 3-day supply of water should be stored for every family
member.
Food
− Store at least a 3-day supply of non-perishable food.
− Select foods that require no refrigeration, preparation or
cooking and little or no water.
− Ready to eat canned meats, fruits and vegetables, canned juices, milk, and soup.
− Staples such as sugar, salt and pepper.
− High-energy foods such as peanut butter, jelly, crackers, granola bars and trail mix.
− Specialty foods such as infant foods and special diet foods.
− Comfort/stress foods such as cookies, hard candy, instant coffee and tea bags.
First Aid kit
− Assemble a first aid kit for the home and one for each vehicle.
− Items in the kit should include: sterile and adhesive bandages in assorted sizes, sterile
gauze pads, adhesive tape, triangular bandages, sterile roller bandages, scissors,
tweezers, moistened towelettes, antiseptic, thermometer, soap and safety pins.
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− Non-prescription drugs should include aspirin or non-aspirin pain reliever, antidiarrhea medication and antacids.
Tools and supplies
− Battery operated radio
− Flashlight
− Extra batteries
− Non-electric can opener
− Utility knife
− Map of the area (for locating shelters)
− Cash
− Fire extinguisher
− Pliers
− Tape
− Matches in a waterproof container
− Aluminum foil
− Plastic storage containers
− Signal flare
− Paper and pencil
− Shut off wrench to turn off household
gas and water
− Plastic sheeting
− Kit with plastic or paper cups, plates
and utensils.
− Whistle
− Moist towelettes
− Duct tape
− Baby and/or pet supplies
− Important papers in a sealed plastic
bag
− Rain gear
Clothing and bedding
Sturdy shoes, raingear, blankets, sleeping bags, hats, gloves, thermal underwear and
sunglasses.
Evacuation Tips
Listen to the battery powered radio. Follow the instructions of local officials.
Wear protective clothing and sturdy shoes.
Take your disaster supply kit with you.
Lock your home.
Use known travel routes to evacuate your area; don’t rely on shortcuts.
Practice and Maintain the plan
Every month check the smoke and carbon monoxide alarms; change the batteries every 6
months.
Replace stored water and food every 6 months.
Test the families’ knowledge of the plan every 6 months so they remember what to do.
Working with neighbors can save lives and property. Know your neighbors’ special skills
(medical and technical) and consider how you can help neighbors who have special needs,
such as disabled and elderly persons.
Preparation and planning are the keys to successfully helping you and your family be ready for
the next disaster. Take the time to sit down with your family and discuss your emergency
disaster plan!
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18
Playground Safety
Where, When, How
From 2001 through 2008, a majority (57 percent) of estimated playground-related injuries
treated in the emergency department occurred at schools or parks. Approximately 20 percent
of playground-related injuries treated in emergency departments occur at home.
About 45 percent of playground-related injuries are severe, which include fractures, internal
injuries, concussions and dislocations. Among children ages 4 and under, most traumatic
brain injuries occurred on the playground. It is estimated that more than one-third (36
percent) of playground-related injuries treated in emergency departments are fractures.
It is estimated that one-third of playground deaths and 51 percent of playground injuries
occur on public playgrounds. Nearly 40 percent of playground-related injuries occur during
the months of May, June and September. Falls are the most common type of playground
injury accounting for over 75 percent of all playground-related injuries.
Each year, more than 200,000 kids are treated in hospital ERs for playground-related injuries.
Many of these could have been prevented with the proper supervision. You can make the
playground entertaining and safe by checking equipment for potential hazards and following
some simple safety guidelines. Learning how to play safely is important: If you know the rules
of the playground, you are less likely to get hurt.
Adult Supervision
Adult supervision can help prevent injuries by making sure you properly use playground
equipment and don't engage in unsafe behavior around it. If an injury does occur, an adult can
assist the child and administer any needed first aid right away. You should always have adult
supervision on the playground. Young kids (and sometimes older ones) can't always tell
distances properly and aren't capable of detecting dangerous situations by themselves. Before
you visit a playground, check to make sure that play areas are designed to allow an adult to
clearly see you while they're playing on all the equipment.
Playground Design Safety
The most important factors in evaluating the safety of any playground are proper surface;
design and spacing; and equipment inspection and maintenance.
Surfaces
− A proper playground surface is one of the most important factors in reducing injuries
— and the severity of injuries — that occur when you fall from equipment. The surface
under the playground equipment should be soft enough and thick enough to soften
the impact of a child's fall.
− Here are some things to consider:
− Concrete, asphalt, and blacktop are unsafe and unacceptable. Grass, soil, and packedearth surfaces are also unsafe because weather and wear can reduce their capacities
to cushion a child's fall. The playground surface should be free of standing water and
debris such as rocks, tree stumps, and tree roots that could cause you to trip and fall.
− There should be no dangerous materials, like broken glass or twisted metal.
− The surfaces may be loosely filled with materials like wood chips, mulch, sand, pea
gravel, or shredded rubber.
− Surfacing mats made of safety-tested rubber or rubber-like materials are also safe.
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− Rubber mats and wood chips allow the best access for people in wheelchairs.
− Loose-fill surface materials 12 inches deep should be used for equipment up to 8 feet
high. The material should not be packed down because this will reduce any cushioning
effect.
− No surfacing materials are considered safe if the combined height of playground and
the child (standing on the highest platform) is higher than 12 feet.
− The cushioned surface should extend at least 6 feet past the equipment. Additional
coverage may be needed, depending on how high a slide is or how long a swing is.
− Keep in mind that even proper surfacing can't prevent all injuries. Also, the greater the
height of the equipment, the more likely you are to get injured if you fall from it.
Design and Spacing
− Playground equipment should be designed for three different age groups: infants and
toddlers under 2, 2- to 5-year-olds (preschoolers), and 5- to 12-year-olds (school-age
kids). In the safest playgrounds, play areas for younger children are separated from
those meant for older children and signs clearly designate each area to prevent
confusion. Younger children should not play on equipment designed for older children
because the equipment sizes and proportions won't be right for small children, and this
can lead to injury. Likewise, older children shouldn't play on equipment designed for
younger ones. Smaller equipment and spaces can cause problems for bigger children.
− Here are some things to check for to ensure the equipment is designed and spaced to
be safe:
− Guardrails and protective barriers should be in place for elevated surfaces, including
platforms and ramps.
− Play structures more than 30 inches high should be spaced at least 9 feet apart.
− Swings, seesaws, and other equipment with moving parts should be located in an area
separate from the rest of the playground.
− Swings should be limited to two per bay.
− Tot swings with full bucket seats should have their own bay.
− Swings should be spaced at least 24 inches apart and 30 inches between a swing and
the support frame.
− Be sure there are no spaces that could trap a child's head, arm, or any other body part.
All openings on equipment (for example, rungs on a ladder or bars on a guardrail)
should measure less than 3½ inches or they should be wider than 9 inches.
− Climbing nets should have openings that are either too small to allow a child's body
through or large enough to prevent entrapment of the head. Net perimeters which are
17-18 inches pose entrapment hazards.
− Playground equipment with moving parts — like seesaws and merry-go-rounds —
should be checked for pinch points that could pinch or crush a child's finger or hand.
Maintenance and Inspection
− Whether you play on a home or public playground, it's important for you to take a
general look at the equipment to make sure that it is clean and well maintained.
− There should be no broken equipment.
− Wooden equipment should not be cracking or splintering.
− Metal equipment should not be rusted.
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− The fence surrounding a public playground should be in good condition to prevent
children from running into surrounding traffic.
− Surface materials on the playground should be maintained regularly so that the
surfacing is loosely packed and covers all appropriate areas — especially the fall zones
surrounding playground equipment.
− Playground equipment should be made of durable materials that won't fall apart or
worn down too much by the weather.
− Check for objects (like hardware, S-shaped hooks, bolts, and sharp or unfinished edges)
that stick out on equipment and could cut a child or cause clothing to become
entangled.
− All hardware on equipment should be secure, with no loose or broken parts. Plastic
and wood should show no signs of weakening, and there should not be any splintered
or rusted surfaces.
− If the local playground has a sandbox, check for hazardous debris such as sharp sticks
or broken glass, and be sure that the sand is free of bugs. Sandboxes should be
covered overnight to prevent contamination from animals, such as cats.
− Help keep your playground clean and safe by picking up trash, using the equipment
properly, and reporting any problems to the city, town, or county parks department,
school, or other organization that is responsible for the upkeep of the playground.
− If a part seems broken, loose, or in need of other maintenance, designate it as offlimits immediately and report the problem to the appropriate authorities.
Playground Safety
− Safe playground equipment and adult supervision are extremely important, but it's
only half of the solution. You must know how to be safe and act responsibly at the
playground.
− Never push or roughhouse while on jungle gyms, slides, seesaws, swings, and other
equipment.
− Use equipment properly — slide feet first, don't climb outside guardrails, no standing
on swings, etc.
− Always check to make sure no other kids are in the way if they're going to jump off
equipment and land on both feet with their knees slightly bent.
− Leave bikes, backpacks, and bags away from the equipment and the play area so that
no one trips over them.
− Always wear a helmet while bike riding, but take it off while on playground equipment.
− Never use playground equipment that's wet because moisture makes the surfaces
slippery.
− Check playground equipment in the summertime. It can become uncomfortably or
even dangerously hot, especially metal slides, handrails, and steps. So use good
judgment — if the equipment feels hot to the touch, it's probably not safe or fun to
play on. Contact burns can occur within seconds.
− Wear clothes that do not have drawstrings or cords. Drawstrings, purses, and
necklaces could get caught on equipment and accidentally strangle a child.
− Wear sunscreen when playing outside even on cloudy days to protect against sunburn.
Safe Equipment Guidelines
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Because swings, slides, and climbing equipment are so different from one another, each
requires a different set of safety considerations. And some kinds of equipment are not safe for
playgrounds, no matter how careful you are.
Swing Safety
Swings are the most frequent source of childhood injuries from moving equipment on a
playground. But a few simple precautions can help keep you safely swinging in the breeze.
Swings should be made of soft material such as rubber or plastic, not wood or metal.
You should always sit in the swing, not stand or kneel. They should hold on tightly with both
hands while swinging, and when finished swinging, stop the swing completely before getting
off.
Children should stay a safe distance from other kids on swings, being careful not to run or walk
in front of or in back of moving swings. You should never ride with more than one child to a
swing. Swings are designed to safely hold only one person.
Seesaw Safety
Because seesaw use requires cooperation between kids, they're generally not recommended
for preschoolers unless the seesaw has a spring-centering device to prevent sudden contact
with the ground. Regardless of design, both seesaws and merry-go-rounds should be
approached with caution.
Other safety tips to keep in mind:
− Seesaw seats are like swings: one child per seat. A child who is too light to seesaw with
a partner should find a different partner — not add another child to his or her side of
the seesaw.
− You should always sit facing one another, not turned around.
− Hold on tightly with both hands while on a seesaw, do not touch the ground or push
off with your hands, and keep feet to the sides, out from underneath the seesaw.
− You should stand back from a seesaw when it's in use. You should never stand beneath
a raised seesaw, stand and rock in the middle, or try to climb onto it while it's in
motion.
Slide Safety
− Slides are safe if you are careful when using
them. Guidelines to keep in mind:
− Children should take one step at a time and
hold onto the handrail when climbing the ladder
to the top of the slide. They should not climb up
the slide itself to get to the top.
− You should always slide down feet first and
sitting up, never head first on their back or
stomach.
− Only one child should be on the slide platform
at a time, and you shouldn't slide down in
groups.
− You should always check that the bottom of the
slide is clear before sliding down. When they
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reach the bottom, they should get off and move away from the end of the slide so it's
clear for other you to slide down.
Climbing Equipment Safety
− Climbing equipment comes in many shapes and sizes — including rock climbing walls,
arches, and vertical and horizontal ladders. It's generally more challenging for you than
other kinds of playground equipment.
− Be sure you are aware of a safe way down in case you can't complete the climb. The
highest rates of injuries on public playgrounds are associated with climbing equipment,
which is dangerous if not designed or used properly. Adult supervision is especially
important for younger kids.
− Climbing equipment can be used safely if you are taught to use both hands and to stay
well behind the person in front of you and beware of swinging feet. When you drop
from the bars, you should be able to jump down without hitting the equipment on the
way down. Remember to have your knees bent and land on both feet.
− Too many kids on the equipment at one time can be dangerous. Everyone should start
on the same side of the equipment and move across it in the same direction.
− When climbing down, you should watch for those climbing up; you should never race
across or try to reach for bars that are too far ahead.
− Children younger than age 5 may not have the upper-body strength necessary for
climbing and should only be allowed to climb on age-appropriate equipment.
Preschoolers should only climb 5 feet high and school-age kids should only climb 7 feet
high.
Track Ride Safety
− Track rides are a form of upper-body equipment where you hold on to a handle that
slides along a track once you lift your feet. These rides require significant upper-body
strength and are recommended for school-age kids and above.
− Track rides should not be included in play areas for toddlers and preschoolers.
− There should be no obstacles along the track path, especially in take-off and landing
areas.
− If two track rides are next to each other, they should be spaced 4 feet apart, minimally.
− The handle should be between 64 inches and 78 inches from the surfacing.
− Nothing should be tied or attached to any part of the track ride.
− Rolling parts should be enclosed to avoid crush injuries.
Log Roll Safety
− Log rolls require you to grasp handles, then balance on top of the log as they spin it
with their feet. This helps older you to develop balance skills and increase strength.
− Log rolls are recommended for school aged children and above.
− All log rolls should have handholds to assist balance.
− The highest point of the log roll should be 18 inches above the protective surface.
Soft Contained Playgrounds
There are specific recommended safety checks for soft contained playgrounds:
− Make sure there are no tears or frays in the safety netting, cargo webbing, and ropes.
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− The floor surface should be made of mats in good condition that are not torn and are
placed tightly together.
− Look for the posted safety rules and size recommendations for the activity. Keep older
kids away from areas designated for smaller children and vice versa.
− As in any other playground, you should not wear clothing with loose strings, necklaces,
or earrings.
− Many slides are contained in tubes, so a child going down will not see if there is anyone
at the bottom of the slide. You should stay clear of the area at the bottom of slides and
not climb up a slide.
Sprayground
More and more cities are opening
spraygrounds, which are water
playgrounds. At a sprayground, you can
spray each other with water cannons
and get sprayed by dozens of water jets
that squirt from different colored
nozzles and hoses.
− Be sure to read posted signs for
rules, age recommendations,
and safety information. Often,
no lifeguard is on duty.
− Protective footwear like water
shoes with non-skid soles are a
good idea to help prevent falls
and other injuries.
− Remember to bring swimsuits, towels, sunscreen, and hats.
− You should not drink or inhale aerosols of water to minimize risk of water-borne
illnesses.
Unsafe Playground Equipment
These types of equipment are not safe for playgrounds:
− animal figure swings
− swinging ropes that can fray, unravel,
or form a noose (any kind of rope
attached to play equipment poses a
strangulation hazard, so never let your
child tie jump ropes or leashes onto
the equipment)
− exercise rings (as used in gymnastics)
and trapeze bars
− monkey bars
− trampolines
− glider swings that hold more than one
child at a time
Parents should not place plastic climbing equipment indoors. Even carpet does not give
enough protection from falls. This type of equipment is intended for outdoor use on safe
surfaces.
Play is an important part of children’s physical, social, intellectual, and emotional
development. Following these safety tips will help you play as safely as possible.
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19
Patriot Day- September 11th
Patriot Day is observed on September 11th in memory of
the 2,993 people who lost their lives in the September
11, 2001 attacks on the United States. On that day, two
hijacked airplanes crashed into the twin towers of the
World Trade Center in NYC. A third hijacked aircraft
crashed into the Pentagon near Washington, DC. It is
believed that a fourth airplane was to crash into the
White House, however, passengers aboard that plane
tried to take control over the hijackers to prevent the
attack. The plane ended up crashing in Pennsylvania.
Innocent people lost their lives during this tragedy - many
of them through heroic efforts trying to help others.
Most Americans refer to this day as 9/11 or September 11th. On December 18, 2001,
President George W. Bush signed into law this discretionary day of remembrance. The
American flag should be flown at half-staff at home and at all U.S. government buildings.
Most Americans observe a moment of silence beginning at 8:46am EST - the time of the first
plane crash in a tower on September 11, 2001.
In 2009, President Barack Obama and the First Lady asked Americans to volunteer in their
communities as a way to honor the heroes of September 11th and those who serve our
military. They called it the “9/11 National Day of Service and Remembrance” hoping to
reignite the spirit of unity and service that inspired Americans after the September 11th
tragedy.
In the days, weeks and months following 9/11, the U.S. was bathed in American flags as
citizens mourned the incredible losses and stood shoulder-to-shoulder against terrorism.
Sadly, some of those flags have disappeared. Our patriotism has pulled us through some tough
times and it shouldn't take another attack to galvanize our solidarity. Our American flag is the
fabric of our country and together we can prevail over terrorism of all kinds.
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20
History of Fire Prevention Week
Commemorating a conflagration
Fire Prevention Week was established to commemorate the Great Chicago Fire, the tragic
1871 conflagration that killed more than 250 people, left 100,000 homeless, destroyed more
than 17,400 structures and burned more than 2,000 acres. The fire began on October 8, but
continued into and did most of its damage on October 9, 1871.
According to popular legend, the fire broke out after a cow - belonging to Mrs. Catherine
O'Leary - kicked over a lamp, setting first the barn, then the whole city on fire. Chances are
you've heard some version of this story yourself; people have been blaming the Great Chicago
Fire on the cow and Mrs. O'Leary, for more than 130 years. But recent research by Chicago
historian Robert Cromie has helped to debunk this version of events.
The '”Moo” myth
Like any good story, the 'case of the cow' has some truth to it. The great fire almost certainly
started near the barn where Mrs. O'Leary kept her five milking cows. But there is
no proof that O'Leary was in the barn when the fire broke out - or that a jumpy
cow sparked the blaze. Mrs. O'Leary herself swore that she'd been in bed early
that night, and that the cows were also tucked in for the evening.
But if a cow wasn't to blame for the huge fire, what was? Over the years,
journalists and historians have offered plenty of theories. Some blamed the blaze
on a couple of neighborhood boys who were near the barn sneaking cigarettes.
Others believed that a neighbor of the O'Leary's may have started the fire. Some
people have speculated that a fiery meteorite may have fallen to earth on October 8, starting
several fires that day - in Michigan and Wisconsin, as well as in Chicago.
The biggest blaze that week
While the Great Chicago Fire was the best-known blaze to start during this fiery two-day
stretch, it wasn't the biggest. That distinction goes to the Peshtigo Fire, the most devastating
forest fire in American history. The fire, which also occurred on October 8th, 1871, and roared
through Northeast Wisconsin, burning down 16 towns, killing 1,152 people, and scorching 1.2
million acres before it ended.
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Historical accounts of the fire say that the blaze began when several railroad workers clearing
land for tracks unintentionally started a brush fire. Before long, the fast-moving flames were
whipping through the area 'like a tornado,' some survivors said. It was the small town of
Peshtigo, Wisconsin that suffered the worst damage. Within an hour, the entire town had
been destroyed.
Eight decades of fire prevention
Those who survived the Chicago and Peshtigo fires never forgot what they'd been through;
both blazes produced countless tales of bravery and heroism. But the fires also changed the
way that firefighters and public officials thought about fire safety. On the 40th anniversary of
the Great Chicago Fire, the Fire Marshals Association of North America (today known as the
International Fire Marshals Association), decided that the anniversary of the Great Chicago
Fire should henceforth be observed not with festivities, but in a way that would keep the
public informed about the importance of fire prevention. The commemoration grew
incrementally official over the years.
In 1920, President Woodrow Wilson issued the first National Fire Prevention Day
proclamation, and since 1922, Fire Prevention Week has been observed on the Sunday
through Saturday period in which October 9 falls. According to the National Archives and
Records Administration's Library Information Center, Fire Prevention Week is the longest
running public health and safety observance on record. The President of the United States has
signed a proclamation proclaiming a national observance during that week every year since
1925.
NFPA.org
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21
First Aid
It is important to learn about first aid skills when you are young. The most important skill is to
know how and when to dial 911. When you get older, you can assist with more difficult
injuries. A well-stocked first-aid kit, kept within easy reach, is a necessity in every home.
Having supplies gathered ahead of time will help you handle an emergency at a moment's
notice. You should keep one first-aid kit in your home and one in each car. Also be sure to
bring a first-aid kit on family vacations.
You can purchase a first aid kit at drugstores or a local Red Cross office, or make one of your
own. If you decide to make one, choose containers for your kits that are roomy, durable, easy to
carry, and simple to open. Plastic tackle boxes or containers for storing art supplies are ideal,
since they're lightweight, have handles, and offer a lot of space.
What You'll Need
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−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
Include the following in each of your first-aid kits:
first-aid manual
− safety pins
sterile gauze pads of different sizes
− disposable instant cold packs
adhesive tape
− calamine lotion
adhesive bandages in several sizes
− alcohol wipes or ethyl alcohol
elastic bandage
− thermometer
a splint
− tooth preservation kit
antiseptic wipes
− plastic non-latex gloves (at least 2
pairs)
soap
− flashlight and extra batteries
antibiotic ointment
− a blanket
antiseptic solution (like hydrogen
peroxide)
− mouthpiece for administering CPR (can
be obtained from your local Red Cross)
hydrocortisone cream (1%)
− your list of emergency phone numbers
acetaminophen and ibuprofen
− blanket (stored nearby)
extra prescription medications (if the
family is going on vacation)
tweezers
sharp scissors
After you've stocked your first-aid kits, be sure to check it often to keep your kit full. Check to
see if any items are expired or need to be replaced. Remember to update your list of emergency
numbers if there are any changes.
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Stop, Drop and Roll
What do you do if your clothing catches on fire?
− STOP in your tracks at once. DO NOT RUN! Cover your eyes (if your hands are not on
fire).
− DROP to the ground and ROLL; and by doing this you remove oxygen from the fire.
Remember the fire triangle and what happens to a fire when any one of the three sides
of the triangle is removed. Rolling up in a carpet, heavy blanket or coat will also help
put out the fire.
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22
Earthquake Preparedness
An earthquake is a sudden, rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of
rock beneath the earth’s surface. Earthquakes strike suddenly, without warning, and they can
occur at any time of the year, day or night. Forty-five states and territories in the United States
are at moderate to very high risk of earthquakes, and they are located in every region of the
country.
Are You at Increased Risk from Earthquakes?
− Contact your local emergency management office, local American Red Cross, state
geological survey or department of natural resources for specific information about
your community’s risk. However, bear in mind:
− Mobile homes and homes not attached to their foundations are at particular risk
during an earthquake.
− Buildings with foundations resting on landfill and other unstable soils are at increased
risk of damage.
Did You Know?
− Doorways are no stronger than any other part of a structure so don’t rely on them for
protection! During an earthquake, get under a sturdy piece of furniture and hold on. It
will help shelter you from falling objects that could injure you during an earthquake.
Take the Appropriate Steps to be Safe
− Become aware of fire evacuation and earthquake plans for all of the buildings you
occupy regularly.
− Pick safe places in each room of your home, workplace and/or school. A safe place
could be under a piece of furniture or against an interior wall away from windows,
bookcases or tall furniture that could fall on you.
− Practice “drop, cover and hold on” in each safe place. If you do not have sturdy
furniture to hold on to, sit on the floor next to an interior wall and cover your head and
neck with your arms.
− Keep a flashlight and sturdy shoes by each person’s bed in case the earthquake strikes
in the middle of the night.
− Make sure your home is securely anchored to its foundation.
− Bolt and brace water heaters and gas appliances to wall studs.
− Bolt bookcases, china cabinets and other tall furniture to wall studs.
− Hang heavy items, such as pictures and mirrors, away from beds, couches and
anywhere people sleep or sit.
− Brace overhead light fixtures.
− Install strong latches or bolts on cabinets. Large or heavy items should be closest to the
floor.
− Learn how to shut off the gas valves in your home and keep a wrench handy for that
purpose.
− Learn about your area’s seismic building standards and land use codes before you
begin new construction.
− Keep and maintain an emergency supplies kit in an easy-to-access location.
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− Become aware of fire evacuation and earthquake plans for all of the buildings you
occupy regularly.
− Pick safe places in each room of your home, workplace and/or school. A safe place
could be under a piece of furniture or against an interior wall away from windows,
bookcases or tall furniture that could fall on you.
− Practice drop, cover and hold on in each safe place. If you do not have sturdy furniture
to hold on to, sit on the floor next to an interior wall and cover your head and neck
with your arms.
− Keep a flashlight and sturdy shoes by each person’s bed.
− Make sure your home is securely anchored to its foundation.
− Bolt and brace water heaters and gas appliances to wall studs.
− Bolt bookcases, china cabinets and other tall furniture to wall studs.
− Hang heavy items, such as pictures and mirrors, away from beds, couches and
anywhere people sleep or sit.
− Brace overhead light fixtures.
− Install strong latches or bolts on cabinets.
− Large or heavy items should be closest to the floor.
− Learn how to shut off the gas valves in your home and keep a wrench handy for that
purpose.
− Learn about your area’s seismic building standards and land use codes before you
begin new construction.
− Keep and maintain an emergency supplies kit in an easy-to-access location.
If you are inside when the shaking starts …
− Drop, cover and hold on. Move as little as possible.
− If you are in bed, stay there, curl up and hold on. Protect your head with a pillow.
− Stay away from windows to avoid being injured by shattered glass.
− Stay indoors until the shaking stops and you are sure it is safe to exit. If you must leave
the building after the shaking stops, use stairs rather than an elevator in case there are
aftershocks, power outages or other damage.
− Be aware that fire alarms and sprinkler systems frequently go off in buildings during an
earthquake, even if there is no fire.
If you are outside when the shaking starts …
− Find a clear spot and drop to the ground.
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− Stay there until the shaking stops (away from buildings, power lines, trees,
streetlights).
− If you are in a vehicle, pull over to a clear location and stop. Avoid bridges, overpasses
and power lines if possible.
− Stay inside with your seatbelt fastened until the shaking stops. Then, drive carefully,
avoiding bridges and ramps that may have been damaged.
− If a power line falls on your vehicle, do not get out. Wait for assistance.
− If you are in a mountainous area or near unstable slopes or cliffs, be alert for falling
rocks and other debris. Landslides are often triggered by earthquakes.
Let Your Family Know You’re Safe
− If your community experiences an earthquake, or any disaster, register on the
American Red
Cross Safe and WellWeb site available through RedCross.org to let your family and
friends know about your welfare. If you don’t have Internet access, call 1-866-GETINFO to register yourself and your family.
Be Red Cross Ready
− After an earthquake, the disaster may continue. Expect and prepare for potential
aftershocks, landslides or even a tsunami. Tsunamis are often generated by
earthquakes.
− Each time you feel an aftershock, drop, cover and hold on. Aftershocks frequently
occur minutes, days, weeks and even months following an earthquake.
− Check yourself for injuries and get first aid, if necessary, before helping injured or
trapped persons.
− Put on long pants, a long-sleeved shirt, sturdy shoes and work gloves to protect against
injury from broken objects.
− Look quickly for damage in and around your home and get everyone out if your home
is unsafe.
− Listen to a portable, battery-operated or hand-crank radio for updated emergency
information and instructions.
− Check the telephones in your home or workplace to see if you can get a dial tone.
Make brief calls to report life-threatening emergencies.
− Look for and extinguish small fires. Fire is the most common hazard after an
earthquake.
− Clean up spilled medications, bleach, gasoline or other flammable liquids immediately.
− Open closet and cabinet doors carefully as contents may have shifted.
− Help people who require special assistance, such as infants, children and the elderly or
disabled.
− Watch out for fallen power lines or broken gas lines and stay out of damaged areas.
− Keep animals under your direct control.
− Stay out of damaged buildings.
− If you were away from home, return only when authorities say it is safe to do so. Use
extreme caution and examine walls, floors, doors, staircases and windows to check for
damage.
− Be careful when driving after an earthquake and anticipate traffic light outages.
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23
Seasonal & Holiday Safety
Holidays are a great time to celebrate with decorations, costumes, and fireworks. Three major
holidays create fire related hazards are the Fourth of July, Halloween, and the Christmas
season. Each year, more and more people are injured during these holiday seasons because
they do not exercise safe practices.
Fourth Of July
− This holiday traditionally creates the most substantial amount of fire
injuries due to fireworks.
− Fireworks cause millions of dollars in damages annually.
− Fireworks are responsible for over 12,000 injuries annually with
about 60% if those injuries happening around the Fourth of July.
− Most firework burn injuries involve children.
− Sparklers are the biggest danger to children as the tip temperature is
about 1800 degrees.
− Never place firework devices into bottles or cans.
− It is best to leave fireworks to the professionals.
− Follow outdoor grilling and other cooking safety techniques.
− FIREWORKS REMINDER…
− All fireworks are potential fire starters!
− Leave fireworks to the professional.
Halloween
Think about fire safety when designing a costume!
Costumes for Halloween should be fire retardant.
The use of sheets and other linens is discouraged.
Consider battery-powered candles for decorating. Battery-powered candles are safe, cool and
flameless.
Never use combustible materials in a haunted house and NEVER block exits.
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Christmas
Avoid fire hazards and burns during Christmas and other winter holidays.
Christmas and winter holiday lighting and displays should be properly constructed or set up to
ensure the safety of your home.
Trees should be kept moist and treated with a fire retardant material. Better yet – use an
artificial tree!
Keep Menorahs and Kinaras on a stable base and three feet (36’) away from any combustibles.
Use only FM or UL listed lights.
Keep all children and pets away from all electrical decorations.
Keep wrapped gifts and combustibles away from electrical wiring and supplemental heat
sources.
Make sure the stove or other cooking appliances are not left unattended during heavy cooking
periods.
TREE FLAME RETARDANT SUGGESTIONS – If you decorate during the winter holidays with a
cut tree, treating your tree with a commercial product like Stop It Fire, Tree Safe, Tree Seal,
Flame-No-More, No Burn, etc. flame retardant can help reduce the fire risk.
Five Quick Holiday Safety Tips
− Only use UL listed and approved lighting and fixtures.
− Purchase only flame retardant costumes.
− “Legal fireworks” does not mean “safe fireworks.”
− Battery-powered candles are safe, cool and flameless.
− Make sure that stoves and appliances are not left unattended during heavy cooking
periods.
Information taken from: Virginia State Fire and Emergency Medical Services Association
www.vsfa.org
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24
Pedestrian Safety
Pedestrian Safety
It is estimated that over 1000 children are killed each year in pedestrian related incidents. It is
estimated that 25,000 children ages 14 and under suffer motor vehicle related pedestrian
injuries.
You are considered a pedestrian when you walk, run or play on foot. Walking, playing or
running can be fun, healthy and a safe activity if you remember to follow important safety
rules while near roadways and around cars.
Be Visible
− Wear white or bright colored clothing, footwear and accessories when walking during
the day.
− You should carry a flashlight at night, low light levels, dawn, dusk or bad weather.
− Wear reflective material, footwear or accessories so you can easily be seen in low light
or bad weather conditions.
Crossing the Street
− Always walk on the side of the street facing traffic.
− Use sidewalks whenever possible.
− Always cross at the street corner and use cross walks looking left-right-left before and
during crossing. Many incidents occur due to pedestrians attempting to cross the
street in the middle of the block rather than at the corner.
− You should continue to watch, look and listen for cars until you are safely on the curb.
− Waving to a driver before you cross at the corner is a good way to make sure he/she
has seen you.
− Know and follow traffic signals.
− Never cross the road at mid street or between parked cars. If playing a game, never
chase a ball into the street or run into the street without carefully checking for cars.
− Children under 10 years old should always cross the street with adult assistance.
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Be a Safe Walker: Pedestrian Safety for Kids and Families
Walking is an important part of physical activity for children. But learning about being a safe
pedestrian is also important. Unfortunately, hundreds of kids die each year from pedestrian
related injuries, and many could be prevented with pedestrian education, improvements to
pedestrian routes, and increased law enforcement.
A person is considered a pedestrian when walking, running or playing on foot. These activities
can be fun, healthy and safety if one remembers to follow important safety rules while near
roadways and around cars.
Children under the age of 10 are most vulnerable to pedestrian injuries because they are
exposed to traffic threats beyond their cognitive, developmental, behavioral, physical and
sensory abilities. The traffic environment is often confusing to young children, especially in
areas with high traffic volumes.
Education brings safety to neighborhoods.
Follow these simple rules to ensure that everyone, especially children reach their destinations
safely:
− Always walk on the side of the street facing oncoming traffic.
− Always cross the street with an adult, never alone if you're younger than 10 years old.
− Always stop at the curb before crossing the street.
− Always walk; never run, across the street.
− Always cross at corners, using traffic signals and crosswalks.
− Always look left, right, and left again before crossing.
− Always make sure drivers see you before crossing in front of them.
− Always play in safe places, never play in driveways, streets, parking lots or unfenced
yards by the street.
− Always cross at least 10 feet in front of a school bus.
Don’t forget to BE VISIBLE, too!
− Wear white or brightly colored clothing, footwear, and
accessories when walking during the day.
− Carry a flashlight at night, low light levels, dawn, dusk or in bad
weather.
− Wear reflective material, footwear, or accessories so you can
easily be seen in low light or bad weather conditions.
Some information taken from:
http://www.phoenixchildrens.com/community/injury-preventioncenter/be-a-safe-walker.html
In the United States, pedestrian injury is a leading cause of injury and
death for children ages 1 to 14. In 2009, an estimated 13,000 children
were injured and a total of 244 child pedestrians lost their lives.
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25
Vacation and Travel Safety
Vacation and Travel Safety
We all get caught up in travel plans. However, take time and prepare for your safety before
you leave home and while traveling. Here are a few simple tips to ensure you have a safe and
fun vacation.
Create a checklist to ensure you turn of all appliances, lock doors and windows, shut off the
main water valve to the house, leave emergency contact information with a neighbor or
relative, and address any other items that will give you peace of mind for a worry-free
vacation.
CHECKLIST
− turned off all appliances
− locked doors
− locked windows
− shut off main water valve
− leave itinerary with emergency contact
− leave contact information with emergency contact
− Do I have my necessary prescriptions, passports, tickets, money,
etc.?
Always carry reliable flashlights and keep a flashlight in your carry-on bag when flying.
Fire Safety Tips for Traveling:
− When making reservations, ask if the hotel or motel has smoke alarms and fire
sprinklers.
− When checking in, ask the front desk attendant what the fire alarm sounds like.
− Make sure there is a fire escape plan for your room location. Many plans are located
on the back of the door.
− Locate two exits from your room.
− Count the number of doors between your room and the exits. This will assist you in
the event of an emergency exit.
− If a fire starts in a hotel room, leave the room, close the door behind you, and follow
the hotel escape route.
− If the fire alarm is going off, check the door with your hand. If the door is cool, leave
the room and follow the hotel escape route out of the building. Don’t forget to take
your room key with you.
− Never use elevators during a fire.
− If you must escape through smoke, get low and go under the smoke as you exit.
If you can’t escape...
− SHUT off fans and air conditioners.
− STUFF wet towels in the crack around the doors.
− CALL the fire department and let them know your location.
− WAIT at the window and signal with a flashlight or light colored cloth.
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An Example of a Hotel Escape Route
U.S. Hotel and Motel Structure Fires provided by NFPA:
U.S. fire departments responded to an estimated average of 3,700 structure fires per year at
hotel or motel properties between 2006 and 2010.
− These fires caused average annual losses of 12 civilian deaths, 143 civilian injuries, and
$127 million in direct property damage each year.
− Nearly half (45%) of these fires involved cooking equipment, 10% were caused by
smoking materials, 9% were caused by heating equipment, and clothes dryers or
washers were also involved in 9% of these fires. One hotel fire in 2008 caused $100
million in direct property damage.
− Nearly three-quarters (73%) of fires in hotels and motels didn’t spread beyond the
object of origin.
− Cooking equipment was involved in nearly half (45%) of fires.
− Twelve percent of fires in hotels and motels began in a bedroom/guest sleeping room,
but these fires were responsible for 31% of civilian injuries and 72% of civilian deaths.
− Smoking materials were the cause of the fire in 79% of civilian deaths .
Facts
− On average, one of every 12 hotels or motels reported a structure fire each year.
− The majority of hotel fire deaths result from fires that started in the bedroom.
− Cooking equipment is the leading cause of hotel/motel fires.
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Recreational Vehicle (RV) Fire Safety:
− Have a 5 lb. ABC fire extinguisher near each exit
and one in an outside compartment. Know
how to use them.
− Make sure all escape exits are functioning and
accessible.
− If you smell gas, have a grown up cut off all
tanks.
− Motor home engine systems should be serviced
regularly to prevent potential engine fires.
− Ensure that the RV has a properly working
smoke alarm.
Information taken from: Virginia State Fire and Emergency Medical Services Association
www.vsfa.org and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) www.nfpa.org/education.
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26
Household Poison Prevention Tips
− Store potentially poisonous household products and medications locked out of a child’s
sight and reach.
− Read labels to find out what is poisonous. Unsafe household products include toilet
cleaners, bleach, oven cleaners and dishwasher products. Other potential hazards
include medicines, makeup, plants, toys, pesticides, art supplies and alcohol.
− Never leave poisonous products unattended while in use. Many incidents happen
when adults are distracted for a moment on the phone or at the door.
− Adults should be aware of poisons that may be in their handbags. Store handbags out
of the reach of young children.
− Do not mix cleaning products.
− Buy child-resistant packages when available.
− Keep products in their original packages to avoid confusion.
− Use child safety locks on cabinets where you have stored poisonous items.
Learn the toll-free nationwide poison control center number (1-800-222-1222) or keep it
near every phone.
− If you suspect someone has
been poisoned, take the
product to the phone and call 1800-222-1222. If the person has
collapsed or is not breathing,
call 911.
− Poison control centers offer
fast, free, confidential help in
English and Spanish. Most
poisonings are resolved over
the phone. The number works
from anywhere in the United
States 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
− Follow the operator’s instructions.
− Do not make the person vomit or give him anything unless directed.
− Store medications out of child’s sight and reach and be safe when administering
medicines to children.
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− Protect children from other poisons that may be present in your home such as lead or
carbon monoxide.
Lead:
− Test homes built before 1978 for lead-based paint. If lead hazards are identified,
children should be tested for lead exposure and hire a professional to control and
remove lead sources safely.
− Make sure children do not have access to peeling paint or chewable surfaces painted
with lead-based paint.
− Frequently wash children’s hands, face, toys and pacifiers to reduce the risk of coming
into contact with lead or lead-contaminated dust.
− Take the recommended steps to eliminate any sources of lead in recalled consumer
products such as toys or cookware.
Medication Safety Tips
− Medications should be stored out of children’s sight and reach.
− Do not leave medicines in your purse, an unlocked kitchen or bathroom cabinet or a
kitchen or bedside table.
− Read labels to find out what can be poisonous. Keep those things separate from
toothpaste, soap and other things you use every day.
− Never leave medicines or potentially poisonous household products unattended while
you are using them.
− Do not leave out loose pills.
− Buy child-resistant packages when available.
Be safe when taking medicine
− Always read labels, follow directions and give medicines to children based on their
weights and ages.
− Avoid confusion by keeping all medicines and potentially
poisonous household products in their original packages.
− Do not take medicine or vitamins in front of kids, or involve
children as helpers when taking medication.
− Tell grandparents and friends about avoiding medication
poisoning when your family visits their homes.
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NFPA Tip Sheets
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