ISSN 2319-8885
Vol.04,Issue.21,
July-2015,
Pages:4091-4097
www.ijsetr.com
Power Quality Improvement in Single Phase PV System with MPPT Algorithm
KATUKURI BABU1, P. BABU RAO2
1
PG Scholar, Dept of EEE, Abdulkalam Institute of Technological Sciences, Kothagudem, Khammam, Telangana, India.
Assoc Prof, Dept of EEE, Abdulkalam Institute of Technological Sciences, Kothagudem, Khammam, Telangana, India.
2
Abstract: Future ancillary services offered by photovoltaic (PV) methods could facilitate their penetration in electrical power
systems. In improvement, low-power PV systems might be designed to boost the power good quality. This paper reveals a singlephase PV system that supplies grid voltage assistance and compensation connected with harmonic distortion with the point of
common coupling because of a repetitive controller. The electricity provided by the actual PV panels will be controlled by a
Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm in line with the incremental conductance procedure specifically modified to manage
the phase on the PV inverter voltage. Simulation as well as experimental results confirms the presented alternative.
Keywords: Photovoltaic (PV), MPPT Algorithm, DC-DC Converter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Among the renewable energy sources, a noticeable growth
of small photovoltaic (PV) power plants connected to lowvoltage distribution networks is expected in the future. As a
consequence, research has been focusing on the integration of
extra functionalities such as active power filtering into the
PV inverter operation. Distribution networks are less robust
than transmission networks, and their reliability, because of
the radial configuration, decreases as the voltage level
decreases. Hence, usually, it is recommended to disconnect
low-power systems when the voltage is lower than 0.85 pu or
higher than 1.1 pu. For this reason, PV systems connected to
low-voltage grids should be designed to comply with these
requirements but can also be designed to enhance the
electrical system, offering “ancillary services”. Hence, they
can contribute to reinforce the distribution grid, maintaining
proper quality of supply that avoids additional investments.
However, low-voltage distribution lines have a mainly
resistive nature, and when a distributed power generation
system (DPGS) is connected to a low-voltage grid, the grid
frequency and grid voltage cannot be controlled by
independently adjusting the active and reactive powers. This
problem, together with the need of limiting the cost and size
of DPGS, which should remain economically competitive
even when ancillary services are added, makes the design
problem particularly challenging.
pointed out. The presented topology adopts a repetitive
controller that is able to compensate the selected harmonics.
Among the most recent Maximum Power Point Tracking
(MPPT) algorithms, an algorithm based on the incremental
conductance method has been chosen. It has been modified in
order to take into account power oscillations on the PV side,
and it controls the phase of the PV inverter voltage. Singleended primary-inductor converter (SEPIC) is a type of DCDC converter allowing the electrical potential (voltage) at its
output to be greater than, less than, or equal to that at its
input; the output of the SEPIC is controlled by the duty cycle
of the control transistor. A SEPIC is essentially a boost
converter followed by a buck-boost converter, therefore it is
similar to a traditional buck-boost converter, but has
advantages of having non-inverted output (the output has the
same voltage polarity as the input), using a series capacitor to
couple energy from the input to the output (and thus can
respond more gracefully to a short-circuit output), and being
capable of true shutdown: when the switch is turned off, its
output drops to 0 V, following a fairly hefty transient dump
of charge. SEPICs are useful in applications in which a
battery voltage can be above and below that of the regulator's
intended output. For example, a single lithium ion battery
typically discharges from 4.2 volts to 3 volts; if other
components require 3.3 volts, then the SEPIC would be
effective.
This paper proposes to solve this issue using a voltage
controlled converter that behaves as a shunt controller,
improving the voltage quality in case of small voltage dips
and in the presence of nonlinear loads. Shunt controllers can
be used as a static var generator for stabilizing and improving
the voltage profile in power systems and to compensate
current harmonics and unbalanced load current. In this paper,
the PV inverter not only supplies the power produced by the
PV panels but also improves the voltage profile, as already
II. PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM
Photovoltaics (PV) is the name of a method of converting
solar energy into direct current electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a
phenomenon commonly studied in physics, photochemistry
and electrochemistry. A photovoltaic system employs solar
panels composed of a number of solar cells to supply usable
solar power. The process is both physical and chemical in
nature, as the first step involves the photoelectric effect from
Copyright @ 2015 IJSETR. All rights reserved.
KATUKURI BABU, P. BABU RAO
which a second electrochemical process take place involving
cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in
crystallized atoms being ionized in a series, generating an
recent years.
electric current. Power generation from solar PV has long
been seen as a clean sustainable energy technology which
draws upon the planet’s most plentiful and widely distributed
renewable energy source – the sun. The direct conversion of
sunlight to electricity occurs without any moving parts or
environmental emissions during operation. It is well proven,
as photovoltaic systems have now been used for fifty years in
specialized applications, and grid-connected PV systems
have been in use for over twenty years. They were first massproduced in the year 2000, when German environmentalists
including Eurosolar succeeded in obtaining government
support for the 100,000 roofs program. Driven by advances
in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and
sophistication, the cost of photovoltaics has declined steadily
since the first solar cells were manufactured, and the
levelised cost of electricity from PV is competitive with
conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of
geographic regions.
Fig1. The Solar Settlement, a sustainable housing
community project in Freiburg, Germany.
Net metering and financial incentives, such as preferential
feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have supported
solar PV installations in many countries. With current
technology, photovoltaics recoups the energy needed to
manufacture them in 1.5 to 2.5 years in Southern and
Northern Europe, respectively. Solar PV is now, after hydro
and wind power, the third most important renewable energy
source in terms of globally installed capacity. More than 100
countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted
(and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built
into the roof or walls of a building (either building-integrated
photovoltaics or simply rooftop). In 2014, worldwide
installed PV capacity increased to at least 177 gigawatts
(GW), sufficient to supply 1 percent of global electricity
demands. Due to the exponential growth of photovoltaics,
installations are rapidly approaching the 200 GW mark –
about 40 times the installed capacity of 2006. [9] China,
followed by Japan and the United States, is the fastest
growing market, while Germany remains the world's largest
producer, with solar contributing about 7 percent to its annual
domestic electricity consumption. Solar cells produce direct
current electricity from sun light which can be used to power
equipment or to recharge a battery.
Fig2. Solar cells generate electricity directly from
sunlight.
III. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique
that inverters of grid-connected wind turbines and PV solar
systems employ to maximize power output. PV solar comes
The first practical application of photovoltaics was to
in different configurations. The most basic version is one
power orbiting satellites and other spacecraft, but today the
where power goes from collector panels to the inverter (often
majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected
via a controller) and from there directly onto the grid. A
power generation. In this case an inverter is required to
second version might split the power at the inverter. This is
convert the DC to AC. There is a smaller market for off-grid
called a hybrid inverter. The apportionment of how much
power for remote dwellings, boats, recreational vehicles,
power goes to each at any given moment varies continuously.
electric cars, roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing,
Part of the power goes to the grid and part of it to a battery
and cathodic protection of pipelines. Photovoltaic power
bank. The third version is not connected at all to the grid but
generation employs solar panels composed of a number of
still employs a dedicated PV inverter that features MPPT. In
solar cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials
this configuration power goes from the solar panels to the
presently used for photovoltaics include monocrystalline
inverter and from there to a battery bank. A variation on
silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, cadmium
these configurations is that instead of only one single
[14]
telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide/sulfide.
inverter, micro inverters are deployed, one for each PV panel.
Copper solar cables connect modules (module cable), arrays
This allegedly increases PV solar efficiency by up to 20%.
(array cable), and sub-fields. Because of the growing demand
For the sake of completeness it should be mentioned that
for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar
there are now MPPT equipped specialty inverters (mostly
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.04, IssueNo.21, July-2015, Pages: 4091-4097
Power Quality Improvement In Single Phase PV System with MPPT Algorithm
from China) that are designed to serve three functions. They
sags. However, this topology is acceptable in PV applications
grid-connect wind power as well as PV solar power and
since the PV shunt converter must be rated for the peak
branch off power for battery charging. This article about the
power produced by the panels. In the proposed system, the
application of MPPT concerns itself only with PV solar.
PV converter operates as a shunt controller; it is connected to
Solar cells have a complex relationship between temperature
the load through an LC filter and to the grid through an extra
and total resistance that produces a non-linear output
inductance Lg of 0.1 pu, as shown in Fig. 3.
efficiency which can be analyzed based on the I-V curve. It is
the purpose of the MPPT system to sample the output of the
PV cells and apply the proper resistance (load) to obtain
maximum power for any given environmental conditions.
MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power
converter system that provides voltage or current conversion,
filtering, and regulation for driving various loads, including
power grids, batteries, or motors.
IV. SHUNT CONTROLLER
The Shunt Controller allows two circuits to be temporally
isolated from an active security system. The unit has two
alarm inputs and each one is monitored by a 2K2 resistor. If
this input is either open circuit or closed circuit the input is
considered to be in alarm. Similarly the set input is also
monitored by a 2K2 resistor. The set input controls the
isolation of the other two inputs. Four relays are provided for
alarm annunciation and control. In addition a buzzer is
provided for local feedback to users. There are two modes of
operation of the unit, timed and non timed, which are
selected by using the on board switches. In both modes
isolation of the two alarm inputs is initiated by applying the
2K2 resistor to the set input. In the non timed mode the
isolation will remain until the set condition is removed (by
either an open or closed circuit on the set input). In the timed
mode the isolation will remain until the selected time matures
or, optionally, until the set condition is removed as in the
none timed mode. While the isolation is active the buzzer
sounds continuously until the last 15 seconds of the timed
period (timed mode only) when the buzzer sounds
intermittently. If an attempt is made to remove the
isolation manually while either of the two inputs is in
alarm then the buzzer will sound intermittently until the
fault is removed. The unit will remain in isolation mode
until the fault is cleared or, if the timer is on, until the
timer matures. If timed mode is selected the unit will
come out of isolation mode at the end of the selected
period irrespective of the state of the two alarm inputs. In
non timed mode the unit will remain isolated until the
faults are cleared.
Fig. 3. Grid-connected PV system with shunt controller
functionality.
Usually, in case of low-power applications, the systems are
connected to low-voltage distribution lines whose impedance
is mainly resistive. However, in the proposed topology, the
grid can be considered mainly inductive as a consequence of
Lg addition on the grid side. However, since the voltage
regulation is directly affected by the voltage drop on the
inductance Lg, it is not convenient choosing an inductance
Lg of high value in order to limit the voltage drop during grid
normal conditions. It represents the main drawback of the
proposed topology.
A. Control of Converter
The proposed converter is voltage controlled with a
repetitive algorithm. An MPPT algorithm modifies the phase
displacement between the grid voltage and the ac voltage
produced by the converter in order to force it to inject the
maximum available power in the given atmospheric
conditions. Hence, current injection is indirectly controlled.
The amplitude of the current depends on the difference
between the grid voltage and the voltage on the ac capacitor
Vc. The phase displacement between these two voltages
V. PV SYSTEM WITH SHUNT-CONNECTED
determines the injected active power (decided by the MPPT
MULTIFUNCTIONAL CONVERTER
algorithm), and the voltage amplitude difference determines
In case of low-power applications, it can be advantageous
the reactive power exchange with the grid. The injected
to use the converter that is parallel connected to the grid for
reactive power is limited by the fact that a voltage dip higher
the compensation of small voltage sags. This feature can be
than 15% will force the PV system to disconnect (as
viewed as an ancillary service that the system can provide to
requested by standards). The active power is limited by the
its local loads. The proposed PV converter operates by
PV system rating and leads to a limit on the maximum
supplying active and reactive powers when the sun is
displacement angle dδmppt. Moreover, the inverter has its
available. At low irradiation, the PV converter only operates
inner proportional integral (PI)-based current control loop
as a harmonic and reactive power compensator. As explained
and over current protections. A phase-locked loop (PLL)
in Section III, it is difficult to improve the voltage quality
detects the amplitude Vpeak and phase grid of the grid
with a shunt controller since it cannot provide simultaneous
voltage. Then, the phase displacement dδmppt is provided by
control of the output voltage and current. In addition, a largethe MPPT algorithm described in Section IV-B. The voltage
rated converter is necessary in order to compensate voltage
error between Vref and Vc is preprocessed by the repetitive
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.04, IssueNo.21, July-2015, Pages: 4091-4097
KATUKURI BABU, P. BABU RAO
controller, which is the periodic signal generator of the
B. MPPT Algorithm
fundamental component and of the selected harmonics: in
The power supplied from a PV array mostly depends on the
this case, the third and fifth ones are compensated (Fig 4).
present atmospheric conditions (irradiation and temperature);
The proposed repetitive controller is based on a finite
therefore, in order to collect the maximum available power,
impulse response (FIR) digital filter [20]. It is a “moving” or
the operating point needs to continuously be tracked using an
“running” filter, with a window equal to one fundamental
MPPT algorithm. To find the maximum power point (MPP)
period, defined as
for all conditions, an MPPT control method based on the
incremental conductance method, which can tell on which
side of the PV characteristic the current operating point is,
has been used. The MPPT algorithm modifies the phase
(1)
displacement between the grid voltage and the converter
Where, N is the number of samples within one
voltage, providing the voltage reference Vref . Furthermore,
fundamental period, Nh is the set of selected harmonic
there is an extra feature added to this algorithm that monitors
frequencies, and Na is the number of leading steps
the maximum and minimum values of power oscillations on
determined to exactly track the reference. The repetitive
the PV side. In case of single-phase systems, the instant
controller ensures a precise tracking of the selected
power oscillates with twice the line frequency. This
harmonics, and it provides the reference for the inner loop. In
oscillation in power on the grid side leads to a 100-Hz ripple
it, a PI controller improves the stability of the system,
in voltage and power on the PV side. If the system operates
offering a low-pass filter function. The PI controller Gc is
in the area around the MPP, the ripple of the power on the
designed to ensure that the low-frequency poles have a
PV side is minimized. This feature can be used to detect in
damping factor of 0.707. The open-loop Bode diagram of the
which part of the power–voltage characteristics the system
system is shown in Fig 5.4(b): stability is guaranteed since
operates. It happens in the proposed control scheme where
the phase margin is about 45◦.
information about the power oscillation can be used to find
out how close the current operating point is to the MPP,
(2)
thereby slowing down the increment of the reference, in
order not to cross the MPP.
Fig.5 Flowchart of the modified MPPT algorithm.
Fig.4. Proposed repetitive-based controller. (a) Control
scheme. (b) Open loop Bode diagram of the system
obtained using kFIR = 1, Na = 0, and Nh = {1; 3; 5}.
In normal operation mode, the shunt-connected converter
injects the surplus of active power in the utility grid, and at
the same time, it is controlled in order to cancel the
harmonics of the load voltage. At low irradiation, the PV
inverter only acts as a shunt controller, eliminating the
harmonics. Controlling the voltage Vc , the PV converter is
improved with the function of voltage dip compensation. In
the presence of a voltage dip, the grid current Ig is forced by
the controller to have a sinusoidal waveform that is phase
shifted by 90◦ with respect to the corresponding grid voltage.
A flowchart of the MPPT algorithm is shown in Fig.5,
explaining how the angle of the reference voltage is modified
in order to keep the operating point as close to MPP as
possible. The MPP can be tracked by comparing the
instantaneous conductance Ipv_k/Vpv_k to the incremental
conductance dIpv/dVpv, as shown in the flowchart.
Considering the power–voltage characteristic of a PV array,
it can be observed. that, operating in the area on the left side
of the MPP, dδmppt has to decrease. This decrement is
indicated in Fig.5.6 with side = −1. Moreover, operating in
the area on the right side of theMPP, dδmppt has to increase,
and it is indicated with side =+1. The increment size
determines how fast the MPP is tracked. The measure of the
power oscillations on the PV side is used to quantify the
increment that is denoted with incr.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.04, IssueNo.21, July-2015, Pages: 4091-4097
Power Quality Improvement In Single Phase PV System with MPPT Algorithm
4.5 to 8.5 A, as shown in Fig 9, which corresponds to the
VI. SIMULATION RESULTS
The PV system with power quality conditioner functionality
reactive power injection represented in Fig 10.
has been tested in the simulation with the following system
parameters: the LC filter made by 1.4-mH inductance, 2.2-μF
capacitance, and 1-Ω damping resistance; an inductance Lg
of 0.1 pu; and a 1-kW load. The control has been validated in
the presence of sudden changes of the PV power caused, for
example, by irradiation variations. The reported tests show
the behavior of the MPPT for a voltage sag. The results refer
to the case of a controlled inverter in order to collect the
maximum available power (i.e.,2 kW).
Fig9. Performance of the voltage-controlled shunt
converter with MPPT algorithm: grid current Ig,
converter current IC, and load current Iload.
Fig 7. Simulation diagram of single phase system.
Fig 10. Active and reactive power provided by the shuntconnected multifunctional converter to compensate the
voltage sag of 0.15 pu.
Fig8. Performance of the voltage-controlled shunt
converter with MPPT algorithm: grid voltage E and load
voltage Vload.
The controller parameters are kFIR = 0.3, N = 128
(sampling frequency = 6400 Hz), Na = 0, kp = 4.5, and ki =
48. The set of test aims to demonstrate the behavior of the
system during a voltage sag and the interaction of the voltage
control algorithm with the MPPT algorithm. The simulation
results, shown in to 10 , are obtained in case of a voltage dip
of 0.15 pu. During the sag, the inverter sustains the voltage
for the local load (Fig 8.), injecting a mainly reactive current
into the grid. The amplitude of the grid current Ig grows from
The inductance Lg connected in series with the grid
impedance limits the current flowing through the grid during
the sag. When the voltage sag of 0.15 pu occurs, the
converter current grows from 8 to 10.5 A. For this reason, the
shunt controller is not a good choice to compensate for
deeper dips. Fig 10. demonstrates the robustness of the
presented MPPT algorithm to the voltage dip. In fact, in it are
shown the voltage and current on the PV side during the sag.
They are not significantly influenced by the dip.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this project some sort of single-phase PV technique with
shunt controller functionality have been presented. The
particular PV converter can be voltage governed having a
repeating algorithm. A great MPPT algorithm provides
specifically also been created for the actual planned voltagecontrolled converter. The item is based on the actual
incremental conductance technique, and contains also been
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.04, IssueNo.21, July-2015, Pages: 4091-4097
KATUKURI BABU, P. BABU RAO
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Author Profile:
P.Baburao, presently working as
Associate Professor & Head of the
Department in Abdulkalam Institute of
Technolgical Sciences, Kothagudem,
Khammam, AP, India. He received his
B.Tech degree in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering from JNTU, Hyderabad. And
then completed his P.G in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering, specialization in Power Electronics at JNTUH
Hyderabad, He has a teaching experience of 12 years. He
installed and supervised a Bloom Energy box of generating
capacity 200W and also researched area includes Non
conventional energy systems and Power systems. His areas of
interest are Power Semiconductor devices and the application
of power electronics in power systems.
Katukuri.Babu, Studying M.Tech in
Abdulkalam Institute of Technological
Sciences, Kothagudem, Khammam,
Telangana, India.
International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology Research
Volume.04, IssueNo.21, July-2015, Pages: 4091-4097