© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
and

Logic Design of NanoICS
Svetlana Yanushkevich
MEMS and NEMS:
Systems, Devices, and Structures
Sergey Edward Lyshevski
Microelectrofluidic Systems: Modeling and Simulation
Tianhao Zhang, Krishnendu Chakrabarty, and Richard B. Fair
Micro Mechatronics: Modeling, Analysis, and Design with M ATLAB
®
Victor Giurgiutiu and Sergey Edward Lyshevski
Microdrop Generation
Eric R. Lee
Nano- and Micro-Electromechanical Systems: Fundamentals of Nano- and Microengineering
Sergey Edward Lyshevski
Nano and Molecular Electronics Handbook
Sergey Edward Lyshevski
Nanoelectromechanics in Engineering and Biology
Michael Pycraft Hughes
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

NANO and
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Nano and molecular electronics handbook / editor, Sergey E. Lyshevski.
p. cm. -- (Nano- and microscience, engineering, technology, and medicine series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8493-8528-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8493-8528-8 (alk. paper)
1. Molecular electronics--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Lyshevski, Sergey Edward. II. Title. III. Series.
TK7874.8.N358 2007
621.381--dc22 2006101011
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and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Sergey Edward Lyshevski was born in Kiev, Ukraine. He received his M.S. (1980) and Ph.D. (1987) degrees from Kiev Polytechnic Institute, both in electrical engineering. From 1980 to 1993, Dr. Lyshevski held faculty positions at the Department of Electrical Engineering at Kiev Polytechnic Institute and the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. From 1989 to 1993, he was the Microelectronic and Electromechanical Systems
Division Head at the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. From 1993 to 2002, he was with Purdue School of
Engineering as an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering. In 2002, Dr. Lyshevski joined
Rochester Institute of Technology as a professor of electrical engineering. Dr. Lyshevski serves as a Full
Professor Faculty Fellow at the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratories and Naval Warfare Centers. He is the author of ten books (including Logic Design of NanoICs, coauthored with S. Yanushkevich and V. Shmerko,
CRC Press, 2005; Nano- and Microelectromechanical Systems: Fundamentals of Micro- and Nanoengineering,
CRC Press, 2004; MEMS and NEMS: Systems, Devices, and Structures, CRC Press, 2002) and is the author or coauthor of more than 300 journal articles, handbook chapters, and regular conference papers. His current research activities are focused on molecular electronics, molecular processing platforms, nanoengineering, cognitive systems, novel organizations/architectures, new nanoelectronic devices, reconfigurable superhigh-performance computing, and systems informatics. Dr. Lyshevski has made significant contributions in the synthesis, design, application, verification, and implementation of advanced aerospace, electronic, electromechanical, and naval systems. He has made more than 30 invited presentations (nationally and internationally) and serves as an editor of the Taylor & Francis book series Nano- and Microscience,
Engineering, Technology, and Medicine.
vii
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Rajeev Ahuja
Condensed Matter Theory
Group
Department of Physics
Uppsala University
Uppsala, Sweden
Richard Akis
Center for Solid State
Engineering Research
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona, USA
Andrea Alessandrini
CNR-INFM-S3
NanoStructures and
BioSystems at Surfaces
Modena, Italy
Supriyo Bandyopadhyay
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Virginia Commonwealth
University
Richmond, Virginia, USA
Valeriu Beiu
United Arab Emirates
University
Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
Robert R. Birge
Department of Chemistry
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
A.M. Bratkovsky
Hewlett-Packard Laboratories
Palo Alto, California, USA
J.A. Brown
Department of Physics
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Canada
K. Burke
Department of Chemistry
University of California
Irvine, California, USA
Horacio F. Cantiello
Massachusetts General Hospital and
Harvard Medical School
Charlestown, Massachusetts,
USA
Aldo Di Carlo
Universit`a di Roma
Tor Vergata
Roma, Italy
G.F. Cerofolini
STMicroelectronics
Post-Silicon Technology
Milan, Italy
J. Cuevas
Grupo de F´ısica No Lineal
Departamento de F´ısica
Aplicada I
ETSI Inform Universidad de Sevilla
Sevilla, Spain
Shamik Das
Nanosystems Group
The MITRE Corporation
McLean, Virginia, USA
John M. Dixon
Massachusetts General Hospital and
Harvard Medical School
Charlestown, Massachusetts,
USA
J. Dorignac
College of Engineering
Boston University
Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Rodney Douglas
Institute of Neuroinformatics
Zurich, Switzerland
J.C. Eilbeck
Department of Mathematics
Heriot-Watt University
Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
James C. Ellenbogen
Nanosystems Group
The MITRE Corporation
McLean, Virginia, USA
Christoph Erlen
Technische Universit¨at
M¨unchen
M¨unchen, Germany
F. Evers
Institut f ˙ur Theorie der
Kondensierten Materie
Universit¨at Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe, Germany ix
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Paolo Facci
CNR-INFM-S3
NanoStructures and
BioSystems at Surfaces
Modena, Italy
David K. Ferry
Center for Solid State
Engineering Research
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona, USA
Danko D. Georgiev
Laboratory of Molecular
Pharmacology
Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences
Kanazawa University Graduate
School of Natural Science and Technology
Kakuma-machi Kanazawa
Ishikawa, Japan
James F. Glazebrook
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Eastern Illinois University
Charleston, Illinois, USA
Anton Grigoriev
Condensed Matter Theory
Group
Department of Physics
Uppsala University
Uppsala, Sweden
Rikizo Hatakeyama
Department of Electronic
Engineering
Tohoku University
Sendai/Japan
Thorsten Hansen
Department of Chemistry and
International Institute for
Nanotechnology
Northwestern University
Argonne, Evanston,
Illinois, USA x
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Jason R. Hillebrecht
Department of Molecular and
Cell Biology
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
Walid Ibrahim
United Arab Emirates
University
Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
Giacomo Indiveri
Institute of Neuroinformatics
Zurich, Switzerland
Dustin K. James
Department of Chemistry
Rice University
Houston, Texas, USA
Bhargava Kanchibotla
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Virginia Commonwealth
University
Richmond, Virginia, USA
Jeremy F. Koscielecki
Department of Chemistry
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
Mark P. Krebs
Department of Ophthalmology
College of Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida, USA
Craig S. Lent
Department of Electrical
Engineering
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
Takhee Lee
Department of Materials
Science and Engineering
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology
Gwangju, Korea
Paolo Lugli
Technische Universit¨at M¨unchen
M¨unchen, Germany
Sergey Edward Lyshevski
Department of Electrical
Engineering
Rochester Institute of
Technology
Rochester, New York, USA
Lyuba Malysheva
Bogolyubov Institute for
Theoretical Physics
Kiev, Ukraine
Thomas Marsh
University of St. Thomas
St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
Duane L. Marcy
Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer
Science
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York, USA
Robert M. Metzger
Laboratory for Molecular
Electronics
Department of Chemistry
University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
M. Meyyappan
Center for Nanotechnology
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, California, USA
Lev G. Mourokh
Physics Department
Queens College of the City
University of New York
Flushing, New York, USA

Vladimiro Mujica
Department of Chemistry and
International Institute for
Nanotechnology
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois, USA and
Argonne National Laboratory
Center for Nanoscale
Materials
Argonne, Illinois, USA
Alexander Onipko
IFM
Linkping University
Linkping, Sweden
Alexei O. Orlov
Department of Electrical
Engineering
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
F. Palmero
Grupo de F´ısica No Lineal
Departamento de F´ısica
ETSI Inform Universidad de Sevilla
Sevilla, Spain
Alessandro Pecchia
Universit`a di Roma
Tor Vergata
Roma, Italy
Carl A. Picconatto
Nanosystems Group
The MITRE Corporation
McLean, Virginia, USA
Sandipan Pramanik
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Virginia Commonwealth
University
Richmond, Virginia, USA
Avner Priel
Department of Physics
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Mark A. Ratner
Department of Chemistry and
International Institute for
Nanotechnology
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois, USA
Mark A. Reed
Departments of Electrical
Engineering, Applied
Physics, and Physics
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
R.A. R¨omer
Department of Physics and
Centre for Scientific
Computing
University of Warwick
Coventry, UK
F.R. Romero
Grupo de F´ısica No Lineal
Departamento de FAMN
Facultad de F´ısica
Universidad de Sevilla
Sevilla, Spain
Garrett S. Rose
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Polytechnic University
Brooklyn, New York, USA
Anatoly Yu. Smirnov
Quantum Cat Analytics Inc.
Brooklyn, New York, USA
Gregory L. Snider
Department of Electrical
Engineering
University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
Gil Speyer
Center for Solid State
Engineering Research
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona, USA
Jeffrey A. Stuart
Department of Chemistry
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, USA
William Tetley
Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer
Science
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York, USA
James M. Tour
Department of Chemistry
Rice University
Houston, Texas, USA
Jack A. Tuszynski
Department of Physics
University of Alberta
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
James Vesenka
University of New England
Biddeford, Maine, USA
Wenyong Wang
Semiconductor Electronics
Division
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
Bangwei Xi
Department of Chemistry
Syracuse University
Syracuse, New York, USA
Bin Yu
Center for Nanotechnology
NASA Ames Research Center
Moffett Field, California, USA
Matthew M. Ziegler
IBM T. J. Watson Research
Center
Yorktown Heights, New York,
USA xi
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

1
Electrical Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers
Wenyong Wang, Takhee Lee, and Mark A. Reed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
2
Molecular Electronic Computing Architectures
James M. Tour and Dustin K. James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
3
Unimolecular Electronics: Results and Prospects
Robert M. Metzger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
4
Carbon Derivatives
Rikizo Hatakeyama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
5
System-Level Design and Simulation of Nanomemories and Nanoprocessors
Shamik Das, Carl A. Picconatto, Garrett S. Rose, Matthew M. Ziegler, and James C. Ellenbogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
6
Three-Dimensional Molecular Electronics and Integrated Circuits for Signal and Information Processing Platforms
Sergey Edward Lyshevski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
7
Inorganic Nanowires in Electronics
Bin Yu and M. Meyyappan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
8
Quantum Dots in Nanoelectronic Devices
Gregory L. Snider, Alexei O. Orlov, and Craig S. Lent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
9
Self Assembly of Nanostructures Using Nanoporous Alumina Templates
Bhargava Kanchibotla, Sandipan Pramanik, and Supriyo Bandyopadhyay . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 xiii
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

10
Neuromorphic Networks of Spiking Neurons
Giacomo Indiveri and Rodney Douglas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
11
Allowing Electronics to Face the TSI Era—Molecular Electronics and Beyond
G. F. Cerofolini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
12
On Computing Nano-Architectures Using Unreliable Nanodevices
Valeriu Beiu and Walid Ibrahim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
13
Properties of “G-Wire” DNA
Thomas Marsh and James Vesenka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
14
Metalloprotein Electronics
Andrea Alessandrini and Paolo Facci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
15
Localization and Transport of Charge by Nonlinearity and Spatial Discreteness in Biomolecules and Semiconductor Nanorings. Aharonov–Bohm Effect for Neutral Excitons
F. Palmero, J. Cuevas, F.R. Romero, J.C. Eilbeck, R.A. R¨omer, and J. Dorignac . . . . . . 15-1
16
Protein-Based Optical Memories
Jeffrey A. Stuart, Robert R. Birge, Mark P. Krebs, Bangwei Xi, William Tetley,
Duane L. Marcy, Jeremy F. Koscielecki, and Jason R. Hillebrecht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1
17
Subneuronal Processing of Information by Solitary Waves and Stochastic Processes
Danko D. Georgiev and James F. Glazebrook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
18
Electronic and Ionic Conductivities of Microtubules and Actin Filaments,
Their Consequences for Cell Signaling and Applications to Bioelectronics
Jack A. Tuszynski, Avner Priel, J.A. Brown, Horacio F. Cantiello, and John M. Dixon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1
xiv
19
Simulation Tools in Molecular Electronics
Christoph Erlen, Paolo Lugli, Alessandro Pecchia, and Aldo Di Carlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1
20
Theory of Current Rectification, Switching, and the Role of Defects in Molecular Electronic Devices
A.M. Bratkovsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1
21
Complexities of the Molecular Conductance Problem
Gil Speyer, Richard Akis, and David K. Ferry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

22
Nanoelectromechanical Oscillator as an Open Quantum System
Lev G. Mourokh and Anatoly Yu. Smirnov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1
23
Coherent Electron Transport in Molecular Contacts: A Case of Tractable Modeling
Alexander Onipko and Lyuba Malysheva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1
24
Pride, Prejudice, and Penury of ab initio Transport Calculations for Single Molecules
F. Evers and K. Burke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1
25
Molecular Electronics Devices
Anton Grigoriev and Rajeev Ahuja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1
26
An Electronic Cotunneling Model of STM-Induced Unimolecular
Surface Reactions
Vladimiro Mujica, Thorsten Hansen, and Mark A. Ratner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-1
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC xv

It was a great pleasure to edit this handbook, which consists of outstanding chapters written by acclaimed experts in their field. The overall objective was to provide coherent coverage of a broad spectrum of issues in molecular and nanoelectronics (e.g., covering fundamentals, reporting recent innovations, devising novel solutions, reporting possible technologies, foreseeing far-reaching developments, envisioning new paradigms, etc.). Molecular and nanoelectronics is a revolutionary theory- and technology-in-progress paradigm. The handbook’s chapters document sound fundamentals and feasible technologies, ensuring a balanced coverage and practicality. There should be no end to molecular electronics and molecular processing platforms ( M PPs), which ensure superior overall performance and functionality that cannot be achieved by any envisioned microelectronics innovations.
Due to inadequate commitments to high-risk/extremely-high-pay-off developments, limited knowledge, and the abrupt nature of fundamental discoveries and enabling technologies, it is difficult to accurately predict when various discoveries will mature in the commercial product arena. For more than six decades, large-scale focused efforts have concentrated on solid-state microelectronics. A matured $150-billion microelectronics industry has profoundly contributed to technological progress and societal welfare. However, further progress and envisioned microelectronics evolutions encounter significant fundamental and technological challenges and limits. Those limits may not be overcome. In attempts to find new solutions and define novel inroads, innovative paradigms and technologies have been devised and examined. Molecular and nanoelectronics have emerged as one of the most promising solutions.
The difference between molecular- (nano) and micro-electronics is not the size (dimensionality), but the profoundly different device- and system-level solutions, the device physics, and the phenomena, fabrication, and topologies/organizations/architectures. For example, a field-effect transistor with an insulator thickness less than 1 nm and a channel length less than 20 nm cannot be declared a nanoelectronic device even though it has the subnanometer insulator thickness and may utilize a carbon nanotube (with a diameter under
1 nm) to form a channel. Three-dimensional topology molecular and nanoelectronic devices, engineered from atomic aggregates and synthesized utilizing bottom-up fabrication, exhibit quantum phenomena and electrochemomechanical effects that should be uniquely utilized. The topology, organization, and architecture of three-dimensional molecular integrated circuits ( M ICs) and M PPs are entirely different compared with conventional two-dimensional ICs.
Questions regarding the feasibility of molecular electronics and of the overall feasibility of solid
M PPs arise. No conclusive evidence exists
M ICs and there was no analog for solid-state microelectronics and ICs existed in the past. In contrast, an enormous variety of biomolecular processing platforms are visible in nature. These platforms provide one with undeniable evidence of feasibility, soundness, and unprecedented supremacy of a molecular paradigm. Though there have been attempts to utilize and prototype biocentered electronics, processing, and memories, these efforts have faced—and still face—enormous fundamental, experimental, and technological challenges. Superior organizations and architectures of M ICs and M PPs can be devised utilizing biomimetics, thus examining and prototyping brain and central nervous system functions. Today, many unsolved problems plague biosystems—from the baseline functionality of neurons to the capabilities of neuronal aggregates, from information processing to information measures, from the phenomena utilized xvii
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

to the cellular mechanisms exhibited, and so on. Even though significant challenges still exist, rapid progress and new discoveries have been made in recent years on both fundamental and technological forefronts. This progress and some of its major findings are covered in this handbook. The handbook consists of four sections, providing coherence in its subject matter. The six chapters of Section I: Molecular and Nano Electronics: Device-
and System-Level are as follows: r
Electrical Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers r
Molecular Electronic Computing Architectures r
Unimolecular Electronics: Results and Prospects r
Carbon Derivatives r
System-Level Design and Simulation of Nanomemories and Nanoprocessors r
Three-Dimensional Molecular Electronics and Integrated Circuits for Signal and Information
Processing Platforms
These chapters report the device physics of molecular devices ( the design of M ICs, and devising
M devices), the synthesis of those M devices,
M PPs. Meaningful results on device- and system-level fundamentals are offered, and envisioned technologies and engineering practices are documented.
Section II: Nanoscaled Electronics consists of the following six chapters: r
Inorganic Nanowires in Electronics r
Quantum Dots in Nanoelectronic Devices r
Self Assembly of Nanostructures Using Nanoporous Alumina Templates r
Neuromorphic Networks of Spiking Neurons r
Allowing Electronics to Face the TSI Era—Molecular Electronics and Beyond r
On Computing Nano-Architectures using unreliable Nanodevices or on Yield-Energy-Delay Logic
Designs
These chapters focus on nano- and nanoscaled electronics. Various practical solutions are reported.
Section III: Biomolecular Electronics and Processing covers recent innovative results in biomolecular electronics and memories. The six chapters included are r
Properties of “G-Wire” DNA r
Metalloprotein Electronics r
Localization and Transport of Charge by Nonlinearity and Spatial Discreteness in Biomolecules and Semiconductor Nanorings. Aharonov–Bohm Effect for Neutral Excitons r
Protein-Based Optical Memories r
Subneuronal Processing of Information by Solitary Waves and Stochastic Processes r
Electronic and Ionic Conductivities of Microtubules and Actin Filaments, Their Consequences for
Cell Signaling and Applications to Bioelectronics
Each chapter is of practical importance regarding the envisioned biomolecular platforms, and will help in comprehending significant phenomena in biosystems.
The eight chapters of Section IV: Molecular and Nano Electronics: Device-Level Modeling and Simulation focus on various aspects of high-fidelity modeling, heterogeneous simulations, and data-intensive analysis.
The chapters included consist of the following: xviii
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

r
Simulation Tools in Molecular Electronics r
Theory of Current Rectification, Switching, and the Role of Defects in Molecular Electronic Devices r
Complexities of the Molecular Conductance Problem r
Nanoelectromechanical Oscillator as an Open Quantum System r
Coherent Electron Transport in Molecular Contacts: A Case of Tractable Modeling r
Pride, Prejudice, and Penury of ab initio Transport Calculations for Single Molecules r
Molecular Electronics Devices r
An Electric Cotunneling Model of STM-Induced Unimolecular Surface Reactions
These chapters provide the reader with valuable results that can be utilized in various applications, with a major emphasis on the device-level fundamentals.
The handbook’s chapters report the individual authors’ results. Therefore, in reading different chapters, the reader may observe some variations and inconsistencies in style, definitions, formulations, findings, and vision. This, in my opinion, is not a weakness but rather a strength. In fact, the reader should be aware of the differences in opinions, the distinct methods applied, the alternative technologies pursued, and the various concepts emphasized. I truly enjoyed collaborating with all the authors and appreciate their valuable contribution. It should be evident that the views, findings, recommendations, and conclusions documented in the handbook’s chapters are those of the authors’, and do not necessarily reflect the editor’s opinion. However, all the chapters in the book emphasize the need for further research and development in molecular and nanoelectronics, which is today’s engineering, science, and technology frontier.
It should be emphasized that no matter how many times the material has been reviewed, and effort spent to guarantee the highest quality, there is no guarantee this handbook is free from minor errors, and shortcomings.
If you find something you feel needs correcting, adjustment, clarification, and/or modification, please notify me. Your help and assistance are greatly appreciated and deeply acknowledged.
Many people contributed to this book. First, I would like to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to all the book’s contributors. It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge the help I received from many people in preparing this handbook. The outstanding Taylor & Francis team, especially Nora Konopka (Acquisitions
Editor, Electrical Engineering), Jessica Vakili, and Amy Rodriguez (Project Editor), helped tremendously, and assisted me by offering much valuable and deeply treasured feedback. Many thanks to all of you.
Sergey Edward Lyshevski
Department of Electrical Engineering
Rochester Institute of Technology
Rochester, NY, 14623-5603, USA
E-mail: Sergey.Lyshevski@rit.edu
Web cite: www.rit.edu/
∼ seleee xix
© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC