Olefinics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
1. Olefinics
1-1. Polythylene(PE)
Tg -110℃ (-20~-135)
Tm 120℃ (105~138)
Regular polyethylene (LDPE, HDPE)
 one of the four major thermoplastic
 low price, chemical inertness, good electrical properties, easy processing
 LDPE : high pressure, branched, low-density, flexible
 HDPE : low pressure, linear, high density, rigid
 classification of grades : density, melt viscosity, melt index
 numerous additives
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Olefinics
Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)
 low degree of crystallinity of LDPE : frequent shot and long branch
 allowing in particular a downgaging of films
 Ziegler-Natta catalyst(Hetero LLDPE) and Metallocene catalyst(Homo LLDPE)
Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)
 least 10 times molecular weight of regular polyethylenes
 chemical inertness, environmental stress-cracking(ESC) resistance,
foods and physiological fluids resistance, wear of abrasion resistance
Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE)
 chemical and temperature resistance
 by the addition of small amounts of organic peroxide (dicumyl peroxide)
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Olefinics
Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA)
 reducing the regularity of the chain (crystallinity, stiffness ↓)
 change the barrier and surface properties (vinyl acetate repeat unit)
Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVOH)
 vinyl alcohol repeat units strongly favoring bonding to substrates
 good barrier property
Ethylene acrylates copolymers (EEA, EMA)
 reducing the crystallinity and introducing polarity
 increase flexibility, ESC resistance, compatibility with fillers and other polymers
Ethylene-carboxylic acid copolymers (EAA, EMAA)
 adhesion to a variety of polar substrates, including fillers and reinforcement
Ionomers(IO)
 ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers and metallic salts
 increase the polarity, adhesion, paintability, fat and oils resistance,
low level of crystallinity
 flex, puncture, impact, abrasion properties
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Ethylene-propylene copolymers [P(E-P)]
 very small proportion of polypropylene-type repeat unit
 two commercially important copolymers : polyallomers, EP rubbers
Polyallomers
 ethylene-propylene block copolymers
 easy control of the crystalline morphology
Ethylene-propylene rubbers
 ethylene-propylene random copolymer
 amorphous, low Tg
 major commercial rubbers
Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)
 substitution of chlorine(Cl) : crystallinity, fire and oil resistance
Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE)
 substitution of chlorine(Cl) and sulfonylchloride groups(SO2Cl)
Olefinics
Olefinics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
2-2. Polypropylene (PP)
Tg
Tm






-20℃(-5~-24)
175℃(165~180)
one of the four major thermoplastics
high crystalline Tm
stereo specificity and tacticity
chemical resistance
mechanical properties : stiff, tough, good creep resistance
by modification : toughness improvements long-lasting integral
hinges, biaxially oriented packing film (OPP film), fibers, tapes
(ribbons)
Olefinics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
1-3. Polybutylene (PBI)
Tg
Tm
-25℃
125℃(98~135)
 stable semicrystalline structure
 good creep resistance, flexibility, very good ESC resistance
 pipe and film
Olefinics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
1-4. Polymethylpentene (PMP)
Tg
Tm






30℃(18~40
240℃(230~250)
high degree crystalline (40~60%), highly transparent (90% transmission)
low density (0.83)
generally good chemical resistance , excellent electrical properties
attacked by oxidizing agents and affected by light hydrocarbon solvents
sensitive to ESC
lenses, reflector, food packaging, coffee makers, electrical applications
Olefinics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
55-Gal drums
(polyethylene HDPE)
T-shirt grocery bag (polyethylene
HMW/HD PE)
quart milk pouches (polyethylene LLDPE)
artificial skating surface
(polyethylene)
Olefinics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
mechanical gear (polyethylene
HMWPE)
Latex paint pail
(polypropylene PP)
lawn/patio furniture (polypropylene PP)
artificial bone joint, metal-plastic combination
(polyethylene UHMWPE)
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Olefinics
clothes washer agitator
(polypropylene PP + 40% glass
fiber)
bicycle wheels (polypropylene PP
+ coupled glass fiber)
hot water piping (polybutylenePB1) : valve and fittings (acetal PMO) : copper crimp rings
Vinylics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
2. Vinylics
2-1. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Tg








70℃ (70~90)
one of the four major thermoplastics
good general chemical resistance, excellent weatherability
combustion resistance, self-extinguishing or flame resistance
insulation properties
ability to accept large amounts of "modifiers" : rigid PVC, flexible PVC
rigid PVC : sheets, pipes, conduits, home sidings, profiles, containers
flexible PVC : flexible films, wire insulation, jacket, hoses, shoe soles, toys
latex, platisols, organosols: used for special coating techniques
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Vinylics
Chlorinated Polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)
 chlorine content : 56.8% →62~72%
 improveedchemical and temperature resistance
Vinyl chloride-propylene copolymers [P(VC-P)]
 2~10% of propylene repeat unit : a plasticizing role, heat stability ↑,
easier processing
Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer [P(VC-VAC)]
 3~30% of vinylacetate repeat units : a plasticizing role, impact properties ↑
easier processing
Vinyl chloride-based Polyalloys
 adhesion to a variety of polar substrates, including fillers and reinforcement
Ionomers (IO)
 desire to improve the impact resistance of rigid PVC
(by blending : EVA, NBR, CPE)
 for transparency : PMMA, SAN
 ABS : for combustion resistance (blending with
Vinylics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
2-2. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)
Tg
Tm
-18℃(-40~-140)
190℃(175~205)
 good barrier properties (O2, CO, H2O…) : packaging of foods
 chemical inert and very good combustion resistance
 common modification of PVDC :
facilitate its processing and improve some properties (such as toughness)
→copolymerization with vinylchloride(VC) or acrylonitrile(AN)
[P(VDC-VC)]
[P(VDC-AN)]
Vinylics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
2-3. Polyvinyl acetate (PVAC)
Tg
30℃(28~86)
 it is not used as a plastic
 widely used as the major ingredient of adhesives and paints
(white glue, latex)
 Vinylacetate repeat units form the minor component in important
copolymer →with vinylchloride [P(VC-VAC)] and ethylene (EVA)
Vinylics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
2-4. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVAL)
Tg
Tm




80℃ (70~85)
240℃ (218~258)
highly polar(-OH grops) : crystalline, water soluble
PVAL is derived from PVAC (hydrolysis)
used as strippable or washable coating
copolymers with ethylene (EVOH) are used in barrier packaging
2-5. Polyvinyl aldehydics (PVAH)
 reaction of polyvinyl alcohol with various
aldehydes →polyvinyl aldehydics (polyvinyl
acetals)
 all or part of the hydroxyl(OH) side groups are
converted into ring-type acetal group
Vinylics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
PVFO Polyvinyl formal
Tg
105℃
 temperature-resistant coating
for containers and electric wires
PVACL Polyvinyl acetal
 coating or adhesive
Tg
90℃ (82~100)
PVB Polyvinyl butyral
Tg
50℃ (49~60)
 plasticized form for the adhesive
interlayer of laminated (triplex)
safety glass
Vinylics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
2-6. Polyvinyl alkyl ethers (PVAE)
PVME
Tg
-20℃
PVEE
Tg
-25℃
PVIE
Tg
?℃
 PVME : water soluble
 used as adhesives, modifiers in polymeric compounds and coating
Vinylics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
2-7. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVPO)
Tg
175℃
 highly polar and water soluble
 adhesives , water thickener
 artificial blood
2-8. Polyvinyl carbazole (PVCZ)
Tg
190℃ (180~210)
 high frequency dielectrics and
photo-conductive polymers for
xerograhphy
Vinylics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
2-9. Polyvinyl pyridine (PVP)
P2VP Polyvinyl pyridine
Tg
P4VP Polyvinyl pyridine
104℃
 P2VP appears to find more applications than P4VP
 used as adhesives
Tg
142℃
Vinylics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
lawn/patio chair webbing
(plasticized polyvinyl chloride PVC)
Coextruded vinyl-clad window
frame (chlorinated PVC
substrate, semi-rigid PVC
capstock, flexible PVC edging)
exterior siding, profiles, rain water
system
(rigid polyvinyl chloride PVC)
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
barrier coextrudate/laminate films
(with polyvinylidene chloride PVDC laver)
coextruded/thermoformed, long shelf life soup container
(polyvinylidene chloride PVDC barrier layer)
blow molded squeezable mayonnaise
bottle with 6-layer coextruded structure
(including polypropylene PP layer and
P(E-VOH) barrier layer)
Vinylics
Styrenics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
3. Styrenics
3-1. Polystyrene (PS)
Tg






100℃ (70~115)
one of the four major thermoplastics
high gloss and sparking appearance
remarkable electrical properties (insulator, capacitor material)
low intrinsic resistance to weathering (yellowing, embrittlement)
fire resistance ↓
many organic fluids are solvents or cause undesirable changes to the
material
Styrenics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
3-2. Poly para methylstyrene (PPMS)
Tg
110℃
 fairly similar to polystyrene with a Tg
3-3. Poly alpha methylstyrene (PAMS)
Tg
160℃
 much better temperature resistance
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Styrenics
Rubber-toughened (impact) Polystyrene (HIPS)
 random copolymerization of a small fraction of elastomer-type repeat units
with PS : impact properties ↑
 block copolymerization of a small elastomeric component
Styrene-butadiene [P(S-B)]
 commercial copolymers tend to be plastic-like(styrene-dominant) or
rubber-like (budiene-dominent)
 polybutadiene: impact resistance (toughness), low cost, compatibility
(blends and polyalloys) and processing factors
Styrene-butadiene plastics
 styrene-dominant (about70%) random copolymers : emulsion (latex)
 Tg: intermediate between those of polystyrene (about 100℃) and
polybutadiene (about -80℃)
Styrene-butadiene elastomers
 random copolymers involving about 75% of butadiene repeat units:
"basic general purpose synthetic rubber"(SBR)
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Styrenics
Styrene-acrylonitrile [P(S-AN) or SAN]
 random copolymerization of 20~30% of polyacrylonitrile repeat units :
transparency, surface appearance, ease of processing, temperature and
chemical resistance
Styrene-methyl methacrylate [P(S-MMA) or SMMA]
 weatherability and transparent
Styrene-para methylstyrene [P(S-PMS)]
Styrene-alpha mthylstyrene [P(S-AMS)]
 heat resistance
Styrene-maleic anhydride [P(S-MLA) or SMA]
 6~17% of maleic anhydride repeat units : temperature resistance
Styrenics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
disposable razors (polystyrene PS)
well serum/cultures test plate
(clear polystyrene PS)
Styrenics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
window frame profiles
(weatherable polystyrene PS + glass fiber)
automotive instrument panel substrate
(A(SMA/PC) polyalloy)
Styrenics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
4. Acrylonitrilics
4-1. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)
Tg
Tm
100℃ (80~130)
317℃
 polar crystallizing polymer that underdoes chemical decomposition
before crystalline melting
 acrylic fibers
 very good chemical resistance
4-2. Poly methacrylonitrile (PMAN)
Tg
120℃
 methacrylonitrile-dominate (90%), styrene (5%), alpha methyl styrene (5%) :
transparent, excellent barrier (CO2), good creep resistance
 suitable material for carbonated beverage containers
Acrylonitrile-styrene [P(AN-S)] and acrylonitrile-methylacrylate [P(AN-MA)]
 acrylonitrile(70%), between styrene(20%) and methyl acrylate(30%)
 food packaging films and containers for carbonated beverages
Acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate [P(AN-MMA)]
 acrylonitrile (70%) and methyl methacrylate (30%) : thick transparent
product, high-impact properties, chemical and weathering resistance
 glazing
4-3. Acrylics
Polyacrylic acid (PAA)
Tg
106℃
Polymethacrylic acid (PMAA)
Tg
?℃
 Both repeat units are polar and the corresponding polymers are
water-soluble
 formation of ionomers (IO)
Poly-R Acrylates (PRA)
Poly-R methacrylates (PRMA)
 ester of acrylic or methacrylic acids involve R groups that can be methyl,
ethyl, butyl, or similar
Polymethylacrylate (PMA)
Tg
9℃ (0~25)
Polybutylacrylate (PBA)
Tg
-45℃ (-55~-35)
Polyethylacrylate (PEA)
Tg
-22℃ (-24 ~-5)
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
Tg
105℃ (70~120)
 PMMA : excellent transparency, good rigidity and acceptable and abrasion
resistance, outstanding weatherability, good chemical resistance
 hard contact lenses, automotive tail-light lenses, safety and security
glazing, skylights, illuminated signs, optical fibers
Polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA)
Tg
65℃
Cyanoacrylate Resins (CNA)
 strong cements (glues, contact adhesives,
etc) based on cyanoacrylate repeat units
 R : methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl
Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)
 water-soluble (homopolymer)
 cross-linking agent (in the presence
of EGDMA)
 hydrogel
Polyacrylamide (PAM)
 strongly polar, water soluble polymer
 light cross-linked PAM :
gel chromatography
Methylene bisacrylamide (MBAM)
 MBAM : cross-linking agent
automotive tail light lenses
(acrylic PMMA)
multi-glazing for greenhouses
(acrylic PMMA)
Miscellaneous copolymer and polyalloys
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Systems (ABS)
 acrylonitrile 20~30%, butadiene 20~30%, and styrene 40~60%
• acrylonitrile: chemical and temperature resistance
• butadiene : impact resistance
• styrene : cost and processability
 copolymerization of styrene and acrylonitrile monomers in the presence
of polybutadiene: styrene-acrylonitrile dominant phase, graft on some
polybutadiene chains
 styrene-acrylonitrile(70:30) and butadiene-acrylonitrile(65:35) :
two copolymers are mixed(blended) in latex form, of in bulk
 rigid pipes and fittings for the construction industry, refrigerator door
liners, small boat hulls, telephone, business machineness housings
 engineering plastics
ABS-based polyaolloys
 A(ABS/PVC) : PVC improves flame and chemical resistance
 A(ABS/PC) : PC improves temperature and impact resistance
 A(ABS/TPU) : resilience and wear properties of thermoplastic polyurethane
 A(ABS/PSU)
Olefin-styrene-acrylonitrile Resins (OSA)
 polyalloys of SAN resin with an olefinic thermoplastic elastomer
Acrylonitrile-chloronated polyethylene-styrene Resins (ACS)
 flame retardancy, good weatherability with the absence of butadiene
Acrylonitrile-ethylene-styrene Resins (AES)
 such resins appear to be polyalloys of SAN resin with graft-copolymerized
styrene and acrylonitrile on an ethylene-propylene elastomeric backbone
Methylmethacrylate-butadiene-styrene Resins (MBS)
 transparent with a structure similar to that of ABS
Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylateResins (ASA)
 Polyalloys of SAN resins with a polyacrylate (acryl ester, acrylic) elastomer
 light (outdoor weathering) resistance
business machine body elements
(ABS resin)
refrigerator inner and door liner
(ABS resin)
Cellulosics
Cellulose (CEL)
 repeat unit features a ring structure with three characteristic OH groups :
hydrogen bonds, high crystallinity
 cellulose crystals can be melted, chemical degradation occurs :
cellulose does no have thermoplastic properties or a measurable Tm
 a chemical treatment can lead to the destruction of the crystalline structure, and a cellulose-based fluid can then be shaped into films or fibers
 cellulose film(cellophane), cellulose fibers(rayon)
Thermoplastic Cellulose Derivatives
Cellulose derivatives (CELD)
 H of all or part of the OH group are replaced by R
 CELD are associated with esterification(nitrate, acetate, etc) or
etherification (ethyl cellulose, etc)
 properties of CELD depend on the type and degree of substitution
 moisture sensitive, petroleum products resistance
Cellulose esters
Cellulose nitrates (CN)
 properties depend on the degree of nitration, on
the amount or type of plasticizer
 toughness, water repellency, surface
appearance, highly flammable, difficult to
process
 ping-pong balls frames for sunglasses
Cellulose acetates (CA)
 fully substituted derivative (triacetate) :
• fibers, transparent films
• oils, fats, greases resistance
 less substituted derivative (secondary acetate) :
• slow-burning to self-extinguishing
• toy, tool or cutlery handles
Mixed cellulosic organic esters
Cellulose propionate (CP)
Cellulose butylate (CB)
Cellulose acetate-propionate (CAP) Cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB)
 CAP and CAB are mechanically tougher than CA and easier to process
 tool handles, portable appliances, steering wheels, glass frames,
ballpoint pen, typewriter keys, blister packages, outdoor signs, skylights
Cellulose ethers
Methylcellulose (MC)
 water-soluble, harmless
 thickening agent (in creams or foods)
Ethylcellulose (EC)
 mechanical properties, toughness,
base resistance
 coating and adhesive
Carboxymethylcellulose(CMC)
 water-soluble
 thickening agent (in creams or foods)
Hydroxyethylcellulose(HEC)
 water-soluble
drafting accessories (cellulose ester)
telephone stand and handset covers
(cellulose ester)
filter (cellulose triacetate CA)
Polyamides
General polyamide
PA-R
PA-R1, R2
 -CO-NH-: amide groups
 polyamide (PA) or “nylons" : strong intermolecular bonding and affinity
for polar molecules (water)
 specific composition of the R groups determines differences between
polyamide types
 aliphatic polyamides (R:CH2 units)
aromatic polyamides or aramids (R:aromatic rings)
Aliphatic polyamides
PA-n
PA-7
Tg
60℃
Tm 226℃ (223~236)
PA-4
Tg
72℃
Tm 263℃ (262~265)
PA-6
Tg
60℃ (20~60)
Tm 220℃ (216~230)
PA-11
Tg
47℃
Tm 187℃ (179~194)
PA-12
Tg
40℃
Tm 179℃ (176~180)
 short CH2-based R groups (3~11 units) :
flexible, low Tg, higher amide/CH2 ratios correspond to higher Tm, as well
as increased water absorption
 tendency for most polyamides to absorb significant amount of water
 good fatigue and creep resistance, good impact strength, notch-sensitive
 excellent frictional properties (self-lubrication), good wear and abrasion
resistance
Aliphatic polyamides
PA-(n1, n2)
PA-(6, 8)
Tg
?℃
Tm 226℃ (220~240)
PA-(4, 6)
Tg
?℃
Tm 296℃
PA-(6, 6)
Tg
60℃ (36~90)
Tm 260℃ (216~266)
PA-(6, 10)
Tg
40℃
Tm 220℃ (210~227)
PA-(6, 12)
Tg
?℃
Tm 210℃ (206~217)
 chemical resistance is generally good :
water, salt solutions, oxidative degradation and hydrolysis, UV light…
 mechanical properties, moldability, self-lubrication, hydrocarbon resistance,
good resistance to oxygen permeation, temperature resistance…
 numerous applications : gear trains, bearing, propellers, boil-in or bake-in
 bags or pouches, fishing lines, tennis stings, ropes…
Aromatic polyamides
PMPI poly m-phenylene isophthalamide
Tg
Tm
?℃
375℃
PPPT poly p-phenylene terephthalamide
Tg
Tm
>300℃
600℃
 high chain rigidity and high Tg
 HT-1 nylon or Nomex (PMPI) : temperature and flame resistance, good
electrical properties (electrical insulation, electric motors, generators,
conveyor belts, fire-and temperature-resistance protective clothing, glovers,
etc)
Kevlar 29 (DP-01 or Fiber B) (PPPT) :
 textile fiber, tire cord, ropes, cables, protective fabrics, cated fabrics for
inflatable structures
Kevlar 49 (PRD49) : reinforcing fiber
Aramid fibers
• typical low density of polymeric materials
• remarkably high levels of modulus and strength, comparable with those of
glass, carbon fibers or metals (modulus/density or strength/density ratios)
specific applications
• ballistic protection items : vests, jackets, helmets, armor plates
• sports equipment : skies, tennis rackets, fishing rods
• high-performance marine or aerospace applications
• heat resistance : brake lining materials, gaskets and packings
Transparent polyamide
PA-(6, 3, T)
Tg
?℃
PA-(6, T)
Tg
Tm
120℃
370℃ (210~370)
Tg
Tm
136℃
206℃
Tg
Tm
?℃
?℃
PA-(MD, 12)
PA-(MX, 6)
 transparent polyamide (PA-(6,3,T), PA-6, PA-12)
• incorporation in the repeat unit of aromatic groups (stiffen the chain)
• introduction of side groups (impedimental the crystallization)
 chemical resistance of transparent polyamides
• generally good hydrocarbon resistance
• affected by alcohol and hot water
 Other Polyamide Types
• R2: terephthalic type → PA-(6,T)
• R1 : methyl diphenyl type → PA-(MD,12) (QIANA fiber)
• R1 : m-xylylene type → PA-(MX,6) (MXDA fiber)
mechanical gears
(polyamide PA-6)
fluidized bed-coated butterfly
valve for the chemical
process industry (polyamide
PA-11)
roller skate sole plate and trucks :
ice hockey skate blade support
(toughened polyamide PA)
coated stirrers
(polyamide PA-12)
filter bowl
(transparent polyamide PA)
Rotameter elements
(transparent polyamide PA)
Thermoplastic Polyesters, Polycarbonate
TP-R general thermoplastic polyester
TP-(R1, R2) general thermoplastic polyester
 -CO-O : ester groups
 ester linkages can destroyed in the presence of water molecules at high
temperature (hydrolysis)
 low water absorption level contributes to their good dimensional stability
 common thermoplastic polyesters : aliphatic and aromatic groups involve
Thermoplastic Polyesters, Polycarbonate
PAT polyalkylene terephthalate
PBT polybutylene terephthalate
Tg
Tm
50℃ (40~60)
245℃ (224~267)
 PET, PBT …→poly alkylene terephthalate (PAT)
Thermoplastic Polyesters, Polycarbonate
PET polyethylene terephthalate
Tg
Tm
70℃ (60~81)
265℃ (245~271)
 flexible, but short, (CH2)2groups : stiff, very slow crystallization
 rapidly cooling: amorphous PET form (highly transparent)
 uniaxial (fibers or tapes) or biaxial (films, containers) crystalline orientation
 biaxial orientation : photographic and x-ray films, magnetic tapes, electrical
insulation, drafting sheets, food packaging films, etc
 blow-molding process : small containers (vials, etc), large containers
(alcoholic beverages, carbonated beverages)
PBT polybutylene terephthalate
Tg
Tm
50℃ (40~60)
245℃ (224~267)
 longer, more flexible (CH2)4 groups (crystallization faster than PET, not
encountered in amorphous solid form)
 normally used primarily in injection-molded applications
 recautions: drying of the resin (less than 0.005% of water)
 good combination: PBT alone, filled grades (glass, minerals, etc)
 mechanical properties
 electrical properties
 stable
 electrical connector, fuse boxes, coil bobbins, motor housings, etc
PET-based of PCT-based Copolymers
PCT poly cyclohexane dimethanol terephthalate
PET
Tg
70℃ (60~81)
Tm 265℃ (245~271)
CHDM Cyclohexane dimethanol
 CHDM and terephthalic acid
 thermoplastic homopolyester
 lee water sensitive than PET
Acid-modified PCT (PCTA)
 another difunctional acid, to replace some of the terephthalic acid(TA)
→chain irregularity, little or no crystallizing tendency
 transparent films of sheets
(frozen meats shrink bags, blister packages, etc)
Glycol-modified PET (PETG)
 substitution of a certain fraction of ethylene glycol by CHDM in the
polymerization of PET →chain irregularity, amorphous characteristics
 very suitable for blow-molded containers, thermoformed blister packages
Poly p-hydroxybenzoyl acid (PHBA)
PHBA poly p-hydroxybenzoyl acid
Tg
Tm
?℃
550℃
 p-hydroxybenzoyl acid repeat unit
 very stiff and regular chain : high crystallinity, temperature stability
 blend with fluoropolymers for high-temperature wear applications
(coatings, bearings, seals, etc)
Polyarylates (PAR)
BA bisphenolA
TA terephthalic acid
IA isophthalic acid
 often definded as copolymers involving
bisphenol-A (BA), TA, isophthalic acid
(IA)
 good heat, steam, radiations resistance
 good weatherability, fire resistance
(without additives)
 high-performance outdoor transparent
parts, microwave cookware, electrical
or electronic parts
Other aromatic copolyesters
DHB dihydroxy bisphenol
 commercially available for injection or compression molding
(high-temperature-resistant aromatic copolyesters:
DHB, p-hydroxybenzoicacid, TA, IA)
 application : very high temperature special situations
 EKKCEL (Carborundum/ Kennecott / Sohio)
 most thermoplastic liquid crystal polymer(LCP) appear to be
aromatic copolyesters
PC polycarbonate
Tg
Tm
150℃ (143~156)
230℃ (200~267)
 O-CO-O : carbonate groups
 aromatic groups and the side groups : relatively rigid chains, minimal
tendency to crystallize
 outstanding toughness, rigid and transparent plastic :
good stiffness, excellent creep resistance, good engineering plastics
 non-crystalline nature of polycarbonates:
low molding shrinkage (allowing close product tolerance)
 general–purpose PC : self-extinguishing
 chemical resistance of PC
• aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons, esters, ketones,
amines, strong bases can severely affect the properties of PC
• solvent stress-cracking or crazing (solvent-based adhesive, paints, ink)
• at elevated temperatures : hydrolysis
 tendency to absorb UV radiations : discoloration
 electrical insulation properties
 used with reinforcing fillers (glass, etc)
 numerous applications
• transparency and toughness : safety glazing, windshields, guards, etc
• non-toxicity and biocompatibility : houseware and food industries
• toughness and temperature resistance : pump impellers, automobile
• miscellaneous applications
outboard motor propeller
(glass fiber-reinforced
thermoplastic polyester PET)
vacuum cleaner motor housing (thermoplastic polyester PET)
nesting transformer bobbins
(thermoplastic polyester PET)
flat cable terminals (thermoplastic polyester PBT +
glass fiber)
toaster switch and terminal plate
(thermoplastic polyester PBT + glass fiber)
Ovenable dish (liquid crystal polymer LCP)
motorcycle helmet shell and windshield
(polycarbonate PC)
sunglass lenses
(polycarbonate PC +
anti-scratch
silicone coating)
shrouded plugs and sockets
(A(PC/ABS) polyalloy)
fiber optic coupler
(liquid crystal polymer
LCP)
tri-pack column packing for the chemical process
industry (liquid crystal polymer LCP)
coffee maker stand,
water tank and filter
(polycarbonate PC)
street lamp body and lens
(polycarbonate PC)
Sulfone polymers
DPSU diphenylsulfone
 rigid
 thermal
oxidative
Polybisphenolsulfone(PBSU) or Polysulfone(PSU)
 stiff
Tg
190℃(175-190)
 high glass transition
 non-crystalline
 good mechanical properties (rigidity, creep resistance, toughness)
 electrical properties; good, stable
 fire-sensitive application
Cap
Mounting arch
Valve plunger
Manifold
Medical equipment
Distributor valve
Stream
sterilization kit
Polyethersulfone (PESU)
Tg
221℃ (210-230)
 high Tg
 Rigid, strong, tough
 non-crystallizing polymer
 sensitive to environmental stress-cracking (ESC)
 ovens, dryer, irons, heaters, reflectors, lenses
Polyphenylethersulfones (PPESU)
Tg
PPESU-A
EDPSU
DPSU
Tg
PPESU-R
EDPSU
288℃
DPEPPESU-A
220℃
Artificial heart casting (polysulfone PSU)
Socket (A(ABS/PSU) polyalloy)
Circuit board (polyethersulfone PES)
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Imide polymers
Imide polymers
PI-R general polyimide
PI-(R1,R2) general polyimide
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Thermosetting and thermoplastic polyimides (TSPI AND TPPI)
TMA trimellitic acid anhydride
MLA maleic anhydride
PMA pyromellitic dianhydride
BPA benzophenone anhydride
The properties of commercial polyimides naturally depend on
 the exact chemical nature of the repeat unit
 the absence or presence
 degree of cross-linking
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
MDA methylene dianiline
PEA diamino diphenyl ether
A major advantage of polyimides is their high temperature resistance
 Maintain acceptable properties at temperature (at 250~300 °C)
 Stiffness of the chains (high glass transition temperature)
 Their resistance to chemical degradation
MPA m-phenylene diamine
PPA p-phenylene diamine
Mechanical properties are generally good
 Creep resistance at high temperatures
 Low fraction
 Resistance over a wide temperature range
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Imide polymers
PAA poly amic acid
Electrical properties are also very good and stable with temperature
although affected by a significant tendency to absorb water
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Bearings (piano)
gears
thrust washer
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Ball bearing cages
bearing
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
EMI gaskets
FINGET gaskets
Wire mesh gaskets
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Compressor vane
Turbine blade
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Cable insulation
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Circuit board
Flame-resistant fabrics
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Polyamideimide (PAI)
Tg
 good mechanical properties
 creep and impact resistance in particular
275℃
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Chip nest and socket
Electrical connector
Labyrinth seal
Bearing cage
Can Mandrel
Combustion
engine
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Polyetherimide (PEI)




Tg
217℃ (210-220)
mechanical properties good (tensile strength)
chemical resistance good
UV stability (weathering) good
electrical properties good
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Imide polymers
Pump impeller
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Sterilizable ventilator manifold
Imide polymers
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Styling comb/curler brush
Imide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Structural probe
Manifold for medical use
Insulator
Clamp
Ether-oxide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Polymethylene oxides (PMO) or Acetals
Polymethylene oxide (PMO)
Tg
Tm






-75℃ (-85 ~ -50)
180℃ (175 ~ 200)
high degree of polymerization
simple regular chains crystallize to a high degree
high density
glass transition temperature very low
stiffness, hardness, strength high
toughness good
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Aerosol container
Ether-oxide polymers
Shower hand & faucets
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Ether-oxide polymers
Ether-oxide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Polyethylene oxide (PEO)
Tg
Tm
-67℃
66℃
Polypropylene oxide (PPRO)
Tg
Tm
-72℃
74℃
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Ether-oxide polymers
Polyphenylene oxides (PPO), polyphenylene ethers (PPE)
UPPO Unsubstituted polyphenylene oxide
SPPO substituted polyphenylene oxide
Ether-oxide polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Polyphenylene oxide (PPO)
Tg
MPPO
 high stiffness, low creep
 excellent dimensional stability
 electrical properties good
210℃ (204 -234)
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Ether-oxide polymers
Hot water-resistant pumping fitting
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Electromagnetic valve
Molded/sonic-welded butane
lighter reservior/body
Ether-oxide polymers
Electrical load management box
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Ether-oxide polymers
Structural foam molded elements for office workstation units
Ketone polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Ketone polymers
Polyaryletherketone (PAEK)
Tg
Tm
154℃
367℃
 high glass transition temperature Tg
 very high melting point Tm
Polyetheretherketone-1 (PEEK-1)
Tg
Tm
 good mechanical properties at high temperatures
 injection molded at high temperature
143℃ (142 ~ 144)
335℃ (332 ~ 342)
Ketone polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Gear wheel
Cam guide
Transport pinion
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Ketone polymers
Ball valve seat
Compressor vane plate (valve plate)
T/M seal ring tip seal
압축성형, stock shape
Ketone polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Cable insulation
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
electrical connector
Ketone polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Ketone polymers
Electrostatically-sprayed chemical resistant coating on centrifuge housing
Ketone polymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Pump wear ring
Housing
Bushing, bearing, seal, back up ring
Poppet valve seat
Fluoropolymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Fluoropolymers
Polyetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Tg
Tm




-130℃ (-150 ~ -122)
327℃ (327 ~ 330)
very simple and regular structure
low glass transition temperature
very compact crystalline structure
the highest density of commercial plastics
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Fluoropolymers
Spigot end connector
Spigot (laboratory ware)
PTFE sheet
Fluoropolymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
PTFE Skived Tape
PTFE rod and tube
All the above materials
Joint
Fluoropolymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Flexible tube
PTFE packings
Coil tube
PTFE graphite packings
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Fluoropolymers
Hose
Labyrinth shroud
Transmission and power steering seal ring
Dishwasher arm hearing
Valve seat
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Fluoropolymers
TEFLON SEAL TAPE
PTFE CUSHION
PTFE ZIP JOINT
GASKET (PTFE SOLID)
PTFE DIAPHRANGM
PTFE JOINT SEAL
Fluoropolymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Poly chlorotrifluoro ethylene (PCTFE)
Tg
Tm
40℃ (20 ~ 60)
210℃ (185 ~ 224)
 mechanical properties very good
 chemical resistance good
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Fluoropolymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Fluoropolymers
O-ring
Compression packings
Resilient Pads
gasketing
Fluoropolymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Valve seat
Fluoropolymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Polyvinyl fluoride (PVF)
Tg
Tm
-20℃
198℃ (195 ~ 200)
 strong, tough, with good abrasion
 staining resistance up to fairly high
temperature
 slow burning
 excellent UV resistance, good
color retention
 excellent weatherability
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Tg
Tm
-35℃ (-40 ~ -30)
170℃ (165 ~ 178)
 strong, tough, abrasion resistant
 outstanding weathering resistance
 self-extinguishing, nondripping
Fluoropolymers
CBE 4009 Polymer Processing – Polymeric Materials
Funnel
Fixing flange
Pump cover